Over the years the defense industry has become a de facto participant in the policy-making process. As in other areas dominated by big business interests, a policy sub-government of "iron triangle" has emerg...Over the years the defense industry has become a de facto participant in the policy-making process. As in other areas dominated by big business interests, a policy sub-government of "iron triangle" has emerged. In the view of some American scholars, such an "iron triangle" as a political relationship that brings together .展开更多
Ⅰ. RELEVANT CONCEPTS TO BE CLARIFIED When we talk about S&T policies, there are two concepts involved in the policy-making: one is S&T expenditure and the other is R&D input. The implications of the two a...Ⅰ. RELEVANT CONCEPTS TO BE CLARIFIED When we talk about S&T policies, there are two concepts involved in the policy-making: one is S&T expenditure and the other is R&D input. The implications of the two are quite different. The former refers to all funds spent on S&T activities and the latter means the total expense used for a given project of systematic innovation. According展开更多
I. IntroductionBeginning in the early 1980’s short-run macro policy in China moved away from direct government control of household and enterprise spending via largely administrative decree to more indirect control o...I. IntroductionBeginning in the early 1980’s short-run macro policy in China moved away from direct government control of household and enterprise spending via largely administrative decree to more indirect control of spending using conventional western monetary and fiscal policy instruments operating in an increasingly, although never completely, free and well-developed market setting. The initial theoretical basis for macro policy-making is best described as naive Monetarism, placing almost exclusive emphasis on monetary as opposed to展开更多
Expatiation on Small TownsAuthors:Zhao Hui et al.Year:2017Publisher:China Architecture and Building Press ISBN:9787112211036(285 pages,in Chinese)Expatiation on Small Towns concentrates on the four parts of smalltowns...Expatiation on Small TownsAuthors:Zhao Hui et al.Year:2017Publisher:China Architecture and Building Press ISBN:9787112211036(285 pages,in Chinese)Expatiation on Small Towns concentrates on the four parts of smalltowns:people,life,economy,and space,the most crucial elementsthat can directly reflect the development of small towns in China.Itcan be said that this is an innovative research outcome on small townsin China over the years.展开更多
The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regener...The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regeneration cycle.This study aims to identify the indicators influencing forest fire vulnerability and compare maps of forest fire susceptibility that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tripartite model,with a focus on the vulnerable Hyrcanian forest region in Golestan Province,northern Iran,where forest fires have caused considerable economic losses.On the basis of expert opinions and a literature review,we used geographic information systems,remote sensing and machine learning techniques to select and weigh 30 biophysical,environmental and socioeconomic indicators that affect forest fire vulnerability in the study area.These indicators were rigorously normalized,weighted and amalgamated into a comprehensive forest fire vulnerability index to analyze forest exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We thus identified and mapped areas with very high forest fire exposure,high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity for urgent targeted intervention and strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of forest fires.The results also revealed a set of critical indicators that contribute more significantly to forest fire vulnerability(e.g.,precipitation,elevation and factors related to biodiversity,human activity and economic reliance on forest resources).Our results provide insights that can inform policy-making,community engagement and environmental management strategies to mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with forest fires in the Hyrcanian forest.展开更多
Purpose:The purpose of this research is to provide evidence for decision-makers to realize the potentials of collaborations between countries/regions via the scientometric analysis of co-authoring in academic publicat...Purpose:The purpose of this research is to provide evidence for decision-makers to realize the potentials of collaborations between countries/regions via the scientometric analysis of co-authoring in academic publications.Design/methodology/approach:The approach is that Osaka University,which has set a strategy to become a global campus,is positioned to have a leading role to enhance such collaborations.This research measures co-authoring relations between Osaka University and other countries/regions to identify networks for fostering strong research collaborations.Findings:Five countries are identified as candidates for the future global campuses of Osaka University based on three factors,co-authoring relations,GDP growth,and population growth.Research limitations:The main limitation of this study is not being able to use the relations by the former positions of authors in Osaka University,because the data retrieved is limited by the query of the organization name at the first step.Practical implications:The significance of this work is to provide evidence for the university strategy to expand abroad based on the quantity and visualization of trends.Originality/value:With wider practical implementations,the approach of this research is useful in making a strategic roadmap for scientific organizations that intend to collaborate internationally.展开更多
The outward student mobility has been recognized as an instrument for the internationalization of higher education(IHE)world-widely and in the UK.This paper intends to critically review the existing literature in orde...The outward student mobility has been recognized as an instrument for the internationalization of higher education(IHE)world-widely and in the UK.This paper intends to critically review the existing literature in order to identify the current trend and issues of the UK outward student mobility under the IHE.It points out that the focus of current international educational activities is attracting foreign/inward students out of the economic impetus in the UK.Consequently,the outward student mobility is given the less recognition than the inward one in the UK policy-making and researches,which could lead the imbalanced gains for UK-domiciled students.Thus,it suggests that both the UK government education sectors and institutions should more develop the outward student mobility;moreover,future researches could investigate more about outward students’personal development.展开更多
A developing country like Rwanda heavily </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">keen </span><span style="font-f...A developing country like Rwanda heavily </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">keen </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> international trade for several essential goods</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in the development of an economy. This study investigated the influence of various factors affecting import trade, and use principal component analysis to determine an empirical model for a comprehensive analysis of the influencing factors of import trade of Rwanda using secondary data </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over the period from 1980-2017. The PCA model</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed that Rwanda’s import trade is principally littered with investment fundamental factors, income consumption factors, price factors, inflation factors, and savings factors and the empirical results showed that Rwanda’s import trade is negatively correlated with the investment fundamental and savings factors, the income consumption factors, price factor, and the inflation are positively correlated and therefore the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">forecast for the period 2018-2025 revealed that the import trade of Rwanda may experience an increase. The implication is that unstable price and currency depreciation cause high income consumption and increased import trade volume. The study advises policy makers on international trade first to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pay attention to the accumulation of investment and savings checking if providing support for import trade control and enhance economic security. Second, stabiliz</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the price and manage to keep inflation low and stable. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Third, better </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">focus on improving domestic production by not permitting Rwandan currency (Frw) to lose the worth, thus directly forming the necessity for foreign merchandise</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">for investment purposes to increase the level of production exportation, which might have a giant positive impact on saving culture linked to economic growth.展开更多
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment（VA） tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural s...Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment（VA） tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems.However,the tools are poorly coordinated,making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly.The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities.All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding,data availability and technical capacity.An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods.Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures.The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities.They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter,availability of resources,time and scale.展开更多
This paper discussed the historical review and current status of tidal current energy,problems,and challenges in this energy commercialization.Fossil fuels are nonreplicable and also have negative greenhouse effects o...This paper discussed the historical review and current status of tidal current energy,problems,and challenges in this energy commercialization.Fossil fuels are nonreplicable and also have negative greenhouse effects on the environment,so the world needs new and sustainable energy resources such as the ocean,wind,solar,biofuels,etc.This review paper focused on the initiative tidal current energy technology and efforts in the development of such energy to extract power from.Iran’s southern waters have been selected in this review.Some former projects and studies,current status,and impact of the tidal current and wave energy on the environment and aquatic life are discussed.Also,the limitations,challenges,and problems in the way of using this energy and infrastructure to transfer the generated power such as grid connections are proposed.It is decided that Chabahar,Bushehr,and Khowr-Moussa are the best locations for harnessing tides and wave energy.This study is among the first review of works done in the aspect of the tidal current energy in Iran and the results will help the investors,policymakers,companies,and researchers to have access to a comprehensive list of up-to-date studies and statistics to better understand the current situation to secure the projects in this field.展开更多
The low-altitude economy(LAE)is an emerging vision for integrating unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)into logistics,mobility,and communication networks.Driven by rapid advancements in UAV technology and growing demand for ...The low-altitude economy(LAE)is an emerging vision for integrating unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)into logistics,mobility,and communication networks.Driven by rapid advancements in UAV technology and growing demand for faster logistics,urban mobility solutions,and improved connectivity,has paved the way for LAE’s emergence as a transformative economic sector.This paper presents a policy-focused review along seven critical dimensions-Latency/resilience,Au-tonomy,Equipment/infrastructure,Regulation,Acceptance,Coordina-tion,and Equity(abbreviated as LAERACE)-to outline a policy fast-track for LAE realization.Key challenges include developing policies to ensure the safe certification of autonomous systems,establishing resilient in-frastructures that integrate UAV ports and air traffic management into urban landscapes,and harmonizing global standards for regulation and airspace management.Public acceptance is an essential pillar,requiring partici-patory policymaking that addresses concerns about privacy,noise,and societal impacts.Additionally,equityfocused policies are necessary to prevent widening socioeconomic disparities,ensuring that the benefits of LAE reach underserved regions and populations.We believe that only by addressing these interconnected di-mensions through an integrated policy framework,LAE can progress toward becoming a successful,scalable,and inclusive economic sec-tor.展开更多
Today,scientific research is increasingly becoming data-centric and compute-intensive,relying on data and models across distributed sources.However,challenges still exist in the traditional cooperation mode,given the ...Today,scientific research is increasingly becoming data-centric and compute-intensive,relying on data and models across distributed sources.However,challenges still exist in the traditional cooperation mode,given the high storage and computing costs,geolocation barriers,and local cofidentiality regulations.The Jupyter environment has recently emerged and evolved into a vital virtual research environment for scientific computing,which researchers can use to scale computational analyses up to larger datasets and high-performance computing resources.Nevertheless,existing approaches lack robust support of a decentralized cooperation mode to unlock the full potential of decentralized collaborative scientific research,e.g.,seamlessly secure data sharing.In this work,we change the basic structure and legacy norms of current research environments via the seamless integration of Jupyter with Ethereum blockchain capabilities.As such,it creates a Decentralized Virtual Research Environment(D-VRE)from private computational notebooks to a decentralized collaborative research ecosystem.We propose a novel architecture for the D-VRE and prototype some essential D-VRE elements for enabling secure data sharing with decentralized identity,user-centric agreement-making,membership,and research asset management.To validate our method,we conduct an experimental study to test all functionalities of D-VRE smart contracts and their gas consumption.In addition,we deploy the D-VRE prototype on a test net of the Ethereum blockchain for demonstration.The feedback from the studies showcases the current prototype’s usability,ease of use,and potential,and suggests further improvements.展开更多
文摘Over the years the defense industry has become a de facto participant in the policy-making process. As in other areas dominated by big business interests, a policy sub-government of "iron triangle" has emerged. In the view of some American scholars, such an "iron triangle" as a political relationship that brings together .
文摘Ⅰ. RELEVANT CONCEPTS TO BE CLARIFIED When we talk about S&T policies, there are two concepts involved in the policy-making: one is S&T expenditure and the other is R&D input. The implications of the two are quite different. The former refers to all funds spent on S&T activities and the latter means the total expense used for a given project of systematic innovation. According
文摘I. IntroductionBeginning in the early 1980’s short-run macro policy in China moved away from direct government control of household and enterprise spending via largely administrative decree to more indirect control of spending using conventional western monetary and fiscal policy instruments operating in an increasingly, although never completely, free and well-developed market setting. The initial theoretical basis for macro policy-making is best described as naive Monetarism, placing almost exclusive emphasis on monetary as opposed to
文摘Expatiation on Small TownsAuthors:Zhao Hui et al.Year:2017Publisher:China Architecture and Building Press ISBN:9787112211036(285 pages,in Chinese)Expatiation on Small Towns concentrates on the four parts of smalltowns:people,life,economy,and space,the most crucial elementsthat can directly reflect the development of small towns in China.Itcan be said that this is an innovative research outcome on small townsin China over the years.
基金funding provided by University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna(BOKU).
文摘The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regeneration cycle.This study aims to identify the indicators influencing forest fire vulnerability and compare maps of forest fire susceptibility that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tripartite model,with a focus on the vulnerable Hyrcanian forest region in Golestan Province,northern Iran,where forest fires have caused considerable economic losses.On the basis of expert opinions and a literature review,we used geographic information systems,remote sensing and machine learning techniques to select and weigh 30 biophysical,environmental and socioeconomic indicators that affect forest fire vulnerability in the study area.These indicators were rigorously normalized,weighted and amalgamated into a comprehensive forest fire vulnerability index to analyze forest exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We thus identified and mapped areas with very high forest fire exposure,high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity for urgent targeted intervention and strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of forest fires.The results also revealed a set of critical indicators that contribute more significantly to forest fire vulnerability(e.g.,precipitation,elevation and factors related to biodiversity,human activity and economic reliance on forest resources).Our results provide insights that can inform policy-making,community engagement and environmental management strategies to mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with forest fires in the Hyrcanian forest.
文摘Purpose:The purpose of this research is to provide evidence for decision-makers to realize the potentials of collaborations between countries/regions via the scientometric analysis of co-authoring in academic publications.Design/methodology/approach:The approach is that Osaka University,which has set a strategy to become a global campus,is positioned to have a leading role to enhance such collaborations.This research measures co-authoring relations between Osaka University and other countries/regions to identify networks for fostering strong research collaborations.Findings:Five countries are identified as candidates for the future global campuses of Osaka University based on three factors,co-authoring relations,GDP growth,and population growth.Research limitations:The main limitation of this study is not being able to use the relations by the former positions of authors in Osaka University,because the data retrieved is limited by the query of the organization name at the first step.Practical implications:The significance of this work is to provide evidence for the university strategy to expand abroad based on the quantity and visualization of trends.Originality/value:With wider practical implementations,the approach of this research is useful in making a strategic roadmap for scientific organizations that intend to collaborate internationally.
基金Guangdong University Teaching Quality Assurance and Reform Project“The English Teaching Team Construction”(No.2020SZL03).
文摘The outward student mobility has been recognized as an instrument for the internationalization of higher education(IHE)world-widely and in the UK.This paper intends to critically review the existing literature in order to identify the current trend and issues of the UK outward student mobility under the IHE.It points out that the focus of current international educational activities is attracting foreign/inward students out of the economic impetus in the UK.Consequently,the outward student mobility is given the less recognition than the inward one in the UK policy-making and researches,which could lead the imbalanced gains for UK-domiciled students.Thus,it suggests that both the UK government education sectors and institutions should more develop the outward student mobility;moreover,future researches could investigate more about outward students’personal development.
文摘A developing country like Rwanda heavily </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">keen </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> international trade for several essential goods</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in the development of an economy. This study investigated the influence of various factors affecting import trade, and use principal component analysis to determine an empirical model for a comprehensive analysis of the influencing factors of import trade of Rwanda using secondary data </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over the period from 1980-2017. The PCA model</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed that Rwanda’s import trade is principally littered with investment fundamental factors, income consumption factors, price factors, inflation factors, and savings factors and the empirical results showed that Rwanda’s import trade is negatively correlated with the investment fundamental and savings factors, the income consumption factors, price factor, and the inflation are positively correlated and therefore the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">forecast for the period 2018-2025 revealed that the import trade of Rwanda may experience an increase. The implication is that unstable price and currency depreciation cause high income consumption and increased import trade volume. The study advises policy makers on international trade first to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pay attention to the accumulation of investment and savings checking if providing support for import trade control and enhance economic security. Second, stabiliz</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the price and manage to keep inflation low and stable. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Third, better </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">focus on improving domestic production by not permitting Rwandan currency (Frw) to lose the worth, thus directly forming the necessity for foreign merchandise</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">for investment purposes to increase the level of production exportation, which might have a giant positive impact on saving culture linked to economic growth.
基金the FAO Forestry Department for the opportunity to conduct the research and for their support
文摘Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment（VA） tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems.However,the tools are poorly coordinated,making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly.The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities.All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding,data availability and technical capacity.An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods.Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures.The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities.They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter,availability of resources,time and scale.
文摘This paper discussed the historical review and current status of tidal current energy,problems,and challenges in this energy commercialization.Fossil fuels are nonreplicable and also have negative greenhouse effects on the environment,so the world needs new and sustainable energy resources such as the ocean,wind,solar,biofuels,etc.This review paper focused on the initiative tidal current energy technology and efforts in the development of such energy to extract power from.Iran’s southern waters have been selected in this review.Some former projects and studies,current status,and impact of the tidal current and wave energy on the environment and aquatic life are discussed.Also,the limitations,challenges,and problems in the way of using this energy and infrastructure to transfer the generated power such as grid connections are proposed.It is decided that Chabahar,Bushehr,and Khowr-Moussa are the best locations for harnessing tides and wave energy.This study is among the first review of works done in the aspect of the tidal current energy in Iran and the results will help the investors,policymakers,companies,and researchers to have access to a comprehensive list of up-to-date studies and statistics to better understand the current situation to secure the projects in this field.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS24035)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2233214,No.62250710166).
文摘The low-altitude economy(LAE)is an emerging vision for integrating unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)into logistics,mobility,and communication networks.Driven by rapid advancements in UAV technology and growing demand for faster logistics,urban mobility solutions,and improved connectivity,has paved the way for LAE’s emergence as a transformative economic sector.This paper presents a policy-focused review along seven critical dimensions-Latency/resilience,Au-tonomy,Equipment/infrastructure,Regulation,Acceptance,Coordina-tion,and Equity(abbreviated as LAERACE)-to outline a policy fast-track for LAE realization.Key challenges include developing policies to ensure the safe certification of autonomous systems,establishing resilient in-frastructures that integrate UAV ports and air traffic management into urban landscapes,and harmonizing global standards for regulation and airspace management.Public acceptance is an essential pillar,requiring partici-patory policymaking that addresses concerns about privacy,noise,and societal impacts.Additionally,equityfocused policies are necessary to prevent widening socioeconomic disparities,ensuring that the benefits of LAE reach underserved regions and populations.We believe that only by addressing these interconnected di-mensions through an integrated policy framework,LAE can progress toward becoming a successful,scalable,and inclusive economic sec-tor.
文摘Today,scientific research is increasingly becoming data-centric and compute-intensive,relying on data and models across distributed sources.However,challenges still exist in the traditional cooperation mode,given the high storage and computing costs,geolocation barriers,and local cofidentiality regulations.The Jupyter environment has recently emerged and evolved into a vital virtual research environment for scientific computing,which researchers can use to scale computational analyses up to larger datasets and high-performance computing resources.Nevertheless,existing approaches lack robust support of a decentralized cooperation mode to unlock the full potential of decentralized collaborative scientific research,e.g.,seamlessly secure data sharing.In this work,we change the basic structure and legacy norms of current research environments via the seamless integration of Jupyter with Ethereum blockchain capabilities.As such,it creates a Decentralized Virtual Research Environment(D-VRE)from private computational notebooks to a decentralized collaborative research ecosystem.We propose a novel architecture for the D-VRE and prototype some essential D-VRE elements for enabling secure data sharing with decentralized identity,user-centric agreement-making,membership,and research asset management.To validate our method,we conduct an experimental study to test all functionalities of D-VRE smart contracts and their gas consumption.In addition,we deploy the D-VRE prototype on a test net of the Ethereum blockchain for demonstration.The feedback from the studies showcases the current prototype’s usability,ease of use,and potential,and suggests further improvements.
