Disinfection of swimming pool water is critical to ensure the safety of the recreational activity for swimmers.However,swimming pools have a constant loading of organic matter from input water and anthropogenic contam...Disinfection of swimming pool water is critical to ensure the safety of the recreational activity for swimmers.However,swimming pools have a constant loading of organic matter from input water and anthropogenic contamination,leading to elevated levels of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).Epidemiological studies have associated increased risks of adverse health effects with frequent exposure to DBPs in swimming pools.Zhang et al.(2023b)investigated the occurrence of trihalomethanes(THMs),haloacetic acids(HAAs),haloacetonitriles(HANs),and haloacetaldehydes(HALs)in eight swimming pools and the corresponding input water in a city in Eastern China.The concentrations of THMs,HAAs,HANs,and HALs in swimming poolswere 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those detected in the input water.The total lifetime cancer and non-cancer health risks of swimmers through oral,dermal,inhalation,buccal,and aural exposure pathways were assessed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s(USEPA)standard model and Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model(SWIMODEL).The results showed that dermal and inhalation pathways were the most significant for the associated cancer and non-cancer risks.This article provides an overview and perspectives of DBPs in swimming pools,the benefits of swimming,the need to improve the monitoring of DBPs,and the importance of swimmers’hygiene practices to keep swimming pools clean.The benefits of swimming outweigh the risks from DBP exposure for the promotion of public health.展开更多
Addressing global warming,a common change today,requires achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(also referred to as the dual carbon goals).Enhancing research on the carbon cycle is urgently need...Addressing global warming,a common change today,requires achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(also referred to as the dual carbon goals).Enhancing research on the carbon cycle is urgently needed as the foundation.Water,a key carrier in the carbon cycle,necessitates investigation into groundwater carbon pools’contribution to atmospheric carbon sinks.This study assessed carbon stocks in the Yinchuan Basin’s soil and groundwater carbon pools.Findings indicate the basin’s surface soils contain approximately 24.16 Tg of organic carbon and a total of 60.01 Tg of carbon.In contrast,the basin’s groundwater holds around 4.90 Tg of carbon,roughly one-fifth of the organic carbon in surface soils.Thus,groundwater and soil carbon pools possess comparable carbon stocks,underscoring the importance of the groundwater carbon pool.Studies on terrestrial carbon balance should incorporate groundwater carbon pools,which deserve increased focus.Evaluating groundwater carbon pools’contributions is vital for achieving the dual carbon goals.展开更多
Cold pools(CPs)significantly influence coastal heavy rainfall,but detailed observations of them are limited due to the lack of vertical measurement instruments.This study statistically characterizes CPs in the coastal...Cold pools(CPs)significantly influence coastal heavy rainfall,but detailed observations of them are limited due to the lack of vertical measurement instruments.This study statistically characterizes CPs in the coastal monsoon region of South China using unique data from the 356-m-high Shenzhen Meteorological Tower.CP occurrence correlates with convective activities influenced by the summer monsoon in the seasonal variations and land–sea breeze activities in the diurnal cycle.The CPs predominantly dry the atmosphere,highlighting the dominant role of dry entrainment through convective downdrafts in their formation,with a minor role of hydrometeor evaporation.The average CP depth is estimated at 668.0 m,deeper than tropical CPs but shallower than midlatitude counterparts.The CP properties exhibit diurnal variability,largely influenced by mesoscale convective system(MCS)activities.MCS-induced CPs are deeper and more intense than those from individual convective cells,while linear-MCS-produced CPs are the most intense.These observations from the coastal monsoon region contribute to a comprehensive global understanding of CP characteristics,complementing existing studies from midlatitude and tropical regions.展开更多
In modern engineering,enhancing boiling heat transfer efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy use and several industrial processes involving different types of materials.This study explores the enhancement of pool...In modern engineering,enhancing boiling heat transfer efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy use and several industrial processes involving different types of materials.This study explores the enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer potentially induced by combining perforated copper particles on a heated surface with a sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)surfactant in saturated deionized water.Experiments were conducted at standard atmospheric pressure,with heat flux ranging from 20 to 100 kW/m2.The heating surface,positioned below the layer of freely moving copper beads,allowed the particle layer to shift due to liquid convection and steam nucleation.The study reports on the influence of copper bead diameter(2,3,4,and 5 mm),particle quantity,arrangement,and SDS concentration(20,200,and 500 ppm).It is shown that the combination of 5 mm particles and a 500 ppm SDS concentration can yield a remarkable 139%improvement in heat transfer efficiency.As demonstrated by direct flow visualization,bubble formation occurs primarily in the gaps between the particles and the heated surface,with the presence of SDS reducing bubble size and accelerating bubble detachment.展开更多
With the rise in drowning accidents in swimming pools,the demand for the precision and speed in artificial intelligence(AI)drowning detection methods has become increasingly crucial.Here,an improved YOLO-based method,...With the rise in drowning accidents in swimming pools,the demand for the precision and speed in artificial intelligence(AI)drowning detection methods has become increasingly crucial.Here,an improved YOLO-based method,named DrownACB-YOLO,for drowning detection in swimming pools is proposed.Since existing methods focus on the drowned state,a transition label is added to the original dataset to provide timely alerts.Following this expanded dataset,two improvements are implemented in the original YOLOv5.Firstly,the spatial pyramid pooling(SPP)module and the default upsampling operator are replaced by the atrous spatial pyramid pooling(ASPP)module and the content-aware reassembly of feature(CARAFE)module,respectively.Secondly,the cross stage partial bottleneck with three convolutions(C3)module at the end of the backbone is replaced with the bottleneck transformer(BotNet)module.The results of comparison experiments demonstrate that DrownACB-YOLO performs better than other models.展开更多
The malicious mining pool can sacrifice part of its revenue to employ the computing power of blockchain network.The employed computing power carries out the pool mining attacks on the attacked mining pool.To realize t...The malicious mining pool can sacrifice part of its revenue to employ the computing power of blockchain network.The employed computing power carries out the pool mining attacks on the attacked mining pool.To realize the win-win game between the malicious mining pool and the employee,the paper proposes an Employment Attack Pricing Algorithm(EAPA)of mining pools in blockchain based on game theory.In the EAPA,the paper uses mathematical formulas to express the revenue of malicious mining pools under the employment attack,the revenue increment of malicious mining pools,and the revenue of the employee.It establishes a game model between the malicious mining pool and the employee under the employment attack.Then,the paper proposes an optimal computing power price selection strategy of employment attack based on model derivation.In the strategy,the malicious mining pool analyzes the conditions for the employment attack,and uses the derivative method to find the optimal utilization value of computing power,employees analyze the conditions for accepting employment,and use the derivative method to find the optimal reward value of computing power.Finally,the strategy finds the optimal employment computing power price to realize Nash equilibrium between the malicious mining pool and the employee under the current computing power allocation.The simulation results show that the EAPA could find the employment computing power price that realizes the win-win game between the malicious mining pool and the employee.The EAPA also maximizes the unit computing power revenue of employment and the unit computing power revenue of honest mining in malicious mining pool at the same time.The EAPA outperforms the state-of-the-art methods such as SPSUCP,DPSACP,and FPSUCP.展开更多
Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic amendments is adopted widely for promoting the availability of soil phosphorus(P)in agricultural production.However,few studies have comprehensively evaluated th...Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic amendments is adopted widely for promoting the availability of soil phosphorus(P)in agricultural production.However,few studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of longterm organic substitution on soil P availability and microbial activity in greenhouse vegetable fields.A 10-year(2009–2019)field experiment was carried out to investigate the impacts of organic fertilizer substitution on soil P pools,phosphatase activities and the microbial community,and identify factors that regulate these soil P transformation characteristics.Four treatments included 100%chemical N fertilizer(4 CN),50%substitution of chemical N by manure(2 CN+2 MN),straw(2 CN+2 SN),and combined manure with straw(2 CN+1 MN+1 SN).Compared with the 4 CN treatment,organic substitution treatments increased celery and tomato yields by 6.9-13.8%and 8.6-18.1%,respectively,with the highest yields being in the 2 CN+1 MN+1 SN treatment.After 10 years of fertilization,organic substitution treatments reduced total P and inorganic P accumulation,increased the concentrations of available P,organic P,and microbial biomass P,and promoted phosphatase activities(alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase,phosphodiesterase,and phytase)and microbial growth in comparison with the 4 CN treatment.Further,organic substitution treatments significantly increased soil C/P,and the partial least squares path model(PLS-PM)revealed that the soil C/P ratio directly and significantly affected phosphatase activities and the microbial biomass and positively influenced soil P pools and vegetable yield.Partial least squares(PLS)regression demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi positively affected phosphatase activities.Our results suggest that organic fertilizer substitution can promote soil P transformation and availability.Combining manure with straw was more effective than applying these materials separately for developing sustainable P management practices.展开更多
Pre-melting is a phenomenon that below the melting point the liquid-like structure appears at the grainboundary while the grain interior remains a crystal structure. The phase-field crystal method was employed to inve...Pre-melting is a phenomenon that below the melting point the liquid-like structure appears at the grainboundary while the grain interior remains a crystal structure. The phase-field crystal method was employed to investigate the early evolution of the liquid pools in pre-melting regions, mainly involving four structural transformations: solid-solid state → small droplet → large liquid pool → homogeneous liquid melting. The microscopic morphology and free energy variation with different average atomic densities demonstrate that the average atomic density is sensitive to the morphological characteristics of liquid pools. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulation results show that the amplitude reduction of order parameters can promote the order-disorder transition of grain boundaries, causing pre-melting in the edge dislocation aggregation. The relationship between the average atomic density and the width of the liquid pools is verified from thermodynamics, which provides a prerequisite for the application of high-temperature strain in the later stage to some extent.展开更多
The potential feedback by intracellular nitrogen pools on maximum N uptake (NH + 4) rate were determined for Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui and Ulva pertusa. The results of correlation matrix analyz...The potential feedback by intracellular nitrogen pools on maximum N uptake (NH + 4) rate were determined for Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui and Ulva pertusa. The results of correlation matrix analyzing showed that the surge uptake of ammonium seemed related to rapid changes in small intracellular pools of inorganic nitrogen or small peptide and amino acids rather than to changes in TN content of the macroalgae. The assimilation rates of nitrogen of U. pertusa and G. tenuistipitata increased slowly during N starvation and were mainly regulated by amino acids and some incorporation of amino acids into macromolecules. From ecological point of view, the fast growing and uptaking nutrient U. pertusa is more suitable to improve water quality in integrated shrimp culture ponds in which external nutrient supplies are usually high and constant during the culture period, while G. tenuistipitata var. liui is more suitable to be polycultured in a waters with intermittence supply of nutrients.展开更多
Mineralisable soil organic carbon(SOC)pools vary with ecosystem type in response to changes in climate,vegetation and soil properties.Understanding the effect of climate and soil factors on SOC pools is critical for p...Mineralisable soil organic carbon(SOC)pools vary with ecosystem type in response to changes in climate,vegetation and soil properties.Understanding the effect of climate and soil factors on SOC pools is critical for predicting change over time.Surface soil samples from six ecoregions of the United States were analyzed for permanganate oxidizable C(KMnO4-C)and mineralizable C pools.Variations of SOC ranged from 7.9 mg g^-1(Florida site)to 325 mg g^-1(Hawaii site).Mineralisable C pools and KMnO4-C were highest in soils from the Hawaii site.Mean annual precipitation explains SOC and resistant C pool variations.Clay content was related to mineralisable active C pools and bacterial abundance.Mean annual precipitation and clay content are potential variables for predicting changes in SOC pools at large spatial scales.展开更多
Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still ...Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still not well understood. The majority of subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are developed in the middle interval of the Es3 Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation with the subtle traps being primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands encompassed in mudstones. Oil in the subtle traps was previously thought to have migrated directly from the surrounding source rocks of the same formation （Es3）. Detailed geochemical investigation of 41 oils and 41 rock samples from the depression now indicates that the oils from the subtle traps cannot be correlated well with the surrounding Es3 source rocks, which are characterized by high Pr/ Ph （〉1）, low Gammacerane/C30hopane, representing a freshwater lacustrine setting. In contrast the oils features low Pr/Ph （〈1） and relatively high Gammacerane content, showing a genetic affinity with the underlying Es4 source rocks, which also have the same qualities, indicating a brackish lacustrine setting. Oils in the Es3 subtle traps are probably derived from mixed sources with the contribution from the upper Es4 source rocks predominating. Therefore unconventional oil migration and accumulation mechanisms need to be invoked to explain the pooling of oils from the ES4 source rocks, which probably came through a thick low interval of the Es3 source rocks with no apparent structural or stratigraphic pathways. We suggest that the subtle oil migration pathway probably plays an important role here. This finding may have significant implications for future exploration and the remaining resource evaluation in the Dongying Depression.展开更多
Although the health benefits of swimming are well-documented, health effects such as asthma and bladder cancer are linked to disinfection by-products(DBPs) in pool water. DBPs are formed from the reaction of disinfect...Although the health benefits of swimming are well-documented, health effects such as asthma and bladder cancer are linked to disinfection by-products(DBPs) in pool water. DBPs are formed from the reaction of disinfectants such as chlorine(Cl) or bromine(Br) with organics in the water. Our previous study(Daiber et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 6652;2016) found correlations between the concentrations of classes of DBPs and the mutagenic potencies of waters from chlorinated or brominated swimming pools and spas. We extended this study by identifying significantly different concentrations of 21 individual DBPs in brominated or chlorinated pool and spa waters as well as identifying which DBPs and additional DBP classes were most associated with the mutagenicity of these waters. Using data from our previous study, we found that among 21 DBPs analyzed in 21 pool and spa waters, the concentration of bromoacetic acid was significantly higher in Brwaters versus Cl-waters, whereas the concentration of trichloroacetic acid was significantly higher in Cl-waters. Five Br-DBPs(tribromomethane, dibromochloroacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, bromoacetic acid, and tribromoacetic acid) had significantly higher concentrations in Br-spa versus Cl-spa waters. Cl-pools had significantly higher concentrations of ClDBPs(trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and chloroacetic acid), whereas Br-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Br-DBPs(tribromomethane, dibromoacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, and tribromoacetic acid). The concentrations of the sum of all 4 trihalomethanes, all 11 Br-DBPs, and all 5 nitrogen-containing DBPs were each significantly higher in brominated than in chlorinated pools and spas. The 8 Br-DBPs were the only DBPs whose individual concentrations were significantly correlated with the mutagenic potencies of the pool and spa waters. These results, along with those from our earlier study, highlight the importance of Br-DBPs in the mutagenicity of these recreational waters.展开更多
Global change will lead to increases in regional precipitation and nitrogen（N） deposition in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China. We investigated the responses of vegetation carbon（C） pools to simulated pre...Global change will lead to increases in regional precipitation and nitrogen（N） deposition in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China. We investigated the responses of vegetation carbon（C） pools to simulated precipitation and N deposition increases through field experiments in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. The treatments included NH4NO3 addition at concentrations of 0（CK）, 5（LN, low nitrogen）, 10（middle nitrogen, MN）, and 20（HN,high nitrogen）（g m^（-2）a^（-1）） with and without water. After three consecutive years of treatment, from 2010 to 2012,water addition did not significantly change the size of the total vegetation C pools, but it significantly decreased the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.05） relative to controls. By contrast, N addition significantly increased the total vegetation C pools. The C pools in the LN, MN and HN treatments increased by 22, 39 and 44 %, respectively. MN produced the largest effect among the N concentrations,although differences between N-added treatments were not significant（P ？ 0.05）. N addition significantly reduced the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.03）. However, there were no significant interactive effects of water and N addition on the vegetation C pools.展开更多
Taking the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation in the Mosuowan-Mobei area of the Junggar Basin as an example, this paper provides a method that evaluates paleo hydrocarbon pools and predicts secondary reservoirs. Through Qua...Taking the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation in the Mosuowan-Mobei area of the Junggar Basin as an example, this paper provides a method that evaluates paleo hydrocarbon pools and predicts secondary reservoirs. Through Quantitative Grain Fluorescence （QGF） experiments, well-tie seismic correlation, and paleo structure analysis, the scale and distribution of paleo hydrocarbon pools in the study area are outlined. Combining current structural features and fault characteristics, the re-migration pathways of paleo oil and gas are depicted. Based on barrier conditions on the oil re-migration pathways and current reservoir distribution, we recognize three types of secondary reservoirs. By analyzing structural evolution and sand body-fault distribution, the major control factors of secondary reservoirs are specified and, consequently, favorable zones for secondary reservoirs are predicted. The results are mainly as follows. （1） In the primary accumulation period in the Cretaceous, paleo hydrocarbon pools were formed in the Sangonghe Formation of the Mosuowan uplift and their size and distribution were extensive and the exploration potential for secondary reservoirs should not be ignored. Besides, paleo reservoirs were also formed in the Mobei uplift, but just small scale. （2） In the adjustment period in the Neogene, traps were reshaped or destroyed and so were the paleo reservoirs, resulting in oil release. The released oil migrated linearly northward along the structural highs of the Mobei uplift and the Qianshao low-relief uplift and then formed secondary reservoirs when it met new traps. In this process, a structural ridge cooperated with sand bodies and faults, applying unobstructed pathways for oil and gas re-migration. （3） The secondary hydrocarbon pools are classified into three types： low-relief anticlinal type, lithologic pinch-out type and fault block type. The distribution of the first type is controlled by a residual low uplift in the north flank of the paleo-anticline. The second type is distributed in the lithologic pinch-out zones on the periphery of the inherited paleo uplift. The third type is controlled by fault zones of which the strikes are perpendicular to the hydrocarbon re-migration pathways. （4） Four favorable zones for secondary reservoirs are predicted： the low-relief structural zone of the north flank of the Mosuowan paleo-anticline, the fault barrier zone on the western flank of the Mobei uplift, the Qianshao low-relief uplift and the north area of the Mobei uplift that parallels the fault zone. The study above effectively supports the exploration of the Qianshao low-relief uplift, with commercial oil discovered in the Qianshaol well. Besides, the research process in this paper can also be applied to other basins to explore for secondary reservoirs.展开更多
The stratospheric worm pools, called the 4-day wave also, are mainly the temperature anomalies in the polar regions of winter hemisphere. It will be shown that their occurrence, propagation speed and specific structur...The stratospheric worm pools, called the 4-day wave also, are mainly the temperature anomalies in the polar regions of winter hemisphere. It will be shown that their occurrence, propagation speed and specific structure can be explained by the lower frequency coherent heating resulting from the wave interaction in the breaking layers of the stratosphere. Although their vertical phase slope is negligibly small, the warm pools cannot be considered as a barotropic anomaly.展开更多
Matching soil grid unit resolutions with polygon unit map scales is important to minimize the uncertainty of regional soil organic carbon(SOC) pool simulation due to their strong influences on the modeling.A series of...Matching soil grid unit resolutions with polygon unit map scales is important to minimize the uncertainty of regional soil organic carbon(SOC) pool simulation due to their strong influences on the modeling.A series of soil grid units at varying cell sizes was derived from soil polygon units at six map scales,namely,1:50 000(C5),1:200 000(D2),1:500 000(P5),1:1 000 000(N1),1:4 000 000(N4) and 1:14 000 000(N14),in the Taihu Region of China.Both soil unit formats were used for regional SOC pool simulation with a De Nitrification-DeC omposition(DNDC) process-based model,which spans the time period from 1982 to 2000 at the six map scales.Four indices,namely,soil type number(STN),area(AREA),average SOC density(ASOCD) and total SOC stocks(SOCS) of surface paddy soils that were simulated by the DNDC,were distinguished from all these soil polygon and grid units.Subjecting to the four index values(IV) from the parent polygon units,the variations in an index value(VIV,%) from the grid units were used to assess its dataset accuracy and redundancy,which reflects the uncertainty in the simulation of SOC pools.Optimal soil grid unit resolutions were generated and suggested for the DNDC simulation of regional SOC pools,matching their respective soil polygon unit map scales.With these optimal raster resolutions,the soil grid units datasets can have the same accuracy as their parent polygon units datasets without any redundancy,when VIV < 1% was assumed to be a criterion for all four indices.A quadratic curve regression model,namely,y = – 0.80 × 10^(–6)x^2 + 0.0228 x + 0.0211(R^2 = 0.9994,P < 0.05),and a power function model R? = 10.394?^(0.2153)(R^2 = 0.9759,P < 0.05) were revealed,which describe the relationship between the optimal soil grid unit resolution(y,km) and soil polygon unit map scale(1:10 000x),the ratio(R?,%) of the optimal soil grid size to average polygon patch size(?,km^2) and the ?,with the highest R^2 among different mathematical regressions,respectively.This knowledge may facilitate the grid partitioning of regions during the investigation and simulation of SOC pool dynamics at a certain map scale,and be referenced to other landscape polygon patches' mesh partition.展开更多
Vertical structure of an unconformity can be divided into three layers:basal conglomerate or transgressive sand,weathered clay layer and leached rock.When the weathered clay layer has a little thickness or limited dis...Vertical structure of an unconformity can be divided into three layers:basal conglomerate or transgressive sand,weathered clay layer and leached rock.When the weathered clay layer has a little thickness or limited distribution,the overlying and underlying strata will contact directly,and the lithology is often different.This lithologic difference causes different fluid transporting capacity,and it also展开更多
Disinfectants are added to swimming pools to kill harmful pathogens. Although liquid chlorine(sodium hypochlorite) is the most commonly used disinfectant, alternative disinfection techniques like electrochemically gen...Disinfectants are added to swimming pools to kill harmful pathogens. Although liquid chlorine(sodium hypochlorite) is the most commonly used disinfectant, alternative disinfection techniques like electrochemically generated mixed oxidants or electrochemically generated chlorine, often referred to as salt water pools, are growing in popularity. However, these disinfectants react with natural organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants introduced to the pool water by swimmers to form disinfection byproducts(DBPs). DBPs have been linked to several adverse health effects, such as bladder cancer, adverse birth outcomes, and asthma. In this study, we quantified 60 DBPs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assessed the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of an indoor community swimming pool before and after switching to a salt water pool with electrochemically generated chlorine. Interestingly, the total DBPs increased by 15% upon implementation of the salt water pool, but the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity decreased by 45% and 15%, respectively. Predominant DBP classes formed were haloacetic acids, with trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid contributing 57% of the average total DBPs formed. Haloacetonitriles, haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes were the primary drivers of calculated cytotoxicity, and haloacetic acids were the primary driver of calculated genotoxicity. Diiodoacetic acid, a highly toxic iodinated DBP, is reported for the first time in swimming pool water. Bromide impurities in sodium chloride used to electrochemically generate chlorine led to a 73% increase in brominated DBPs, primarily driven by bromochloroacetic acid. This study presents the most extensive DBP study to-date for salt water pools.展开更多
Prolonged extensional regime in peninsular India resulted in formation of rift and grabens,elongated basins and Gondwana sedimentation along them.Downward progression of rift related faults caused decompression
This study investigated interdecadal variability of June–October(JJASO) the large and small warm pools in western Pacific and their association with rainfall anomalies using station and reanalysis data from 1958 to 2...This study investigated interdecadal variability of June–October(JJASO) the large and small warm pools in western Pacific and their association with rainfall anomalies using station and reanalysis data from 1958 to 2008.The results indicated that the large and small warm pools in western Pacific showed an interdecadal shift around 1986.The large warm pool years over western Pacific were found after 1986,whereas the small warm pool years were often seen throughout the periods before 1986.The analysis results also showed that there were obvious interdecadal variability in JJASO rainfall in Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.During 1958–1985(small warm pool years),the decrease in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture divergence and sinking motion over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.However,during 1986–2008(large warm pool years),the increase in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture convergence and ascending motion.Further analysis showed that large warm pool contributed to the increase in surface latent heat fluxes over warm pool in the western Pacific.Thus,there was an increase in the amount of water vapor over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific,which contributed to increased rainfall in these regions.展开更多
文摘Disinfection of swimming pool water is critical to ensure the safety of the recreational activity for swimmers.However,swimming pools have a constant loading of organic matter from input water and anthropogenic contamination,leading to elevated levels of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).Epidemiological studies have associated increased risks of adverse health effects with frequent exposure to DBPs in swimming pools.Zhang et al.(2023b)investigated the occurrence of trihalomethanes(THMs),haloacetic acids(HAAs),haloacetonitriles(HANs),and haloacetaldehydes(HALs)in eight swimming pools and the corresponding input water in a city in Eastern China.The concentrations of THMs,HAAs,HANs,and HALs in swimming poolswere 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those detected in the input water.The total lifetime cancer and non-cancer health risks of swimmers through oral,dermal,inhalation,buccal,and aural exposure pathways were assessed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s(USEPA)standard model and Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model(SWIMODEL).The results showed that dermal and inhalation pathways were the most significant for the associated cancer and non-cancer risks.This article provides an overview and perspectives of DBPs in swimming pools,the benefits of swimming,the need to improve the monitoring of DBPs,and the importance of swimmers’hygiene practices to keep swimming pools clean.The benefits of swimming outweigh the risks from DBP exposure for the promotion of public health.
基金supported by the third scientific survey project in Xinjiang(2022xjkk0300)the public welfare geological survey projects initiated by the China Geological Survey(DD20190296,DD20221731).
文摘Addressing global warming,a common change today,requires achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(also referred to as the dual carbon goals).Enhancing research on the carbon cycle is urgently needed as the foundation.Water,a key carrier in the carbon cycle,necessitates investigation into groundwater carbon pools’contribution to atmospheric carbon sinks.This study assessed carbon stocks in the Yinchuan Basin’s soil and groundwater carbon pools.Findings indicate the basin’s surface soils contain approximately 24.16 Tg of organic carbon and a total of 60.01 Tg of carbon.In contrast,the basin’s groundwater holds around 4.90 Tg of carbon,roughly one-fifth of the organic carbon in surface soils.Thus,groundwater and soil carbon pools possess comparable carbon stocks,underscoring the importance of the groundwater carbon pool.Studies on terrestrial carbon balance should incorporate groundwater carbon pools,which deserve increased focus.Evaluating groundwater carbon pools’contributions is vital for achieving the dual carbon goals.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2024YFC3013003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42475002)+2 种基金the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (Grant Nos. SML2024SP035, SML2024SP012, and 311024001)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant Nos. 2025A1515011974, 2024A1515510005 and 2020B0301030004)the Key Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. CMA2023ZD08)
文摘Cold pools(CPs)significantly influence coastal heavy rainfall,but detailed observations of them are limited due to the lack of vertical measurement instruments.This study statistically characterizes CPs in the coastal monsoon region of South China using unique data from the 356-m-high Shenzhen Meteorological Tower.CP occurrence correlates with convective activities influenced by the summer monsoon in the seasonal variations and land–sea breeze activities in the diurnal cycle.The CPs predominantly dry the atmosphere,highlighting the dominant role of dry entrainment through convective downdrafts in their formation,with a minor role of hydrometeor evaporation.The average CP depth is estimated at 668.0 m,deeper than tropical CPs but shallower than midlatitude counterparts.The CP properties exhibit diurnal variability,largely influenced by mesoscale convective system(MCS)activities.MCS-induced CPs are deeper and more intense than those from individual convective cells,while linear-MCS-produced CPs are the most intense.These observations from the coastal monsoon region contribute to a comprehensive global understanding of CP characteristics,complementing existing studies from midlatitude and tropical regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.52166004)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2022YFC3902000)+2 种基金the Major Science and Technology Special Project of Yunnan Province(Project Nos.202202AG050007202202AG050002)the Research on the Development of Complete Sets of Technology for Extraction of Aromatic Substances from Tobacco Waste and Its Application,Applied Research-Pyrolysis Process Technology Research(2023QT01).
文摘In modern engineering,enhancing boiling heat transfer efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy use and several industrial processes involving different types of materials.This study explores the enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer potentially induced by combining perforated copper particles on a heated surface with a sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)surfactant in saturated deionized water.Experiments were conducted at standard atmospheric pressure,with heat flux ranging from 20 to 100 kW/m2.The heating surface,positioned below the layer of freely moving copper beads,allowed the particle layer to shift due to liquid convection and steam nucleation.The study reports on the influence of copper bead diameter(2,3,4,and 5 mm),particle quantity,arrangement,and SDS concentration(20,200,and 500 ppm).It is shown that the combination of 5 mm particles and a 500 ppm SDS concentration can yield a remarkable 139%improvement in heat transfer efficiency.As demonstrated by direct flow visualization,bubble formation occurs primarily in the gaps between the particles and the heated surface,with the presence of SDS reducing bubble size and accelerating bubble detachment.
文摘With the rise in drowning accidents in swimming pools,the demand for the precision and speed in artificial intelligence(AI)drowning detection methods has become increasingly crucial.Here,an improved YOLO-based method,named DrownACB-YOLO,for drowning detection in swimming pools is proposed.Since existing methods focus on the drowned state,a transition label is added to the original dataset to provide timely alerts.Following this expanded dataset,two improvements are implemented in the original YOLOv5.Firstly,the spatial pyramid pooling(SPP)module and the default upsampling operator are replaced by the atrous spatial pyramid pooling(ASPP)module and the content-aware reassembly of feature(CARAFE)module,respectively.Secondly,the cross stage partial bottleneck with three convolutions(C3)module at the end of the backbone is replaced with the bottleneck transformer(BotNet)module.The results of comparison experiments demonstrate that DrownACB-YOLO performs better than other models.
基金funded by the“Ling Yan”Research and Development Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province of China under Grants No.2022C03122Public Welfare Technology Application and Research Projects of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province of China under Grants No.LGF22F020006 and LGF21F010004.
文摘The malicious mining pool can sacrifice part of its revenue to employ the computing power of blockchain network.The employed computing power carries out the pool mining attacks on the attacked mining pool.To realize the win-win game between the malicious mining pool and the employee,the paper proposes an Employment Attack Pricing Algorithm(EAPA)of mining pools in blockchain based on game theory.In the EAPA,the paper uses mathematical formulas to express the revenue of malicious mining pools under the employment attack,the revenue increment of malicious mining pools,and the revenue of the employee.It establishes a game model between the malicious mining pool and the employee under the employment attack.Then,the paper proposes an optimal computing power price selection strategy of employment attack based on model derivation.In the strategy,the malicious mining pool analyzes the conditions for the employment attack,and uses the derivative method to find the optimal utilization value of computing power,employees analyze the conditions for accepting employment,and use the derivative method to find the optimal reward value of computing power.Finally,the strategy finds the optimal employment computing power price to realize Nash equilibrium between the malicious mining pool and the employee under the current computing power allocation.The simulation results show that the EAPA could find the employment computing power price that realizes the win-win game between the malicious mining pool and the employee.The EAPA also maximizes the unit computing power revenue of employment and the unit computing power revenue of honest mining in malicious mining pool at the same time.The EAPA outperforms the state-of-the-art methods such as SPSUCP,DPSACP,and FPSUCP.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-23-B04)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0201001)。
文摘Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic amendments is adopted widely for promoting the availability of soil phosphorus(P)in agricultural production.However,few studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of longterm organic substitution on soil P availability and microbial activity in greenhouse vegetable fields.A 10-year(2009–2019)field experiment was carried out to investigate the impacts of organic fertilizer substitution on soil P pools,phosphatase activities and the microbial community,and identify factors that regulate these soil P transformation characteristics.Four treatments included 100%chemical N fertilizer(4 CN),50%substitution of chemical N by manure(2 CN+2 MN),straw(2 CN+2 SN),and combined manure with straw(2 CN+1 MN+1 SN).Compared with the 4 CN treatment,organic substitution treatments increased celery and tomato yields by 6.9-13.8%and 8.6-18.1%,respectively,with the highest yields being in the 2 CN+1 MN+1 SN treatment.After 10 years of fertilization,organic substitution treatments reduced total P and inorganic P accumulation,increased the concentrations of available P,organic P,and microbial biomass P,and promoted phosphatase activities(alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase,phosphodiesterase,and phytase)and microbial growth in comparison with the 4 CN treatment.Further,organic substitution treatments significantly increased soil C/P,and the partial least squares path model(PLS-PM)revealed that the soil C/P ratio directly and significantly affected phosphatase activities and the microbial biomass and positively influenced soil P pools and vegetable yield.Partial least squares(PLS)regression demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi positively affected phosphatase activities.Our results suggest that organic fertilizer substitution can promote soil P transformation and availability.Combining manure with straw was more effective than applying these materials separately for developing sustainable P management practices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51774254,51774253,51701187,51674226,51804279,51801189)The Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi Province,China (20191102008)+2 种基金Platform and Talent Project of Shanxi Province,China (201805D211036)Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Projects by the Central Government of China (YDZX20191400002796)Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Special Guide Project of Shanxi Province,China (201804D131039)。
文摘Pre-melting is a phenomenon that below the melting point the liquid-like structure appears at the grainboundary while the grain interior remains a crystal structure. The phase-field crystal method was employed to investigate the early evolution of the liquid pools in pre-melting regions, mainly involving four structural transformations: solid-solid state → small droplet → large liquid pool → homogeneous liquid melting. The microscopic morphology and free energy variation with different average atomic densities demonstrate that the average atomic density is sensitive to the morphological characteristics of liquid pools. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulation results show that the amplitude reduction of order parameters can promote the order-disorder transition of grain boundaries, causing pre-melting in the edge dislocation aggregation. The relationship between the average atomic density and the width of the liquid pools is verified from thermodynamics, which provides a prerequisite for the application of high-temperature strain in the later stage to some extent.
文摘The potential feedback by intracellular nitrogen pools on maximum N uptake (NH + 4) rate were determined for Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui and Ulva pertusa. The results of correlation matrix analyzing showed that the surge uptake of ammonium seemed related to rapid changes in small intracellular pools of inorganic nitrogen or small peptide and amino acids rather than to changes in TN content of the macroalgae. The assimilation rates of nitrogen of U. pertusa and G. tenuistipitata increased slowly during N starvation and were mainly regulated by amino acids and some incorporation of amino acids into macromolecules. From ecological point of view, the fast growing and uptaking nutrient U. pertusa is more suitable to improve water quality in integrated shrimp culture ponds in which external nutrient supplies are usually high and constant during the culture period, while G. tenuistipitata var. liui is more suitable to be polycultured in a waters with intermittence supply of nutrients.
基金This project was supported by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station,North Dakota State University(FARG007858).
文摘Mineralisable soil organic carbon(SOC)pools vary with ecosystem type in response to changes in climate,vegetation and soil properties.Understanding the effect of climate and soil factors on SOC pools is critical for predicting change over time.Surface soil samples from six ecoregions of the United States were analyzed for permanganate oxidizable C(KMnO4-C)and mineralizable C pools.Variations of SOC ranged from 7.9 mg g^-1(Florida site)to 325 mg g^-1(Hawaii site).Mineralisable C pools and KMnO4-C were highest in soils from the Hawaii site.Mean annual precipitation explains SOC and resistant C pool variations.Clay content was related to mineralisable active C pools and bacterial abundance.Mean annual precipitation and clay content are potential variables for predicting changes in SOC pools at large spatial scales.
基金provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.#40772077/D0206)an opening project of the Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation,Ministry of Education(China University of Petroleum)(2001-2).
文摘Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still not well understood. The majority of subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are developed in the middle interval of the Es3 Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation with the subtle traps being primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands encompassed in mudstones. Oil in the subtle traps was previously thought to have migrated directly from the surrounding source rocks of the same formation （Es3）. Detailed geochemical investigation of 41 oils and 41 rock samples from the depression now indicates that the oils from the subtle traps cannot be correlated well with the surrounding Es3 source rocks, which are characterized by high Pr/ Ph （〉1）, low Gammacerane/C30hopane, representing a freshwater lacustrine setting. In contrast the oils features low Pr/Ph （〈1） and relatively high Gammacerane content, showing a genetic affinity with the underlying Es4 source rocks, which also have the same qualities, indicating a brackish lacustrine setting. Oils in the Es3 subtle traps are probably derived from mixed sources with the contribution from the upper Es4 source rocks predominating. Therefore unconventional oil migration and accumulation mechanisms need to be invoked to explain the pooling of oils from the ES4 source rocks, which probably came through a thick low interval of the Es3 source rocks with no apparent structural or stratigraphic pathways. We suggest that the subtle oil migration pathway probably plays an important role here. This finding may have significant implications for future exploration and the remaining resource evaluation in the Dongying Depression.
基金supported by intramural funding through the Office of Research and Development of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency。
文摘Although the health benefits of swimming are well-documented, health effects such as asthma and bladder cancer are linked to disinfection by-products(DBPs) in pool water. DBPs are formed from the reaction of disinfectants such as chlorine(Cl) or bromine(Br) with organics in the water. Our previous study(Daiber et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 6652;2016) found correlations between the concentrations of classes of DBPs and the mutagenic potencies of waters from chlorinated or brominated swimming pools and spas. We extended this study by identifying significantly different concentrations of 21 individual DBPs in brominated or chlorinated pool and spa waters as well as identifying which DBPs and additional DBP classes were most associated with the mutagenicity of these waters. Using data from our previous study, we found that among 21 DBPs analyzed in 21 pool and spa waters, the concentration of bromoacetic acid was significantly higher in Brwaters versus Cl-waters, whereas the concentration of trichloroacetic acid was significantly higher in Cl-waters. Five Br-DBPs(tribromomethane, dibromochloroacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, bromoacetic acid, and tribromoacetic acid) had significantly higher concentrations in Br-spa versus Cl-spa waters. Cl-pools had significantly higher concentrations of ClDBPs(trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and chloroacetic acid), whereas Br-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Br-DBPs(tribromomethane, dibromoacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, and tribromoacetic acid). The concentrations of the sum of all 4 trihalomethanes, all 11 Br-DBPs, and all 5 nitrogen-containing DBPs were each significantly higher in brominated than in chlorinated pools and spas. The 8 Br-DBPs were the only DBPs whose individual concentrations were significantly correlated with the mutagenic potencies of the pool and spa waters. These results, along with those from our earlier study, highlight the importance of Br-DBPs in the mutagenicity of these recreational waters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.4137308441330528+1 种基金and41203054)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201203012)
文摘Global change will lead to increases in regional precipitation and nitrogen（N） deposition in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China. We investigated the responses of vegetation carbon（C） pools to simulated precipitation and N deposition increases through field experiments in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. The treatments included NH4NO3 addition at concentrations of 0（CK）, 5（LN, low nitrogen）, 10（middle nitrogen, MN）, and 20（HN,high nitrogen）（g m^（-2）a^（-1）） with and without water. After three consecutive years of treatment, from 2010 to 2012,water addition did not significantly change the size of the total vegetation C pools, but it significantly decreased the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.05） relative to controls. By contrast, N addition significantly increased the total vegetation C pools. The C pools in the LN, MN and HN treatments increased by 22, 39 and 44 %, respectively. MN produced the largest effect among the N concentrations,although differences between N-added treatments were not significant（P ？ 0.05）. N addition significantly reduced the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.03）. However, there were no significant interactive effects of water and N addition on the vegetation C pools.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2016ZX05046-001)the Petroleum Science Research and Technology Development Project,Petro China(Grant No.2016B-0301)
文摘Taking the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation in the Mosuowan-Mobei area of the Junggar Basin as an example, this paper provides a method that evaluates paleo hydrocarbon pools and predicts secondary reservoirs. Through Quantitative Grain Fluorescence （QGF） experiments, well-tie seismic correlation, and paleo structure analysis, the scale and distribution of paleo hydrocarbon pools in the study area are outlined. Combining current structural features and fault characteristics, the re-migration pathways of paleo oil and gas are depicted. Based on barrier conditions on the oil re-migration pathways and current reservoir distribution, we recognize three types of secondary reservoirs. By analyzing structural evolution and sand body-fault distribution, the major control factors of secondary reservoirs are specified and, consequently, favorable zones for secondary reservoirs are predicted. The results are mainly as follows. （1） In the primary accumulation period in the Cretaceous, paleo hydrocarbon pools were formed in the Sangonghe Formation of the Mosuowan uplift and their size and distribution were extensive and the exploration potential for secondary reservoirs should not be ignored. Besides, paleo reservoirs were also formed in the Mobei uplift, but just small scale. （2） In the adjustment period in the Neogene, traps were reshaped or destroyed and so were the paleo reservoirs, resulting in oil release. The released oil migrated linearly northward along the structural highs of the Mobei uplift and the Qianshao low-relief uplift and then formed secondary reservoirs when it met new traps. In this process, a structural ridge cooperated with sand bodies and faults, applying unobstructed pathways for oil and gas re-migration. （3） The secondary hydrocarbon pools are classified into three types： low-relief anticlinal type, lithologic pinch-out type and fault block type. The distribution of the first type is controlled by a residual low uplift in the north flank of the paleo-anticline. The second type is distributed in the lithologic pinch-out zones on the periphery of the inherited paleo uplift. The third type is controlled by fault zones of which the strikes are perpendicular to the hydrocarbon re-migration pathways. （4） Four favorable zones for secondary reservoirs are predicted： the low-relief structural zone of the north flank of the Mosuowan paleo-anticline, the fault barrier zone on the western flank of the Mobei uplift, the Qianshao low-relief uplift and the north area of the Mobei uplift that parallels the fault zone. The study above effectively supports the exploration of the Qianshao low-relief uplift, with commercial oil discovered in the Qianshaol well. Besides, the research process in this paper can also be applied to other basins to explore for secondary reservoirs.
文摘The stratospheric worm pools, called the 4-day wave also, are mainly the temperature anomalies in the polar regions of winter hemisphere. It will be shown that their occurrence, propagation speed and specific structure can be explained by the lower frequency coherent heating resulting from the wave interaction in the breaking layers of the stratosphere. Although their vertical phase slope is negligibly small, the warm pools cannot be considered as a barotropic anomaly.
基金Under the auspices of Special Project of National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFD0200301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41571206)Special Project of National Science and Technology Basic Work(No.2015FY110700-S2)
文摘Matching soil grid unit resolutions with polygon unit map scales is important to minimize the uncertainty of regional soil organic carbon(SOC) pool simulation due to their strong influences on the modeling.A series of soil grid units at varying cell sizes was derived from soil polygon units at six map scales,namely,1:50 000(C5),1:200 000(D2),1:500 000(P5),1:1 000 000(N1),1:4 000 000(N4) and 1:14 000 000(N14),in the Taihu Region of China.Both soil unit formats were used for regional SOC pool simulation with a De Nitrification-DeC omposition(DNDC) process-based model,which spans the time period from 1982 to 2000 at the six map scales.Four indices,namely,soil type number(STN),area(AREA),average SOC density(ASOCD) and total SOC stocks(SOCS) of surface paddy soils that were simulated by the DNDC,were distinguished from all these soil polygon and grid units.Subjecting to the four index values(IV) from the parent polygon units,the variations in an index value(VIV,%) from the grid units were used to assess its dataset accuracy and redundancy,which reflects the uncertainty in the simulation of SOC pools.Optimal soil grid unit resolutions were generated and suggested for the DNDC simulation of regional SOC pools,matching their respective soil polygon unit map scales.With these optimal raster resolutions,the soil grid units datasets can have the same accuracy as their parent polygon units datasets without any redundancy,when VIV < 1% was assumed to be a criterion for all four indices.A quadratic curve regression model,namely,y = – 0.80 × 10^(–6)x^2 + 0.0228 x + 0.0211(R^2 = 0.9994,P < 0.05),and a power function model R? = 10.394?^(0.2153)(R^2 = 0.9759,P < 0.05) were revealed,which describe the relationship between the optimal soil grid unit resolution(y,km) and soil polygon unit map scale(1:10 000x),the ratio(R?,%) of the optimal soil grid size to average polygon patch size(?,km^2) and the ?,with the highest R^2 among different mathematical regressions,respectively.This knowledge may facilitate the grid partitioning of regions during the investigation and simulation of SOC pool dynamics at a certain map scale,and be referenced to other landscape polygon patches' mesh partition.
文摘Vertical structure of an unconformity can be divided into three layers:basal conglomerate or transgressive sand,weathered clay layer and leached rock.When the weathered clay layer has a little thickness or limited distribution,the overlying and underlying strata will contact directly,and the lithology is often different.This lithologic difference causes different fluid transporting capacity,and it also
基金funding from the National Science Foundation (CBET 1705206)。
文摘Disinfectants are added to swimming pools to kill harmful pathogens. Although liquid chlorine(sodium hypochlorite) is the most commonly used disinfectant, alternative disinfection techniques like electrochemically generated mixed oxidants or electrochemically generated chlorine, often referred to as salt water pools, are growing in popularity. However, these disinfectants react with natural organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants introduced to the pool water by swimmers to form disinfection byproducts(DBPs). DBPs have been linked to several adverse health effects, such as bladder cancer, adverse birth outcomes, and asthma. In this study, we quantified 60 DBPs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assessed the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of an indoor community swimming pool before and after switching to a salt water pool with electrochemically generated chlorine. Interestingly, the total DBPs increased by 15% upon implementation of the salt water pool, but the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity decreased by 45% and 15%, respectively. Predominant DBP classes formed were haloacetic acids, with trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid contributing 57% of the average total DBPs formed. Haloacetonitriles, haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes were the primary drivers of calculated cytotoxicity, and haloacetic acids were the primary driver of calculated genotoxicity. Diiodoacetic acid, a highly toxic iodinated DBP, is reported for the first time in swimming pool water. Bromide impurities in sodium chloride used to electrochemically generate chlorine led to a 73% increase in brominated DBPs, primarily driven by bromochloroacetic acid. This study presents the most extensive DBP study to-date for salt water pools.
文摘Prolonged extensional regime in peninsular India resulted in formation of rift and grabens,elongated basins and Gondwana sedimentation along them.Downward progression of rift related faults caused decompression
基金supported by the Fund of Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry (Grant No.GCMAC1301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41175055 and 41230527)and the Special Scientific Research Project for Public Interest (Grant No.GYHY201006021)
文摘This study investigated interdecadal variability of June–October(JJASO) the large and small warm pools in western Pacific and their association with rainfall anomalies using station and reanalysis data from 1958 to 2008.The results indicated that the large and small warm pools in western Pacific showed an interdecadal shift around 1986.The large warm pool years over western Pacific were found after 1986,whereas the small warm pool years were often seen throughout the periods before 1986.The analysis results also showed that there were obvious interdecadal variability in JJASO rainfall in Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.During 1958–1985(small warm pool years),the decrease in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture divergence and sinking motion over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.However,during 1986–2008(large warm pool years),the increase in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture convergence and ascending motion.Further analysis showed that large warm pool contributed to the increase in surface latent heat fluxes over warm pool in the western Pacific.Thus,there was an increase in the amount of water vapor over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific,which contributed to increased rainfall in these regions.
