Membrane filtration technology has been widely utilized for microalgae harvesting due to its stability and high efficiency.However,this technology faces challenges posed by membrane fouling caused by algal cells and e...Membrane filtration technology has been widely utilized for microalgae harvesting due to its stability and high efficiency.However,this technology faces challenges posed by membrane fouling caused by algal cells and extracellular organic matter(EOM),which are significantly influenced by membrane material and pore size.This study compared the fouling behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membranes and ceramic membranes with similar pore sizes(0.20 mm and 0.16 mm,respectively)during the filtration of Microcystis aeruginosa.The ceramic membrane exhibited a lower transmembrane pressure(TMP)growth rate and reduced accumulation of surface foulants compared to the PVDF membrane,indicating its greater suitability for filtering algae-laden water.Further investigations employed membranes fabricated from aluminum oxide powders with grain sizes of 1 mm,3 mm,8 mm,and 10 mm,corresponding to membrane pore sizes of 0.08 mm,0.16 mm,0.66 mm,and 0.76 mm,respectively,to assess the impact of pore size on ceramic membrane fouling.The results revealed that increasing membrane pore size significantly lowered the TMP growth rate and reduced the irreversibility of membrane fouling.The extended DerjaguineLandaueVerweyeOverbeek(XDLVO)analysis indicated that large pore sizes enhanced repulsion between the ceramic membrane and algal foulants,further alleviating membrane fouling.This investigation offers new insights into optimizing membrane material and pore size for efficient filtration of algae-laden water.展开更多
Pore size analysis plays a pivotal role in unraveling reservoir behavior and its intricate relationship with confined fluids.Traditional methods for predicting pore size distribution(PSD),relying on drilling cores or ...Pore size analysis plays a pivotal role in unraveling reservoir behavior and its intricate relationship with confined fluids.Traditional methods for predicting pore size distribution(PSD),relying on drilling cores or thin sections,face limitations associated with depth specificity.In this study,we introduce an innovative framework that leverages nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)log data,encompassing clay-bound water(CBW),bound volume irreducible(BVI),and free fluid volume(FFV),to determine three PSDs(micropores,mesopores,and macropores).Moreover,we establish a robust pore size classification(PSC)system utilizing ternary plots,derived from the PSDs.Within the three studied wells,NMR log data is exclusive to one well(well-A),while conventional well logs are accessible for all three wells(well-A,well-B,and well-C).This distinction enables PSD predictions for the remaining two wells(B and C).To prognosticate NMR outputs(CBW,BVI,FFV)for these wells,a two-step deep learning(DL)algorithm is implemented.Initially,three feature selection algorithms(f-classif,f-regression,and mutual-info-regression)identify the conventional well logs most correlated to NMR outputs in well-A.The three feature selection algorithms utilize statistical computations.These algorithms are utilized to systematically identify and optimize pertinent input features,thereby augmenting model interpretability and predictive efficacy within intricate data-driven endeavors.So,all three feature selection algorithms introduced the number of 4 logs as the most optimal number of inputs to the DL algorithm with different combinations of logs for each of the three desired outputs.Subsequently,the CUDA Deep Neural Network Long Short-Term Memory algorithm(CUDNNLSTM),belonging to the category of DL algorithms and harnessing the computational power of GPUs,is employed for the prediction of CBW,BVI,and FFV logs.This prediction leverages the optimal logs identified in the preceding step.Estimation of NMR outputs was done first in well-A(80%of data as training and 20%as testing).The correlation coefficient(CC)between the actual and estimated data for the three outputs CBW,BVI and FFV are 95%,94%,and 97%,respectively,as well as root mean square error(RMSE)was obtained 0.0081,0.098,and 0.0089,respectively.To assess the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,we compared it with two traditional methods for log estimation:multiple regression and multi-resolution graph-based clustering methods.The results demonstrate the superior accuracy of our algorithm in comparison to these conventional approaches.This DL-driven approach facilitates PSD prediction grounded in fluid saturation for wells B and C.Ternary plots are then employed for PSCs.Seven distinct PSCs within well-A employing actual NMR logs(CBW,BVI,FFV),in conjunction with an equivalent count within wells B and C utilizing three predicted logs,are harmoniously categorized leading to the identification of seven distinct pore size classification facies(PSCF).this research introduces an advanced approach to pore size classification and prediction,fusing NMR logs with deep learning techniques and extending their application to nearby wells without NMR log.The resulting PSCFs offer valuable insights into generating precise and detailed reservoir 3D models.展开更多
An experimental device was set up to study the hydrate formation conditions.Effects of pore size,salinity,and gas composition on the formation and dissociation of hydrates were investigated.The result indicates that t...An experimental device was set up to study the hydrate formation conditions.Effects of pore size,salinity,and gas composition on the formation and dissociation of hydrates were investigated.The result indicates that the induction time for the formation of hydrates in porous media is shorter than that in pure water.The decrease in pore size,by decreasing the size of glass beads,increases the equilibrium pressure when the salinity and temperature are kept constant.In addition,higher salinity causes higher equilibrium pressure when the pore size and temperature are kept constant.It is found that the effects of pore size and salinity on the hydrate equilibrium are quite different.At lower methane concentration,the hydrate equilibrium is achieved at lower pressure and higher temperature.展开更多
To satisfy the mechanical and biological requirement of porous bone substitutes, porous Ti with two different pore sizes designed in advance was fabricated by the space-holder sintering process. Mechanical properties ...To satisfy the mechanical and biological requirement of porous bone substitutes, porous Ti with two different pore sizes designed in advance was fabricated by the space-holder sintering process. Mechanical properties of the porous Ti were explored via room temperature compressive tests. The pore sizes and shapes are uniform throughout the specimens with porosities ranging from 36% to 63%. The compression strength and the elastic modulus are in the range from 94.05 to 468.57 MPa and 2.662 to 18 GPa, respectively. It is worth noting that the relationship between the compressive strength and the porosities is completely linear relation beyond the effect of pore size distributions on the mechanical properties. The value of the constant C achieved from the Gibson-Ashby model suggests that the pore sizes affect the yield strength of the porous Ti and the values of density exponent （n） for porous Ti with two different pore sizes are higher than 2, which suggests that the deformation mode of the porous Ti with a porosity ranging from 36% to 63% is mainly buckling of the cell struts.展开更多
The lack of methods to modulate intrinsic textures of carbon cathode has seriously hindered the revelation of in-depth relationship between inherent natures and capacitive behaviors,limiting the advancement of lithium...The lack of methods to modulate intrinsic textures of carbon cathode has seriously hindered the revelation of in-depth relationship between inherent natures and capacitive behaviors,limiting the advancement of lithium ion capacitors(LICs).Here,an orientateddesigned pore size distribution(range from 0.5 to 200 nm)and graphitization engineering strategy of carbon materials through regulating molar ratios of Zn/Co ions has been proposed,which provides an effective platform to deeply evaluate the capacitive behaviors of carbon cathode.Significantly,after the systematical analysis cooperating with experimental result and density functional theory calculation,it is uncovered that the size of solvated PF6-ion is about 1.5 nm.Moreover,the capacitive behaviors of carbon cathode could be enhanced attributed to the controlled pore size of 1.5-3 nm.Triggered with synergistic effect of graphitization and appropriate pore size distribution,optimized carbon cathode(Zn90Co10-APC)displays excellent capacitive performances with a reversible specific capacity of^50 mAh g-1at a current density of 5 A g-1.Furthermore,the assembly pre-lithiated graphite(PLG)//Zn90Co10-APC LIC could deliver a large energy density of 108 Wh kg-1 and a high power density of 150,000 W kg-1 as well as excellent long-term ability with 10,000 cycles.This elaborate work might shed light on the intensive understanding of the improved capacitive behavior in LiPF<sub>6 electrolyte and provide a feasible principle for elaborate fabrication of carbon cathodes for LIC systems.展开更多
The CO2 adsorption data may show more than one section in the Dubinin-Radushkevich-Kaganer(DRK) plot if samples had been over-activated. Each section in the plot represents a range of pore size. The whole DRK plot pro...The CO2 adsorption data may show more than one section in the Dubinin-Radushkevich-Kaganer(DRK) plot if samples had been over-activated. Each section in the plot represents a range of pore size. The whole DRK plot provided information on the pore size distribution(PSD) of a sample, which may be used to monitor the effect of activation conditions in activation processes.展开更多
Mesoporous silica KIT-6 with different pore sizes was controllably synthesized by hydrothermal meth- ods. The same contents of Pt were loaded on KIT-6 sup- ports to apply for propane total oxidation. Low-angle X-ray d...Mesoporous silica KIT-6 with different pore sizes was controllably synthesized by hydrothermal meth- ods. The same contents of Pt were loaded on KIT-6 sup- ports to apply for propane total oxidation. Low-angle X-ray diffraction （XRD）, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, CO chemisorption and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties of the catalysts. The results reveal that different pore sizes of KIT-6 supports could affect the Pt particle sizes on KIT-6. The mesopores on KIT-6-80 and KIT-6- 130 effectively confine the size of the inside Pt nanopar- ticles during calcining. Pt/KIT-6-80 with the appropriate pore size as well as the Pt particle size exhibits the best catalytic performance with T50 （the temperature at which hydrocarbon （HC） conversion reaches 50%） of only 237 ℃. However, Pt particles prefer dispersing on the external surface of KIT-6-40 due to those too small pores.展开更多
The study or pore characteristics is or great importance in reservoir evaluation,especially in deeply buried s andstone.It controls the storage mechanism and reservoir fluid properties of the permeable horizons.The fi...The study or pore characteristics is or great importance in reservoir evaluation,especially in deeply buried s andstone.It controls the storage mechanism and reservoir fluid properties of the permeable horizons.The first member of Eocene Shahejie Formation(Esl)sandstone is classified as feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose.The present research investigates the pore characteristics and reservoir features of the deeply buried sandstone reservoir of Esl member of Shahejie Formation.The techniques including thin-section petrography,mercury injection capillary pressure(MICP),scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscope images were used to demarcate the pores including primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular,intragranular,dissolution and fracture pores.Mercury injection test and routine core analysis were led to demarcate the pore network characteristics of the studied reservoir.Pore size and pore throat size distribution are acquired from mercury injection test.Porosity values range from 0.5%to 30%,and permeability ranges 0.006-7000 mD.Pore radii of coarse-grained sandstone and fine-grained sandstone range from 0.2 to>4μm and 1 nm to 1.60μm,respectively,by MICP analysis.The mineral composition also plays an important role in protecting the pores with pressure from failure.Fractured sandstone and coarse-grained sandstone consist of large and interconnected pores that enhance the reservoir porosity and permeability,whereas fine-grained sandstone and siltstone consist of numerous pores but not well interconnected,and so they consist of high porosity with low permeability.展开更多
Dendrite growth in lithium-ion batteries may bring thermal run-away especially at high current densities,which remains the major bottleneck to implement safe and fast charging for portable electronic devices or electr...Dendrite growth in lithium-ion batteries may bring thermal run-away especially at high current densities,which remains the major bottleneck to implement safe and fast charging for portable electronic devices or electronical vehicles.Designing dendrite inhibition separators with proper pore size is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to guarantee the battery safety.However,due to the impossible observation of lithium-ion distribution under separator by experiments,the underlying dendrite inhibition mechanism is still not fully understood.Here,we apply the phase-field model,which takes the separator phase into account to construct the electrochemical system total free energy,to study the ion re-distribution behavior of porous separator and understand the pore size inhibition effect on lithium dendrite.The numerical results indicate that separator with smaller pore size is beneficial to smoother electrodeposition,since the lithium-ion concentration on the electrode surface is more uniform under denser separator pores,when their sizes is larger than the critical nucleus.The proposed model could capture the physicochemical process of electrodeposition under multiphase structures,so it could also be used to explore dendrite growth under composite electrodes and composite solid electrolytes.展开更多
We reported here the simultaneous influence of surface acidity and pore size of M-substituted hexagonal mesoporous silicas （Al- doped plugs-containing SBA-15 and M-doped MCM-41） on polymerization of THE These materi...We reported here the simultaneous influence of surface acidity and pore size of M-substituted hexagonal mesoporous silicas （Al- doped plugs-containing SBA-15 and M-doped MCM-41） on polymerization of THE These materials were directly synthesized by introduced aluminum isopropoxide into reaction mixture including surfactant and siliceous precursor. Al-doped plugs-containing SBA-15 （denotes as PAS） samples not only possess typical two-step desorption isotherms, which implied PAS materials generated plugs in their mesochannel, but also exhibit larger pore size and thicker wall than that of Al-doped MCM-41 （denotes as ACM）, which implied PAS would have a great advantage on catalytic reaction involving large molecular （e.g. polymer of THF） in industrial point＇of view. To investigate catalytic activity of PAS and ACM with moderate acidic sites the polymerization of THF in the presence of acetic anhydride was carried out. The results showed PAS exhibiting good performance on polymerization of THF. Such result could be related to the large pore size and moderate acidic sites.展开更多
Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnec...Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnectivity of porous Mg is limited due to the diverse architectures of pore struts and pore size distribution of Mg scaffold systems.In this work,biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds with tailored interconnectivity as well as pore size distribution were prepared by template replication of infiltration casting.Mg scaffold with better interconnectivity showed lower mechanical strength.Enlarging interconnected pores would enhance the interconnectivity of the whole scaffold and reduce the change of ion concentration,pH value and osmolality of the degradation microenvironment due to the lower specific surface area.Nevertheless,the degradation rates of five tested Mg scaffolds were no different because of the same geometry of strut unit.Direct cell culture and evaluation of cell density at both sides of four typical Mg scaffolds indicated that cell migration through hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds could be enhanced by not only bigger interconnected pore size but also larger main pore size.In summary,design of interconnectivity in terms of pore size distribution could regulate mechanical strength,microenvironment in cell culture condition and cell migration potential,and beyond that it shows great potential for personalized therapy which could facilitate the regeneration process.展开更多
The Compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution of high performance metakaolin (MK) concrete were investigated. Concretes containing 0,5% , 10% and 20% metakaolin were prepared at a water / cementitious ...The Compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution of high performance metakaolin (MK) concrete were investigated. Concretes containing 0,5% , 10% and 20% metakaolin were prepared at a water / cementitious material ratio ( W/C) of 0. 30. In parallel, concrete mixtures with the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash or 5 and 10% silica fume were prepared for comparison. The specimens were cured in water at 27℃ for 3 to 90 days. The results show that at the early age of curing (3 days and 7 days), metakaolin replacements increase the compressive strength, but silica fume replacement slightly reduces the compressive strength. At the age of and after 28 days , the compressive strength of the concrete with metakaolin and silica fume replacement increases. A strong reduction in the total porosity and average pore diameter were observed in the concrete with MK 20% and 10% in the first 7 days.展开更多
Scholars often see the gas adsorption technique as a straight-to-interpret technique and adopt the pore size distribution(PSD)given by the gas adsorption technique directly to interpret pore-structure-related issues.T...Scholars often see the gas adsorption technique as a straight-to-interpret technique and adopt the pore size distribution(PSD)given by the gas adsorption technique directly to interpret pore-structure-related issues.The oversimplification of interpreting shale PSD based on monogeometric thermodynamic models leads to apparent bias to the realistic pore network.This work aims at establishing a novel thermodynamic model for shale PSD interpretation.We simplified the pore space into two geometric types—cylinder-shaped and slit-shaped.Firstly,Low-temperature Nitrogen Adsorption data were analyzed utilizing two monogeometric models(cylindrical and slit)to generate PSD_(cyl).and PSD_(slit);Secondly,pore geometric segmentation was carried out using Watershed by flooding on typical SEM images to obtain the ratio of slit-shaped(∅_(s))and cylinder-shaped pores(∅_(c)).Combining the results of the two,we proposed a novel hybrid model.We performed pyrolysis,XRD,FE-SEM observation,quantitative comparison with the results obtained by the DFT model,and fractal analysis to discuss the validity of the obtained PSD_(Hybrid).The results showed that:the hybrid model proposed in this work could better reflect the real geometry of pore space and provide a more realistic PSD;compared with thermodynamic monogeometric models,PSD obtained from the hybrid model are closer to that from the DFT model,with an improvement in the deviation from the DFT model from 5.06%to 68.88%.The proposed hybrid model has essential application prospects for better interpretation of shale pore space.It is also worth noting that we suggest applying the proposed hybrid model for PSD analysis in the range of 5-100 nm.展开更多
A series of corundum based castables with 0,2%,4%,6%,and 8% α-Al2O3 micropowders were prepared using tabular alumina aggregates （6-3,3-1 and ≤1 mm） and fines （≤0.088 and ≤0.045 mm）,calcium aluminate cement,and...A series of corundum based castables with 0,2%,4%,6%,and 8% α-Al2O3 micropowders were prepared using tabular alumina aggregates （6-3,3-1 and ≤1 mm） and fines （≤0.088 and ≤0.045 mm）,calcium aluminate cement,and α-Al2O3 micropowders （d50=1.754 μm） as starting materials. Cold mechanical strength and pore size distribution of the castables specimens after heat treatment at 110,1 100 and 1 500 ℃ were tested,respectively. The quantitative relationship between strength and apparent porosity,and that between strength and median pore diameter were verified by Atzeni equation. The correlation between interval of pore size and mechanical strength of specimens was also studied by means of gray relational theory. The results show that：（1） the pore size distribution of castables is strongly influenced by both micropowders filling and matrix sintering; the addition of micropowders decreases median pore diameter while the sintering process increases it; （2） when adding a constant correction term,Atzeni equation can substantially describe the quantitative relationship between median pore diameter and strength of castables specimens after heat treatment at the same temperature; the significant differences of the gray relational degree between the interval of pore size and castables strength are characterized; it is also found that for the same interval of pore size,the gray relational degree isaffected by the heat treatment temperature; the pore size interval 〈0.5 μm has the highest gray relational degree with the strength at 110-1 500 ℃.展开更多
Mesoporous silica supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and several silica supports with different pore size were utilized. N2 adsorption, XRD and ICP-AES techniques were utilized ...Mesoporous silica supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and several silica supports with different pore size were utilized. N2 adsorption, XRD and ICP-AES techniques were utilized to characterize the silica supports and catalysts. XRD results showed that the dispersion of Cs2.5H0.5PW12 was better for the silica support with larger pore size. The catalytic activity results showed that the pore size played important role on the catalyst activity and the molecular weight of PTHF. When Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 was dispersed on larger pore size silica support, the catalysts showed good performances for the synthesis of PTHE The molecular weight of PTHF product on the sample in which Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 was dispersed on larger pore support was higher than that on the catalyst with smaller pore support. The leaching amounts of the active components for the supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalysts were much lower. After five reaction cycles, there were still good activities and stabilities for the supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalysts with larger pore silica supports. These results were much better than those of the supported heteropolyacid H3PW12O40 catalyst.展开更多
SBA-15 with varied pore size from 4 to 8 nm were synthesized by tuning the temperature of hydrothermal treatment,the supports were then used to load the active phase Cr Oxthrough a conventional impregnation method.The...SBA-15 with varied pore size from 4 to 8 nm were synthesized by tuning the temperature of hydrothermal treatment,the supports were then used to load the active phase Cr Oxthrough a conventional impregnation method.The resulting catalysts were characterized by small/wide angle XRD,N_(2) adsorption/desorption,FT-IR,TEM-EDX,XPS,TPR and CO_(2)-TPD to study the feature of structure,surface chemical state,redox and basicity.It was found from these results that the metal species could be well dispersed on catalysts with larger pore size.Cr^(6+)species could enter into the framework by substituting the Si atoms of SBA-15,and Cr^(3+)mainly exist on extra framework.Pore size had profound effects on reducibility,surface composition and basicity.Cr^(6+)species were necessary to activate the C-H bonds of alkanes,while the basicity played an important role in activating C-O bonds of CO_(2).The best performances were achieved over the sample Cr supported on SBA-15 with a pore diameter of 7 nm in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane in the presence of CO_(2).展开更多
We introduced a parameter r_s(the radius of the pores where the meniscus forms),which is composed of two factors,i e,water loss and cumulative pore size distribution(PSD),to provide a better explanation of the influen...We introduced a parameter r_s(the radius of the pores where the meniscus forms),which is composed of two factors,i e,water loss and cumulative pore size distribution(PSD),to provide a better explanation of the influence of superplasticizers(SPs)on early-age drying shrinkage.In our experiments,it is found that the addition of three types of SPs leads to a significant increase in the early-age drying shrinkage of cement paste,and drying shrinkage increases with the dosage of SPs.Based on the results above,we further studied the mechanism of the effects of SPs on the early-age drying shrinkage of cement paste by PSD and water loss,which are two components of r_s.The experimental results indicate that r_s can be a better index for the early-age drying shrinkage of cement-based materials with SPs than a single factor.In addition,the effects of SPs on other factors such as hydration degree and elastic modulus were also investigated and discussed.展开更多
Membrane fouling is the key problem that occurs in membrane process for water treatment. However, how membrane microstructure influences the fouling behavior is still not clear. In this study, fouling behavior caused ...Membrane fouling is the key problem that occurs in membrane process for water treatment. However, how membrane microstructure influences the fouling behavior is still not clear. In this study, fouling behavior caused by dextran was deeply and systematically investigated by employing four poly（vinylidene fluoride） （PVDF） membranes with different pore sizes, ranging from 24 to 94 nm. The extent of fouling by dextran was accurately characterized by pore reduction, flux decline, and the change of critical flux. The result shows that membrane with the smallest pore size of 24 nm experienced the smallest fouling rate and the lowest fouling extent. As the membrane pore size increased, the critical flux ranges were 105-114, 63-73, 38-44 and 34- 43 L. m 2. h t, respectively. The critical flux and fouling resistances indicated that the fouling propensity in- creases with the increase of membrane pore size. Two pilot membrane modules with mean pore size of 25 nm and 60 nm were applied in membrane filtration of surface water treatment. The results showed that serious ir- reversible membrane fouling occurred on the membrane with pore size of 60 nm at the permeate flux of 40.5 L.m 2.h 1. On the other hand, membrane with pore size of 25 nm exhibited much better anti-fouling per- formance when permeate flux was set to 40.5, 48 and 60 L-m 2-h- 1.展开更多
The effects of the components of solution for membrane casting and preparation conditions on the membrane performances are studied in this paper. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as polymer and DMAC as solvent. The ul...The effects of the components of solution for membrane casting and preparation conditions on the membrane performances are studied in this paper. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as polymer and DMAC as solvent. The ultrafiltration (UF) membranes whose cut-off of molecular weight is 150000 and flux of pure water reaches 150-200 ml/(cm2·h) were prepared by selecting proper components of solution for membrane casting and membrane preparation conditions.展开更多
In this work, the morphologies and pore structures of a series of corncob-derived activated carbons and zeolite templated carbon with ultrahigh surface area were carefully investigated by SEM, HRTEM and N2-sorption ch...In this work, the morphologies and pore structures of a series of corncob-derived activated carbons and zeolite templated carbon with ultrahigh surface area were carefully investigated by SEM, HRTEM and N2-sorption characterization technologies. The high-pressure hydrogen uptake performance was analyzed using standard Pressure-Composition-Temperature apparatus in order to study the pore size effects on hydrogen uptake. These as-obtained porous carbons showed different characteristics of pore size distribution as well as specific surface area. The results indicate that the most effective pores for adsorbing hydrogen depended on the storage pressure. These ultramicropores （0.65-0.85 nm） could be the most effective pores on excess H2 uptake at 1 bar, however, micropores （0.85-2 nm） would play a more important role in excess H2 uptake at higher pressure at 77 K. At room temperature, pore size effects on H2 uptake capacity were very weak. Both specific surface area and total pore volume play more important roles than pore size for H2 uptake at room temperature, which was clearly different from that at 77 K. For applications in future, the corncob-derived activated carbons can be more available than zeolite templated carbons at 77 K. Element doping enhanced hydrogen uptake could be main research direction for improving H2 uptake capacity at room temperature.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52370035)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Grant No.E2023202064)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M750717).
文摘Membrane filtration technology has been widely utilized for microalgae harvesting due to its stability and high efficiency.However,this technology faces challenges posed by membrane fouling caused by algal cells and extracellular organic matter(EOM),which are significantly influenced by membrane material and pore size.This study compared the fouling behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membranes and ceramic membranes with similar pore sizes(0.20 mm and 0.16 mm,respectively)during the filtration of Microcystis aeruginosa.The ceramic membrane exhibited a lower transmembrane pressure(TMP)growth rate and reduced accumulation of surface foulants compared to the PVDF membrane,indicating its greater suitability for filtering algae-laden water.Further investigations employed membranes fabricated from aluminum oxide powders with grain sizes of 1 mm,3 mm,8 mm,and 10 mm,corresponding to membrane pore sizes of 0.08 mm,0.16 mm,0.66 mm,and 0.76 mm,respectively,to assess the impact of pore size on ceramic membrane fouling.The results revealed that increasing membrane pore size significantly lowered the TMP growth rate and reduced the irreversibility of membrane fouling.The extended DerjaguineLandaueVerweyeOverbeek(XDLVO)analysis indicated that large pore sizes enhanced repulsion between the ceramic membrane and algal foulants,further alleviating membrane fouling.This investigation offers new insights into optimizing membrane material and pore size for efficient filtration of algae-laden water.
文摘Pore size analysis plays a pivotal role in unraveling reservoir behavior and its intricate relationship with confined fluids.Traditional methods for predicting pore size distribution(PSD),relying on drilling cores or thin sections,face limitations associated with depth specificity.In this study,we introduce an innovative framework that leverages nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)log data,encompassing clay-bound water(CBW),bound volume irreducible(BVI),and free fluid volume(FFV),to determine three PSDs(micropores,mesopores,and macropores).Moreover,we establish a robust pore size classification(PSC)system utilizing ternary plots,derived from the PSDs.Within the three studied wells,NMR log data is exclusive to one well(well-A),while conventional well logs are accessible for all three wells(well-A,well-B,and well-C).This distinction enables PSD predictions for the remaining two wells(B and C).To prognosticate NMR outputs(CBW,BVI,FFV)for these wells,a two-step deep learning(DL)algorithm is implemented.Initially,three feature selection algorithms(f-classif,f-regression,and mutual-info-regression)identify the conventional well logs most correlated to NMR outputs in well-A.The three feature selection algorithms utilize statistical computations.These algorithms are utilized to systematically identify and optimize pertinent input features,thereby augmenting model interpretability and predictive efficacy within intricate data-driven endeavors.So,all three feature selection algorithms introduced the number of 4 logs as the most optimal number of inputs to the DL algorithm with different combinations of logs for each of the three desired outputs.Subsequently,the CUDA Deep Neural Network Long Short-Term Memory algorithm(CUDNNLSTM),belonging to the category of DL algorithms and harnessing the computational power of GPUs,is employed for the prediction of CBW,BVI,and FFV logs.This prediction leverages the optimal logs identified in the preceding step.Estimation of NMR outputs was done first in well-A(80%of data as training and 20%as testing).The correlation coefficient(CC)between the actual and estimated data for the three outputs CBW,BVI and FFV are 95%,94%,and 97%,respectively,as well as root mean square error(RMSE)was obtained 0.0081,0.098,and 0.0089,respectively.To assess the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,we compared it with two traditional methods for log estimation:multiple regression and multi-resolution graph-based clustering methods.The results demonstrate the superior accuracy of our algorithm in comparison to these conventional approaches.This DL-driven approach facilitates PSD prediction grounded in fluid saturation for wells B and C.Ternary plots are then employed for PSCs.Seven distinct PSCs within well-A employing actual NMR logs(CBW,BVI,FFV),in conjunction with an equivalent count within wells B and C utilizing three predicted logs,are harmoniously categorized leading to the identification of seven distinct pore size classification facies(PSCF).this research introduces an advanced approach to pore size classification and prediction,fusing NMR logs with deep learning techniques and extending their application to nearby wells without NMR log.The resulting PSCFs offer valuable insights into generating precise and detailed reservoir 3D models.
基金Supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China（50736001） the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China（2006AA09A209-5） the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China（2009CB219507）
文摘An experimental device was set up to study the hydrate formation conditions.Effects of pore size,salinity,and gas composition on the formation and dissociation of hydrates were investigated.The result indicates that the induction time for the formation of hydrates in porous media is shorter than that in pure water.The decrease in pore size,by decreasing the size of glass beads,increases the equilibrium pressure when the salinity and temperature are kept constant.In addition,higher salinity causes higher equilibrium pressure when the pore size and temperature are kept constant.It is found that the effects of pore size and salinity on the hydrate equilibrium are quite different.At lower methane concentration,the hydrate equilibrium is achieved at lower pressure and higher temperature.
基金Project （2012CB619100） supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘To satisfy the mechanical and biological requirement of porous bone substitutes, porous Ti with two different pore sizes designed in advance was fabricated by the space-holder sintering process. Mechanical properties of the porous Ti were explored via room temperature compressive tests. The pore sizes and shapes are uniform throughout the specimens with porosities ranging from 36% to 63%. The compression strength and the elastic modulus are in the range from 94.05 to 468.57 MPa and 2.662 to 18 GPa, respectively. It is worth noting that the relationship between the compressive strength and the porosities is completely linear relation beyond the effect of pore size distributions on the mechanical properties. The value of the constant C achieved from the Gibson-Ashby model suggests that the pore sizes affect the yield strength of the porous Ti and the values of density exponent （n） for porous Ti with two different pore sizes are higher than 2, which suggests that the deformation mode of the porous Ti with a porosity ranging from 36% to 63% is mainly buckling of the cell struts.
基金financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1901605)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX201600192)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan(2017TP1001)Innovation Mover Program of Central South University(GCX20190893Y)。
文摘The lack of methods to modulate intrinsic textures of carbon cathode has seriously hindered the revelation of in-depth relationship between inherent natures and capacitive behaviors,limiting the advancement of lithium ion capacitors(LICs).Here,an orientateddesigned pore size distribution(range from 0.5 to 200 nm)and graphitization engineering strategy of carbon materials through regulating molar ratios of Zn/Co ions has been proposed,which provides an effective platform to deeply evaluate the capacitive behaviors of carbon cathode.Significantly,after the systematical analysis cooperating with experimental result and density functional theory calculation,it is uncovered that the size of solvated PF6-ion is about 1.5 nm.Moreover,the capacitive behaviors of carbon cathode could be enhanced attributed to the controlled pore size of 1.5-3 nm.Triggered with synergistic effect of graphitization and appropriate pore size distribution,optimized carbon cathode(Zn90Co10-APC)displays excellent capacitive performances with a reversible specific capacity of^50 mAh g-1at a current density of 5 A g-1.Furthermore,the assembly pre-lithiated graphite(PLG)//Zn90Co10-APC LIC could deliver a large energy density of 108 Wh kg-1 and a high power density of 150,000 W kg-1 as well as excellent long-term ability with 10,000 cycles.This elaborate work might shed light on the intensive understanding of the improved capacitive behavior in LiPF<sub>6 electrolyte and provide a feasible principle for elaborate fabrication of carbon cathodes for LIC systems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.29936100).
文摘The CO2 adsorption data may show more than one section in the Dubinin-Radushkevich-Kaganer(DRK) plot if samples had been over-activated. Each section in the plot represents a range of pore size. The whole DRK plot provided information on the pore size distribution(PSD) of a sample, which may be used to monitor the effect of activation conditions in activation processes.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2016YFC0205000)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2015AA034603)
文摘Mesoporous silica KIT-6 with different pore sizes was controllably synthesized by hydrothermal meth- ods. The same contents of Pt were loaded on KIT-6 sup- ports to apply for propane total oxidation. Low-angle X-ray diffraction （XRD）, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, CO chemisorption and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties of the catalysts. The results reveal that different pore sizes of KIT-6 supports could affect the Pt particle sizes on KIT-6. The mesopores on KIT-6-80 and KIT-6- 130 effectively confine the size of the inside Pt nanopar- ticles during calcining. Pt/KIT-6-80 with the appropriate pore size as well as the Pt particle size exhibits the best catalytic performance with T50 （the temperature at which hydrocarbon （HC） conversion reaches 50%） of only 237 ℃. However, Pt particles prefer dispersing on the external surface of KIT-6-40 due to those too small pores.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China Project(No.41602138)National Science and Technology Special Grant(No.2016ZX05006007)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation-funded Project(2015M580617,2017T100524)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(15CX08001A)
文摘The study or pore characteristics is or great importance in reservoir evaluation,especially in deeply buried s andstone.It controls the storage mechanism and reservoir fluid properties of the permeable horizons.The first member of Eocene Shahejie Formation(Esl)sandstone is classified as feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose.The present research investigates the pore characteristics and reservoir features of the deeply buried sandstone reservoir of Esl member of Shahejie Formation.The techniques including thin-section petrography,mercury injection capillary pressure(MICP),scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscope images were used to demarcate the pores including primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular,intragranular,dissolution and fracture pores.Mercury injection test and routine core analysis were led to demarcate the pore network characteristics of the studied reservoir.Pore size and pore throat size distribution are acquired from mercury injection test.Porosity values range from 0.5%to 30%,and permeability ranges 0.006-7000 mD.Pore radii of coarse-grained sandstone and fine-grained sandstone range from 0.2 to>4μm and 1 nm to 1.60μm,respectively,by MICP analysis.The mineral composition also plays an important role in protecting the pores with pressure from failure.Fractured sandstone and coarse-grained sandstone consist of large and interconnected pores that enhance the reservoir porosity and permeability,whereas fine-grained sandstone and siltstone consist of numerous pores but not well interconnected,and so they consist of high porosity with low permeability.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52102280,U2030206,11874254,51622207)Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.2019PJD016)+2 种基金Foundation of China Academy of Engineering Physics-Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics(No.2019BB07)Scientific Research Project of Zhijiang Laboratory(No.2021PE0AC02)funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)。
文摘Dendrite growth in lithium-ion batteries may bring thermal run-away especially at high current densities,which remains the major bottleneck to implement safe and fast charging for portable electronic devices or electronical vehicles.Designing dendrite inhibition separators with proper pore size is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to guarantee the battery safety.However,due to the impossible observation of lithium-ion distribution under separator by experiments,the underlying dendrite inhibition mechanism is still not fully understood.Here,we apply the phase-field model,which takes the separator phase into account to construct the electrochemical system total free energy,to study the ion re-distribution behavior of porous separator and understand the pore size inhibition effect on lithium dendrite.The numerical results indicate that separator with smaller pore size is beneficial to smoother electrodeposition,since the lithium-ion concentration on the electrode surface is more uniform under denser separator pores,when their sizes is larger than the critical nucleus.The proposed model could capture the physicochemical process of electrodeposition under multiphase structures,so it could also be used to explore dendrite growth under composite electrodes and composite solid electrolytes.
基金supported by Science Foundation of China(No.20573071)Key Scientific and Technological Projects of Shanxi Province(No.20090321059)
文摘We reported here the simultaneous influence of surface acidity and pore size of M-substituted hexagonal mesoporous silicas （Al- doped plugs-containing SBA-15 and M-doped MCM-41） on polymerization of THE These materials were directly synthesized by introduced aluminum isopropoxide into reaction mixture including surfactant and siliceous precursor. Al-doped plugs-containing SBA-15 （denotes as PAS） samples not only possess typical two-step desorption isotherms, which implied PAS materials generated plugs in their mesochannel, but also exhibit larger pore size and thicker wall than that of Al-doped MCM-41 （denotes as ACM）, which implied PAS would have a great advantage on catalytic reaction involving large molecular （e.g. polymer of THF） in industrial point＇of view. To investigate catalytic activity of PAS and ACM with moderate acidic sites the polymerization of THF in the presence of acetic anhydride was carried out. The results showed PAS exhibiting good performance on polymerization of THF. Such result could be related to the large pore size and moderate acidic sites.
基金supported by grants from Shenzhen Key Medical Subject(No.SZXK023)Shenzhen“SanMing”Project of Medicine(No.SZSM201612092)+3 种基金Shenzhen Research and Development Projects(No.JCYJ20170307111755218)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019A1515011290)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC1102103)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M672756)
文摘Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnectivity of porous Mg is limited due to the diverse architectures of pore struts and pore size distribution of Mg scaffold systems.In this work,biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds with tailored interconnectivity as well as pore size distribution were prepared by template replication of infiltration casting.Mg scaffold with better interconnectivity showed lower mechanical strength.Enlarging interconnected pores would enhance the interconnectivity of the whole scaffold and reduce the change of ion concentration,pH value and osmolality of the degradation microenvironment due to the lower specific surface area.Nevertheless,the degradation rates of five tested Mg scaffolds were no different because of the same geometry of strut unit.Direct cell culture and evaluation of cell density at both sides of four typical Mg scaffolds indicated that cell migration through hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds could be enhanced by not only bigger interconnected pore size but also larger main pore size.In summary,design of interconnectivity in terms of pore size distribution could regulate mechanical strength,microenvironment in cell culture condition and cell migration potential,and beyond that it shows great potential for personalized therapy which could facilitate the regeneration process.
基金Funded by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government Project(31.37. A212)
文摘The Compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution of high performance metakaolin (MK) concrete were investigated. Concretes containing 0,5% , 10% and 20% metakaolin were prepared at a water / cementitious material ratio ( W/C) of 0. 30. In parallel, concrete mixtures with the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash or 5 and 10% silica fume were prepared for comparison. The specimens were cured in water at 27℃ for 3 to 90 days. The results show that at the early age of curing (3 days and 7 days), metakaolin replacements increase the compressive strength, but silica fume replacement slightly reduces the compressive strength. At the age of and after 28 days , the compressive strength of the concrete with metakaolin and silica fume replacement increases. A strong reduction in the total porosity and average pore diameter were observed in the concrete with MK 20% and 10% in the first 7 days.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0603106)the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41802148)the State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting(Grant No.2462017YJRC025,Grant No.PRP/indep04-1611)
文摘Scholars often see the gas adsorption technique as a straight-to-interpret technique and adopt the pore size distribution(PSD)given by the gas adsorption technique directly to interpret pore-structure-related issues.The oversimplification of interpreting shale PSD based on monogeometric thermodynamic models leads to apparent bias to the realistic pore network.This work aims at establishing a novel thermodynamic model for shale PSD interpretation.We simplified the pore space into two geometric types—cylinder-shaped and slit-shaped.Firstly,Low-temperature Nitrogen Adsorption data were analyzed utilizing two monogeometric models(cylindrical and slit)to generate PSD_(cyl).and PSD_(slit);Secondly,pore geometric segmentation was carried out using Watershed by flooding on typical SEM images to obtain the ratio of slit-shaped(∅_(s))and cylinder-shaped pores(∅_(c)).Combining the results of the two,we proposed a novel hybrid model.We performed pyrolysis,XRD,FE-SEM observation,quantitative comparison with the results obtained by the DFT model,and fractal analysis to discuss the validity of the obtained PSD_(Hybrid).The results showed that:the hybrid model proposed in this work could better reflect the real geometry of pore space and provide a more realistic PSD;compared with thermodynamic monogeometric models,PSD obtained from the hybrid model are closer to that from the DFT model,with an improvement in the deviation from the DFT model from 5.06%to 68.88%.The proposed hybrid model has essential application prospects for better interpretation of shale pore space.It is also worth noting that we suggest applying the proposed hybrid model for PSD analysis in the range of 5-100 nm.
文摘A series of corundum based castables with 0,2%,4%,6%,and 8% α-Al2O3 micropowders were prepared using tabular alumina aggregates （6-3,3-1 and ≤1 mm） and fines （≤0.088 and ≤0.045 mm）,calcium aluminate cement,and α-Al2O3 micropowders （d50=1.754 μm） as starting materials. Cold mechanical strength and pore size distribution of the castables specimens after heat treatment at 110,1 100 and 1 500 ℃ were tested,respectively. The quantitative relationship between strength and apparent porosity,and that between strength and median pore diameter were verified by Atzeni equation. The correlation between interval of pore size and mechanical strength of specimens was also studied by means of gray relational theory. The results show that：（1） the pore size distribution of castables is strongly influenced by both micropowders filling and matrix sintering; the addition of micropowders decreases median pore diameter while the sintering process increases it; （2） when adding a constant correction term,Atzeni equation can substantially describe the quantitative relationship between median pore diameter and strength of castables specimens after heat treatment at the same temperature; the significant differences of the gray relational degree between the interval of pore size and castables strength are characterized; it is also found that for the same interval of pore size,the gray relational degree isaffected by the heat treatment temperature; the pore size interval 〈0.5 μm has the highest gray relational degree with the strength at 110-1 500 ℃.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20776089)
文摘Mesoporous silica supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and several silica supports with different pore size were utilized. N2 adsorption, XRD and ICP-AES techniques were utilized to characterize the silica supports and catalysts. XRD results showed that the dispersion of Cs2.5H0.5PW12 was better for the silica support with larger pore size. The catalytic activity results showed that the pore size played important role on the catalyst activity and the molecular weight of PTHF. When Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 was dispersed on larger pore size silica support, the catalysts showed good performances for the synthesis of PTHE The molecular weight of PTHF product on the sample in which Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 was dispersed on larger pore support was higher than that on the catalyst with smaller pore support. The leaching amounts of the active components for the supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalysts were much lower. After five reaction cycles, there were still good activities and stabilities for the supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalysts with larger pore silica supports. These results were much better than those of the supported heteropolyacid H3PW12O40 catalyst.
基金financial supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21603153)Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(No.2016HH0026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.YJ201544)。
文摘SBA-15 with varied pore size from 4 to 8 nm were synthesized by tuning the temperature of hydrothermal treatment,the supports were then used to load the active phase Cr Oxthrough a conventional impregnation method.The resulting catalysts were characterized by small/wide angle XRD,N_(2) adsorption/desorption,FT-IR,TEM-EDX,XPS,TPR and CO_(2)-TPD to study the feature of structure,surface chemical state,redox and basicity.It was found from these results that the metal species could be well dispersed on catalysts with larger pore size.Cr^(6+)species could enter into the framework by substituting the Si atoms of SBA-15,and Cr^(3+)mainly exist on extra framework.Pore size had profound effects on reducibility,surface composition and basicity.Cr^(6+)species were necessary to activate the C-H bonds of alkanes,while the basicity played an important role in activating C-O bonds of CO_(2).The best performances were achieved over the sample Cr supported on SBA-15 with a pore diameter of 7 nm in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane in the presence of CO_(2).
基金Funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province in 2018(No2018C03033-1)。
文摘We introduced a parameter r_s(the radius of the pores where the meniscus forms),which is composed of two factors,i e,water loss and cumulative pore size distribution(PSD),to provide a better explanation of the influence of superplasticizers(SPs)on early-age drying shrinkage.In our experiments,it is found that the addition of three types of SPs leads to a significant increase in the early-age drying shrinkage of cement paste,and drying shrinkage increases with the dosage of SPs.Based on the results above,we further studied the mechanism of the effects of SPs on the early-age drying shrinkage of cement paste by PSD and water loss,which are two components of r_s.The experimental results indicate that r_s can be a better index for the early-age drying shrinkage of cement-based materials with SPs than a single factor.In addition,the effects of SPs on other factors such as hydration degree and elastic modulus were also investigated and discussed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2160060639)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20160984)the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry(ZX15511310002)
文摘Membrane fouling is the key problem that occurs in membrane process for water treatment. However, how membrane microstructure influences the fouling behavior is still not clear. In this study, fouling behavior caused by dextran was deeply and systematically investigated by employing four poly（vinylidene fluoride） （PVDF） membranes with different pore sizes, ranging from 24 to 94 nm. The extent of fouling by dextran was accurately characterized by pore reduction, flux decline, and the change of critical flux. The result shows that membrane with the smallest pore size of 24 nm experienced the smallest fouling rate and the lowest fouling extent. As the membrane pore size increased, the critical flux ranges were 105-114, 63-73, 38-44 and 34- 43 L. m 2. h t, respectively. The critical flux and fouling resistances indicated that the fouling propensity in- creases with the increase of membrane pore size. Two pilot membrane modules with mean pore size of 25 nm and 60 nm were applied in membrane filtration of surface water treatment. The results showed that serious ir- reversible membrane fouling occurred on the membrane with pore size of 60 nm at the permeate flux of 40.5 L.m 2.h 1. On the other hand, membrane with pore size of 25 nm exhibited much better anti-fouling per- formance when permeate flux was set to 40.5, 48 and 60 L-m 2-h- 1.
文摘The effects of the components of solution for membrane casting and preparation conditions on the membrane performances are studied in this paper. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as polymer and DMAC as solvent. The ultrafiltration (UF) membranes whose cut-off of molecular weight is 150000 and flux of pure water reaches 150-200 ml/(cm2·h) were prepared by selecting proper components of solution for membrane casting and membrane preparation conditions.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(2012AA053305)the International Cooperation Project from Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2010DFA64080)
文摘In this work, the morphologies and pore structures of a series of corncob-derived activated carbons and zeolite templated carbon with ultrahigh surface area were carefully investigated by SEM, HRTEM and N2-sorption characterization technologies. The high-pressure hydrogen uptake performance was analyzed using standard Pressure-Composition-Temperature apparatus in order to study the pore size effects on hydrogen uptake. These as-obtained porous carbons showed different characteristics of pore size distribution as well as specific surface area. The results indicate that the most effective pores for adsorbing hydrogen depended on the storage pressure. These ultramicropores （0.65-0.85 nm） could be the most effective pores on excess H2 uptake at 1 bar, however, micropores （0.85-2 nm） would play a more important role in excess H2 uptake at higher pressure at 77 K. At room temperature, pore size effects on H2 uptake capacity were very weak. Both specific surface area and total pore volume play more important roles than pore size for H2 uptake at room temperature, which was clearly different from that at 77 K. For applications in future, the corncob-derived activated carbons can be more available than zeolite templated carbons at 77 K. Element doping enhanced hydrogen uptake could be main research direction for improving H2 uptake capacity at room temperature.
