Zhang Chengfeng governed the Gui-yi Circuit in the late ninth century.However,the circuit experienced a gradual decline by the early tenth century.Cao Yijin consolidated political power as his successor and brought ab...Zhang Chengfeng governed the Gui-yi Circuit in the late ninth century.However,the circuit experienced a gradual decline by the early tenth century.Cao Yijin consolidated political power as his successor and brought about the stabilization and further development of the Gui-yi Circuit.Through a close analysis of historical sources,this article reconstructs the nearly twenty-five-year rule of Zhang by dividing it into three distinct phases:the restoration and personal rule period,the Golden Mountain Kingdom of Western Han period,and the Dunhuang Kingdom of Western Han.It then investigates the political strategies employed by Cao Yijin to consolidate power,including marriage alliances,diplomatic rapprochement with Central Plains dynasties,and the integration of local bureaucratic elites.Ultimately,these efforts enabled him to break free from the dominance of the Ganzhou Uyghur and to restore stability and prosperity in Guazhou and Shazhou.展开更多
One of the grand problem in the contemporary political history of Ethiopia is an incessant struggle for democratic transition and subsequent failures.Since the 1913,all the attempted hoped-for political transitions ha...One of the grand problem in the contemporary political history of Ethiopia is an incessant struggle for democratic transition and subsequent failures.Since the 1913,all the attempted hoped-for political transitions have been failed to bring democratic political order.Now Ethiopia has got another golden opportunity:a reform within EPRDF under the reformist prime minster Dr.Abiy Ahmed.However,the polemical question is whether the current democratic transition will success(bring democratic consolidation)or fail(reversion to authoritarianism).This paper,therefore,examined anatomy of missed opportunities for change in the modern Ethiopian political history with the intent of drawing the lessons to be taken into consideration from the past failures for current political reform the country has undergone.The study employed qualitative research approach in which data are gathered through document review and analyzed using critical discourse and historical narrative analysis techniques.The finding of the study shows that in all attempted hoped-for opportunities for change,the elite has followed a winner-takes-all-approach of politics than“a negotiated transition”based on win-win principled politics.Thus,all hoped-for-reform attempts are hijacked by the then elite aspiring hegemonic leadership,business as usual,and paradoxically it replaced new dictators who are more repressive and brutal than their predecessors.These historical legacies has also impacted the current transition the country undergone Therefore,this study suggests that there is a need to draw lesson from past failure:“decolonizing mind”and deconstructing a hyperbolically constructed invented myths that hindered societal transformation via epistemic community is an imperative to realize the country’s aspiration towards a democratic political order.展开更多
The transition of power from Zhang Chengfeng to Cao Yijin marked a significant milestone in the history of the Gui-Yi Circuit.Evidence indicates that this transition of power occurred without large-scale conflict and ...The transition of power from Zhang Chengfeng to Cao Yijin marked a significant milestone in the history of the Gui-Yi Circuit.Evidence indicates that this transition of power occurred without large-scale conflict and enabled the Gui-Yi Circuit to remain relatively stable intermally.This paper argues that Zhang Chengfeng's lack of successors and his flawed foreign policies after proclaiming himself emperor led to Zhang's downfall.At the same time,Cao Yijjn entrenched his influence in the Dunhuang region and gained deep trust from Zhang Chengfeng,which facilitated his takeover of the Gui-Yi Circuit administration.Zhang Chengfeng,considering the intermnal circumstances within his family and the state,yielded his position to Cao Yjin.This transition ensured the internal stability of the Gui-Yi Circuit and further promoted the peaceful development of Guazhou and Shazhou for over a century during a specific historical period.展开更多
Four years have past since the beginning of the Middle East upheavals;regional patterns of the Middle East have entered a deep-water zone:politically transitioning countries have faced three dilemmas and become disori...Four years have past since the beginning of the Middle East upheavals;regional patterns of the Middle East have entered a deep-water zone:politically transitioning countries have faced three dilemmas and become disoriented;the old patterns shaped by the beginning of the upheavals are restructuring again,“old”orders recur increasingly in the“new”Middle East;power structures within the region are increasingly fragmented,which draws the whole region into turbulence;the upheavals also promote the strategic contraction of the US in the Middle East.展开更多
文摘Zhang Chengfeng governed the Gui-yi Circuit in the late ninth century.However,the circuit experienced a gradual decline by the early tenth century.Cao Yijin consolidated political power as his successor and brought about the stabilization and further development of the Gui-yi Circuit.Through a close analysis of historical sources,this article reconstructs the nearly twenty-five-year rule of Zhang by dividing it into three distinct phases:the restoration and personal rule period,the Golden Mountain Kingdom of Western Han period,and the Dunhuang Kingdom of Western Han.It then investigates the political strategies employed by Cao Yijin to consolidate power,including marriage alliances,diplomatic rapprochement with Central Plains dynasties,and the integration of local bureaucratic elites.Ultimately,these efforts enabled him to break free from the dominance of the Ganzhou Uyghur and to restore stability and prosperity in Guazhou and Shazhou.
文摘One of the grand problem in the contemporary political history of Ethiopia is an incessant struggle for democratic transition and subsequent failures.Since the 1913,all the attempted hoped-for political transitions have been failed to bring democratic political order.Now Ethiopia has got another golden opportunity:a reform within EPRDF under the reformist prime minster Dr.Abiy Ahmed.However,the polemical question is whether the current democratic transition will success(bring democratic consolidation)or fail(reversion to authoritarianism).This paper,therefore,examined anatomy of missed opportunities for change in the modern Ethiopian political history with the intent of drawing the lessons to be taken into consideration from the past failures for current political reform the country has undergone.The study employed qualitative research approach in which data are gathered through document review and analyzed using critical discourse and historical narrative analysis techniques.The finding of the study shows that in all attempted hoped-for opportunities for change,the elite has followed a winner-takes-all-approach of politics than“a negotiated transition”based on win-win principled politics.Thus,all hoped-for-reform attempts are hijacked by the then elite aspiring hegemonic leadership,business as usual,and paradoxically it replaced new dictators who are more repressive and brutal than their predecessors.These historical legacies has also impacted the current transition the country undergone Therefore,this study suggests that there is a need to draw lesson from past failure:“decolonizing mind”and deconstructing a hyperbolically constructed invented myths that hindered societal transformation via epistemic community is an imperative to realize the country’s aspiration towards a democratic political order.
文摘The transition of power from Zhang Chengfeng to Cao Yijin marked a significant milestone in the history of the Gui-Yi Circuit.Evidence indicates that this transition of power occurred without large-scale conflict and enabled the Gui-Yi Circuit to remain relatively stable intermally.This paper argues that Zhang Chengfeng's lack of successors and his flawed foreign policies after proclaiming himself emperor led to Zhang's downfall.At the same time,Cao Yijjn entrenched his influence in the Dunhuang region and gained deep trust from Zhang Chengfeng,which facilitated his takeover of the Gui-Yi Circuit administration.Zhang Chengfeng,considering the intermnal circumstances within his family and the state,yielded his position to Cao Yjin.This transition ensured the internal stability of the Gui-Yi Circuit and further promoted the peaceful development of Guazhou and Shazhou for over a century during a specific historical period.
文摘Four years have past since the beginning of the Middle East upheavals;regional patterns of the Middle East have entered a deep-water zone:politically transitioning countries have faced three dilemmas and become disoriented;the old patterns shaped by the beginning of the upheavals are restructuring again,“old”orders recur increasingly in the“new”Middle East;power structures within the region are increasingly fragmented,which draws the whole region into turbulence;the upheavals also promote the strategic contraction of the US in the Middle East.
