This study's primary purpose was to explore the role of tourism development in enhancing well-being in a highly populated developing economy by focusing on the case study of Pakistan Several econometric techniques...This study's primary purpose was to explore the role of tourism development in enhancing well-being in a highly populated developing economy by focusing on the case study of Pakistan Several econometric techniques and approaches were used on annual time series data covering the 1990-2016 period to investigate the causal relationship of well-being with tourism development,political stability,economics,and population growth.The findings suggested that tourism development enhances economic growth and well-being,hence providing support for the tourism-led growth hypothesis However,population growth and political instability exhibited a negative relationship with well-being;in addition,the level of political stability determined tourism activities.Hence,this study is unique due to its specific focus on the role of political stability and tourism development in the enhancement of wellbeing in a highly populated developing economy Moreover,the practical implications of the study have been provided in light of the main findings.展开更多
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition includes inorganic N (IN) and organic N (ON).IN enrichment trends to reduce species richness greater than ON,likely lowering ecosystem stability,as species richness and ecosystem st...Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition includes inorganic N (IN) and organic N (ON).IN enrichment trends to reduce species richness greater than ON,likely lowering ecosystem stability,as species richness and ecosystem stability are usually positively related.However,previous field experiments evaluating N deposition effects on ecosystem stability used either IN or ON additions,likely biasing results.We assessed the effects of IN:ON ratios (0:10,3:7,5:5,7:3,and 10:0) at 10 g N m^(-2) year^(-1) on the temporal stability of plant community productivity in a temperate meadow grassland using 6-year (2017-2022) data from a long-term N addition experiment established in 2014.Species richness,species asynchrony,population stability,and dominant species stability were investigated to explore mechanisms underlying community stability changes.We found that IN:ON ratio showed no significant effect on community stability,although all N addition significantly reduced community stability (averaged 26.7% reduction).However,IN decreased species richness more than ON (54.1% reduction in 10:0 vs.31.8% reduction in 0:10).IN:ON ratio showed no significant effect on species asynchrony,population stability or dominant species stability.Species asynchrony and dominant species stability were both positively related to community stability,while population stability showed no significant association.It implies that species asynchrony and dominant species stability maintained community stability across IN:ON ratios.Overall,our findings suggest that,despite IN reducing species richness greater than ON,it may be reasonable to assess N deposition effects on ecosystem stability using either IN or ON addition.展开更多
A dynamic two-zone model is proposed to address the formation of granulation and drying zones in fluidized bed layering granulation processes with internal product classification. The model assumes a constant volume f...A dynamic two-zone model is proposed to address the formation of granulation and drying zones in fluidized bed layering granulation processes with internal product classification. The model assumes a constant volume for the granulation zone, but a variable overall volume for the fluidized bed to account for classified product removal. The model is used to study the effect of various process parameters on dynamics and process stability. Stability is shown to depend on the separation diameter of product removal and the flow rate of the injected liquid. A lower and upper range of separation diameters with stable process behavior are found. In an intermediate range instability in the form of self-sustained oscillations is observed. The lower stability boundary is in qualitative agreement with recent experimental observations （Schmidt, Bück, ＆ Tsotsas, 2015）; the upper boundary was reported in a theoretical paper by Vreman, Van Lare, and Hounslow （2009） based on a single zone model.展开更多
文摘This study's primary purpose was to explore the role of tourism development in enhancing well-being in a highly populated developing economy by focusing on the case study of Pakistan Several econometric techniques and approaches were used on annual time series data covering the 1990-2016 period to investigate the causal relationship of well-being with tourism development,political stability,economics,and population growth.The findings suggested that tourism development enhances economic growth and well-being,hence providing support for the tourism-led growth hypothesis However,population growth and political instability exhibited a negative relationship with well-being;in addition,the level of political stability determined tourism activities.Hence,this study is unique due to its specific focus on the role of political stability and tourism development in the enhancement of wellbeing in a highly populated developing economy Moreover,the practical implications of the study have been provided in light of the main findings.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1300603, 2022YFE0128000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171592, 32061123005, 31270476)Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CI2024C003YN)。
文摘Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition includes inorganic N (IN) and organic N (ON).IN enrichment trends to reduce species richness greater than ON,likely lowering ecosystem stability,as species richness and ecosystem stability are usually positively related.However,previous field experiments evaluating N deposition effects on ecosystem stability used either IN or ON additions,likely biasing results.We assessed the effects of IN:ON ratios (0:10,3:7,5:5,7:3,and 10:0) at 10 g N m^(-2) year^(-1) on the temporal stability of plant community productivity in a temperate meadow grassland using 6-year (2017-2022) data from a long-term N addition experiment established in 2014.Species richness,species asynchrony,population stability,and dominant species stability were investigated to explore mechanisms underlying community stability changes.We found that IN:ON ratio showed no significant effect on community stability,although all N addition significantly reduced community stability (averaged 26.7% reduction).However,IN decreased species richness more than ON (54.1% reduction in 10:0 vs.31.8% reduction in 0:10).IN:ON ratio showed no significant effect on species asynchrony,population stability or dominant species stability.Species asynchrony and dominant species stability were both positively related to community stability,while population stability showed no significant association.It implies that species asynchrony and dominant species stability maintained community stability across IN:ON ratios.Overall,our findings suggest that,despite IN reducing species richness greater than ON,it may be reasonable to assess N deposition effects on ecosystem stability using either IN or ON addition.
文摘A dynamic two-zone model is proposed to address the formation of granulation and drying zones in fluidized bed layering granulation processes with internal product classification. The model assumes a constant volume for the granulation zone, but a variable overall volume for the fluidized bed to account for classified product removal. The model is used to study the effect of various process parameters on dynamics and process stability. Stability is shown to depend on the separation diameter of product removal and the flow rate of the injected liquid. A lower and upper range of separation diameters with stable process behavior are found. In an intermediate range instability in the form of self-sustained oscillations is observed. The lower stability boundary is in qualitative agreement with recent experimental observations （Schmidt, Bück, ＆ Tsotsas, 2015）; the upper boundary was reported in a theoretical paper by Vreman, Van Lare, and Hounslow （2009） based on a single zone model.
