Background:Forest management affects the viability of forest grouse populations,causing alterations to habitat quality.At the regional level,common targets for wood harvesting and safeguarding of specific habitats are...Background:Forest management affects the viability of forest grouse populations,causing alterations to habitat quality.At the regional level,common targets for wood harvesting and safeguarding of specific habitats are negotiated between various stakeholders.Analysing potential trade-offs between forest grouse habitats and wood production in the region could support resource-smart decision making.Methods:In this paper,we compiled trade-off curves represented as production possibility frontiers demonstrating the relationship between forest grouse habitat area and wood removal,using a Finnish forestry dynamics model and the Finnish Multi-Source National Forest Inventory.For the modelling of forest grouse habitats,a landscape-level occurrence model based on nationwide wildlife triangle census data was used.Five alternative forest scenarios in terms of wood removal were compiled for two study areas in Finland representing two different landscape structures.Results and conclusions:Results showed that impacts on forest grouse habitats were case-specific.In the southern study area,increasing the roundwood harvesting rate affected grouse habitats more strongly as forests were already fragmented for other land uses and became more spruce-dominated over time.If the maximum sustainable removal rate was implemented,predicted grouse habitat area was 55%less than in a no-removal scenario.In the eastern study area,a more heavily forested region,the decrease was far lower at 22%.Scenario results were also compared to levels of recorded(business as usual)wood removal and that envisaged by valid regional forestry programmes,and their sustainability in terms of grouse habitat area was discussed.The production possibility frontiers calculated in this study support the evaluation of the loss of suitable habitat caused by different wood harvesting rates,or vice versa,the economic cost of increasing habitat areas.展开更多
Anchor points play an important role in data envelopment analysis theory and applications;they delineate the efficient part of the production possibility set(PPS)frontier.In this paper,we propose an approach for findi...Anchor points play an important role in data envelopment analysis theory and applications;they delineate the efficient part of the production possibility set(PPS)frontier.In this paper,we propose an approach for finding the anchor points of the PPS of the Banker,Charnes and Cooper(BCC)model.This approach is based on a variant of super-efficiency models and their duals.The necessary and sufficient conditions for the characterization of the anchor points are also provided.Finally,the applicability of the proposed model is illustrated with some numerical examples.展开更多
In the present paper, the debate on China＇s growth sustainability is first revisited by highlighting the importance of total factor productivity （TFP）. China ＂s TFP performance is then assessed by applying the Jor...In the present paper, the debate on China＇s growth sustainability is first revisited by highlighting the importance of total factor productivity （TFP）. China ＂s TFP performance is then assessed by applying the Jorgensonian aggregate production possibility frontier framework to the latest version of the China lndustry Productivity （CIP） database. We find that of China＇s 8.9-percent annual GDP growth over the period 1980-2012, 7. 0 percentage points （ppts） could be attributed to the growth of labor productivity and 1.9 ppts to the increase in hours worked. Nevertheless, the labor productivity growth is found to be heavily dependent on capital deepening （5.7） rather than TFP growth （0.8）. Notably, the TFP growth turned negative over 2007-2012, which brings into question the sustainability of China＇s growth. Besides, industries that are less prone to state intervention show faster TFP growth than those controlled by the state. Incorporating the Domar aggregation scheme into our model, we further reveal that two-thirds of the TFP growth originates from within industries and the remainder is attributed to a net factor reallocation effect in which labor plays a positive role, whereas capital appears to behave irrationally. Finally, using a revised Maddison-Wu approach to address the potential flaws in official statistics, we arrive at an annual growth rate of 7.2 percent, or 1.7-ppts slower than the 8.9percent obtained based on the CIP data reconstructed using the official national accounts.展开更多
The data envelopment analysis （DEA） model is used to evaluate the relative economic efficiency of a given set of decision making units （DMUs）. In this paper, the DEA production possibility set is transferred from ...The data envelopment analysis （DEA） model is used to evaluate the relative economic efficiency of a given set of decision making units （DMUs）. In this paper, the DEA production possibility set is transferred from the conventional sum form into the intersection form which is represented by a linear inequality system. Although it is time consuming to obtain the intersection form of the production possibility set, it suggests a new angle to investigate the properties of DMUs and to extend the DEA research further beyond the efficiency measurement. Following the intersection form, the analytical formula of the efficiency indicator and projection is given. Various aspects of technical efficiency, returns to scale and evidence of congestion of the DMUs are studied. The relationship between the weak DEA efficiency and the weak Pareto solution is discussed. Finally, a procedure for DMU grouping is proposed to help the decision makers for better resource reallocation and strategy adjustment.展开更多
This research proposes a new method to estimate returns to scale(RTS) of decision making units(DM Us) with multiple inputs and outputs.The state of return to scale includes increasing RTS,constant RTS,decreasing RTS a...This research proposes a new method to estimate returns to scale(RTS) of decision making units(DM Us) with multiple inputs and outputs.The state of return to scale includes increasing RTS,constant RTS,decreasing RTS and evidence of congestion.The method is based on the production possibility set in the intersection form given by a set of linear inequalities.We propose and prove the necessary and sufficient conditions for the RTS estimation.With the new procedure,to estimate the RTS of a DM U is simply to check the position of the DM U on the production frontiers.We point out that the procedure is particularly important for dealing with a large number of DM U s.Therefore,it can be regarded as a complementary to the data mining.展开更多
Input-output(Leontief)production function is widely used in economic analysis.And diminishing marginal rate of return is a very well accepted economic fact.Leontief production function normally results in a linear pro...Input-output(Leontief)production function is widely used in economic analysis.And diminishing marginal rate of return is a very well accepted economic fact.Leontief production function normally results in a linear production possibility frontier(PPF)due to its linear feature,whereas diminishing marginal rate of return implies a non-linear PPF.In this paper,the authors aim to fix this problem by considering multiple primary inputs in a simplified two-sector economy.The authors find that it is possible to curve a non-linear PPF by using Leontief production function when the authors add heterogeneous primary inputs.The authors also discuss the PPF using non-linear production function.Furthermore,the authors propose that three commonly used economic presumptions cannot hold in the same framework.These presumptions are"single primary input","fixed-proportion inputs"and"law of diminishing marginal returns".展开更多
This paper gives a dynamic concept and a new non-parametric method for evaluating returns to scale（RTS） of economic units with multiple inputs and outputs.It is frequently noticed that when we increase the input of ...This paper gives a dynamic concept and a new non-parametric method for evaluating returns to scale（RTS） of economic units with multiple inputs and outputs.It is frequently noticed that when we increase the input of a decision making unit（DMU） with a certain status of RTS,different status of RTS is observed.For example,when we increase the input of a DMU with constant RTS under the traditional method,a decreasing RTS is often observed instead of the expected constant RTS.We thus define the RTS of each DMU in both input expansion and contraction regions respectively.The research starts from transferring the production possibility set into the intersection form,by giving the explicit linear inequality representation of production frontiers.The RTS structural characteristics of DMUs＇ on the production frontier are described.Status of RTS of those DMUs on the production frontier include increasing RTS,constant RTS,decreasing RTS,saturated RTS and evidence of congestion.Necessary and suficient conditions for RTS evaluation are provided.The definition and evaluation method given here provide more detailed economic characteristics of DMU for policy makers.展开更多
This paper, firstly, establishes the formula of production possibilities set by using axiomatic method, upon which some optimal production functions are based in different senses of optimization. Finally, this paper p...This paper, firstly, establishes the formula of production possibilities set by using axiomatic method, upon which some optimal production functions are based in different senses of optimization. Finally, this paper proves that the optimal production functions possess homogeneity,superadditive, and concavity.展开更多
The digital era has brought forth opportunities for economic transformation and growth.Seizing the new possibilities presented by the digital economy is crucial for adapting to changes in significant societal challeng...The digital era has brought forth opportunities for economic transformation and growth.Seizing the new possibilities presented by the digital economy is crucial for adapting to changes in significant societal challenges and driving high-quality economic development.By assessing the level of high-quality economic development in 279 cities across China from 2011 to 2020,this paper considers the national comprehensive big data pilot zones as a quasi-natural experiment.Through the utilization of a Difference-in-Differences method with multiple time periods,it investigates the driving effect of digital empowerment on the high-quality economic development of cities.The research results indicate that the high-quality economic development level of cities in the Bohai Rim,Yangtze River Delta,and southeastern coastal regions has consistently been at the forefront and most stable.Digital empowerment significantly propels the high-quality economic development of cities and exerts a greater influence on fostering shared and sustainable growth.Additionally,it is more conducive to advancing cities with higher levels,larger scales,and superior development quality of information infrastructure.Mechanism analysis demonstrates that digital empowerment primarily aligns production closer to the production possibility curve and extends its boundaries,thus driving the high-quality economic development of cities.展开更多
文摘Background:Forest management affects the viability of forest grouse populations,causing alterations to habitat quality.At the regional level,common targets for wood harvesting and safeguarding of specific habitats are negotiated between various stakeholders.Analysing potential trade-offs between forest grouse habitats and wood production in the region could support resource-smart decision making.Methods:In this paper,we compiled trade-off curves represented as production possibility frontiers demonstrating the relationship between forest grouse habitat area and wood removal,using a Finnish forestry dynamics model and the Finnish Multi-Source National Forest Inventory.For the modelling of forest grouse habitats,a landscape-level occurrence model based on nationwide wildlife triangle census data was used.Five alternative forest scenarios in terms of wood removal were compiled for two study areas in Finland representing two different landscape structures.Results and conclusions:Results showed that impacts on forest grouse habitats were case-specific.In the southern study area,increasing the roundwood harvesting rate affected grouse habitats more strongly as forests were already fragmented for other land uses and became more spruce-dominated over time.If the maximum sustainable removal rate was implemented,predicted grouse habitat area was 55%less than in a no-removal scenario.In the eastern study area,a more heavily forested region,the decrease was far lower at 22%.Scenario results were also compared to levels of recorded(business as usual)wood removal and that envisaged by valid regional forestry programmes,and their sustainability in terms of grouse habitat area was discussed.The production possibility frontiers calculated in this study support the evaluation of the loss of suitable habitat caused by different wood harvesting rates,or vice versa,the economic cost of increasing habitat areas.
文摘Anchor points play an important role in data envelopment analysis theory and applications;they delineate the efficient part of the production possibility set(PPS)frontier.In this paper,we propose an approach for finding the anchor points of the PPS of the Banker,Charnes and Cooper(BCC)model.This approach is based on a variant of super-efficiency models and their duals.The necessary and sufficient conditions for the characterization of the anchor points are also provided.Finally,the applicability of the proposed model is illustrated with some numerical examples.
文摘In the present paper, the debate on China＇s growth sustainability is first revisited by highlighting the importance of total factor productivity （TFP）. China ＂s TFP performance is then assessed by applying the Jorgensonian aggregate production possibility frontier framework to the latest version of the China lndustry Productivity （CIP） database. We find that of China＇s 8.9-percent annual GDP growth over the period 1980-2012, 7. 0 percentage points （ppts） could be attributed to the growth of labor productivity and 1.9 ppts to the increase in hours worked. Nevertheless, the labor productivity growth is found to be heavily dependent on capital deepening （5.7） rather than TFP growth （0.8）. Notably, the TFP growth turned negative over 2007-2012, which brings into question the sustainability of China＇s growth. Besides, industries that are less prone to state intervention show faster TFP growth than those controlled by the state. Incorporating the Domar aggregation scheme into our model, we further reveal that two-thirds of the TFP growth originates from within industries and the remainder is attributed to a net factor reallocation effect in which labor plays a positive role, whereas capital appears to behave irrationally. Finally, using a revised Maddison-Wu approach to address the potential flaws in official statistics, we arrive at an annual growth rate of 7.2 percent, or 1.7-ppts slower than the 8.9percent obtained based on the CIP data reconstructed using the official national accounts.
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 70531040, 70871114, and the 985 Research Grant of Renmin University of China, and the Hong Kong CERG Research Fund PolyU5457/06H and PolyU 5485/09H.
文摘The data envelopment analysis （DEA） model is used to evaluate the relative economic efficiency of a given set of decision making units （DMUs）. In this paper, the DEA production possibility set is transferred from the conventional sum form into the intersection form which is represented by a linear inequality system. Although it is time consuming to obtain the intersection form of the production possibility set, it suggests a new angle to investigate the properties of DMUs and to extend the DEA research further beyond the efficiency measurement. Following the intersection form, the analytical formula of the efficiency indicator and projection is given. Various aspects of technical efficiency, returns to scale and evidence of congestion of the DMUs are studied. The relationship between the weak DEA efficiency and the weak Pareto solution is discussed. Finally, a procedure for DMU grouping is proposed to help the decision makers for better resource reallocation and strategy adjustment.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.70531040,70871114)The Hong Kong CERG Research Fund (Grant Nos.5485/09H,5515/10H)
文摘This research proposes a new method to estimate returns to scale(RTS) of decision making units(DM Us) with multiple inputs and outputs.The state of return to scale includes increasing RTS,constant RTS,decreasing RTS and evidence of congestion.The method is based on the production possibility set in the intersection form given by a set of linear inequalities.We propose and prove the necessary and sufficient conditions for the RTS estimation.With the new procedure,to estimate the RTS of a DM U is simply to check the position of the DM U on the production frontiers.We point out that the procedure is particularly important for dealing with a large number of DM U s.Therefore,it can be regarded as a complementary to the data mining.
基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No.2020M671504the National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant No.14AZD085the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71373106,71903186。
文摘Input-output(Leontief)production function is widely used in economic analysis.And diminishing marginal rate of return is a very well accepted economic fact.Leontief production function normally results in a linear production possibility frontier(PPF)due to its linear feature,whereas diminishing marginal rate of return implies a non-linear PPF.In this paper,the authors aim to fix this problem by considering multiple primary inputs in a simplified two-sector economy.The authors find that it is possible to curve a non-linear PPF by using Leontief production function when the authors add heterogeneous primary inputs.The authors also discuss the PPF using non-linear production function.Furthermore,the authors propose that three commonly used economic presumptions cannot hold in the same framework.These presumptions are"single primary input","fixed-proportion inputs"and"law of diminishing marginal returns".
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 70531040 and 70871114)the 985 Research Grant of Renmin University of Chinasupported by the Hong Kong CERG Research Fund PolyU 5515/10H and PolyU 5485/09H
文摘This paper gives a dynamic concept and a new non-parametric method for evaluating returns to scale（RTS） of economic units with multiple inputs and outputs.It is frequently noticed that when we increase the input of a decision making unit（DMU） with a certain status of RTS,different status of RTS is observed.For example,when we increase the input of a DMU with constant RTS under the traditional method,a decreasing RTS is often observed instead of the expected constant RTS.We thus define the RTS of each DMU in both input expansion and contraction regions respectively.The research starts from transferring the production possibility set into the intersection form,by giving the explicit linear inequality representation of production frontiers.The RTS structural characteristics of DMUs＇ on the production frontier are described.Status of RTS of those DMUs on the production frontier include increasing RTS,constant RTS,decreasing RTS,saturated RTS and evidence of congestion.Necessary and suficient conditions for RTS evaluation are provided.The definition and evaluation method given here provide more detailed economic characteristics of DMU for policy makers.
文摘This paper, firstly, establishes the formula of production possibilities set by using axiomatic method, upon which some optimal production functions are based in different senses of optimization. Finally, this paper proves that the optimal production functions possess homogeneity,superadditive, and concavity.
基金supported by the key project of the National Social Science Foundation of China titled"Research on Digital Inclusive Finance Empowering Small-scale Peasant Economy Modernization"(No.23AJY014)the major projects of the National Social Science Foundation of China titled"Research on Policies and Practices of Digital Inclusive Finance to Support Rural Revitalization"(No.22&ZD123)"Research on Financial Support for Continuing to Promote Rural Revitalization in Poverty-Stricken Areas"(No.21&ZD115).
文摘The digital era has brought forth opportunities for economic transformation and growth.Seizing the new possibilities presented by the digital economy is crucial for adapting to changes in significant societal challenges and driving high-quality economic development.By assessing the level of high-quality economic development in 279 cities across China from 2011 to 2020,this paper considers the national comprehensive big data pilot zones as a quasi-natural experiment.Through the utilization of a Difference-in-Differences method with multiple time periods,it investigates the driving effect of digital empowerment on the high-quality economic development of cities.The research results indicate that the high-quality economic development level of cities in the Bohai Rim,Yangtze River Delta,and southeastern coastal regions has consistently been at the forefront and most stable.Digital empowerment significantly propels the high-quality economic development of cities and exerts a greater influence on fostering shared and sustainable growth.Additionally,it is more conducive to advancing cities with higher levels,larger scales,and superior development quality of information infrastructure.Mechanism analysis demonstrates that digital empowerment primarily aligns production closer to the production possibility curve and extends its boundaries,thus driving the high-quality economic development of cities.
