Fermented corn starch has emerged as a promising functional food due to its triad of gut biotics,prebiotic,probiotic,and postbiotic properties,which present significant potential for the management of type 2 diabetes ...Fermented corn starch has emerged as a promising functional food due to its triad of gut biotics,prebiotic,probiotic,and postbiotic properties,which present significant potential for the management of type 2 diabetes through gut microbiota modulation.During fermentation,microbial activity alters the starch matrix,enhancing the production of bioactive compounds such as resistant starch,isomalto-oligosaccharides,and resistant dextrin,which improve insulin sensitivity,reduce inflammation,and support glycemic control.Additionally,fermented corn starch harbors beneficial microbial strains including Lactiplantibacillus fermentum,Bifidobacterium breve,and Saccharomyces cerevisiae,which reinforce gut barrier integrity,stimulate incretin secretion,and suppress systemic inflammation.Postbiotic metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids,exopolysaccharides,and bacteriocins further contribute to glucose homeostasis through immune modulation and gut hormone regulation.Despite its promise,the clinical translation of fermented corn starch is limited by safety concerns(e.g.,contamination with pathogens or mycotoxins),lack of standardized fermentation protocols,and a scarcity of targeted studies.This review synthesizes current evidence on the antidiabetic potential of fermented corn starch,advocating for its integration into precision nutrition approaches and supporting further research to address safety and standardization challenges in functional food development.展开更多
Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is one kind of illness with abnormal renal structure and function caused by many factors.Probiotics can be used to regulate intestinal microflora and enhance intestinal mucosal barrier,thus,...Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is one kind of illness with abnormal renal structure and function caused by many factors.Probiotics can be used to regulate intestinal microflora and enhance intestinal mucosal barrier,thus,intervention with probiotics may be regarded as one of the potential ways to protect against CKD.In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MA2(MA2),a probiotic separated from traditional Chinese Tibetan kefir grains,could degrade the uremic toxins including creatinine,urea nitrogen and uric acid.Oral administration of MA2 or its inactive strains(IMA2)could decrease serum uremic toxins of adenine-induced CKD mice,and also elevate the relative expression of claudin-1.Meanwhile,intervention of MA2 or IMA2 decreased the contents of lipopolysaccharide,Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in the kidney.16S rDNA sequencing results indicated that the intervention of MA2 or IMA2 regulated the gut microbiota structure by elevating the abundance of Lactobacillus,and decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria.Thus,oral administration of MA2 or IMA2 can reduce the uremic toxins in CKD mice by regulating gut microflora and restoring the intestinal mucosal barrier.Our study provided a theoretical basis for the application of MA2 and its postbiotics in the CKD intervention and treatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental-health disorder worldwide.Several studies have demonstrated the effects of gut microbiota-targeting interventions,such as probiotics,prebiotics,synbiotics,and postbiotics(PPSP)...BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental-health disorder worldwide.Several studies have demonstrated the effects of gut microbiota-targeting interventions,such as probiotics,prebiotics,synbiotics,and postbiotics(PPSP),on depression.AIM To assess the potential benefits of PPSP on patients diagnosed with depressive disorder.METHODS A literature search of the PubMed,Web of Science,and Elsevier Science Direct databases for relevant studies published from database inception to March 2024 was performed.Studies that used a randomized controlled trial design and eva-luated differences in depression between PPSP and placebo were included.Depressive symptoms were assessed using a validated scale.Analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4(The Cochrane Collaboration,2020).RESULTS Fourteen studies comprising 906 patients with depressive symptoms were included.PPSP improved depression compared with placebo[SMD:-0.39(95%CI:-0.60 to-0.17);P<0.001].PPSP resulted in significant reductions in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale[MD:-1.72(95%CI:-2.57 to-0.88);P<0.001]and Beck Depression Inventory[MD:-2.69(95%CI:-4.67 to-0.71);P<0.001]scores.Sub-analysis confirmed the antidepressant effects of probiotics on depressive symp-toms[SMD:-0.32(95%CI:-0.48 to-0.16);P<0.001],with prebiotics exerting no apparent effect[SMD:-0.08(95%CI:-0.39 to-0.23);P=0.62],and synbiotics exerting statistically significant benefits[SMD:-1.09(95%CI:-1.45 to-0.73);P<0.001].CONCLUSION PPSP effectively alleviates depressive symptoms,and subgroup analysis supports the benefits of probiotics and synbiotics.Nevertheless,evidence supporting the use of PPSP for the treatment of depression remains insufficient.展开更多
Background Subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA)is a common metabolic disorder of high yielding dairy cows,and it is associated with dysbiosis of the rumen and gut microbiome and host inflammation.This study evaluated the i...Background Subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA)is a common metabolic disorder of high yielding dairy cows,and it is associated with dysbiosis of the rumen and gut microbiome and host inflammation.This study evaluated the impact of two postbiotics from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products(SCFP)on rumen liquid associated microbiota of lactating dairy cows subjected to repeated grain-based SARA challenges.A total of 32 rumen cannulated cows were randomly assigned to 4 treatments from 4 weeks before until 12 weeks after parturition.Treatment groups included a Control diet or diets supplemented with postbiotics(SCFPa,14 g/d Original XPC;SCFPb-1X,19 g/d Nutri Tek;SCFPb-2X,38 g/d Nutri Tek,Diamond V,Cedar Rapids,IA,USA).Grain-based SARA challenges were conducted during week 5(SARA1)and week 8(SARA2)after parturition by replacing 20%DM of the base total mixed ration(TMR)with pellets containing 50%ground barley and 50%ground wheat.Total DNA from rumen liquid samples was subjected to V3–V416S r RNA gene amplicon sequencing.Characteristics of rumen microbiota were compared among treatments and SARA stages.Results Both SARA challenges reduced the diversity and richness of rumen liquid microbiota,altered the overall composition(β-diversity),and its predicted functionality including carbohydrates and amino acids metabolic pathways.The SARA challenges also reduced the number of significant associations among different taxa,number of hub taxa and their composition in the microbial co-occurrence networks.Supplementation with SCFP postbiotics,in particular SCFPb-2X,enhanced the robustness of the rumen microbiota.The SCFP supplemented cows had less fluctuation in relative abundances of community members when exposed to SARA challenges.The SCFP supplementation promoted the populations of lactate utilizing and fibrolytic bacteria,including members of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae,and also increased the numbers of hub taxa during non-SARA and SARA stages.Supplementation with SCFPb-2X prevented the fluctuations in the abundances of hub taxa that were positively correlated with the acetate concentration,andα-andβ-diversity metrics in rumen liquid digesta.Conclusions Induction of SARA challenges reduced microbiota richness and diversity and caused fluctuations in major bacterial phyla in rumen liquid microbiota in lactating dairy cows.Supplementation of SCFP postbiotics could attenuate adverse effects of SARA on rumen liquid microbiota.展开更多
Conventional filling therapy fails to fundamentally reduce oral cariogenic bacteria.Thus,oral microbiota follow-up intervention after filling would be necessary for improving dental caries prognosis.We recruited 9 car...Conventional filling therapy fails to fundamentally reduce oral cariogenic bacteria.Thus,oral microbiota follow-up intervention after filling would be necessary for improving dental caries prognosis.We recruited 9 caries-free individuals,and 89 dental caries subjects(5 dropouts).Eighty-nine patients were randomized into three groups:caries(n=8;no treatment),control(n=40;filling),and postbiotics(n=41;filling and 14-day Probio-Eco®intervention).Salivary samples were collected at 0 day(after filling)and 14 days.Our results showed that the diversity of dental caries oral microbiota was significantly increased compared with healthy subjects,and filling could restore a healthier oral microbiota partially and temporarily.Thepostbiotics intervention keeps a low alpha-diversity.Co-occurrence network analysis showed that a more stable oral microbiota structure after postbiotics intervention.Taxonomic and functional annotation of the microbiota revealed that postbiotics co-treatment significantly:increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and P.reactans,decreased the relative abundance of Prevotella shahii,and enriched the energy metabolism-related pathways.BugBase-predicted phenotypes inferred to an oral microbiota with decreased potential pathogenic bacteria and increased oxidative stress-tolerant bacteria after postbiotics intervention.Collectively,it suggested that postbiotics co-treatment could be a promising strategy that restores the oral microecological balance for dental caries.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to determine the performance of heat-stressed layers fed a diet containing the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum RS5 or its products of fermentation (postbiotics). Twenty-week-old Isa Whi...This experiment was conducted to determine the performance of heat-stressed layers fed a diet containing the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum RS5 or its products of fermentation (postbiotics). Twenty-week-old Isa White layers, were subdivided into six treatments of 32 individually caged birds. Half of the birds were reared under regular temperature conditions, while the other half was subjected to cyclic daily heat stress. Layers were offered one of three diets: 1) Control;2) Control + Lactobacillus plantarum RS5 probiotic;3) Control + Lactobacillus plantarum RS5 postbiotics. Birds were tested for performance and visceral organ development for 5 months. Heat stress negatively affected the birds’ feed intake, egg weight, shell weight percentage, Haugh unit, shell thickness, yolk color, body weight and spleen weight percentage. Postbiotics significantly increased egg production (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control and the probiotic fed group (94.8% vs 92.6% vs 93.1%, respectively). Birds under probiotic or postbiotic diet showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) feed intake and egg weight, although the probiotic had a more pronounced and gradual effect. Specific gravity, yolk weight percentage and shell thickness didn’t show differences among dietary groups. The Haugh Unit was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in probiotic group which also showed a significantly lower yolk color index (p < 0.05). The different feed treatments did not impact the bird’s viscera weight percentage, except for the ileum that was significantly lower (p < 0.05) under postbiotic supplementation. Both probiotics and postbiotics could be used as a potential growth promoters and might alleviate heat stress impact in poultry industry.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a leading cause of human mortality worldwide.As conventional anticancer therapy not always being effective,there is growing interest in innovative“drug-free”cancer treatments or intervention...Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a leading cause of human mortality worldwide.As conventional anticancer therapy not always being effective,there is growing interest in innovative“drug-free”cancer treatments or interventions that improve the efficacy of established therapy.CRC is associated with microbiome alterations,a process known as dysbiosis that involves depletion and/or enrichment of particular gut bacterial species and their metabolic functions.Supplementing patient treatment with traditional probiotics(with or without prebiotics),nextgeneration probiotics(NGP),or postbiotics represents a potentially effective and accessible complementary anticancer strategy by restoring gut microbiota composition and/or by signaling to the host.In this capacity,restoration of the gut microbiota in cancer patients can stabilize and enhance intestinal barrier function,as well as promote anticarcinogenic,anti-inflammatory,antimutagenic or other biologically important biochemical pathways that show high specificity towards tumor cells.Potential benefits of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics include modulating gut microbiota composition and function,as well as the host inflammatory response.Their application in CRC prevention is highlighted in this review,where we consider supportive in vitro,animal,and clinical studies.Based on emerging research,NGP and postbiotics hold promise in establishing innovative treatments for CRC by conferring physiological functions via the production of dominant natural products and metabolites that provide new host-microbiota signals to combat CRC.Although favorable results have been reported,further investigations focusing on strain and dose specificity are required to ensure the efficacy and safety of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics in CRC prevention and treatment.展开更多
Gut homeostasis is of importance to host health and imbalance of the gut usually leads to disorders or diseases for both human and animal.Postbiotics have been applied in manipulating of gut health,and utilization of ...Gut homeostasis is of importance to host health and imbalance of the gut usually leads to disorders or diseases for both human and animal.Postbiotics have been applied in manipulating of gut health,and utilization of postbiotics threads new lights into the host health.Compared with the application of probiotics,the characteristics such as stability and safety of postbiotics make it a potential alternative to probiotics.Studies have reported the beneficial effects of components derived from postbiotics,mainly through the mechanisms including inhibition of pathogens,strengthen gut barrier,and/or regulation of immunity of the host.In this review,we summarized the characteristics of postbiotics,main compounds of postbiotics,potential mechanisms in gut health,and their application in animal production.展开更多
The therapeutic effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)on diabetes was spread as one of the alarming epidemics worldwide.The study aims to investigate the function of Lactobacillus brevis KLDS_(1.0727) and KLDS_(1.037...The therapeutic effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)on diabetes was spread as one of the alarming epidemics worldwide.The study aims to investigate the function of Lactobacillus brevis KLDS_(1.0727) and KLDS_(1.0373) strains as glutamic acid decarboxylase 65(GAD65)carriers capable of generating GABA by comparing in vitro free and freeze-dried models and GABA intervention in vivo.PCR amplification of gad and in vitro i.e.,(growth rate,viability at different pH,bile tolerance,and survivability in simulated gastric juice)were performed.In vivo experiments were conducted in 7 groups of C57BL/6J mice.Each group was injected with streptozotocin(Cont_(STZ),INSSTZ,LAC1_(STZ),LAC_(1MFDSTZ),LAC_(2STZ),LAC_(2MFDSTZ))daily except for the control(Cont).One group was injected with insulin(INSSTZ).The body weight and hyperglycemia in the blood were assessed weekly,post-euthanasia blood plasma parameters,insulin,and histological examination were evaluated.Results indicated L.brevis strains demonstrated a great tolerance to bile and simulated gastric juice in vitro(P<0.05).Cont_(STZ) had the highest average glucose level(6.84±6.46)mmol/L while INS_(STZ) expressed dramatically decreed in glucose level and displayed a significant decline in the average of weekly blood glucose(−5.74±3.08)mmol/L.The lowest body weight(ContSTZ)was(19.30±0.25)g.Based on the blood plasma analysis,L.brevis strains improved good cholesterol properties,liver and kidney functions,where most of these parameters fall within the average the reference range and prevent the development of symptoms of type 1 diabetes in vivo.As recommended,L.brevis should be commonly distributed as a postbiotic GABA in pharmaceutical and nutritional applications.展开更多
In recent decades,consumers,manufacturers,and researchers have been more interested in functional foods,which include probiotics,prebiotics,and postbiotics.Probiotics are live microbes that,when regulated in enough qu...In recent decades,consumers,manufacturers,and researchers have been more interested in functional foods,which include probiotics,prebiotics,and postbiotics.Probiotics are live microbes that,when regulated in enough quantities,provide health benefits on the host,while the prebiotics are substrates that host microorganisms selectively use.Postbiotics are metabolites and cell-wall components that are beneficial to the host and are released by living bacteria or after lysis.Postbiotic dietary supplements are more stable than probiotics and prebiotics.Many bioactivities of postbiotics are unknown or poorly understood.Hence,this study aims to present a synopsis of the regular elements and new developments of the postbiotics including health-promoting effects,production,conceptualization of terms,bioactivities,and applications in the field of food safety and preservation.Postbiotics aid in bio preservation and the reduction of biofilm development in food due to their organic acids,bacteriocins,and other antibacterial activities.The present study examines the production of postbiotic metabolites in situ in food and the effects of external and internal food components.The antimicrobial roles,removal of biofilms,and its applications in preservation and food safety have also been discussed.This paper also explored the various aspects like manipulation of postbiotic composition in the food system and its safety measures.展开更多
Sepsis is the main cause of death in critically ill patients and gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in sepsis.On the one hand,sepsis leads to the destruction of gut microbiota and induces and aggravates ter...Sepsis is the main cause of death in critically ill patients and gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in sepsis.On the one hand,sepsis leads to the destruction of gut microbiota and induces and aggravates terminal organ dysfunction.On the other hand,the activation of pathogenic gut flora and the reduction in beneficial microbial products increase the susceptibility of the host to sepsis.Although probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation preserve gut barrier function on multiple levels,their efficacy in sepsis with intestinal microbiota disruptions remains uncertain.Postbiotics consist of inactivated microbial cells or cell components.They possess antimicrobial,immunomodulatory,antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.Microbiota-targeted therapy strategies,such as postbiotics,may reduce the incidence of sepsis and improve the prognosis of patients with sepsis by regulating gut microbial metabolites,improving intestinal barrier integrity and changing the composition of the gut microbiota.They offer a variety of mechanisms and might even be superior to more conventional‘biotics’such as probiotics and prebiotics.In this review,we present an overview of the concept of postbiotics and summarize what is currently known about postbiotics and their prospective utility in sepsis therapy.Overall,postbiotics show promise as a viable adjunctive therapy option for sepsis.展开更多
The gut microbiota is important in the development and progression of metabolic illnesses such type 2 diabetes,cardiovascular disease(CVD),and obesity.This diverse community of microorganisms controls a variety of phy...The gut microbiota is important in the development and progression of metabolic illnesses such type 2 diabetes,cardiovascular disease(CVD),and obesity.This diverse community of microorganisms controls a variety of physiological functions,including metabolism,inflammation,and immune response.Understanding these interactions has resulted in novel therapeutic options,including microbiome supplementation.The gut microbiome is extremely susceptible to dietary changes,which can alter its makeup and function,influencing metabolite synthesis that affects host health.Certain metabolites,such as butyrate and propionate,have been proven to protect against metabolic illnesses,whereas trimethylamine has been linked to CVD.Prebiotics,probiotics,synbiotics,and postbiotics are being investigated by researchers as ways to change the gut microbiome and boost metabolic health.Despite advances in therapy and lifestyle adjustments,the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing,emphasizing the need for new medicines.展开更多
The gut microbiome is defined as an ecological community of commensal symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that exist in our body.Gut microbiome dysbiosis is a condition of dysregulated and disrupted intestinal bac...The gut microbiome is defined as an ecological community of commensal symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that exist in our body.Gut microbiome dysbiosis is a condition of dysregulated and disrupted intestinal bacterial homeostasis,and recent evidence has shown that dysbiosis is related to chronic inflammation,insulin resistance,cardiovascular diseases(CVD),type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and obesity.It is well known that obesity,T2DM and CVD are caused or worsened by multiple factors like genetic predisposition,environmental factors,unhealthy high calorie diets,and sedentary lifestyle.However,recent evidence from human and mouse models suggest that the gut microbiome is also an active player in the modulation of metabolic syndrome,a set of risk factors including obesity,hyperglycemia,and dyslipidemia that increase the risk for CVD,T2DM,and other diseases.Current research aims to identify treatments to increase the number of beneficial microbiota in the gut microbiome in order to modulate metabolic syndrome by reducing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.There is increasing interest in supplements,classified as prebiotics,probiotics,synbiotics,or postbiotics,and their effect on the gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome.In this review article,we have summarized current research on these supplements that are available to improve the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and to reduce the harmful ones in patients with metabolic syndrome.展开更多
Background There is a growing search for natural feed additives to alleviate the deleterious effects of coccidia infection in poultry production.This study aimed to investigate the effect of enzymatically treated yeas...Background There is a growing search for natural feed additives to alleviate the deleterious effects of coccidia infection in poultry production.This study aimed to investigate the effect of enzymatically treated yeast(ETY) on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,antioxidative status,and cecal mucosa cytokines of coccidia-challenged broiler chickens.Methods From d 1 to 14 post hatching,480 broiler chickens were allocated to 3 corn-soybean meal-based experimental diets with increasing concentrations of ETY(0,1,or 2 g/kg).The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with body weight(BW) used as a blocking factor.On d 14 post hatching,the birds were re-randomized within each of the 3 experimental diets.Each of the 3 diet groups was split into a challenge or no-challenge group.This resulted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments.The coccidia challenge was administered on d 15 by an oral gavage.Results Dietary ETY improved(P < 0.05) the G:F of birds on d 21 regardless of the challenge state and linearly increased(P < 0.01) the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter(DM),nitrogen,and gross energy(GE).The coccidia challenge decreased(P < 0.05) BW gain and feed intake of broiler chickens and reduced(P < 0.01) the total tract retention of DM,GE,and nitrogen.The coccidia challenge increased(P < 0.01) the mRNA gene expression of TNFα,IL-1β,IL-10,and IL-6 in the cecal mucosa.There was a tendency(P ne = 0.08) for ETY to linearly reduce IL-1β expression.Additionally,ETY supplementation increased(P < 0.05) the geexpression of OCLN.Serum catalase increased(P < 0.05) with dietary ETY in broiler chickens on d 21.Dietary ETY linearly increased(P < 0.05) the ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio,and ileal goblet cell density in broiler chickens.The ileal and excreta oocyst counts decreased(P < 0.01) with increasing supplementation of dietary ETY in coccidia-challenged broiler chickens on d 21.Conclusions Dietary ETY enhanced nutrient utilization and augmented intestinal development in broiler chickens.However,dietary ETY did not completely attenuate the adverse effects of a coccidia challenge in broiler chickens.展开更多
<strong>Objective:</strong> Pre-, pro- and postbiotics are becoming more prevalent as ingredients in cosmetic and personal care products. A novel triple biotic technology has been developed and investigate...<strong>Objective:</strong> Pre-, pro- and postbiotics are becoming more prevalent as ingredients in cosmetic and personal care products. A novel triple biotic technology has been developed and investigated for its impact on skin flora and skin barrier properties. <strong>Methods:</strong> Growth inhibition/promotion assay was performed to determine the effect on skin bacteria growth, using <em>Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium striatum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>. A skin penetration assay and skin barrier biomarker measurements were performed using an <em>ex vivo</em> human skin explant model. The triple-biotic complex of inulin, 2-butyloctanol, and a biomimic blend of postbiotics was tested individually as well as part of cosmetic formulations. <strong>Results:</strong> The triple-biotic technology, either as individual components or in a cosmetic formulation, inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria, in most cases. On the other hand, the growth of desirable bacteria was either promoted or maintained. The cosmetic formulations with the triple-biotic technology demonstrated an enhanced skin barrier and an increase in skin barrier biomarkers. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A novel triple-biotic technology has been developed and shown to deliver a strong prebiotic effect with demonstrable benefits on bacterial growth, skin barrier properties, and the production of skin barrier biomarkers. This study indicates that triple-biotic technology can be used as a desirable prebiotic ingredient in personal care products to provide skin health benefits.展开更多
Similarly to conventional steroids,bile acids function as signaling molecules,acting on a family of membrane and nuclear receptors.The best-characterized bile acid-regulated receptors are the farnesoid X receptor,acti...Similarly to conventional steroids,bile acids function as signaling molecules,acting on a family of membrane and nuclear receptors.The best-characterized bile acid-regulated receptors are the farnesoid X receptor,activated by primary bile acids,and the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1(also known as Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5),which is activated by secondary bile acids,such as lithocholic acid(LCA)and deoxycholic acid.Both the farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 are expressed in cells of innate immunity,monocytes/macrophages,and natural killer cells.Their activation in these cells provides counter-regulatory signals that are inhibitory in nature and attenuate inflammation.In recent years,however,it has been increasingly appreciated that bile acids biotransformations by intestinal microbiota result in the formation of chemically different secondary bile acids that potently regulate adaptive immunity.The 3-oxoLCA and isoalloLCA,two LCA derivatives,bind receptors such as the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t(RORgt)and the vitamin D receptor(VDR)that are expressed only by lymphoid cells,extending the regulatory role of bile acids to T cells,including T-helper 17 cells and type 3 innate lymphoid cells(ILC3).In this novel conceptual framework,bile acids have emerged as one of the main components of the postbiota,the waste array of chemical mediators generated by the intestinal microbiota.Deciphering the interaction of these mediators with the immune system in the intestine and liver is a novel and fascinating area of bile acid renaissance.展开更多
Today,the use of microorganisms to produce substances that can be consumable,used as a food ingredient and have a positive effect on consumer health is attracting attention and studies in this field are increasing.Bes...Today,the use of microorganisms to produce substances that can be consumable,used as a food ingredient and have a positive effect on consumer health is attracting attention and studies in this field are increasing.Besides,the therapeutic products produced by lactic acid bacteria(LAB)can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry to create desirable characteristics of foods.In addition to the positive effects of LAB,probiotics and synbiotics have been known for many years,many studies examining postbiotics and paraprobiotics have attracted attention in recent years.The therapeutic products obtained from different LAB may have different properties and should be investigated widely.In this paper,the biotherapeutic substances produced by LAB and their effects on health are summarized.展开更多
In present study,probiotic characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus grx10 was investigated by genotype and phenotype.In vitro experiments showed grx10 had excellent ability of resistance to ambient stresses(tem...In present study,probiotic characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus grx10 was investigated by genotype and phenotype.In vitro experiments showed grx10 had excellent ability of resistance to ambient stresses(temperature,pH,and bile salt),bacteriostatic,and adhesion,which are necessary capabilities to be a potential probiotic.Besides,complete genome sequence of the strain showed basic genetic information and genes correspond to probiotic characteristics.Meanwhile,sequencie and analysis of complete genome to predict genes involved in extracellular proteins and their secretory pathway.Among the secreted proteins of grx10,found p40 and p75 which were shown to favor intestinal barrier integrity.In the fermented supernatant of grx10,the abundance of p40 and p75 was 0.36%and 0.20%,respectively.We expected that grx10 would be predicted to function to protect the intestinal barrier from postbiotics perspective.展开更多
Recently, isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains with important technological functions from plant-based products has gained special interests related with the increment of consumer preferences to the plant-b...Recently, isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains with important technological functions from plant-based products has gained special interests related with the increment of consumer preferences to the plant-based fermented products. In this context, various cereals and legumes that were underwent to germination or not were selected for the isolation of exopolysaccharide (EPS) producer LAB strains in this study. Following genotypic discrimination, 17 distinct strains belonging to Weissella confusa, Weissella cibaria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae, Leuconostoc lactis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were identified from pre-ferment liquids. Two strains Weissella confusa W-16 and Leuconostoc lactis GW-6 were the highest EPS producers, and their EPSs were further characterized. The 1H and 13C NMR results revealed that both strains were dextran producers containing (1 → 3)-linked α-d-glucose units as branches with 9.2% and 6.9% levels for Weissella confusa W-16 and Leuconostoc lactis GW-6, respectively. FTIR analysis also supported the dextran structure and demonstrated the functional groups within the dextrans. A high level of thermal stability was observed in both dextrans detected by TGA and DSC analysis. Both dextrans were in amorphous characteristics determined by XRD analysis. These findings demonstrate that pre-fermented liquids of different cereals and legumes can be source of technologically important LAB strains with EPS production characteristics.展开更多
The accumulation of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in the body is extremely harmful for host health.Using lactic acid bacteria(LAB)to modulate the adsorption and toxicity of AFB1 is an attractive research field.This paper aims to ...The accumulation of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in the body is extremely harmful for host health.Using lactic acid bacteria(LAB)to modulate the adsorption and toxicity of AFB1 is an attractive research field.This paper aims to isolate LAB for AFB1 removal,confirm its action mechanism,investigate factors affecting adsorption,and evaluate its protection against AFB1-induced toxicity.Sixty indigenous LAB strains were evaluated for their ability to remove AFB1(1μg/ml)and Lactobacillus plantarum T3 exhibited the highest AFB1 removal rate(68.5%).The removal rates of AFB1 by inactivated L.plantarum T3 cells,peptidoglycan,and cytoderm were 84.0%,87.8%,and 77.0%respectively,indicating that L.plantarum T3 mainly removes AFB1 by cell adsorption.The stability of L.plantarum T3-AFB1 complex was assessed by determination of AFB1 residues in the artificial gastrointestinal environment after the complex was co-cultured for 1-3 h.The results revealed that the complex remained relatively stable,with an adsorption capacity of>50%.Compared to the mice induced by AFB1,oral intake of live and inactivated L.plantarum T3 can(i)efficiently enhance fecal AFB1 excretion,normalize pathology,and reduce serum levels of ALT,AST and Cr;(ii)ameliorate oxidative stress and immune imbalance by increasing the levels of GSH,IL-4,IgG,IgM,while decreasing MDA and TNF-α;(iii)restore gut homeostasis by maintaining Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes balance and promoting growth of beneficial bacteria.The results suggested that both live and inactivated L.plantarum T3 are promising adsorbents of AFB1 and could be considered as an effective and easy dietary intervention against its toxicity.展开更多
基金Supported by the Research Office,University of KwaZulu-Natal,Durbanan Incentive Grant from the National Research Foundation,Pretoria,South Africa,No.145943.
文摘Fermented corn starch has emerged as a promising functional food due to its triad of gut biotics,prebiotic,probiotic,and postbiotic properties,which present significant potential for the management of type 2 diabetes through gut microbiota modulation.During fermentation,microbial activity alters the starch matrix,enhancing the production of bioactive compounds such as resistant starch,isomalto-oligosaccharides,and resistant dextrin,which improve insulin sensitivity,reduce inflammation,and support glycemic control.Additionally,fermented corn starch harbors beneficial microbial strains including Lactiplantibacillus fermentum,Bifidobacterium breve,and Saccharomyces cerevisiae,which reinforce gut barrier integrity,stimulate incretin secretion,and suppress systemic inflammation.Postbiotic metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids,exopolysaccharides,and bacteriocins further contribute to glucose homeostasis through immune modulation and gut hormone regulation.Despite its promise,the clinical translation of fermented corn starch is limited by safety concerns(e.g.,contamination with pathogens or mycotoxins),lack of standardized fermentation protocols,and a scarcity of targeted studies.This review synthesizes current evidence on the antidiabetic potential of fermented corn starch,advocating for its integration into precision nutrition approaches and supporting further research to address safety and standardization challenges in functional food development.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801514)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M680895)。
文摘Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is one kind of illness with abnormal renal structure and function caused by many factors.Probiotics can be used to regulate intestinal microflora and enhance intestinal mucosal barrier,thus,intervention with probiotics may be regarded as one of the potential ways to protect against CKD.In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MA2(MA2),a probiotic separated from traditional Chinese Tibetan kefir grains,could degrade the uremic toxins including creatinine,urea nitrogen and uric acid.Oral administration of MA2 or its inactive strains(IMA2)could decrease serum uremic toxins of adenine-induced CKD mice,and also elevate the relative expression of claudin-1.Meanwhile,intervention of MA2 or IMA2 decreased the contents of lipopolysaccharide,Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in the kidney.16S rDNA sequencing results indicated that the intervention of MA2 or IMA2 regulated the gut microbiota structure by elevating the abundance of Lactobacillus,and decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria.Thus,oral administration of MA2 or IMA2 can reduce the uremic toxins in CKD mice by regulating gut microflora and restoring the intestinal mucosal barrier.Our study provided a theoretical basis for the application of MA2 and its postbiotics in the CKD intervention and treatment.
文摘BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental-health disorder worldwide.Several studies have demonstrated the effects of gut microbiota-targeting interventions,such as probiotics,prebiotics,synbiotics,and postbiotics(PPSP),on depression.AIM To assess the potential benefits of PPSP on patients diagnosed with depressive disorder.METHODS A literature search of the PubMed,Web of Science,and Elsevier Science Direct databases for relevant studies published from database inception to March 2024 was performed.Studies that used a randomized controlled trial design and eva-luated differences in depression between PPSP and placebo were included.Depressive symptoms were assessed using a validated scale.Analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4(The Cochrane Collaboration,2020).RESULTS Fourteen studies comprising 906 patients with depressive symptoms were included.PPSP improved depression compared with placebo[SMD:-0.39(95%CI:-0.60 to-0.17);P<0.001].PPSP resulted in significant reductions in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale[MD:-1.72(95%CI:-2.57 to-0.88);P<0.001]and Beck Depression Inventory[MD:-2.69(95%CI:-4.67 to-0.71);P<0.001]scores.Sub-analysis confirmed the antidepressant effects of probiotics on depressive symp-toms[SMD:-0.32(95%CI:-0.48 to-0.16);P<0.001],with prebiotics exerting no apparent effect[SMD:-0.08(95%CI:-0.39 to-0.23);P=0.62],and synbiotics exerting statistically significant benefits[SMD:-1.09(95%CI:-1.45 to-0.73);P<0.001].CONCLUSION PPSP effectively alleviates depressive symptoms,and subgroup analysis supports the benefits of probiotics and synbiotics.Nevertheless,evidence supporting the use of PPSP for the treatment of depression remains insufficient.
基金supported by grants from Natural Science and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)of Canada Collaborative Research and Development(CRD)programNSERC Discovery program,Dairy Farmers of Manitoba,and Diamond V,USA,to EK and JCP。
文摘Background Subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA)is a common metabolic disorder of high yielding dairy cows,and it is associated with dysbiosis of the rumen and gut microbiome and host inflammation.This study evaluated the impact of two postbiotics from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products(SCFP)on rumen liquid associated microbiota of lactating dairy cows subjected to repeated grain-based SARA challenges.A total of 32 rumen cannulated cows were randomly assigned to 4 treatments from 4 weeks before until 12 weeks after parturition.Treatment groups included a Control diet or diets supplemented with postbiotics(SCFPa,14 g/d Original XPC;SCFPb-1X,19 g/d Nutri Tek;SCFPb-2X,38 g/d Nutri Tek,Diamond V,Cedar Rapids,IA,USA).Grain-based SARA challenges were conducted during week 5(SARA1)and week 8(SARA2)after parturition by replacing 20%DM of the base total mixed ration(TMR)with pellets containing 50%ground barley and 50%ground wheat.Total DNA from rumen liquid samples was subjected to V3–V416S r RNA gene amplicon sequencing.Characteristics of rumen microbiota were compared among treatments and SARA stages.Results Both SARA challenges reduced the diversity and richness of rumen liquid microbiota,altered the overall composition(β-diversity),and its predicted functionality including carbohydrates and amino acids metabolic pathways.The SARA challenges also reduced the number of significant associations among different taxa,number of hub taxa and their composition in the microbial co-occurrence networks.Supplementation with SCFP postbiotics,in particular SCFPb-2X,enhanced the robustness of the rumen microbiota.The SCFP supplemented cows had less fluctuation in relative abundances of community members when exposed to SARA challenges.The SCFP supplementation promoted the populations of lactate utilizing and fibrolytic bacteria,including members of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae,and also increased the numbers of hub taxa during non-SARA and SARA stages.Supplementation with SCFPb-2X prevented the fluctuations in the abundances of hub taxa that were positively correlated with the acetate concentration,andα-andβ-diversity metrics in rumen liquid digesta.Conclusions Induction of SARA challenges reduced microbiota richness and diversity and caused fluctuations in major bacterial phyla in rumen liquid microbiota in lactating dairy cows.Supplementation of SCFP postbiotics could attenuate adverse effects of SARA on rumen liquid microbiota.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31720103911)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARAthe Science and Technology Major Projects of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (2021ZD0014)
文摘Conventional filling therapy fails to fundamentally reduce oral cariogenic bacteria.Thus,oral microbiota follow-up intervention after filling would be necessary for improving dental caries prognosis.We recruited 9 caries-free individuals,and 89 dental caries subjects(5 dropouts).Eighty-nine patients were randomized into three groups:caries(n=8;no treatment),control(n=40;filling),and postbiotics(n=41;filling and 14-day Probio-Eco®intervention).Salivary samples were collected at 0 day(after filling)and 14 days.Our results showed that the diversity of dental caries oral microbiota was significantly increased compared with healthy subjects,and filling could restore a healthier oral microbiota partially and temporarily.Thepostbiotics intervention keeps a low alpha-diversity.Co-occurrence network analysis showed that a more stable oral microbiota structure after postbiotics intervention.Taxonomic and functional annotation of the microbiota revealed that postbiotics co-treatment significantly:increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and P.reactans,decreased the relative abundance of Prevotella shahii,and enriched the energy metabolism-related pathways.BugBase-predicted phenotypes inferred to an oral microbiota with decreased potential pathogenic bacteria and increased oxidative stress-tolerant bacteria after postbiotics intervention.Collectively,it suggested that postbiotics co-treatment could be a promising strategy that restores the oral microecological balance for dental caries.
文摘This experiment was conducted to determine the performance of heat-stressed layers fed a diet containing the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum RS5 or its products of fermentation (postbiotics). Twenty-week-old Isa White layers, were subdivided into six treatments of 32 individually caged birds. Half of the birds were reared under regular temperature conditions, while the other half was subjected to cyclic daily heat stress. Layers were offered one of three diets: 1) Control;2) Control + Lactobacillus plantarum RS5 probiotic;3) Control + Lactobacillus plantarum RS5 postbiotics. Birds were tested for performance and visceral organ development for 5 months. Heat stress negatively affected the birds’ feed intake, egg weight, shell weight percentage, Haugh unit, shell thickness, yolk color, body weight and spleen weight percentage. Postbiotics significantly increased egg production (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control and the probiotic fed group (94.8% vs 92.6% vs 93.1%, respectively). Birds under probiotic or postbiotic diet showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) feed intake and egg weight, although the probiotic had a more pronounced and gradual effect. Specific gravity, yolk weight percentage and shell thickness didn’t show differences among dietary groups. The Haugh Unit was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in probiotic group which also showed a significantly lower yolk color index (p < 0.05). The different feed treatments did not impact the bird’s viscera weight percentage, except for the ileum that was significantly lower (p < 0.05) under postbiotic supplementation. Both probiotics and postbiotics could be used as a potential growth promoters and might alleviate heat stress impact in poultry industry.
基金Supported by Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic and Academy of Sciences VEGA,No.1/0393/20the Operational Program Integrated Infrastructure Within the Project:Demand-Driven Research for the Sustainable and Innovative Food,Co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund,No.Drive4SIFood 313011V336.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a leading cause of human mortality worldwide.As conventional anticancer therapy not always being effective,there is growing interest in innovative“drug-free”cancer treatments or interventions that improve the efficacy of established therapy.CRC is associated with microbiome alterations,a process known as dysbiosis that involves depletion and/or enrichment of particular gut bacterial species and their metabolic functions.Supplementing patient treatment with traditional probiotics(with or without prebiotics),nextgeneration probiotics(NGP),or postbiotics represents a potentially effective and accessible complementary anticancer strategy by restoring gut microbiota composition and/or by signaling to the host.In this capacity,restoration of the gut microbiota in cancer patients can stabilize and enhance intestinal barrier function,as well as promote anticarcinogenic,anti-inflammatory,antimutagenic or other biologically important biochemical pathways that show high specificity towards tumor cells.Potential benefits of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics include modulating gut microbiota composition and function,as well as the host inflammatory response.Their application in CRC prevention is highlighted in this review,where we consider supportive in vitro,animal,and clinical studies.Based on emerging research,NGP and postbiotics hold promise in establishing innovative treatments for CRC by conferring physiological functions via the production of dominant natural products and metabolites that provide new host-microbiota signals to combat CRC.Although favorable results have been reported,further investigations focusing on strain and dose specificity are required to ensure the efficacy and safety of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics in CRC prevention and treatment.
基金supported by grants from the Key R&D Projects ofZhejiang Province (2022C04034)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Z19C170001)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672430)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0500502)the Funds of Ten Thousand People Plan
文摘Gut homeostasis is of importance to host health and imbalance of the gut usually leads to disorders or diseases for both human and animal.Postbiotics have been applied in manipulating of gut health,and utilization of postbiotics threads new lights into the host health.Compared with the application of probiotics,the characteristics such as stability and safety of postbiotics make it a potential alternative to probiotics.Studies have reported the beneficial effects of components derived from postbiotics,mainly through the mechanisms including inhibition of pathogens,strengthen gut barrier,and/or regulation of immunity of the host.In this review,we summarized the characteristics of postbiotics,main compounds of postbiotics,potential mechanisms in gut health,and their application in animal production.
基金supported by grant from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0120500).
文摘The therapeutic effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)on diabetes was spread as one of the alarming epidemics worldwide.The study aims to investigate the function of Lactobacillus brevis KLDS_(1.0727) and KLDS_(1.0373) strains as glutamic acid decarboxylase 65(GAD65)carriers capable of generating GABA by comparing in vitro free and freeze-dried models and GABA intervention in vivo.PCR amplification of gad and in vitro i.e.,(growth rate,viability at different pH,bile tolerance,and survivability in simulated gastric juice)were performed.In vivo experiments were conducted in 7 groups of C57BL/6J mice.Each group was injected with streptozotocin(Cont_(STZ),INSSTZ,LAC1_(STZ),LAC_(1MFDSTZ),LAC_(2STZ),LAC_(2MFDSTZ))daily except for the control(Cont).One group was injected with insulin(INSSTZ).The body weight and hyperglycemia in the blood were assessed weekly,post-euthanasia blood plasma parameters,insulin,and histological examination were evaluated.Results indicated L.brevis strains demonstrated a great tolerance to bile and simulated gastric juice in vitro(P<0.05).Cont_(STZ) had the highest average glucose level(6.84±6.46)mmol/L while INS_(STZ) expressed dramatically decreed in glucose level and displayed a significant decline in the average of weekly blood glucose(−5.74±3.08)mmol/L.The lowest body weight(ContSTZ)was(19.30±0.25)g.Based on the blood plasma analysis,L.brevis strains improved good cholesterol properties,liver and kidney functions,where most of these parameters fall within the average the reference range and prevent the development of symptoms of type 1 diabetes in vivo.As recommended,L.brevis should be commonly distributed as a postbiotic GABA in pharmaceutical and nutritional applications.
文摘In recent decades,consumers,manufacturers,and researchers have been more interested in functional foods,which include probiotics,prebiotics,and postbiotics.Probiotics are live microbes that,when regulated in enough quantities,provide health benefits on the host,while the prebiotics are substrates that host microorganisms selectively use.Postbiotics are metabolites and cell-wall components that are beneficial to the host and are released by living bacteria or after lysis.Postbiotic dietary supplements are more stable than probiotics and prebiotics.Many bioactivities of postbiotics are unknown or poorly understood.Hence,this study aims to present a synopsis of the regular elements and new developments of the postbiotics including health-promoting effects,production,conceptualization of terms,bioactivities,and applications in the field of food safety and preservation.Postbiotics aid in bio preservation and the reduction of biofilm development in food due to their organic acids,bacteriocins,and other antibacterial activities.The present study examines the production of postbiotic metabolites in situ in food and the effects of external and internal food components.The antimicrobial roles,removal of biofilms,and its applications in preservation and food safety have also been discussed.This paper also explored the various aspects like manipulation of postbiotic composition in the food system and its safety measures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82160366)Yunnan Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Leaders Reserve Talent Project(No.C098-2060499)+1 种基金Yunnan Clinical Medical Center Open Project(No.2021LCZXXF-HX03)Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology Open Project(No.2022YNKQ004).
文摘Sepsis is the main cause of death in critically ill patients and gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in sepsis.On the one hand,sepsis leads to the destruction of gut microbiota and induces and aggravates terminal organ dysfunction.On the other hand,the activation of pathogenic gut flora and the reduction in beneficial microbial products increase the susceptibility of the host to sepsis.Although probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation preserve gut barrier function on multiple levels,their efficacy in sepsis with intestinal microbiota disruptions remains uncertain.Postbiotics consist of inactivated microbial cells or cell components.They possess antimicrobial,immunomodulatory,antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.Microbiota-targeted therapy strategies,such as postbiotics,may reduce the incidence of sepsis and improve the prognosis of patients with sepsis by regulating gut microbial metabolites,improving intestinal barrier integrity and changing the composition of the gut microbiota.They offer a variety of mechanisms and might even be superior to more conventional‘biotics’such as probiotics and prebiotics.In this review,we present an overview of the concept of postbiotics and summarize what is currently known about postbiotics and their prospective utility in sepsis therapy.Overall,postbiotics show promise as a viable adjunctive therapy option for sepsis.
文摘The gut microbiota is important in the development and progression of metabolic illnesses such type 2 diabetes,cardiovascular disease(CVD),and obesity.This diverse community of microorganisms controls a variety of physiological functions,including metabolism,inflammation,and immune response.Understanding these interactions has resulted in novel therapeutic options,including microbiome supplementation.The gut microbiome is extremely susceptible to dietary changes,which can alter its makeup and function,influencing metabolite synthesis that affects host health.Certain metabolites,such as butyrate and propionate,have been proven to protect against metabolic illnesses,whereas trimethylamine has been linked to CVD.Prebiotics,probiotics,synbiotics,and postbiotics are being investigated by researchers as ways to change the gut microbiome and boost metabolic health.Despite advances in therapy and lifestyle adjustments,the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing,emphasizing the need for new medicines.
文摘The gut microbiome is defined as an ecological community of commensal symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that exist in our body.Gut microbiome dysbiosis is a condition of dysregulated and disrupted intestinal bacterial homeostasis,and recent evidence has shown that dysbiosis is related to chronic inflammation,insulin resistance,cardiovascular diseases(CVD),type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and obesity.It is well known that obesity,T2DM and CVD are caused or worsened by multiple factors like genetic predisposition,environmental factors,unhealthy high calorie diets,and sedentary lifestyle.However,recent evidence from human and mouse models suggest that the gut microbiome is also an active player in the modulation of metabolic syndrome,a set of risk factors including obesity,hyperglycemia,and dyslipidemia that increase the risk for CVD,T2DM,and other diseases.Current research aims to identify treatments to increase the number of beneficial microbiota in the gut microbiome in order to modulate metabolic syndrome by reducing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.There is increasing interest in supplements,classified as prebiotics,probiotics,synbiotics,or postbiotics,and their effect on the gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome.In this review article,we have summarized current research on these supplements that are available to improve the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and to reduce the harmful ones in patients with metabolic syndrome.
文摘Background There is a growing search for natural feed additives to alleviate the deleterious effects of coccidia infection in poultry production.This study aimed to investigate the effect of enzymatically treated yeast(ETY) on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,antioxidative status,and cecal mucosa cytokines of coccidia-challenged broiler chickens.Methods From d 1 to 14 post hatching,480 broiler chickens were allocated to 3 corn-soybean meal-based experimental diets with increasing concentrations of ETY(0,1,or 2 g/kg).The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with body weight(BW) used as a blocking factor.On d 14 post hatching,the birds were re-randomized within each of the 3 experimental diets.Each of the 3 diet groups was split into a challenge or no-challenge group.This resulted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments.The coccidia challenge was administered on d 15 by an oral gavage.Results Dietary ETY improved(P < 0.05) the G:F of birds on d 21 regardless of the challenge state and linearly increased(P < 0.01) the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter(DM),nitrogen,and gross energy(GE).The coccidia challenge decreased(P < 0.05) BW gain and feed intake of broiler chickens and reduced(P < 0.01) the total tract retention of DM,GE,and nitrogen.The coccidia challenge increased(P < 0.01) the mRNA gene expression of TNFα,IL-1β,IL-10,and IL-6 in the cecal mucosa.There was a tendency(P ne = 0.08) for ETY to linearly reduce IL-1β expression.Additionally,ETY supplementation increased(P < 0.05) the geexpression of OCLN.Serum catalase increased(P < 0.05) with dietary ETY in broiler chickens on d 21.Dietary ETY linearly increased(P < 0.05) the ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio,and ileal goblet cell density in broiler chickens.The ileal and excreta oocyst counts decreased(P < 0.01) with increasing supplementation of dietary ETY in coccidia-challenged broiler chickens on d 21.Conclusions Dietary ETY enhanced nutrient utilization and augmented intestinal development in broiler chickens.However,dietary ETY did not completely attenuate the adverse effects of a coccidia challenge in broiler chickens.
文摘<strong>Objective:</strong> Pre-, pro- and postbiotics are becoming more prevalent as ingredients in cosmetic and personal care products. A novel triple biotic technology has been developed and investigated for its impact on skin flora and skin barrier properties. <strong>Methods:</strong> Growth inhibition/promotion assay was performed to determine the effect on skin bacteria growth, using <em>Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium striatum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>. A skin penetration assay and skin barrier biomarker measurements were performed using an <em>ex vivo</em> human skin explant model. The triple-biotic complex of inulin, 2-butyloctanol, and a biomimic blend of postbiotics was tested individually as well as part of cosmetic formulations. <strong>Results:</strong> The triple-biotic technology, either as individual components or in a cosmetic formulation, inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria, in most cases. On the other hand, the growth of desirable bacteria was either promoted or maintained. The cosmetic formulations with the triple-biotic technology demonstrated an enhanced skin barrier and an increase in skin barrier biomarkers. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A novel triple-biotic technology has been developed and shown to deliver a strong prebiotic effect with demonstrable benefits on bacterial growth, skin barrier properties, and the production of skin barrier biomarkers. This study indicates that triple-biotic technology can be used as a desirable prebiotic ingredient in personal care products to provide skin health benefits.
文摘Similarly to conventional steroids,bile acids function as signaling molecules,acting on a family of membrane and nuclear receptors.The best-characterized bile acid-regulated receptors are the farnesoid X receptor,activated by primary bile acids,and the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1(also known as Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5),which is activated by secondary bile acids,such as lithocholic acid(LCA)and deoxycholic acid.Both the farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 are expressed in cells of innate immunity,monocytes/macrophages,and natural killer cells.Their activation in these cells provides counter-regulatory signals that are inhibitory in nature and attenuate inflammation.In recent years,however,it has been increasingly appreciated that bile acids biotransformations by intestinal microbiota result in the formation of chemically different secondary bile acids that potently regulate adaptive immunity.The 3-oxoLCA and isoalloLCA,two LCA derivatives,bind receptors such as the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t(RORgt)and the vitamin D receptor(VDR)that are expressed only by lymphoid cells,extending the regulatory role of bile acids to T cells,including T-helper 17 cells and type 3 innate lymphoid cells(ILC3).In this novel conceptual framework,bile acids have emerged as one of the main components of the postbiota,the waste array of chemical mediators generated by the intestinal microbiota.Deciphering the interaction of these mediators with the immune system in the intestine and liver is a novel and fascinating area of bile acid renaissance.
文摘Today,the use of microorganisms to produce substances that can be consumable,used as a food ingredient and have a positive effect on consumer health is attracting attention and studies in this field are increasing.Besides,the therapeutic products produced by lactic acid bacteria(LAB)can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry to create desirable characteristics of foods.In addition to the positive effects of LAB,probiotics and synbiotics have been known for many years,many studies examining postbiotics and paraprobiotics have attracted attention in recent years.The therapeutic products obtained from different LAB may have different properties and should be investigated widely.In this paper,the biotherapeutic substances produced by LAB and their effects on health are summarized.
文摘In present study,probiotic characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus grx10 was investigated by genotype and phenotype.In vitro experiments showed grx10 had excellent ability of resistance to ambient stresses(temperature,pH,and bile salt),bacteriostatic,and adhesion,which are necessary capabilities to be a potential probiotic.Besides,complete genome sequence of the strain showed basic genetic information and genes correspond to probiotic characteristics.Meanwhile,sequencie and analysis of complete genome to predict genes involved in extracellular proteins and their secretory pathway.Among the secreted proteins of grx10,found p40 and p75 which were shown to favor intestinal barrier integrity.In the fermented supernatant of grx10,the abundance of p40 and p75 was 0.36%and 0.20%,respectively.We expected that grx10 would be predicted to function to protect the intestinal barrier from postbiotics perspective.
文摘Recently, isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains with important technological functions from plant-based products has gained special interests related with the increment of consumer preferences to the plant-based fermented products. In this context, various cereals and legumes that were underwent to germination or not were selected for the isolation of exopolysaccharide (EPS) producer LAB strains in this study. Following genotypic discrimination, 17 distinct strains belonging to Weissella confusa, Weissella cibaria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae, Leuconostoc lactis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were identified from pre-ferment liquids. Two strains Weissella confusa W-16 and Leuconostoc lactis GW-6 were the highest EPS producers, and their EPSs were further characterized. The 1H and 13C NMR results revealed that both strains were dextran producers containing (1 → 3)-linked α-d-glucose units as branches with 9.2% and 6.9% levels for Weissella confusa W-16 and Leuconostoc lactis GW-6, respectively. FTIR analysis also supported the dextran structure and demonstrated the functional groups within the dextrans. A high level of thermal stability was observed in both dextrans detected by TGA and DSC analysis. Both dextrans were in amorphous characteristics determined by XRD analysis. These findings demonstrate that pre-fermented liquids of different cereals and legumes can be source of technologically important LAB strains with EPS production characteristics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172189)the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202010193104).
文摘The accumulation of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)in the body is extremely harmful for host health.Using lactic acid bacteria(LAB)to modulate the adsorption and toxicity of AFB1 is an attractive research field.This paper aims to isolate LAB for AFB1 removal,confirm its action mechanism,investigate factors affecting adsorption,and evaluate its protection against AFB1-induced toxicity.Sixty indigenous LAB strains were evaluated for their ability to remove AFB1(1μg/ml)and Lactobacillus plantarum T3 exhibited the highest AFB1 removal rate(68.5%).The removal rates of AFB1 by inactivated L.plantarum T3 cells,peptidoglycan,and cytoderm were 84.0%,87.8%,and 77.0%respectively,indicating that L.plantarum T3 mainly removes AFB1 by cell adsorption.The stability of L.plantarum T3-AFB1 complex was assessed by determination of AFB1 residues in the artificial gastrointestinal environment after the complex was co-cultured for 1-3 h.The results revealed that the complex remained relatively stable,with an adsorption capacity of>50%.Compared to the mice induced by AFB1,oral intake of live and inactivated L.plantarum T3 can(i)efficiently enhance fecal AFB1 excretion,normalize pathology,and reduce serum levels of ALT,AST and Cr;(ii)ameliorate oxidative stress and immune imbalance by increasing the levels of GSH,IL-4,IgG,IgM,while decreasing MDA and TNF-α;(iii)restore gut homeostasis by maintaining Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes balance and promoting growth of beneficial bacteria.The results suggested that both live and inactivated L.plantarum T3 are promising adsorbents of AFB1 and could be considered as an effective and easy dietary intervention against its toxicity.
