Objective: The diversity of opinions on the adverse effects of medications used to treat postmenopausal symptoms has prompted the use of various routes and mechanisms of action that need to be explored because bioavai...Objective: The diversity of opinions on the adverse effects of medications used to treat postmenopausal symptoms has prompted the use of various routes and mechanisms of action that need to be explored because bioavailability of the medications can vary. In order to select the appropriate route of administration for hormonal therapy (HT), it is necessary to determine baseline therapeutic efficacy. Design: We designed a prospective, randomized study consisting of four groups of postmenopausal wo-men: group 1 received oral conjugated estrogens, group 2 received a synthethic steroid, group 3 received estradiol nasally in spray form, and group 4 used transdermal estradiol in the form of patches. Criteria used to evaluate effectiveness was the Greene scale, which evaluate six components. These criteria were applied to each patient before hormonal intervention and then each month for 6 months. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating horone (FSH) and estradiol concentration were determined by chemiluminescence. Student’s t-test was used for intra-group comparisons before and after treatment. Results: There was a significant decrease in the vasomotor and sexual component (p < 0.05) with the use of four HT types. For depression, a difference was observed with synthetic steroids and oral estrogens. Upon analyzing the somatic component there was a decrease in symptoms with nasal and transdermal routes. Psychological changes were observed with the use of oral synthethic steroids and transdermal patches. Anxiety component demonstrated differences with nasal spray and oral estrogens, although all HT forms in this component showed a pattern of irregular changes. Conclusions: Changes in the response could be due each route of administration and medication used. Absorption variability may exist, which has repercussions in the control of symptoms and should be taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate route of administration for patients beginning HT.展开更多
Background:Menopausal symptoms and sleep difficulty were physiological processes that were affected by genetic and other factors.This study was to investigate the prevalence of menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in...Background:Menopausal symptoms and sleep difficulty were physiological processes that were affected by genetic and other factors.This study was to investigate the prevalence of menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in menopausal transition(MT)and postmenopause(PM)women in Taiyuan,Shanxi.Methods:A community-based survey of women's menopausal symptoms and sleep quality was conducted between July 2012 and May 2013 at six municipal districts of Taiyuan,Shanxi.A sample of 2429 women aged 40-59 years was divided into four groups:early MT,late MT,early PM,and late PM.Sleep quality in the past 2 weeks before the interview was recorded.The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0.Results:The prevalence of menopausal symptoms was 49.8%.Mild,moderate,and severe symptoms were observed in 28.9%,18.5%,and 2.5%of participants,respectively.The highest prevalence of menopausal symptoms occurred in the early postmenopausal stage;the subsequences were the late postmenopausal stage and the early MT stage.Interestingly,among the 13 items of modified Kupperman index,the five most common symptoms were fatigue,arthralgia and myalgia,decreased libido,insomnia,and nervousness.Meanwhile,55%perimenopausal women had poor sleep.Conclusions:Menopausal symptoms are common but mild among women in Taiyuan,Shanxi during MT and PM.In these stages,the prevalence of poor sleep is high.展开更多
Background:Electroacupuncture(EA)may affect the severity of hot flashes(HFs)associated with natural menopause and provide additional benefits for postmenopausal women.However,the evidence for its effectiveness in the ...Background:Electroacupuncture(EA)may affect the severity of hot flashes(HFs)associated with natural menopause and provide additional benefits for postmenopausal women.However,the evidence for its effectiveness in the management of early postmenopausal HFs remains inadequately understood.Objective:We designed this trial to assess the efficacy and safety of EA for relieving early postmenopausal HFs.Design,setting,participants and interventions:This randomized sham-controlled trial involved 72 women with HFs.The participants were divided equally into the intervention and control groups.The intervention group was treated with EA,while the control group was treated with sham acupuncture.The main acupoints used were Hegu(LI4),Guanyuan(RN4),Sanyinjiao(SP6),Taixi(KI3),Fuliu(KI7)and Shenshu(BL23).All participants received 18 treatment sessions,distributed across a 6-week period.The treatment was administered on three occasions per week,adhering to a fixed weekday schedule(Monday,Wednesday,Friday or Tuesday,Thursday,Saturday)with a minimum interval of one day between sessions.Each patient received a 12-week follow-up.Main outcome measures:The HF score was the primary outcome.Participants documented the frequency and severity of HFs in a 7-day symptom diary,which provided data for calculating the HF score.Secondary outcomes were the Menopause Rating Scale(MRS),Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire(MENQOL),Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)and Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Score Scale(TCMSSS),as well as estradiol(E2),luteinizing hormone(LH)and folliclestimulating hormone(FSH)levels.Results:Both groups demonstrated significant reductions in HF scores after the treatment and during the follow-up(P<0.001).Immediately after completion of the 6-week treatment cycle and at 12 weeks postintervention,the HF scores were similar in both groups.At week 6,the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in MRS,MENQOL(vasomotor,psychosocial,and physical),PSQI and TCMSSS scores(P<0.05).The improvements in the MENQOL(vasomotor,and psychosocial)and PSQI total scores persisted through the follow-up(P<0.05).However,the results showed no significant inter-or intragroup differences in sexual scores on the MENQOL(P>0.05).EA did not significantly decrease E2,LH or FSH levels compared to placebo.The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups.Conclusion:EA does not significantly improve HFs in early postmenopausal patients.However,it enhances the quality of sleep and decreases menopausal symptoms across vasomotor,psychosocial and physical domains.Trial registration:Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(http://www.chictr.org.cn);Trial ID:Chi CTR2300072002.Please cite this article as:Wang HX,Yu XT,Hu J,Chen JJ,Mei YT,Chen YF.Electroacupuncture for hot flashes in early menopause:A randomized sham-controlled trial.J Integr Med.2025;23(5):519-527.?2025 Shanghai Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights are reserved,including those for text and data mining,AI training,and similar technologies.展开更多
As of 2023, endometrial cancer (EC) ranks second among malignant tumors of the female reproductive system in China, following cervical cancer, posing a significant burden on the country’s healthcare system. Postmenop...As of 2023, endometrial cancer (EC) ranks second among malignant tumors of the female reproductive system in China, following cervical cancer, posing a significant burden on the country’s healthcare system. Postmenopausal asymptomatic endometrial thickening is primarily benign, often involving endometrial polyps. However, previous clinical studies indicate a relatively high malignancy rate for postmenopausal endometrial polyps, suggesting the necessity for active intervention, particularly in cases with high-risk factors for EC. This article reviews the research progress on risk factors for endometrial lesions in postmenopausal patients with asymptomatic endometrial thickening, aiming to provide insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Depression is highly prevalent among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis,driven by the combined effects of hormonal changes,reduced bone density,and psychosocial stress.A recent study by Cui and Su reported that 73...Depression is highly prevalent among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis,driven by the combined effects of hormonal changes,reduced bone density,and psychosocial stress.A recent study by Cui and Su reported that 73.3%of affected women exhibited depressive symptoms,with low bone mineral density,chronic comorbidities,and reduced serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine)levels as key risk factors.Notably,nurse-led psychological interventions improved both mood and quality of life.This editorial underscore the need to integrate mental health support into standard osteoporosis care.Simple,scalable strategies such as routine screening and nurse-delivered emotional support may help bridge the gap between physical and psychological health.These approaches are especially relevant for aging populations across diverse healthcare settings.A dual focus on bone and emotional well-being is essential to improving outcomes in this vulnerable group.展开更多
Chinese dwarf cherry(Cerasus humilis)is a fruit unique to China,which is considered to have osteoprotective effects.However,no systematic experimental characterization was available.In this study,the osteoprotective a...Chinese dwarf cherry(Cerasus humilis)is a fruit unique to China,which is considered to have osteoprotective effects.However,no systematic experimental characterization was available.In this study,the osteoprotective activity and mechanism of Chinese dwarf cherry polyphenol extract(OPE)was studied.In vitro,OPE stimulated the alkaline phosphatase activity in the early differentiation stage,increased the osteocalcin level in the middle differentiation stage,and induced the formation of more bonemineralized nodules in the late osteogenic stage.In vivo,OPE improved cancellous bone structure and maximum load of the femur in ovariectomized(OVX)rats.The balance between bone formation and resorption was regulated.Oxidative stress levels in the peripheral blood,liver and femur were reduced.OPE alleviated the disturbance in energy metabolism,muscle development,and muscle regulation-related signaling pathways caused by OVX and activated the calcium/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.Therefore,OPE is a potential dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD)due to estrogen withdrawal,which exacerbates traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia,glucose intolerance,and hy...BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD)due to estrogen withdrawal,which exacerbates traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia,glucose intolerance,and hypertension.Coronary Artery Calcium Score(CACS),a well-established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis,has emerged as a key predictor of adverse cardiovascular events.Despite the recognized association between menopause and heightened CVD risk,there remains a paucity of literature exploring the specific role of menopause in influencing CACS and its implications for cardiovascular morbidity and morta lity.AIM To examine the interplay between menopause,CACS,and cardiovascular health by synthesizing existing literature.METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar,focusing on studies that analyzed CACS in postmenopausal women,including the influence of factors such as hormone therapy,Triglyceride-Glucose index,bone mineral density,lipid metabolism,and type-1 diabetes.Data extraction and synthesis emphasized key patterns,metabolic influences,and potential mechanisms driving coronary calcification in menopause.RESULTS Findings suggest that menopause contributes to increased CACS through multiple pathways,including altered lipid metabolism,insulin resistance,and arterial stiffness.Additionally,premature menopause is associated with higher CACS and elevated CVD risk.While hormone replacement therapy(HRT)appears to have a protective effect against coronary calcification,further research is needed to clarify its long-term benefits and risks.CONCLUSION We introduce a novel framework combining CACS with metabolic and hormonal markers,and discuss estrogendriven mechanisms and HRT considerations in postmenopausal cardiovascular risk.This review underscores the need for targeted cardiovascular risk assessment in postmenopausal women,integrating CACS with other metabolic markers to improve early detection and prevention of CVD in this high-risk population.展开更多
Gut microbiota(GM)exerts an indispensable effect in human health,especially in metabolism regulation.^(1)Recent studies have identified a potential association with osteoporosis.^(2–5)At the same time,GM intervention...Gut microbiota(GM)exerts an indispensable effect in human health,especially in metabolism regulation.^(1)Recent studies have identified a potential association with osteoporosis.^(2–5)At the same time,GM intervention,such as antibiotic treatment,^(6)fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT),^(7–8)supplement of probiotics^(9–10)and other means,will also subsequently affect bone metabolism.Further,GM dysbiosis was also mentioned as one of pathophysiological mechanism of osteoporosis,even written in the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines^(11)[Fig.1,based on Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary osteoporosis in China(2022)].展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of Kuntai capsule and hormone replacement therapy in treatment of perimenopausal syndrome.METHODS: Articles were retrieved from the databases Cochrane Database of Syst...OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of Kuntai capsule and hormone replacement therapy in treatment of perimenopausal syndrome.METHODS: Articles were retrieved from the databases Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,Pub Med, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Wanfang Database. Only randomized controlled trials were included; 15 trials involving1243 patients were identified from January 2005 to April 2015. A systemic review and Meta-analysis of publications was performed. The review was limit-ed to randomized controlled trials that compared Kuntai capsule and hormone replacement therapy to treat perimenopausal syndrome for at least 3months. The primary outcome assessed was the treatment efficacy at 3 months, including effective rate of Kupperman menopausal scores, Kupperman menopausal scores, and blood estradiol(E2) or blood follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) levels.Other outcomes assessed were safety or adverse events, such as gastrointestinal complaints, breast distending pain, or vaginal bleeding.RESULTS: Kupperman menopausal scores showed no significant difference in effective rate [odds ratio(OR): 1.05, 95% confidence intervals(CI): 0.71 to1.55] and changes in FSH level [mean difference(MD): 2.14, 95% CI:-2.36 to 6.65]. There was a significant statistical difference in Kupperman menopausal scores(MD:-1.14, 95% CI:-2.03 to-0.25)and changes in E2level(MD:-16.41, 95% CI:-18.83to-13.69). There were fewer adverse events in the Kuntai capsule group than in the hormone replacement therapy group(OR: = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.25 to0.48, P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Compared with hormone replacement therapy, Kuntai capsule can improve perimenopausal symptoms and blood E2 levels, and reduce the incidence of adverse events.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the role of sclerostin in bone loss of postmenopausal Chinese women with type 2 diabetes me｜litus. Methods The postmenopausal patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus and age, body mass...Objective To evaluate the role of sclerostin in bone loss of postmenopausal Chinese women with type 2 diabetes me｜litus. Methods The postmenopausal patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus and age, body mass index, and duration of menopause matched healthy controls were enrolled into this cross-sectional study according to criteria of inclusion and exclusion.展开更多
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial thickness≥5 mm on sonograms of menopausal women can indicate the presence of endometrial lesions.Diagnostic hysteroscopy is a powerful method for endometrial dise...BACKGROUND Postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial thickness≥5 mm on sonograms of menopausal women can indicate the presence of endometrial lesions.Diagnostic hysteroscopy is a powerful method for endometrial diseases.AIM To investigate the pathological pattern of endometrial abnormalities in postmenopausal women with bleeding or asymptomatic thickened endometrium diagnosed by hysteroscopy.METHODS A total of 187 postmenopausal women with bleeding or asymptomatic thickened endometrium underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy.The women were subsequently divided into three groups:Postmenopausal bleeding(PMB)group(n=84),asymptomatic group(n=94),and additional group(n=9).Women in the additional group manifested abdominal pain and leukorrhagia.RESULTS Among the 187 patients examined,84(44.9%)were diagnosed with PMB and 94(50.3%)with asymptomatic thickened endometrium.Endometrial polyp was the most common endometrial abnormality,which was detected in 51.2%,76.6%and 77.8%of the PMB,asymptomatic,and additional groups,respectively.In the PMB group,7(8.3%)women had hyperplasia with atypia and 14(16.7%)had endometrial adenocarcinoma.Fewer malignant lesions were detected in the asymptomatic group.Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia was found in 8.3%of the PMB group and 7.4%of the asymptomatic group.CONCLUSION Endometrial polyp was the most common pathology in the PMB group.Diagnostic hysteroscopy is recommended for women with PMB and asymptomatic thickened endometrium.展开更多
Purpose： This study aimed to assess whether the benefits of exercise on central adiposity and insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） are maintained after discontinuation of intervention in the overweight/obese （OWOB） women...Purpose： This study aimed to assess whether the benefits of exercise on central adiposity and insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） are maintained after discontinuation of intervention in the overweight/obese （OWOB） women. Methods： The study subjects were from 2 independent studies with similar aerobic exercise （AE） intervention programs. In study I, I50WOB postmenopausal women with pre-diabetes （body mass index, BMI = 24-33 kg/m2, aged 52-65 years） completed an 8-month exercise intervention and were followed for 2 years after the intervention. In study lI, 12 OWOB （BM1 = 25-35 kg/m2, aged 30-50 years） premenopausal women participated in a 6-week AE and were followed for 4 years after the intervention. The exercise program consisted of progressive AE with intensity of 60%-75% of initial fitness level, 30-60 min/time and 3-5 times/week. Fat mass （FM） was assessed by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry （DXA Prodigy; study I） or bioelectrical impedance device （Inbody 720; study II）. Plasma glucose and insulin were assessed by chemiluminescent immunoassay and HOMA-IR was calculated. Results： Both 8-month and 6-week moderate AE were effective in reducing HOMA-IR （-18.9%, p = 0.012 and -26.7%, p = 0.046, respectively）, and 8-month AE reduced FM at upper abdominal region （-6.2%, p = 0.021）. However, these improvements were not maintained in either study at the follow-up. Conclusion： The AE program used in these studies was effective to reduce insulin resistance and/or FM in central body region among overweight and obese women. However, when exercise intervention was discontinued, the beneficial effects following both short- and long-term intervention disappeared. Thus maintaining exercise seems to be required if one wants to reap the benefits of exercise in the long-term.展开更多
Postmenopausal osteoporosis （PMO） is considered a polygenic disease. The estrogen receptor β （ESR2） gene is a candidate mediating the genetic influence on bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis. The aim of this s...Postmenopausal osteoporosis （PMO） is considered a polygenic disease. The estrogen receptor β （ESR2） gene is a candidate mediating the genetic influence on bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of a cytosine-adenine （CA） repeat polymorphism in the fifth intron of the ESR2 gene with PMO in Chinese Han population. The CA repeat polymorphism was genotyped in a case-control study, involving 78 femoral neck PMO patients vs. 122 controls and 108 lumbar spine （L2-4） PMO patients vs. 92 controls. The （CA）n〈22 and （CA）n≥22 alleles were designated short （S） and long （L）, respectively. ESR2 genotype was categorically defined as SS （2 S alleles）, SL （having the mixed S and L alleles）, and LL （2 L alleles）. At both the femoral neck and the L2-4 region, LL genotype and L allele frequencies of the PMO group were significantly higher than those of the control group （P〈0.01）. The subjects with the SL, the LL, and the combined SL and LL genotype had a significant increased risk of PMO when compared with those with the SS genotype （P〈0.05）. After adjustments for age, years since menopause, menopausal age, and body mass index, logistic regression analysis showed that the subjects with the combined SL and LL genotype had increased risk of PMO when compared with those with the SS genotype both at the femoral neck （adjusted OR 4.923, 95% CI 1.986-12.203 , P=0.001） and the L2-4 （adjusted OR 2.267, 95% CI 1.121-4.598, P=0.023）. This extensive association study has identified the ESR2 CA repeat polymorphism to be independently associated with PMO at the femoral neck and the L2-4 in Chinese Han population. The data also suggested that the presence of the L allele may dominantly increase the risk of PMO at the two regions.展开更多
Modern researches have shown that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) among the women before menopause is only 30% of that in men.However, the incidence and mortality of CHD among the women after menopause j...Modern researches have shown that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) among the women before menopause is only 30% of that in men.However, the incidence and mortality of CHD among the women after menopause jumps by 400% over those before menopause, higher than that in men1.展开更多
Objective: A retrospective study of the postmenopausal palpable ovary (PMPO) on their incidence, characteristics of masses and treatment selected were carried out. Methods: 97 postmenopausal women over age 50 with ova...Objective: A retrospective study of the postmenopausal palpable ovary (PMPO) on their incidence, characteristics of masses and treatment selected were carried out. Methods: 97 postmenopausal women over age 50 with ovarian masses diagnosed by the manual pelvic palpation were analyzed. The age, size and characteristics of tumor, symptoms, as well as pathological findings and treatment were discussed. Results: 86.6% of cases had tumor masses, and 13.4% were physiological in nature. 23.7% of the masses were malignant. 72 patients (74.2%) visited doctors because of existing symptoms. Among them 82.5% cases had the masses discovered by manual pelvic examination, and 91.3% found by abdominal ultrasound screening. Transvaginal sonography can diagnose all the palpable masses. Conclusion: All PMPO patients should be operated as soon as diagnosis is established.展开更多
Objective:This meta-analysis included papers which evaluated the effects of physical activity on the health-related quality of life(HRQoL)of osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women.Methods:Four English databa...Objective:This meta-analysis included papers which evaluated the effects of physical activity on the health-related quality of life(HRQoL)of osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women.Methods:Four English databases were searched for relevant randomized clinical trials(RTCs)published from 1970 to June,2014.Eligible RCTs which used the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis(QUALEFFO)as their outcome measure were selected for inclusion.Results:Five RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis.The results showed that physical activity produced favorable effects in the HRQoL domains of physical function(p=0.001)and pain(p=0.01),but not in other domains.Compared with a single exercise,combined exercise produced more favorable effects on both physical function(p=0.0004)and pain(p=0.02).Short-term physical activity produced significant favorable results in all general health domains of HRQoL(p=0.01),whereas middle-term physical activity produced significant improvements only in the physical function(p<0.01)domains of HRQoL.Long-term physical activity produced significant improvement only in the pain domains of HRQoL(p<0.01),and only in the physical activity group when compared with a control group.Conclusion:Only weak evidence supports the notion that physical activity effectively improves the health-related quality of life of osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women.Compared with a single exercise,combined exercise produced favorable effects on both physical function and pain.However,different lengths of exercise produced improvements in different domains.展开更多
Objective To explore and investigate a new treatment of releasing the risks and pain in removing intrauterine devices （IUD） from postmenopausal women. Methods Totally 240 postmenopausal women who needed to remove IU...Objective To explore and investigate a new treatment of releasing the risks and pain in removing intrauterine devices （IUD） from postmenopausal women. Methods Totally 240 postmenopausal women who needed to remove IUD were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A （n =80） were preoperatively treated with 20 g/L vaginal testosterone propionate cod liver oil ointment （1 g/d） over a 2-week span of period, and vaginal misoprostol （200 μg） was one-time used at 2-3 h before operation. Group B （n =80） were treated with oral estradiol valerate （3 mg/d） from 7 d before operation. Other 80 women （group C） were treated with vaginal cod liver oil ointment （1 g/d） over a 2-week span of period before the operation day. The degree of cervical relaxation, operational difficulty, blood loss volume, the length of operation time and visual analogue scales （VAS） were evaluated, also the serum estradiol, testosterone and endometrial thickness were measured before and after medication. Results The degree of cervical relaxation, operational difficulty, blood loss, the length of operation time and VAS in group A were significantly better than those group C （P〈0.01）, whiles its blood loss volume was less than group B （P〈0.05） and there were no significant differences in serum estradiol, testosterone and endometrial thickness before and after medication. Conclusion Preoperative vaginal testosterone propionate combined with misoprostol would reduce the operational difficulties/risks and release the suffering of patients. The study may represent a safe and effective alternative to remove IUD in postmeno- pausal women.展开更多
Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is considered a cluster of metabolic abnormalities whose pathogenesis is principally attributable to insulin resistance. Lack of estrogens occurs in postmenopausal women and worseni...Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is considered a cluster of metabolic abnormalities whose pathogenesis is principally attributable to insulin resistance. Lack of estrogens occurs in postmenopausal women and worsening insulin resistance and lipid profile, predispose to MS. The aim of the study was to show whether a new supplement containing cinnamon, corosolic acid and glycyrrhizic acid may counteract MS manifestations. Methods: A total of 60 postmenopausal women were enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial;the active treatment group was taking the new supplement for 3 months and was on a hypocaloric diet, control group was only on diet. At the beginning and after 3 months, metabolic variables were evaluated. Results: After 3 months, a significant difference in the treated group was observed for glucose, HOMA, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol;whereas, in the control group, a significant difference was shown only for glucose. After 3 months, a significant difference between groups was highlighted only for HDL-cholesterol. Conclusion: This study has shown the naturally occurring components of this new supplement may improve insulin resistance and lipid profile in a small sample of postmenopausal women.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function in postmenopa-usal women;and the relationship between hormone replacement therapy(HRT)and thyroid andadrenal function.Methods:The levels of...Objective:To investigate the changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function in postmenopa-usal women;and the relationship between hormone replacement therapy(HRT)and thyroid andadrenal function.Methods:The levels of tT_3,tT_4,fT_3,fT4,TSH and cortisol were measured in 60 postmeno-pausal women(30 cases in HRT group;30 cases in control group)before and 12 months afterHRT.Results:The serum levels of tT_3,tT_4,fT_3,fT_4,TSH and cortisol had no significant differ-ence before and 12 months after HRT in postmenopausal women.The values of them were all innormal ranges.Conclusion:Changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function was not as significant as that ofgonads in postmenopausal women and the impact of HRT on it was not so significantly evident.展开更多
Introduction: Pelvic floor muscle function of 30 overweight postmenopausal women prior to and after colporrhahpy was monitored in this study. Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with cystokele or combined cystore...Introduction: Pelvic floor muscle function of 30 overweight postmenopausal women prior to and after colporrhahpy was monitored in this study. Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with cystokele or combined cystorectokele was involved. 1 mg oral estriol and local estriol cream were administered for 30 days preoperatively. Pelvic floor muscle function was monitored by surface electromyography 1 month before (1st) 1 day prior to surgery (2nd), and six weeks after the surgery (3rd measurement). Body composition parameters (intra- and extracellular water and body fat) were also measured. Results: The ability to relax significantly improved (p = 0.03) in the preoperative period (between 1st and 2nd occasions). Six weeks after surgery a non-significant (p = 0.054) decrease in average muscle activity was detected when compared with values obtained before the surgery. Muscle-activity declined significantly from the first to the last measurements (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our results confirm that postmenopausal obese women who undergo anterior or posterior colporrhaphy need a follow-up concerning pelvic floor muscle function and suggest that physiotherapy started the earliest possible may aid in preserving postoperative functionality on the long run.展开更多
文摘Objective: The diversity of opinions on the adverse effects of medications used to treat postmenopausal symptoms has prompted the use of various routes and mechanisms of action that need to be explored because bioavailability of the medications can vary. In order to select the appropriate route of administration for hormonal therapy (HT), it is necessary to determine baseline therapeutic efficacy. Design: We designed a prospective, randomized study consisting of four groups of postmenopausal wo-men: group 1 received oral conjugated estrogens, group 2 received a synthethic steroid, group 3 received estradiol nasally in spray form, and group 4 used transdermal estradiol in the form of patches. Criteria used to evaluate effectiveness was the Greene scale, which evaluate six components. These criteria were applied to each patient before hormonal intervention and then each month for 6 months. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating horone (FSH) and estradiol concentration were determined by chemiluminescence. Student’s t-test was used for intra-group comparisons before and after treatment. Results: There was a significant decrease in the vasomotor and sexual component (p < 0.05) with the use of four HT types. For depression, a difference was observed with synthetic steroids and oral estrogens. Upon analyzing the somatic component there was a decrease in symptoms with nasal and transdermal routes. Psychological changes were observed with the use of oral synthethic steroids and transdermal patches. Anxiety component demonstrated differences with nasal spray and oral estrogens, although all HT forms in this component showed a pattern of irregular changes. Conclusions: Changes in the response could be due each route of administration and medication used. Absorption variability may exist, which has repercussions in the control of symptoms and should be taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate route of administration for patients beginning HT.
基金supported by grants from the scientific and technological projects of Shanxi Provincial Health Office.China(No.200918).
文摘Background:Menopausal symptoms and sleep difficulty were physiological processes that were affected by genetic and other factors.This study was to investigate the prevalence of menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in menopausal transition(MT)and postmenopause(PM)women in Taiyuan,Shanxi.Methods:A community-based survey of women's menopausal symptoms and sleep quality was conducted between July 2012 and May 2013 at six municipal districts of Taiyuan,Shanxi.A sample of 2429 women aged 40-59 years was divided into four groups:early MT,late MT,early PM,and late PM.Sleep quality in the past 2 weeks before the interview was recorded.The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0.Results:The prevalence of menopausal symptoms was 49.8%.Mild,moderate,and severe symptoms were observed in 28.9%,18.5%,and 2.5%of participants,respectively.The highest prevalence of menopausal symptoms occurred in the early postmenopausal stage;the subsequences were the late postmenopausal stage and the early MT stage.Interestingly,among the 13 items of modified Kupperman index,the five most common symptoms were fatigue,arthralgia and myalgia,decreased libido,insomnia,and nervousness.Meanwhile,55%perimenopausal women had poor sleep.Conclusions:Menopausal symptoms are common but mild among women in Taiyuan,Shanxi during MT and PM.In these stages,the prevalence of poor sleep is high.
基金supported by Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion(No.20MC1920500)National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine High-Level Disciplines Construction Project(No.ZYYZDXK-2023068)Three Year Action Plan for Shanghai to Further Accelerate the Inheritance,Innovation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2025-2027)(No.1-1-2)。
文摘Background:Electroacupuncture(EA)may affect the severity of hot flashes(HFs)associated with natural menopause and provide additional benefits for postmenopausal women.However,the evidence for its effectiveness in the management of early postmenopausal HFs remains inadequately understood.Objective:We designed this trial to assess the efficacy and safety of EA for relieving early postmenopausal HFs.Design,setting,participants and interventions:This randomized sham-controlled trial involved 72 women with HFs.The participants were divided equally into the intervention and control groups.The intervention group was treated with EA,while the control group was treated with sham acupuncture.The main acupoints used were Hegu(LI4),Guanyuan(RN4),Sanyinjiao(SP6),Taixi(KI3),Fuliu(KI7)and Shenshu(BL23).All participants received 18 treatment sessions,distributed across a 6-week period.The treatment was administered on three occasions per week,adhering to a fixed weekday schedule(Monday,Wednesday,Friday or Tuesday,Thursday,Saturday)with a minimum interval of one day between sessions.Each patient received a 12-week follow-up.Main outcome measures:The HF score was the primary outcome.Participants documented the frequency and severity of HFs in a 7-day symptom diary,which provided data for calculating the HF score.Secondary outcomes were the Menopause Rating Scale(MRS),Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire(MENQOL),Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)and Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Score Scale(TCMSSS),as well as estradiol(E2),luteinizing hormone(LH)and folliclestimulating hormone(FSH)levels.Results:Both groups demonstrated significant reductions in HF scores after the treatment and during the follow-up(P<0.001).Immediately after completion of the 6-week treatment cycle and at 12 weeks postintervention,the HF scores were similar in both groups.At week 6,the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in MRS,MENQOL(vasomotor,psychosocial,and physical),PSQI and TCMSSS scores(P<0.05).The improvements in the MENQOL(vasomotor,and psychosocial)and PSQI total scores persisted through the follow-up(P<0.05).However,the results showed no significant inter-or intragroup differences in sexual scores on the MENQOL(P>0.05).EA did not significantly decrease E2,LH or FSH levels compared to placebo.The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups.Conclusion:EA does not significantly improve HFs in early postmenopausal patients.However,it enhances the quality of sleep and decreases menopausal symptoms across vasomotor,psychosocial and physical domains.Trial registration:Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(http://www.chictr.org.cn);Trial ID:Chi CTR2300072002.Please cite this article as:Wang HX,Yu XT,Hu J,Chen JJ,Mei YT,Chen YF.Electroacupuncture for hot flashes in early menopause:A randomized sham-controlled trial.J Integr Med.2025;23(5):519-527.?2025 Shanghai Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights are reserved,including those for text and data mining,AI training,and similar technologies.
文摘As of 2023, endometrial cancer (EC) ranks second among malignant tumors of the female reproductive system in China, following cervical cancer, posing a significant burden on the country’s healthcare system. Postmenopausal asymptomatic endometrial thickening is primarily benign, often involving endometrial polyps. However, previous clinical studies indicate a relatively high malignancy rate for postmenopausal endometrial polyps, suggesting the necessity for active intervention, particularly in cases with high-risk factors for EC. This article reviews the research progress on risk factors for endometrial lesions in postmenopausal patients with asymptomatic endometrial thickening, aiming to provide insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82260873.
文摘Depression is highly prevalent among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis,driven by the combined effects of hormonal changes,reduced bone density,and psychosocial stress.A recent study by Cui and Su reported that 73.3%of affected women exhibited depressive symptoms,with low bone mineral density,chronic comorbidities,and reduced serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine)levels as key risk factors.Notably,nurse-led psychological interventions improved both mood and quality of life.This editorial underscore the need to integrate mental health support into standard osteoporosis care.Simple,scalable strategies such as routine screening and nurse-delivered emotional support may help bridge the gap between physical and psychological health.These approaches are especially relevant for aging populations across diverse healthcare settings.A dual focus on bone and emotional well-being is essential to improving outcomes in this vulnerable group.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470399)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(5212014)Key Research and Development Program in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China(2020BBF02027).
文摘Chinese dwarf cherry(Cerasus humilis)is a fruit unique to China,which is considered to have osteoprotective effects.However,no systematic experimental characterization was available.In this study,the osteoprotective activity and mechanism of Chinese dwarf cherry polyphenol extract(OPE)was studied.In vitro,OPE stimulated the alkaline phosphatase activity in the early differentiation stage,increased the osteocalcin level in the middle differentiation stage,and induced the formation of more bonemineralized nodules in the late osteogenic stage.In vivo,OPE improved cancellous bone structure and maximum load of the femur in ovariectomized(OVX)rats.The balance between bone formation and resorption was regulated.Oxidative stress levels in the peripheral blood,liver and femur were reduced.OPE alleviated the disturbance in energy metabolism,muscle development,and muscle regulation-related signaling pathways caused by OVX and activated the calcium/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.Therefore,OPE is a potential dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
文摘BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD)due to estrogen withdrawal,which exacerbates traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia,glucose intolerance,and hypertension.Coronary Artery Calcium Score(CACS),a well-established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis,has emerged as a key predictor of adverse cardiovascular events.Despite the recognized association between menopause and heightened CVD risk,there remains a paucity of literature exploring the specific role of menopause in influencing CACS and its implications for cardiovascular morbidity and morta lity.AIM To examine the interplay between menopause,CACS,and cardiovascular health by synthesizing existing literature.METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar,focusing on studies that analyzed CACS in postmenopausal women,including the influence of factors such as hormone therapy,Triglyceride-Glucose index,bone mineral density,lipid metabolism,and type-1 diabetes.Data extraction and synthesis emphasized key patterns,metabolic influences,and potential mechanisms driving coronary calcification in menopause.RESULTS Findings suggest that menopause contributes to increased CACS through multiple pathways,including altered lipid metabolism,insulin resistance,and arterial stiffness.Additionally,premature menopause is associated with higher CACS and elevated CVD risk.While hormone replacement therapy(HRT)appears to have a protective effect against coronary calcification,further research is needed to clarify its long-term benefits and risks.CONCLUSION We introduce a novel framework combining CACS with metabolic and hormonal markers,and discuss estrogendriven mechanisms and HRT considerations in postmenopausal cardiovascular risk.This review underscores the need for targeted cardiovascular risk assessment in postmenopausal women,integrating CACS with other metabolic markers to improve early detection and prevention of CVD in this high-risk population.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC2501700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82330078,82272554)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7232214,L241067)。
文摘Gut microbiota(GM)exerts an indispensable effect in human health,especially in metabolism regulation.^(1)Recent studies have identified a potential association with osteoporosis.^(2–5)At the same time,GM intervention,such as antibiotic treatment,^(6)fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT),^(7–8)supplement of probiotics^(9–10)and other means,will also subsequently affect bone metabolism.Further,GM dysbiosis was also mentioned as one of pathophysiological mechanism of osteoporosis,even written in the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines^(11)[Fig.1,based on Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary osteoporosis in China(2022)].
文摘OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of Kuntai capsule and hormone replacement therapy in treatment of perimenopausal syndrome.METHODS: Articles were retrieved from the databases Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,Pub Med, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Wanfang Database. Only randomized controlled trials were included; 15 trials involving1243 patients were identified from January 2005 to April 2015. A systemic review and Meta-analysis of publications was performed. The review was limit-ed to randomized controlled trials that compared Kuntai capsule and hormone replacement therapy to treat perimenopausal syndrome for at least 3months. The primary outcome assessed was the treatment efficacy at 3 months, including effective rate of Kupperman menopausal scores, Kupperman menopausal scores, and blood estradiol(E2) or blood follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) levels.Other outcomes assessed were safety or adverse events, such as gastrointestinal complaints, breast distending pain, or vaginal bleeding.RESULTS: Kupperman menopausal scores showed no significant difference in effective rate [odds ratio(OR): 1.05, 95% confidence intervals(CI): 0.71 to1.55] and changes in FSH level [mean difference(MD): 2.14, 95% CI:-2.36 to 6.65]. There was a significant statistical difference in Kupperman menopausal scores(MD:-1.14, 95% CI:-2.03 to-0.25)and changes in E2level(MD:-16.41, 95% CI:-18.83to-13.69). There were fewer adverse events in the Kuntai capsule group than in the hormone replacement therapy group(OR: = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.25 to0.48, P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Compared with hormone replacement therapy, Kuntai capsule can improve perimenopausal symptoms and blood E2 levels, and reduce the incidence of adverse events.
文摘Objective To evaluate the role of sclerostin in bone loss of postmenopausal Chinese women with type 2 diabetes me｜litus. Methods The postmenopausal patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus and age, body mass index, and duration of menopause matched healthy controls were enrolled into this cross-sectional study according to criteria of inclusion and exclusion.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Project in Department of Science and Technology,Liaoning Province,No.2017225025
文摘BACKGROUND Postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial thickness≥5 mm on sonograms of menopausal women can indicate the presence of endometrial lesions.Diagnostic hysteroscopy is a powerful method for endometrial diseases.AIM To investigate the pathological pattern of endometrial abnormalities in postmenopausal women with bleeding or asymptomatic thickened endometrium diagnosed by hysteroscopy.METHODS A total of 187 postmenopausal women with bleeding or asymptomatic thickened endometrium underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy.The women were subsequently divided into three groups:Postmenopausal bleeding(PMB)group(n=84),asymptomatic group(n=94),and additional group(n=9).Women in the additional group manifested abdominal pain and leukorrhagia.RESULTS Among the 187 patients examined,84(44.9%)were diagnosed with PMB and 94(50.3%)with asymptomatic thickened endometrium.Endometrial polyp was the most common endometrial abnormality,which was detected in 51.2%,76.6%and 77.8%of the PMB,asymptomatic,and additional groups,respectively.In the PMB group,7(8.3%)women had hyperplasia with atypia and 14(16.7%)had endometrial adenocarcinoma.Fewer malignant lesions were detected in the asymptomatic group.Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia was found in 8.3%of the PMB group and 7.4%of the asymptomatic group.CONCLUSION Endometrial polyp was the most common pathology in the PMB group.Diagnostic hysteroscopy is recommended for women with PMB and asymptomatic thickened endometrium.
基金financially supported by the China State Sport General Administration(No.2013B040,2015B039)the University of J yvaskyla Wellness program and the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Zhiyuan Foundation(No.CP2014013)
文摘Purpose： This study aimed to assess whether the benefits of exercise on central adiposity and insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） are maintained after discontinuation of intervention in the overweight/obese （OWOB） women. Methods： The study subjects were from 2 independent studies with similar aerobic exercise （AE） intervention programs. In study I, I50WOB postmenopausal women with pre-diabetes （body mass index, BMI = 24-33 kg/m2, aged 52-65 years） completed an 8-month exercise intervention and were followed for 2 years after the intervention. In study lI, 12 OWOB （BM1 = 25-35 kg/m2, aged 30-50 years） premenopausal women participated in a 6-week AE and were followed for 4 years after the intervention. The exercise program consisted of progressive AE with intensity of 60%-75% of initial fitness level, 30-60 min/time and 3-5 times/week. Fat mass （FM） was assessed by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry （DXA Prodigy; study I） or bioelectrical impedance device （Inbody 720; study II）. Plasma glucose and insulin were assessed by chemiluminescent immunoassay and HOMA-IR was calculated. Results： Both 8-month and 6-week moderate AE were effective in reducing HOMA-IR （-18.9%, p = 0.012 and -26.7%, p = 0.046, respectively）, and 8-month AE reduced FM at upper abdominal region （-6.2%, p = 0.021）. However, these improvements were not maintained in either study at the follow-up. Conclusion： The AE program used in these studies was effective to reduce insulin resistance and/or FM in central body region among overweight and obese women. However, when exercise intervention was discontinued, the beneficial effects following both short- and long-term intervention disappeared. Thus maintaining exercise seems to be required if one wants to reap the benefits of exercise in the long-term.
文摘Postmenopausal osteoporosis （PMO） is considered a polygenic disease. The estrogen receptor β （ESR2） gene is a candidate mediating the genetic influence on bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of a cytosine-adenine （CA） repeat polymorphism in the fifth intron of the ESR2 gene with PMO in Chinese Han population. The CA repeat polymorphism was genotyped in a case-control study, involving 78 femoral neck PMO patients vs. 122 controls and 108 lumbar spine （L2-4） PMO patients vs. 92 controls. The （CA）n〈22 and （CA）n≥22 alleles were designated short （S） and long （L）, respectively. ESR2 genotype was categorically defined as SS （2 S alleles）, SL （having the mixed S and L alleles）, and LL （2 L alleles）. At both the femoral neck and the L2-4 region, LL genotype and L allele frequencies of the PMO group were significantly higher than those of the control group （P〈0.01）. The subjects with the SL, the LL, and the combined SL and LL genotype had a significant increased risk of PMO when compared with those with the SS genotype （P〈0.05）. After adjustments for age, years since menopause, menopausal age, and body mass index, logistic regression analysis showed that the subjects with the combined SL and LL genotype had increased risk of PMO when compared with those with the SS genotype both at the femoral neck （adjusted OR 4.923, 95% CI 1.986-12.203 , P=0.001） and the L2-4 （adjusted OR 2.267, 95% CI 1.121-4.598, P=0.023）. This extensive association study has identified the ESR2 CA repeat polymorphism to be independently associated with PMO at the femoral neck and the L2-4 in Chinese Han population. The data also suggested that the presence of the L allele may dominantly increase the risk of PMO at the two regions.
文摘Modern researches have shown that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) among the women before menopause is only 30% of that in men.However, the incidence and mortality of CHD among the women after menopause jumps by 400% over those before menopause, higher than that in men1.
文摘Objective: A retrospective study of the postmenopausal palpable ovary (PMPO) on their incidence, characteristics of masses and treatment selected were carried out. Methods: 97 postmenopausal women over age 50 with ovarian masses diagnosed by the manual pelvic palpation were analyzed. The age, size and characteristics of tumor, symptoms, as well as pathological findings and treatment were discussed. Results: 86.6% of cases had tumor masses, and 13.4% were physiological in nature. 23.7% of the masses were malignant. 72 patients (74.2%) visited doctors because of existing symptoms. Among them 82.5% cases had the masses discovered by manual pelvic examination, and 91.3% found by abdominal ultrasound screening. Transvaginal sonography can diagnose all the palpable masses. Conclusion: All PMPO patients should be operated as soon as diagnosis is established.
文摘Objective:This meta-analysis included papers which evaluated the effects of physical activity on the health-related quality of life(HRQoL)of osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women.Methods:Four English databases were searched for relevant randomized clinical trials(RTCs)published from 1970 to June,2014.Eligible RCTs which used the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis(QUALEFFO)as their outcome measure were selected for inclusion.Results:Five RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis.The results showed that physical activity produced favorable effects in the HRQoL domains of physical function(p=0.001)and pain(p=0.01),but not in other domains.Compared with a single exercise,combined exercise produced more favorable effects on both physical function(p=0.0004)and pain(p=0.02).Short-term physical activity produced significant favorable results in all general health domains of HRQoL(p=0.01),whereas middle-term physical activity produced significant improvements only in the physical function(p<0.01)domains of HRQoL.Long-term physical activity produced significant improvement only in the pain domains of HRQoL(p<0.01),and only in the physical activity group when compared with a control group.Conclusion:Only weak evidence supports the notion that physical activity effectively improves the health-related quality of life of osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women.Compared with a single exercise,combined exercise produced favorable effects on both physical function and pain.However,different lengths of exercise produced improvements in different domains.
文摘Objective To explore and investigate a new treatment of releasing the risks and pain in removing intrauterine devices （IUD） from postmenopausal women. Methods Totally 240 postmenopausal women who needed to remove IUD were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A （n =80） were preoperatively treated with 20 g/L vaginal testosterone propionate cod liver oil ointment （1 g/d） over a 2-week span of period, and vaginal misoprostol （200 μg） was one-time used at 2-3 h before operation. Group B （n =80） were treated with oral estradiol valerate （3 mg/d） from 7 d before operation. Other 80 women （group C） were treated with vaginal cod liver oil ointment （1 g/d） over a 2-week span of period before the operation day. The degree of cervical relaxation, operational difficulty, blood loss volume, the length of operation time and visual analogue scales （VAS） were evaluated, also the serum estradiol, testosterone and endometrial thickness were measured before and after medication. Results The degree of cervical relaxation, operational difficulty, blood loss, the length of operation time and VAS in group A were significantly better than those group C （P〈0.01）, whiles its blood loss volume was less than group B （P〈0.05） and there were no significant differences in serum estradiol, testosterone and endometrial thickness before and after medication. Conclusion Preoperative vaginal testosterone propionate combined with misoprostol would reduce the operational difficulties/risks and release the suffering of patients. The study may represent a safe and effective alternative to remove IUD in postmeno- pausal women.
文摘Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is considered a cluster of metabolic abnormalities whose pathogenesis is principally attributable to insulin resistance. Lack of estrogens occurs in postmenopausal women and worsening insulin resistance and lipid profile, predispose to MS. The aim of the study was to show whether a new supplement containing cinnamon, corosolic acid and glycyrrhizic acid may counteract MS manifestations. Methods: A total of 60 postmenopausal women were enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial;the active treatment group was taking the new supplement for 3 months and was on a hypocaloric diet, control group was only on diet. At the beginning and after 3 months, metabolic variables were evaluated. Results: After 3 months, a significant difference in the treated group was observed for glucose, HOMA, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol;whereas, in the control group, a significant difference was shown only for glucose. After 3 months, a significant difference between groups was highlighted only for HDL-cholesterol. Conclusion: This study has shown the naturally occurring components of this new supplement may improve insulin resistance and lipid profile in a small sample of postmenopausal women.
文摘Objective:To investigate the changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function in postmenopa-usal women;and the relationship between hormone replacement therapy(HRT)and thyroid andadrenal function.Methods:The levels of tT_3,tT_4,fT_3,fT4,TSH and cortisol were measured in 60 postmeno-pausal women(30 cases in HRT group;30 cases in control group)before and 12 months afterHRT.Results:The serum levels of tT_3,tT_4,fT_3,fT_4,TSH and cortisol had no significant differ-ence before and 12 months after HRT in postmenopausal women.The values of them were all innormal ranges.Conclusion:Changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function was not as significant as that ofgonads in postmenopausal women and the impact of HRT on it was not so significantly evident.
文摘Introduction: Pelvic floor muscle function of 30 overweight postmenopausal women prior to and after colporrhahpy was monitored in this study. Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with cystokele or combined cystorectokele was involved. 1 mg oral estriol and local estriol cream were administered for 30 days preoperatively. Pelvic floor muscle function was monitored by surface electromyography 1 month before (1st) 1 day prior to surgery (2nd), and six weeks after the surgery (3rd measurement). Body composition parameters (intra- and extracellular water and body fat) were also measured. Results: The ability to relax significantly improved (p = 0.03) in the preoperative period (between 1st and 2nd occasions). Six weeks after surgery a non-significant (p = 0.054) decrease in average muscle activity was detected when compared with values obtained before the surgery. Muscle-activity declined significantly from the first to the last measurements (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our results confirm that postmenopausal obese women who undergo anterior or posterior colporrhaphy need a follow-up concerning pelvic floor muscle function and suggest that physiotherapy started the earliest possible may aid in preserving postoperative functionality on the long run.
