Following the fundamental characteristics of the porosity windbreak,this study suggests a new numerical investigation method for the wind field of the windbreak based on the porous medium physical model.This method ca...Following the fundamental characteristics of the porosity windbreak,this study suggests a new numerical investigation method for the wind field of the windbreak based on the porous medium physical model.This method can transform the reasonable matching problem of the porosity and windproof performance of the windbreak into a study of the relationship between the resistance coefficient of the porous medium and the aerodynamic load of the train.This study examines the influence of the hole type on the wind field behind the porosity windbreak.Then,the relationship between the resistance coefficient of the porous medium,the porosity of the windbreak,and the aerodynamic loads of the train is investigated.The results show that the porous media physical model can be used instead of the windbreak geometry to study the windbreak-train aerodynamic performance,and the process of using this method is suggested.展开更多
The study considers numerical findings regarding magneto-thermosolutal-aided natural convective flow of alumina/water-based nanofluid filled in a non-Darcian porous horizontal concentric annulus.Two equations are assu...The study considers numerical findings regarding magneto-thermosolutal-aided natural convective flow of alumina/water-based nanofluid filled in a non-Darcian porous horizontal concentric annulus.Two equations are assumed to evaluate the thermal fields in the porous medium under Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium(LTNE)conditions,along with the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model for the flow.By imposing distinct and constant temperatures and concentrations on both internal and external cylinders,thermosolutal natural convection is induced in the annulus.We apply the finite volume method to solve the dimensionless governing equations numerically.The thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluid mixture are determined utilizing Corcione’s empirical correlations,incorporating the effects of Brownian diffusion of nanoparticles.Steady-state findings are provided for a range of significant parameters,including buoyancy ratio(N=1 to 5),Lewis(Le=0 to 10),Rayleigh(Ra=102 to 105),Hartmann(Ha=0 to 50),and heat generation in the nanofluid and solid phases(Q=0 to 20)when the nanofluid flow is driven by aiding thermal and mass buoyancies at given porous medium characteristics(porosity(ε),Darcy number(Da),porous interfacial heat transfer coefficient(H),and thermal conductivity ratio(γ),to assess the thermosolutal convective circulation beside heat and solutal transfer rates in the annulus.The results reveal that internal heat generation significantly modifies the heat transport mechanism,initially reducing and then enhancing heat transfer rates as Q increases.Interestingly,increasing Le reduces heat transfer at low Q but promotes it when Q>5,while mass transfer consistently increases with Le.The magnetic field represses heat transfer in the absence of internal heat but enhances it when internal heat is present.展开更多
To efficiently address the current high cost associated with preparing pseudo-boehmite from organic aluminum,a low-cost alternative,AlCl_(3),is employed as the raw material.The sol-gel method is utilized,and H_(2)O_(2...To efficiently address the current high cost associated with preparing pseudo-boehmite from organic aluminum,a low-cost alternative,AlCl_(3),is employed as the raw material.The sol-gel method is utilized,and H_(2)O_(2)is incorporated for the modification of pseudo-boehmite.The modification mechanism is thoroughly investigated through the use of X-ray powder diffractometer,scanning electron microscope,and BET data analysis,as well as molecular dynamics simulations.Under specific conditions(temperature at 80°C,pH=7,and H_(2)O_(2)volume ratios of 0.5:1,1:1,and 2:1),mesoporous pseudo-boehmite is synthesized with a specific surface area of 227 m^(2)/g,a pore volume of 0.281 cm^(3)/g,a pore size of 6.78 nm,and a peptizing index of 99.47%.A novel and innovative methodology for the cost-effective production of high-performance alumina is offered through the approach.展开更多
The current artificial bone is unable to accurately replicate the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of human cancellous bone.To address this issue,we proposed a personalized approach based on clinical CT images to design m...The current artificial bone is unable to accurately replicate the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of human cancellous bone.To address this issue,we proposed a personalized approach based on clinical CT images to design mechanical equivalent porous structures for artificial femoral heads.Firstly,supported by Micro and clinical CT scans of 21 bone specimens,the anisotropic mechanical parameters of human cancellous bone in the femoral head were characterized using clinical CT values(Hounsfield unit).After that,the equivalent porous structure of cancellous bone was designed based on the gyroid surface,the influence of its degree of anisotropy and volume fraction on the macroscopic mechanical parameters was investigated by finite element analysis.Furthermore,a mapping relationship between CT values and the porous structure was established by jointly solving the mechanical parameters of the porous structure and human cancellous bone,allowing the design of personalized gradient porous structures based on clinical CT images.Finally,to verify the mechanical equivalence,implant press-in tests were conducted on 3D-printed artificial femoral heads and human femoral heads,the influence of the porous structure’s cell size in bone-implant interaction problems was also explored.Results showed that the minimum deviations of press-in stiffness(<15%)and peak load(<5%)both occurred when the cell size was 20%to 30%of the implant diameter.In conclusion,the designed porous structure can replicate the human cancellous bone-implant interaction at a high level,indicating its effectiveness in optimizing the mechanical performance of 3D-printed artificial femoral head.展开更多
Large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal technology is an essential step to cope with global warming and achieve carbon neutrality.Direct air capture(DAC)has recently received increasing attention given...Large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal technology is an essential step to cope with global warming and achieve carbon neutrality.Direct air capture(DAC)has recently received increasing attention given the high flexibility to remove CO_(2)from discrete sources.Porous materials with adjustable pore characteristics are promising sorbents with low or no latent heat of vaporization.This review article has summarized the recent development of porous sorbents for DAC,with a focus of pore engineering strategy and adsorption mechanism.Physisorbents such as zeolites,porous carbons,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),and amine-modified chemisorbents have been discussed and their challenges in practical application have been analyzed.At last,future directions have been proposed,and it is expected to inspire collaborations from chemistry,environment,material science and engineering communities.展开更多
Herein,an external crosslinker facilitated the hypercrosslinking of ferrocene and a nitrogen heterocyclic compound(either melamine or imidazole)through a direct Friedel-Crafts reaction,which led to the formation of ni...Herein,an external crosslinker facilitated the hypercrosslinking of ferrocene and a nitrogen heterocyclic compound(either melamine or imidazole)through a direct Friedel-Crafts reaction,which led to the formation of nitrogen-containing hypercrosslinked fer-rocene polymer precursors(HCP-FCs).Subsequent carbonization of these precursors results in the production of iron-nitrogen-doped por-ous carbon absorbers(Fe-NPCs).The Fe-NPCs demonstrate a porous structure comprising aggregated nanotubes and nanospheres.The porosity of this structure can be modulated by adjusting the iron and nitrogen contents to optimize impedance matching.The uniform dis-tribution of Fe-N_(x)C,N dipoles,andα-Fe within the carbon matrix can be ensured by using hypercrosslinked ferrocenes in constructing porous carbon,providing the absorber with numerous polarization sites and a conductive network.The electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the specially designed Fe-NPC-M_(2)absorbers is satisfactory,revealing a minimum reflection loss of-55.3 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.00 GHz at 2.0 mm.By utilizing hypercrosslinked polymers(HCPs)as precursors,a novel method for developing highly efficient carbon-based absorbing agents is introduced in this research.展开更多
Forced imbibition,the invasion of a wetting fluid into porous rocks,plays an important role in the effective exploitation of hydrocarbon resources and the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide.However,the interfa...Forced imbibition,the invasion of a wetting fluid into porous rocks,plays an important role in the effective exploitation of hydrocarbon resources and the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide.However,the interface dynamics influenced by complex topology commonly leads to non-wetting fluid trapping.Particularly,the underlying mechanisms under viscously unfavorable conditions remain unclear.This study employs a direct numerical simulation method to simulate forced imbibition through the reconstructed digital rocks of sandstone.The interface dynamics and fluid–fluid interactions are investigated through transient simulations,while the pore topology metrics are introduced to analyze the impact on steady-state residual fluid distribution obtained by a pseudo-transient scheme.The results show that the cooperative pore-filling process promoted by corner flow is dominant at low capillary numbers.This leads to unstable inlet pressure,mass flow,and interface curvature,which correspond to complicated interface dynamics and higher residual fluid saturation.During forced imbibition,the interface curvature gradually increases,with the pore-filling mechanisms involving the cooperation of main terminal meniscus movement and arc menisci filling.Complex topology with small diameter pores may result in the destabilization of interface curvature.The residual fluid saturation is negatively correlated with porosity and pore throat size,and positively correlated with tortuosity and aspect ratio.A large mean coordination number characterizing global connectivity promotes imbibition.However,high connectivity characterized by the standardized Euler number corresponding to small pores is associated with a high probability of non-wetting fluid trapping.展开更多
Porous carbons hold broad application prospects in the domains of electrochemical energy storage devices and sensors.In this study,porous carbon derived from sodium alginate-encapsulated ZIF-8(SA/ZIF-8-C)was suc-cessf...Porous carbons hold broad application prospects in the domains of electrochemical energy storage devices and sensors.In this study,porous carbon derived from sodium alginate-encapsulated ZIF-8(SA/ZIF-8-C)was suc-cessfully prepared by blending ZIF-8 particles with sodium alginate,forming hydrogel beads in the presence of divalent metal ions,and subsequently subjecting them to high-temperature pyrolysis.Various characterization techniques were employed to evaluate the properties of the prepared materials.The introduction of a carbon framework on ZIF-8-derived particles effectively enhanced the conductivity of the prepared materials.The SA/ZIF-8(1.0)-C sample heated at 800℃exhibited a specific capacitance of up to 208 F g^(-1)at a current density of 0.5 A g^(-1)and outstanding cyclic stability.Even after 10,000 charge and discharge cycles,its capacitance retention rate remained as high as 87.14%.The symmetric supercapacitor constructed with the composite demonstrated an excellent energy density of 14.58 Wh kg^(-1)at a power capacity of 403.85 W kg^(-1).The implementation of this study provides new ideas and inspiration for the development of high-performance supercapacitors.展开更多
The research on high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption materials with high-temperature and oxidative stability in extreme environments is gaining popularity.Herein,the lightweight silicon carbide nanowires(S...The research on high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption materials with high-temperature and oxidative stability in extreme environments is gaining popularity.Herein,the lightweight silicon carbide nanowires(SiC_(nws))/SiC composites are fabricated with in-situ SiC interface on one-dimensional oriented SiC_(nws)skeleton,which collaborative configuration by 3D printing and freeze casting assembly.The con-structed porous structure optimizes the impedance matching degree and scattering intensity,the maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB_(max))of 5.9 GHz and the minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of−41.4 dB can be realized.Considering the inherent oxidation resistance of SiC,the composites present well-maintained absorption performance at 600℃.Even at 1100℃,the EAB_(max)of 4.9 GHz and RLmin of−30.4 dB also demonstrate the high-temperature absorption stability of the composites,indicating exceptional wave absorption properties and thermal stability.The slight attenuation can be attributed to the decrease in impedance matching capability accompanying the elevated dielectric constant.This work clarifies the impact of structure and component synergy on wave absorption behavior,and offers a novel approach to producing high-performance and high-temperature resistance ceramic-based electromagnetic wave absorption materials suitable for extreme environments.展开更多
Current modifications of Ti-based materials with porous scaffolds for achieving biological fixation often decrease corrosion fatigue strength(σ_(cf))of the resultant implants,thereby shortening their service lifes-pa...Current modifications of Ti-based materials with porous scaffolds for achieving biological fixation often decrease corrosion fatigue strength(σ_(cf))of the resultant implants,thereby shortening their service lifes-pan.To resolve this issue,in the present,a step-wise graded porous Ti-6Al-7Nb scaffold was additively manufactured on optimally surface mechanical attrition treated(SMATed)Ti-6Al-7Nb(specifically de-noted as S-Ti6Al7Nb)using laser powder bed fusion(PBF)technology.The microstructure,bond strength,residual stress distribution,and corrosion fatigue behavior of porous scaffolds modified S-Ti6Al7Nb were investigated and compared with those of mechanically polished Ti-6Al-7Nb(P-Ti6Al7Nb),S-Ti6Al7Nb,and porous scaffolds modified P-Ti6Al7Nb.Results showed that corrosion fatigue of porous scaffolds modi-fied Ti-6Al-7Nb was propagation controlled.Moreover,the crack propagation behavior in the PBF scaf-fold’s fusion zone(FZ)and heat-affected zone(HAZ),exhibiting insensitivity to the microstructural con-figurations characterized by columnar prior-βgrain(PBG)boundaries and acicularα''martensites,cou-pled with the PBF-induced residual tensile stresses in these regions,resulted in a considerable decrease inσ_(cf) for porous scaffolds modified P-Ti6Al7Nb compared to P-Ti6Al7Nb.In contrast,step-wise graded porous scaffold-modified S-Ti6Al7Nb demonstrated an improvedσ_(cf) which was even higher than that of P-Ti6Al7Nb.Such an advancement in corrosion fatigue strength is primarily attributed to the presence of residual compressive stresses within the underlying S-Ti6Al7Nb substrate,extending beyond FZ and HAZ.These stresses increased the crack propagation threshold,leading to crack deflection/branching and increased crack-path tortuosity,thereby synergistically markedly enhancing the crack propagation resis-tance of porous scaffolds modified S-Ti6Al7Nb.展开更多
Transition metal sulfides have great potential as anode mterials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to their high theoretical specific capacities.However,the inferior intrinsic conductivity and large volume variation d...Transition metal sulfides have great potential as anode mterials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to their high theoretical specific capacities.However,the inferior intrinsic conductivity and large volume variation during sodiation-desodiation processes seriously affect its high-rate and long-cyde performance,unbeneficial for the application as fast-charging and long-cycling SIBs anode.Herein,the three-dimensional porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks(Cu_(1.81)S/NC)are synthesized by the simple and facile sol-gel and annealing processes,which can accommodate the volumetric expansion of Cu_(1.81)S nanoparticles and accelerate the transmission of ions and electrons during Na^(+)insertion/extraction processes,exhibiting the excellent rate capability(250.6 mA·g^(-1)at 20.0 A·g^(-1))and outstanding cycling stability(70% capacity retention for 6000 cycles at 10.0 A·g^(-1))for SIBs.Moreover,the Na-ion full cells coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C cathode also demonstrate the satisfactory reversible specific capacity of 330.5 mAh·g^(-1)at 5.0 A·g^(-1)and long-cycle performance with the 86.9% capacity retention at 2.0 A·g^(-1)after 750 cycles.This work proposes a promising way for the conversionbased metal sulfides for the applications as fast-charging sodium-ion battery anode.展开更多
Porous organic cages(POCs)with permanent porosity and excellent host–vip property hold great potentials in regulating ion transport behavior,yet their feasibility as solid-state electrolytes has never been testifie...Porous organic cages(POCs)with permanent porosity and excellent host–vip property hold great potentials in regulating ion transport behavior,yet their feasibility as solid-state electrolytes has never been testified in a practical battery.Herein,we design and fabricate a quasi-solid-state electrolyte(QSSE)based on a POC to enable the stable operation of Li-metal batteries(LMBs).Benefiting from the ordered channels and cavity-induced anion-trapping effect of POC,the resulting POC-based QSSE exhibits a high Li+transference number of 0.67 and a high ionic conductivity of 1.25×10^(−4) S cm^(−1) with a low activation energy of 0.17 eV.These allow for homogeneous Li deposition and highly reversible Li plating/stripping for over 2000 h.As a proof of concept,the LMB assembled with POC-based QSSE demonstrates extremely stable cycling performance with 85%capacity retention after 1000 cycles.Therefore,our work demonstrates the practical applicability of POC as SSEs for LMBs and could be extended to other energy-storage systems,such as Na and K batteries.展开更多
Mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)have demonstrated significant promise in energy-intensive gas separations by amalgamating the unique properties of fillers with the facile processability of polymers.However,achieving a sim...Mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)have demonstrated significant promise in energy-intensive gas separations by amalgamating the unique properties of fillers with the facile processability of polymers.However,achieving a simultaneous enhancement of permeability and selectivity remains a formidable challenge,due to the difficulty of achieving an optimal match between polymers and fillers.In this study,we incorporate a porous carbon-based zinc oxide composite(C@ZnO)into high-permeability polymers of intrinsic microporosity(PIMs)to fabricate MMMs.The dipole–dipole interaction between C@ZnO and PIMs ensures their exceptional compatibility,mitigating the formation of non-selective voids in the resulting MMMs.Concurrently,C@ZnO with abundant interconnected pores can provide additional low-resistance pathways for gas transport in MMMs.As a result,the CO_(2) permeability of the optimized C@ZnO/PIM-1 MMMs is elevated to 13,215 barrer,while the CO_(2)/N_(2) and CO_(2)/CH_(4) selectivity reached 21.5 and 14.4,respectively,substantially surpassing the 2008 Robeson upper bound.Additionally,molecular simulation results further corroborate that the augmented membrane gas selectivity is attributed to the superior CO_(2) affinity of C@ZnO.In summary,we believe that this work not only expands the application of MMMs for gas separation but also heralds a paradigm shift in the application of porous carbon materials.展开更多
The use of visible-light responsive photocatalysts for removing heavy metal ions in wastewater has received great attention.However,the development of photocatalysts with high activity and recyclability remains a huge...The use of visible-light responsive photocatalysts for removing heavy metal ions in wastewater has received great attention.However,the development of photocatalysts with high activity and recyclability remains a huge challenge.Herein,a recyclable carbon fiber cloth-supported porous CdS nanorod photocatalyst was fabricated by a two-step hydrothermal treatment using AgVO_(3) nanowires as templates.The results indicated that under visible-light illumination,the carbon cloth-supported porous CdS nanorods showed improved photocatalytic activity for the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ),with an apparent rate constant exceeding that of carbon cloth-supported CdS nanospheres by a factor of 1.65 times.Moreover,the carbon cloth-supported porous CdS nanorods can be easily separated and be reused.This brings a new perspective for developing photocatalysts with high efficiency and recyclability for wastewater treatment.展开更多
With the development of electronics and portable devices,there is a significant drive to develop electrode materials for supercapacitors that are lightweight,economical,and provide high energy and power densities.Lign...With the development of electronics and portable devices,there is a significant drive to develop electrode materials for supercapacitors that are lightweight,economical,and provide high energy and power densities.Lignin-based porous carbons have recently been extensively studied for en-ergy storage applications because of their characteristics of large specific surface area,easy doping,and high conductivity.Significant progress in the synthesis of porous carbons derived from lignin,using different strategies for their preparation and modification with heteroatoms,metal oxides,met-al sulfides,and conductive polymers is considered and their electrochemical performances and ion storage mechanisms are discussed.Considerable fo-cus is directed towards the challenges encountered in using lignin-based por-ous carbons and the ways to optimize specific capacity and energy density for supercapacitor applications.Finally,the limitations of existing technolo-gies and research directions for improving the performance of lignin-based carbons are discussed.展开更多
Adsorption as an effective technique for the remediation of wastewater has been widely used in industrial wastewater treatment due to the advantage of cost-effectiveness,availability of the adsorbent and ease of opera...Adsorption as an effective technique for the remediation of wastewater has been widely used in industrial wastewater treatment due to the advantage of cost-effectiveness,availability of the adsorbent and ease of operation.However,the low adsorption capacity of the reported adsorbents is still a challenge for wastewater treatment with highefficiency.Here,we developed a super adsorbent(SUA-1),which was a kind of porous carbon nanofibers derived from a composite of PAN-based electrospinning and ZIF-8(PAN/ZIF-8)via simple heat treatment process.The asprepared SUA showed an ultra-high adsorption capacity for adsorbing methyl blue(MB)at nearly three times its own weight,as high as 2998.18 mg/g.A series tests demonstrated that the pore-making effect of ZIF-8 during heat treatment process endowed high BET surface area and generated ZnO components as chemical adsorption center.Under the synergistic effect of bonding and non-bonding forces including ionic bond,electrostatic interaction,andπ-πinteraction,the adsorption capacity has been greatly improved.In view of promising efficiency,this work provides guidance and insights for the preparation of highly efficient adsorbents based on electrospinning derived porous carbon nanofibers.展开更多
The major problem with lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is their poor cycling stability because of slow redox kinetics in the cathode and the growth of lithium dendrites on the anode.We report the production of 2D porous...The major problem with lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is their poor cycling stability because of slow redox kinetics in the cathode and the growth of lithium dendrites on the anode.We report the production of 2D porous carbon nanosheets doped with both Fe and Ni(Fe/Ni-N-PCNSs)by an easy and template-free approach that solve this problem.Because of their ultrathin porous 2D structure and uniform distribution of Fe and Ni dopants,they capture polysulfides,speed up the sulfur redox reaction,and improve the material’s lithiophilicity,greatly suppressing the shuttling of polysulfides and dendrite growth on the lithium anode.As a result,it has an exceptional performance as a stable host for elemental sulfur and metallic lithium,producing a record long life of 1000 cycles with a very small capacity decay of 0.00025%per cycle in a Li-S battery and an excellent cycling stability of over 850 h with a small overpotential of>72 mV in a lithium metal battery.This work suggests the use of multifunctional-based 2D porous carbon nanosheets as a stable host for both elemental sulfur and metallic lithium to improve the Li-S battery per-formance.展开更多
Ultrafine,highly dispersed Pt clusters were immobilized onto the Co nanoparticle surfaces by one-step pyrolysis of the precursor Pt(Ⅱ)-encapsulating Co-MOF-74.Owing to the small size effects of Pt clusters as well as...Ultrafine,highly dispersed Pt clusters were immobilized onto the Co nanoparticle surfaces by one-step pyrolysis of the precursor Pt(Ⅱ)-encapsulating Co-MOF-74.Owing to the small size effects of Pt clusters as well as the strongly enhanced synergistic interactions between Pt and Co atoms,the obtained Pt-on-Co/C400 catalysts exhib-ited excellent catalytic activity toward the hydrolysis of ammonia borane with an extremely high turnover frequency(TOF)value of 3022 min^(-1)at 303 K.Durability test indicated that the obtained Pt-on-Co/C400 catalysts possessed high catalytic stability,and there were no changes in the catalyst structures and catalytic activities after 10 cycles.展开更多
An aluminoborate,Na_(2.5)Rb[Al{B_(5)O_(10)}{B_(3)O_(5)}]·0.5NO_(3)·H_(2)O(1),was synthesized under hydrothermal condition,which was built by mixed oxoboron clusters and AlO_(4)tetrahedra.In the structure,the...An aluminoborate,Na_(2.5)Rb[Al{B_(5)O_(10)}{B_(3)O_(5)}]·0.5NO_(3)·H_(2)O(1),was synthesized under hydrothermal condition,which was built by mixed oxoboron clusters and AlO_(4)tetrahedra.In the structure,the[B_(5)O_(10)]^(5-)and[B_(3)O_(7)]^(5-)clusters are alternately connected to form 1D[B_(8)O_(15)]_(n)^(6n-)chains,which are further linked by AlO_(4)units to form a 2D monolayer with 7‑membered ring and 10‑membered ring windows.Two adjacent monolayers with opposite orientations further form a porous‑layered structure with six channels through B—O—Al bonds.Compound 1 was characterized by single crystal X‑ray diffraction,powder X‑ray diffraction(PXRD),IR spectroscopy,UV‑Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),respectively.UV‑Vis diffuse reflectance analysis indicates that compound 1 shows a wide transparency range with a short cutoff edge of 201 nm,suggesting it may have potential application in UV regions.CCDC:2383923.展开更多
The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structur...The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structure,environmental friendliness,and cost-effectiveness.Recent advances in controlling the pore structure of these carbons and its relationship between to is energy storage performance are discussed,emphasizing the critical role of a balanced distribution of micropores,mesopores and macropores in determining electrochemical behavior.Particular attention is given to how the intrinsic components of biomass precursors(lignin,cellulose,and hemicellulose)influence pore formation during carbonization.Carbonization and activation strategies to precisely control the pore structure are introduced.Finally,key challenges in the industrial production of these carbons are outlined,and future research directions are proposed.These include the establishment of a database of biomass intrinsic structures and machine learning-assisted pore structure engineering,aimed at providing guidance for the design of high-performance carbon materials for next-generation energy storage devices.展开更多
基金Projects(52302447,52388102,52372369)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Following the fundamental characteristics of the porosity windbreak,this study suggests a new numerical investigation method for the wind field of the windbreak based on the porous medium physical model.This method can transform the reasonable matching problem of the porosity and windproof performance of the windbreak into a study of the relationship between the resistance coefficient of the porous medium and the aerodynamic load of the train.This study examines the influence of the hole type on the wind field behind the porosity windbreak.Then,the relationship between the resistance coefficient of the porous medium,the porosity of the windbreak,and the aerodynamic loads of the train is investigated.The results show that the porous media physical model can be used instead of the windbreak geometry to study the windbreak-train aerodynamic performance,and the process of using this method is suggested.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,Saudi Arabia,for funding this research work through the project number NBU-FFR-2025-2193-15.
文摘The study considers numerical findings regarding magneto-thermosolutal-aided natural convective flow of alumina/water-based nanofluid filled in a non-Darcian porous horizontal concentric annulus.Two equations are assumed to evaluate the thermal fields in the porous medium under Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium(LTNE)conditions,along with the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model for the flow.By imposing distinct and constant temperatures and concentrations on both internal and external cylinders,thermosolutal natural convection is induced in the annulus.We apply the finite volume method to solve the dimensionless governing equations numerically.The thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluid mixture are determined utilizing Corcione’s empirical correlations,incorporating the effects of Brownian diffusion of nanoparticles.Steady-state findings are provided for a range of significant parameters,including buoyancy ratio(N=1 to 5),Lewis(Le=0 to 10),Rayleigh(Ra=102 to 105),Hartmann(Ha=0 to 50),and heat generation in the nanofluid and solid phases(Q=0 to 20)when the nanofluid flow is driven by aiding thermal and mass buoyancies at given porous medium characteristics(porosity(ε),Darcy number(Da),porous interfacial heat transfer coefficient(H),and thermal conductivity ratio(γ),to assess the thermosolutal convective circulation beside heat and solutal transfer rates in the annulus.The results reveal that internal heat generation significantly modifies the heat transport mechanism,initially reducing and then enhancing heat transfer rates as Q increases.Interestingly,increasing Le reduces heat transfer at low Q but promotes it when Q>5,while mass transfer consistently increases with Le.The magnetic field represses heat transfer in the absence of internal heat but enhances it when internal heat is present.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22068021 and 52064030)the Yunnan Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Leaders Reserve Talent Program of China(No.202305AC160064)the Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Program of China(Nos.202402AB080004,202202AG050011,and 202202AG050007)。
文摘To efficiently address the current high cost associated with preparing pseudo-boehmite from organic aluminum,a low-cost alternative,AlCl_(3),is employed as the raw material.The sol-gel method is utilized,and H_(2)O_(2)is incorporated for the modification of pseudo-boehmite.The modification mechanism is thoroughly investigated through the use of X-ray powder diffractometer,scanning electron microscope,and BET data analysis,as well as molecular dynamics simulations.Under specific conditions(temperature at 80°C,pH=7,and H_(2)O_(2)volume ratios of 0.5:1,1:1,and 2:1),mesoporous pseudo-boehmite is synthesized with a specific surface area of 227 m^(2)/g,a pore volume of 0.281 cm^(3)/g,a pore size of 6.78 nm,and a peptizing index of 99.47%.A novel and innovative methodology for the cost-effective production of high-performance alumina is offered through the approach.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2501700).
文摘The current artificial bone is unable to accurately replicate the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of human cancellous bone.To address this issue,we proposed a personalized approach based on clinical CT images to design mechanical equivalent porous structures for artificial femoral heads.Firstly,supported by Micro and clinical CT scans of 21 bone specimens,the anisotropic mechanical parameters of human cancellous bone in the femoral head were characterized using clinical CT values(Hounsfield unit).After that,the equivalent porous structure of cancellous bone was designed based on the gyroid surface,the influence of its degree of anisotropy and volume fraction on the macroscopic mechanical parameters was investigated by finite element analysis.Furthermore,a mapping relationship between CT values and the porous structure was established by jointly solving the mechanical parameters of the porous structure and human cancellous bone,allowing the design of personalized gradient porous structures based on clinical CT images.Finally,to verify the mechanical equivalence,implant press-in tests were conducted on 3D-printed artificial femoral heads and human femoral heads,the influence of the porous structure’s cell size in bone-implant interaction problems was also explored.Results showed that the minimum deviations of press-in stiffness(<15%)and peak load(<5%)both occurred when the cell size was 20%to 30%of the implant diameter.In conclusion,the designed porous structure can replicate the human cancellous bone-implant interaction at a high level,indicating its effectiveness in optimizing the mechanical performance of 3D-printed artificial femoral head.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22278011,22225803,22038001 and 22108007)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.Z230023)+1 种基金The Science&Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Education Committee(No.KZ201810005004)Beijing Nova Program(No.Z211100002121094)。
文摘Large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal technology is an essential step to cope with global warming and achieve carbon neutrality.Direct air capture(DAC)has recently received increasing attention given the high flexibility to remove CO_(2)from discrete sources.Porous materials with adjustable pore characteristics are promising sorbents with low or no latent heat of vaporization.This review article has summarized the recent development of porous sorbents for DAC,with a focus of pore engineering strategy and adsorption mechanism.Physisorbents such as zeolites,porous carbons,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),and amine-modified chemisorbents have been discussed and their challenges in practical application have been analyzed.At last,future directions have been proposed,and it is expected to inspire collaborations from chemistry,environment,material science and engineering communities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51803041)the University and Local Integration Development Project of Yantai,China(No.2022 XDRHXMXK08).
文摘Herein,an external crosslinker facilitated the hypercrosslinking of ferrocene and a nitrogen heterocyclic compound(either melamine or imidazole)through a direct Friedel-Crafts reaction,which led to the formation of nitrogen-containing hypercrosslinked fer-rocene polymer precursors(HCP-FCs).Subsequent carbonization of these precursors results in the production of iron-nitrogen-doped por-ous carbon absorbers(Fe-NPCs).The Fe-NPCs demonstrate a porous structure comprising aggregated nanotubes and nanospheres.The porosity of this structure can be modulated by adjusting the iron and nitrogen contents to optimize impedance matching.The uniform dis-tribution of Fe-N_(x)C,N dipoles,andα-Fe within the carbon matrix can be ensured by using hypercrosslinked ferrocenes in constructing porous carbon,providing the absorber with numerous polarization sites and a conductive network.The electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the specially designed Fe-NPC-M_(2)absorbers is satisfactory,revealing a minimum reflection loss of-55.3 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.00 GHz at 2.0 mm.By utilizing hypercrosslinked polymers(HCPs)as precursors,a novel method for developing highly efficient carbon-based absorbing agents is introduced in this research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42172159 and 42302143)the Postdoctora Fellowship Program of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)(Grant No.GZB20230864).
文摘Forced imbibition,the invasion of a wetting fluid into porous rocks,plays an important role in the effective exploitation of hydrocarbon resources and the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide.However,the interface dynamics influenced by complex topology commonly leads to non-wetting fluid trapping.Particularly,the underlying mechanisms under viscously unfavorable conditions remain unclear.This study employs a direct numerical simulation method to simulate forced imbibition through the reconstructed digital rocks of sandstone.The interface dynamics and fluid–fluid interactions are investigated through transient simulations,while the pore topology metrics are introduced to analyze the impact on steady-state residual fluid distribution obtained by a pseudo-transient scheme.The results show that the cooperative pore-filling process promoted by corner flow is dominant at low capillary numbers.This leads to unstable inlet pressure,mass flow,and interface curvature,which correspond to complicated interface dynamics and higher residual fluid saturation.During forced imbibition,the interface curvature gradually increases,with the pore-filling mechanisms involving the cooperation of main terminal meniscus movement and arc menisci filling.Complex topology with small diameter pores may result in the destabilization of interface curvature.The residual fluid saturation is negatively correlated with porosity and pore throat size,and positively correlated with tortuosity and aspect ratio.A large mean coordination number characterizing global connectivity promotes imbibition.However,high connectivity characterized by the standardized Euler number corresponding to small pores is associated with a high probability of non-wetting fluid trapping.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075034,22178037,and 22478047)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China(2021-MS-303)the China Scholarship Council(CSC No 202008210171).
文摘Porous carbons hold broad application prospects in the domains of electrochemical energy storage devices and sensors.In this study,porous carbon derived from sodium alginate-encapsulated ZIF-8(SA/ZIF-8-C)was suc-cessfully prepared by blending ZIF-8 particles with sodium alginate,forming hydrogel beads in the presence of divalent metal ions,and subsequently subjecting them to high-temperature pyrolysis.Various characterization techniques were employed to evaluate the properties of the prepared materials.The introduction of a carbon framework on ZIF-8-derived particles effectively enhanced the conductivity of the prepared materials.The SA/ZIF-8(1.0)-C sample heated at 800℃exhibited a specific capacitance of up to 208 F g^(-1)at a current density of 0.5 A g^(-1)and outstanding cyclic stability.Even after 10,000 charge and discharge cycles,its capacitance retention rate remained as high as 87.14%.The symmetric supercapacitor constructed with the composite demonstrated an excellent energy density of 14.58 Wh kg^(-1)at a power capacity of 403.85 W kg^(-1).The implementation of this study provides new ideas and inspiration for the development of high-performance supercapacitors.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3707700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52302121)+3 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(No.23YF1454700)Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No.23ZR1472700)Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellent Program(No.2022664)Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.21511104800).
文摘The research on high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption materials with high-temperature and oxidative stability in extreme environments is gaining popularity.Herein,the lightweight silicon carbide nanowires(SiC_(nws))/SiC composites are fabricated with in-situ SiC interface on one-dimensional oriented SiC_(nws)skeleton,which collaborative configuration by 3D printing and freeze casting assembly.The con-structed porous structure optimizes the impedance matching degree and scattering intensity,the maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB_(max))of 5.9 GHz and the minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of−41.4 dB can be realized.Considering the inherent oxidation resistance of SiC,the composites present well-maintained absorption performance at 600℃.Even at 1100℃,the EAB_(max)of 4.9 GHz and RLmin of−30.4 dB also demonstrate the high-temperature absorption stability of the composites,indicating exceptional wave absorption properties and thermal stability.The slight attenuation can be attributed to the decrease in impedance matching capability accompanying the elevated dielectric constant.This work clarifies the impact of structure and component synergy on wave absorption behavior,and offers a novel approach to producing high-performance and high-temperature resistance ceramic-based electromagnetic wave absorption materials suitable for extreme environments.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC2412600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51971171)for financially supporting this work.
文摘Current modifications of Ti-based materials with porous scaffolds for achieving biological fixation often decrease corrosion fatigue strength(σ_(cf))of the resultant implants,thereby shortening their service lifes-pan.To resolve this issue,in the present,a step-wise graded porous Ti-6Al-7Nb scaffold was additively manufactured on optimally surface mechanical attrition treated(SMATed)Ti-6Al-7Nb(specifically de-noted as S-Ti6Al7Nb)using laser powder bed fusion(PBF)technology.The microstructure,bond strength,residual stress distribution,and corrosion fatigue behavior of porous scaffolds modified S-Ti6Al7Nb were investigated and compared with those of mechanically polished Ti-6Al-7Nb(P-Ti6Al7Nb),S-Ti6Al7Nb,and porous scaffolds modified P-Ti6Al7Nb.Results showed that corrosion fatigue of porous scaffolds modi-fied Ti-6Al-7Nb was propagation controlled.Moreover,the crack propagation behavior in the PBF scaf-fold’s fusion zone(FZ)and heat-affected zone(HAZ),exhibiting insensitivity to the microstructural con-figurations characterized by columnar prior-βgrain(PBG)boundaries and acicularα''martensites,cou-pled with the PBF-induced residual tensile stresses in these regions,resulted in a considerable decrease inσ_(cf) for porous scaffolds modified P-Ti6Al7Nb compared to P-Ti6Al7Nb.In contrast,step-wise graded porous scaffold-modified S-Ti6Al7Nb demonstrated an improvedσ_(cf) which was even higher than that of P-Ti6Al7Nb.Such an advancement in corrosion fatigue strength is primarily attributed to the presence of residual compressive stresses within the underlying S-Ti6Al7Nb substrate,extending beyond FZ and HAZ.These stresses increased the crack propagation threshold,leading to crack deflection/branching and increased crack-path tortuosity,thereby synergistically markedly enhancing the crack propagation resis-tance of porous scaffolds modified S-Ti6Al7Nb.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1904173 and 52272219)the Key Research Projects of Henan Provincial Department of Education(No.19A150043)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(Nos.202300410330 and 222300420276)the Nanhu Scholars Program for Young Scholars of Xinyang Normal Universitythe Xinyang Normal University Analysis&Testing Center。
文摘Transition metal sulfides have great potential as anode mterials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to their high theoretical specific capacities.However,the inferior intrinsic conductivity and large volume variation during sodiation-desodiation processes seriously affect its high-rate and long-cyde performance,unbeneficial for the application as fast-charging and long-cycling SIBs anode.Herein,the three-dimensional porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks(Cu_(1.81)S/NC)are synthesized by the simple and facile sol-gel and annealing processes,which can accommodate the volumetric expansion of Cu_(1.81)S nanoparticles and accelerate the transmission of ions and electrons during Na^(+)insertion/extraction processes,exhibiting the excellent rate capability(250.6 mA·g^(-1)at 20.0 A·g^(-1))and outstanding cycling stability(70% capacity retention for 6000 cycles at 10.0 A·g^(-1))for SIBs.Moreover,the Na-ion full cells coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C cathode also demonstrate the satisfactory reversible specific capacity of 330.5 mAh·g^(-1)at 5.0 A·g^(-1)and long-cycle performance with the 86.9% capacity retention at 2.0 A·g^(-1)after 750 cycles.This work proposes a promising way for the conversionbased metal sulfides for the applications as fast-charging sodium-ion battery anode.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92372123)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515012057,2022B1515020005,2023B1515130004)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.202201011342).
文摘Porous organic cages(POCs)with permanent porosity and excellent host–vip property hold great potentials in regulating ion transport behavior,yet their feasibility as solid-state electrolytes has never been testified in a practical battery.Herein,we design and fabricate a quasi-solid-state electrolyte(QSSE)based on a POC to enable the stable operation of Li-metal batteries(LMBs).Benefiting from the ordered channels and cavity-induced anion-trapping effect of POC,the resulting POC-based QSSE exhibits a high Li+transference number of 0.67 and a high ionic conductivity of 1.25×10^(−4) S cm^(−1) with a low activation energy of 0.17 eV.These allow for homogeneous Li deposition and highly reversible Li plating/stripping for over 2000 h.As a proof of concept,the LMB assembled with POC-based QSSE demonstrates extremely stable cycling performance with 85%capacity retention after 1000 cycles.Therefore,our work demonstrates the practical applicability of POC as SSEs for LMBs and could be extended to other energy-storage systems,such as Na and K batteries.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22108258 and 52003251)Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province(24HASTIT004)+1 种基金Outstanding Youth Fund of Henan Scientific Committee(222300420085)Science and Technology Joint Project of Henan Province(222301420041)。
文摘Mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)have demonstrated significant promise in energy-intensive gas separations by amalgamating the unique properties of fillers with the facile processability of polymers.However,achieving a simultaneous enhancement of permeability and selectivity remains a formidable challenge,due to the difficulty of achieving an optimal match between polymers and fillers.In this study,we incorporate a porous carbon-based zinc oxide composite(C@ZnO)into high-permeability polymers of intrinsic microporosity(PIMs)to fabricate MMMs.The dipole–dipole interaction between C@ZnO and PIMs ensures their exceptional compatibility,mitigating the formation of non-selective voids in the resulting MMMs.Concurrently,C@ZnO with abundant interconnected pores can provide additional low-resistance pathways for gas transport in MMMs.As a result,the CO_(2) permeability of the optimized C@ZnO/PIM-1 MMMs is elevated to 13,215 barrer,while the CO_(2)/N_(2) and CO_(2)/CH_(4) selectivity reached 21.5 and 14.4,respectively,substantially surpassing the 2008 Robeson upper bound.Additionally,molecular simulation results further corroborate that the augmented membrane gas selectivity is attributed to the superior CO_(2) affinity of C@ZnO.In summary,we believe that this work not only expands the application of MMMs for gas separation but also heralds a paradigm shift in the application of porous carbon materials.
文摘The use of visible-light responsive photocatalysts for removing heavy metal ions in wastewater has received great attention.However,the development of photocatalysts with high activity and recyclability remains a huge challenge.Herein,a recyclable carbon fiber cloth-supported porous CdS nanorod photocatalyst was fabricated by a two-step hydrothermal treatment using AgVO_(3) nanowires as templates.The results indicated that under visible-light illumination,the carbon cloth-supported porous CdS nanorods showed improved photocatalytic activity for the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ),with an apparent rate constant exceeding that of carbon cloth-supported CdS nanospheres by a factor of 1.65 times.Moreover,the carbon cloth-supported porous CdS nanorods can be easily separated and be reused.This brings a new perspective for developing photocatalysts with high efficiency and recyclability for wastewater treatment.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22262034)。
文摘With the development of electronics and portable devices,there is a significant drive to develop electrode materials for supercapacitors that are lightweight,economical,and provide high energy and power densities.Lignin-based porous carbons have recently been extensively studied for en-ergy storage applications because of their characteristics of large specific surface area,easy doping,and high conductivity.Significant progress in the synthesis of porous carbons derived from lignin,using different strategies for their preparation and modification with heteroatoms,metal oxides,met-al sulfides,and conductive polymers is considered and their electrochemical performances and ion storage mechanisms are discussed.Considerable fo-cus is directed towards the challenges encountered in using lignin-based por-ous carbons and the ways to optimize specific capacity and energy density for supercapacitor applications.Finally,the limitations of existing technolo-gies and research directions for improving the performance of lignin-based carbons are discussed.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(22134005,22204011)Chongqing Talents Program for Outstanding Scientists(cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0179)。
文摘Adsorption as an effective technique for the remediation of wastewater has been widely used in industrial wastewater treatment due to the advantage of cost-effectiveness,availability of the adsorbent and ease of operation.However,the low adsorption capacity of the reported adsorbents is still a challenge for wastewater treatment with highefficiency.Here,we developed a super adsorbent(SUA-1),which was a kind of porous carbon nanofibers derived from a composite of PAN-based electrospinning and ZIF-8(PAN/ZIF-8)via simple heat treatment process.The asprepared SUA showed an ultra-high adsorption capacity for adsorbing methyl blue(MB)at nearly three times its own weight,as high as 2998.18 mg/g.A series tests demonstrated that the pore-making effect of ZIF-8 during heat treatment process endowed high BET surface area and generated ZnO components as chemical adsorption center.Under the synergistic effect of bonding and non-bonding forces including ionic bond,electrostatic interaction,andπ-πinteraction,the adsorption capacity has been greatly improved.In view of promising efficiency,this work provides guidance and insights for the preparation of highly efficient adsorbents based on electrospinning derived porous carbon nanofibers.
基金supported by Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project of Guangdong(2022A1515011817,2023A1515030160)Research and Innovation Group of Guangdong University of Education(2024KYCXTD014)。
文摘The major problem with lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is their poor cycling stability because of slow redox kinetics in the cathode and the growth of lithium dendrites on the anode.We report the production of 2D porous carbon nanosheets doped with both Fe and Ni(Fe/Ni-N-PCNSs)by an easy and template-free approach that solve this problem.Because of their ultrathin porous 2D structure and uniform distribution of Fe and Ni dopants,they capture polysulfides,speed up the sulfur redox reaction,and improve the material’s lithiophilicity,greatly suppressing the shuttling of polysulfides and dendrite growth on the lithium anode.As a result,it has an exceptional performance as a stable host for elemental sulfur and metallic lithium,producing a record long life of 1000 cycles with a very small capacity decay of 0.00025%per cycle in a Li-S battery and an excellent cycling stability of over 850 h with a small overpotential of>72 mV in a lithium metal battery.This work suggests the use of multifunctional-based 2D porous carbon nanosheets as a stable host for both elemental sulfur and metallic lithium to improve the Li-S battery per-formance.
文摘Ultrafine,highly dispersed Pt clusters were immobilized onto the Co nanoparticle surfaces by one-step pyrolysis of the precursor Pt(Ⅱ)-encapsulating Co-MOF-74.Owing to the small size effects of Pt clusters as well as the strongly enhanced synergistic interactions between Pt and Co atoms,the obtained Pt-on-Co/C400 catalysts exhib-ited excellent catalytic activity toward the hydrolysis of ammonia borane with an extremely high turnover frequency(TOF)value of 3022 min^(-1)at 303 K.Durability test indicated that the obtained Pt-on-Co/C400 catalysts possessed high catalytic stability,and there were no changes in the catalyst structures and catalytic activities after 10 cycles.
文摘An aluminoborate,Na_(2.5)Rb[Al{B_(5)O_(10)}{B_(3)O_(5)}]·0.5NO_(3)·H_(2)O(1),was synthesized under hydrothermal condition,which was built by mixed oxoboron clusters and AlO_(4)tetrahedra.In the structure,the[B_(5)O_(10)]^(5-)and[B_(3)O_(7)]^(5-)clusters are alternately connected to form 1D[B_(8)O_(15)]_(n)^(6n-)chains,which are further linked by AlO_(4)units to form a 2D monolayer with 7‑membered ring and 10‑membered ring windows.Two adjacent monolayers with opposite orientations further form a porous‑layered structure with six channels through B—O—Al bonds.Compound 1 was characterized by single crystal X‑ray diffraction,powder X‑ray diffraction(PXRD),IR spectroscopy,UV‑Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),respectively.UV‑Vis diffuse reflectance analysis indicates that compound 1 shows a wide transparency range with a short cutoff edge of 201 nm,suggesting it may have potential application in UV regions.CCDC:2383923.
文摘The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structure,environmental friendliness,and cost-effectiveness.Recent advances in controlling the pore structure of these carbons and its relationship between to is energy storage performance are discussed,emphasizing the critical role of a balanced distribution of micropores,mesopores and macropores in determining electrochemical behavior.Particular attention is given to how the intrinsic components of biomass precursors(lignin,cellulose,and hemicellulose)influence pore formation during carbonization.Carbonization and activation strategies to precisely control the pore structure are introduced.Finally,key challenges in the industrial production of these carbons are outlined,and future research directions are proposed.These include the establishment of a database of biomass intrinsic structures and machine learning-assisted pore structure engineering,aimed at providing guidance for the design of high-performance carbon materials for next-generation energy storage devices.
