Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at th...Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at the national and regional levels, and to explain the obstacles of policy implementation. The method was qualitative study. The stakeholders were 88 people. The data were collected by in-depth interview and coded by a computer program. The policy was transferred from the national AIDS committee to the Department of Disease Control （DDC） and provincial level. This process was lacking budget support. The provincial AIDS committee was monitored by the provincial health office, cooperating with the central level. The major role was to transfer the policy to the school, Local Administration Organization （LAO） and associated organization. The activity was funded by provincial, global funds, and outside sources. In the community, the core activities were AIDS knowledge, establishing core youth groups, and building the network of AIDS. The obstacle at the national level was changing the policy process from one with a budget to one without budget. In the area of practice, the AIDS problem and the effects of the risk behavior in youth groups were slightly concerned.展开更多
It is not accurate to judge the decline or increase in China＇s state capacity totally, because it is selectively effective from the view of policy implementation. Chinese Communist Party has been striving to improve ...It is not accurate to judge the decline or increase in China＇s state capacity totally, because it is selectively effective from the view of policy implementation. Chinese Communist Party has been striving to improve its government ability over the past decades. Mass mobilization and political movement were widely used to monitor local agents as well as implement policy in Maoist era. But mobilization and political movement were inappropriate under market circumstance which demands social order, regulation and law. In order to enhance the ability to enforce policy effectively, the Party sets up cadre responsibility system consisting of targets management, responsibility contract and competitions between cadres at the same administrative hierarchical level. Through cadre responsibility system, the Party-state enhances its government ability and it also leads to selective implementation.展开更多
Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an impor...Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an important research topic. Therefore, based on the literature, the observation method of in-depth interviews, practice investigation and participation is adopted in this paper, which focuses on the implementation of special groups of social assistance policy. The theoretical framework of government' rational choice reveals the status of local government implementation policies and behavior behind the mechanism and organizational structure. The study found that:(1) the local government is easy to choose a quantifiable policy to implement;(2) there is a coexistence between the local government departments;(3) the local government selectively meets the needs of special personnel;(4) the local government's seeking political promotion and power leads to its behavior alienation.展开更多
Drawing on the Mazmanian Sabatier comprehensive model of policy implementation,this study conducted a systematic analysis of the pilot implementation of the disease control supervisor system in medical institutions in...Drawing on the Mazmanian Sabatier comprehensive model of policy implementation,this study conducted a systematic analysis of the pilot implementation of the disease control supervisor system in medical institutions in Shenzhen.By assessing three key dimensions—namely,the manageability of policy issues,regulatory capacity,and the external environment—the study found that the system has significantly improved the capacity of medical institutions in public health prevention and control,and enhanced their responsiveness to public health emergencies.However,several challenges continue to impede policy effectiveness,including unclear job responsibilities,insufficient professional staffing,and limited cross-sectoral collaboration efficiency.In response,the study proposes a set of measures to further promote the integration of medical and preventive services and offer a practical model for modernizing national public health governance.These measures include clarifying roles and responsibilities,establishing a tiered training system,strengthening multisectoral collaborative governance,and enhancing the support of information platforms.展开更多
Several research efforts have focused primarily on policy implementation and improving innovative actions to address disaster risks. Discussions are ongoing on how to measure the effectiveness of policy implementation...Several research efforts have focused primarily on policy implementation and improving innovative actions to address disaster risks. Discussions are ongoing on how to measure the effectiveness of policy implementation at the local level. But there is no definitive theory of effective policy implementation, and very few frameworks have been found acceptable as the basis of an analysis of the effectiveness of policy implementation, especially on droughts. Based on the 2009–2010 extreme drought in Yunnan, China, this article presents a modified framework to assess the effectiveness of policy implementation by defining policy, practice, and performance, as well as a feedback loop by which to share the lessons learned. Water conservancy projects in Luliang County and the agricultural diversity program in Longyang County in Yunnan Province were analyzed from a farmers' perspective. It was found that farmers are highly dependent on government policies and projects, and the effectiveness of policies is measured by short-term, immediate, and tangible benefits rather than long-term adaptation strategies. The results highlight the urgent need to reduce risks by developing better awareness about climate change and drought and its impacts, increased understanding of drought hazards, and implementation of appropriate measures for long-term adaptation.展开更多
The language policy and curriculum in Taiwan,China have been balancing academic needs,ideology and political intention.This is an exploratory case study whose purpose is to explore the interrelationship between teache...The language policy and curriculum in Taiwan,China have been balancing academic needs,ideology and political intention.This is an exploratory case study whose purpose is to explore the interrelationship between teachers and administrators and immigrants'perceptions of this language policy.Four teachers,three administrators and a male immigrant were interviewed.Data were collected through interviews and a classroom observation in northern and central Taiwan,China.This study found that present policy has caused teachers'difficulty in teaching these new immigrants due to diverse student body that contained elder Taiwan Residents,China and new immigrants with different Mandarin proficiency.Also,the textbook and limited resources and facility also had become the challenge for local schools to implement RCCC(Recognizing Chinese Character Class).展开更多
The Royal Tropical Institute(KIT)in Amsterdam is an independent centre of knowledge and expertise in the areas of international and intercultural cooperation,operating at the interface between theory and practice and ...The Royal Tropical Institute(KIT)in Amsterdam is an independent centre of knowledge and expertise in the areas of international and intercultural cooperation,operating at the interface between theory and practice and between policy and implementation.The Institute contributes to sustainable development,poverty alleviation and cultural preservation and exchange.展开更多
This study examines the impact of waste management policies on public health in Bantar Gebang landfill which faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,low community participation,and ineffective policy implem...This study examines the impact of waste management policies on public health in Bantar Gebang landfill which faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,low community participation,and ineffective policy implementation.More than half of the waste generated is not transported to landfills,resulting in significant health and environmental risks,including respiratory infections,waterborne diseases,and vector-borne illnesses.The research adopts a qualitative phenomenological approach to understand the experiences of stakeholders,waste managers,and local communities.It also integrates the Waste Management Hierarchy,Community Participation Theory,and Policy Implementation Model to identify key gaps and propose potential solutions.The study reviews legal frameworks,including Indonesia’s Presidential Regulation No.97 of 2017,and specific regulations relevant to the site,evaluating their effectiveness in addressing waste and health issues.The findings highlight the need for stronger public education campaigns,increased investment in infrastructure,and the implementation of advanced technologies such as Waste-to-Energy plants.The study stresses that comprehensive policies on waste reduction,improved segregation,and better recycling practices are critical for achieving sustainable waste management.Additionally,greater inter-agency collaboration and active community engagement are essential for ensuring successful implementation.Drawing on experiences from Tokyo,Stockholm,and Berlin,the study suggests strategies to reduce landfill dependence and improve public health.展开更多
＂Mass entrepreneurship and innovation＂ as become the new engine of China＇s economic development. In this paper, based on the policy network theory, to conduct the thorough research to the college students＇ innovat...＂Mass entrepreneurship and innovation＂ as become the new engine of China＇s economic development. In this paper, based on the policy network theory, to conduct the thorough research to the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy in yunnan province, and connecting with the present situation of college students＇ innovative undertaking in yunnan, through to explain the framework For the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy change for empirical analysis. In order to further promote the innovation and entrepreneurship of yuunan university students, it also needs to solve the problems of policy overlap, reintroduction, light execution, and long management.展开更多
When implementing open access, policy pioneers and flagship institutions alike have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving a recognized success. Legitimate authority, sufficient resource...When implementing open access, policy pioneers and flagship institutions alike have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving a recognized success. Legitimate authority, sufficient resources and the right timing are crucial, but the professionals charged with implementing policy still need several years to accomplish significant progress. This study defines a methodological standard for evaluating the first generation of open access policies. Evaluating implementation establishes evidence, enables reflection, and may foster the emergence of a second generation of open access policies.While the study is based on a small number of cases, these case studies cover most of the pioneer institutions, present the most significant issues and offer an international overview.Each case is reconstructed individually on the basis of public documents and background information, and supported by interviews with professionals responsible for open access implementation. This article presents the highlights from each case study. The results are utilized to indicate how a second generation of policies might define open access as a key component of digital research infrastructures that provide inputs and outputs for research,teaching and learning in real time.展开更多
Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right...Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right to live and develop in a free and equal manner.展开更多
China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchang...China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchanging homestead for urban housing, and "double exchanges." Based on a study on urbanization development, the paper analyzes the institutional innovation in the case of exchanging homestead for house in Huaming Town, as well as the jeopardization of "double exchanges," before summarizing the applicability of the "urban-rural land linking" policy. At the end, the paper emphasizes that in order to address the problems emerging during various kinds of urbanization, the linking policy should be carried out in accordance with local conditions and circumstances.展开更多
In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the insti...In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the institution of NSE （new syllabuses of English）, the institution of an English paper at the end-of-primary school examination, the adoption new course books, the decision requesting all FPE teachers to teach English alongside other subjects This paper the data of which stem from a survey of teachers （n = 222）, pupils （n = 589）, parents （n = 293）, and head teachers （n = 23） in some 30 schools of Yaounde proposes some strategies to help curb the crucial lack of qualified teachers, the high cost of teaching and learning materials and the glaring lack of motivation of teachers. Strategies include how to train specialist teachers in numbers, the institution of a BPB （bilingualism promotion bonus） to generate sustained motivation to teach, a substantial subsidization of course book production With these measures the promotion of French/English school bilingualism in Cameroon primary education may turn from the myth of Sisyphus it has become into a successful undertaking展开更多
Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and th...Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and the reduction of the country’s reliance on foreign fuels which are expensive and an economic burden on a country with an extremely high poverty index in Africa. Green energies like hydropower, solar energy and biomass are already in use with biomass leading, followed by hydropower. This paper explores and analyses the use of hydropower and biomass in Mozambique with the focus being on the extent of their use in the country and the impacts associated with their use. It also aims to look at policies that have been implemented to promote the use of these renewable sources of energy, and it discusses the success of the implementation of these policies and if they have helped in making the use of biomass and hydropower sustainable. The environmental impact of the use of green energies is minimum if compared to fossil fuels but this paper aims to show that there is concern in their use, especially the use of Biomass as there is little consideration being given to its environmental footprint. Mozambique has great potential for hydropower and bioenergy, but potential does not depict the reality as there are several issues to consider before the implementation of such in a developing country like Mozambique and this work explores the existence of issues that affect or hinder the growth and the sustainability of the use Biomass and Hydropower, and this is crucial in policy revision and implementation.展开更多
Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmen...Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmental carrying capacity, high cost of immigration settlement and delayed counterpart funds, insufficient industrial support and difficulty in living-making. To realize the goal of targeted poverty alleviation, it demands determination and capability from the policy designer, as well the social basis. The effect imposed by the structural constraints to implementation of such policy should be paid adequate attention by public sectors. It is supposed to change the guiding direction of the policy timely and to relieve financial burden of immigration settlement and resource environmental bearing capacity through mechanism of joint efforts from internal and more external support.展开更多
This paper examines the influence of the Heritage Transfer of Development Rights(HTDR)among heritage property owners and explores how its successful implementation has been hampered based on the study of two indicator...This paper examines the influence of the Heritage Transfer of Development Rights(HTDR)among heritage property owners and explores how its successful implementation has been hampered based on the study of two indicators—policy awareness and implementation efficiency—which are vital for generating initial interest among stakeholders and leading them to use the policy.The HTDR policy at Ahmedabad,introduced in 2015 as an incentive program supporting the conservation of privately owned properties within the old city of Ahmedabad,has failed to generate much interest among the local community.As per the documents available online on the website of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation,in the last 9 years,only 81 properties with TDR certificates.It is thus very pertinent to identify the reasons for its lack of influence and acceptance.In this study,a mixed method was adopted involving a closed-ended survey and semi structured interviews.The inferences are based on the responses gathered from heritage property owners currently living in heritage properties and those living elsewhere.The heritage properties were identified based on a random sampling method from the listed heritage properties spread across the 13 wards of the walled city.Based on the research findings,although most property owners are aware of the HTDR policy and find it an essential tool for conserving heritage in Ahmedabad,awareness of the whole mechanism and application process is significantly limited.The implementation of the HTDR policy is highly inefficient,and more awareness must be generated among owners.Moreover,more training or technical assistance needs to be provided to them to help them access the incentive program.The lack of a proper and comprehensible policy brief or document further hinders the situation.Overall,property owners are not completely satisfied with the HTDR policy and suggest critical revisions,such as reducing the file clearance time,calculating a new TDR amount,and modifying the stages of fund disbursement.展开更多
Cancer outcomes in Australia are among the best in the world,but this is not the story for all Australians,with sig-nificant disparities in cancer outcomes and experiences among specific groups in Australian society.T...Cancer outcomes in Australia are among the best in the world,but this is not the story for all Australians,with sig-nificant disparities in cancer outcomes and experiences among specific groups in Australian society.The Australian Government developed the Australian Cancer Plan(the Plan)as a national approach to improve cancer outcomes and experience for all.The Plan identifies six strategic objectives that require nationally coordinated effort,to achieve the Plan’s vision of world class cancer outcomes and experience for all Australians affected by cancer.The Plan empha-sises person-centred approaches to cancer care,underpinned by a Health Equity in Cancer Outcomes Framework.As the Australian Government’s national cancer control agency,Cancer Australia is driving the Plan’s reform agenda through five implementation policy priorities:the development and establishment of an Australian Comprehensive Cancer Network;the development of a National Optimal Care Pathways Framework;the development of a National Comprehensive Cancer Data Framework and minimum dataset;the development of a National Genomics in Cancer Control Framework;and initiatives to improve cancer outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.These priorities will lay the foundation to deliver an integrated,accessible,and equitable cancer control system to deliver the Plan’s vision over the next decade.展开更多
文摘Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at the national and regional levels, and to explain the obstacles of policy implementation. The method was qualitative study. The stakeholders were 88 people. The data were collected by in-depth interview and coded by a computer program. The policy was transferred from the national AIDS committee to the Department of Disease Control （DDC） and provincial level. This process was lacking budget support. The provincial AIDS committee was monitored by the provincial health office, cooperating with the central level. The major role was to transfer the policy to the school, Local Administration Organization （LAO） and associated organization. The activity was funded by provincial, global funds, and outside sources. In the community, the core activities were AIDS knowledge, establishing core youth groups, and building the network of AIDS. The obstacle at the national level was changing the policy process from one with a budget to one without budget. In the area of practice, the AIDS problem and the effects of the risk behavior in youth groups were slightly concerned.
文摘It is not accurate to judge the decline or increase in China＇s state capacity totally, because it is selectively effective from the view of policy implementation. Chinese Communist Party has been striving to improve its government ability over the past decades. Mass mobilization and political movement were widely used to monitor local agents as well as implement policy in Maoist era. But mobilization and political movement were inappropriate under market circumstance which demands social order, regulation and law. In order to enhance the ability to enforce policy effectively, the Party sets up cadre responsibility system consisting of targets management, responsibility contract and competitions between cadres at the same administrative hierarchical level. Through cadre responsibility system, the Party-state enhances its government ability and it also leads to selective implementation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71774027, 71273041, 71472027)
文摘Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an important research topic. Therefore, based on the literature, the observation method of in-depth interviews, practice investigation and participation is adopted in this paper, which focuses on the implementation of special groups of social assistance policy. The theoretical framework of government' rational choice reveals the status of local government implementation policies and behavior behind the mechanism and organizational structure. The study found that:(1) the local government is easy to choose a quantifiable policy to implement;(2) there is a coexistence between the local government departments;(3) the local government selectively meets the needs of special personnel;(4) the local government's seeking political promotion and power leads to its behavior alienation.
文摘Drawing on the Mazmanian Sabatier comprehensive model of policy implementation,this study conducted a systematic analysis of the pilot implementation of the disease control supervisor system in medical institutions in Shenzhen.By assessing three key dimensions—namely,the manageability of policy issues,regulatory capacity,and the external environment—the study found that the system has significantly improved the capacity of medical institutions in public health prevention and control,and enhanced their responsiveness to public health emergencies.However,several challenges continue to impede policy effectiveness,including unclear job responsibilities,insufficient professional staffing,and limited cross-sectoral collaboration efficiency.In response,the study proposes a set of measures to further promote the integration of medical and preventive services and offer a practical model for modernizing national public health governance.These measures include clarifying roles and responsibilities,establishing a tiered training system,strengthening multisectoral collaborative governance,and enhancing the support of information platforms.
基金supported by the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS)/Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB)the Himalayan Climate Change Adaptation Programme(HICAP) funded by the governments of Norway and Sweden+2 种基金core funds of the International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment(ICIMOD)supported the Summer Institute for Disaster and Risk Research implemented by Beijing Normal University (BNU)funded by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, Ministry of Education, and BNU
文摘Several research efforts have focused primarily on policy implementation and improving innovative actions to address disaster risks. Discussions are ongoing on how to measure the effectiveness of policy implementation at the local level. But there is no definitive theory of effective policy implementation, and very few frameworks have been found acceptable as the basis of an analysis of the effectiveness of policy implementation, especially on droughts. Based on the 2009–2010 extreme drought in Yunnan, China, this article presents a modified framework to assess the effectiveness of policy implementation by defining policy, practice, and performance, as well as a feedback loop by which to share the lessons learned. Water conservancy projects in Luliang County and the agricultural diversity program in Longyang County in Yunnan Province were analyzed from a farmers' perspective. It was found that farmers are highly dependent on government policies and projects, and the effectiveness of policies is measured by short-term, immediate, and tangible benefits rather than long-term adaptation strategies. The results highlight the urgent need to reduce risks by developing better awareness about climate change and drought and its impacts, increased understanding of drought hazards, and implementation of appropriate measures for long-term adaptation.
文摘The language policy and curriculum in Taiwan,China have been balancing academic needs,ideology and political intention.This is an exploratory case study whose purpose is to explore the interrelationship between teachers and administrators and immigrants'perceptions of this language policy.Four teachers,three administrators and a male immigrant were interviewed.Data were collected through interviews and a classroom observation in northern and central Taiwan,China.This study found that present policy has caused teachers'difficulty in teaching these new immigrants due to diverse student body that contained elder Taiwan Residents,China and new immigrants with different Mandarin proficiency.Also,the textbook and limited resources and facility also had become the challenge for local schools to implement RCCC(Recognizing Chinese Character Class).
文摘The Royal Tropical Institute(KIT)in Amsterdam is an independent centre of knowledge and expertise in the areas of international and intercultural cooperation,operating at the interface between theory and practice and between policy and implementation.The Institute contributes to sustainable development,poverty alleviation and cultural preservation and exchange.
文摘This study examines the impact of waste management policies on public health in Bantar Gebang landfill which faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,low community participation,and ineffective policy implementation.More than half of the waste generated is not transported to landfills,resulting in significant health and environmental risks,including respiratory infections,waterborne diseases,and vector-borne illnesses.The research adopts a qualitative phenomenological approach to understand the experiences of stakeholders,waste managers,and local communities.It also integrates the Waste Management Hierarchy,Community Participation Theory,and Policy Implementation Model to identify key gaps and propose potential solutions.The study reviews legal frameworks,including Indonesia’s Presidential Regulation No.97 of 2017,and specific regulations relevant to the site,evaluating their effectiveness in addressing waste and health issues.The findings highlight the need for stronger public education campaigns,increased investment in infrastructure,and the implementation of advanced technologies such as Waste-to-Energy plants.The study stresses that comprehensive policies on waste reduction,improved segregation,and better recycling practices are critical for achieving sustainable waste management.Additionally,greater inter-agency collaboration and active community engagement are essential for ensuring successful implementation.Drawing on experiences from Tokyo,Stockholm,and Berlin,the study suggests strategies to reduce landfill dependence and improve public health.
文摘＂Mass entrepreneurship and innovation＂ as become the new engine of China＇s economic development. In this paper, based on the policy network theory, to conduct the thorough research to the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy in yunnan province, and connecting with the present situation of college students＇ innovative undertaking in yunnan, through to explain the framework For the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy change for empirical analysis. In order to further promote the innovation and entrepreneurship of yuunan university students, it also needs to solve the problems of policy overlap, reintroduction, light execution, and long management.
文摘When implementing open access, policy pioneers and flagship institutions alike have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving a recognized success. Legitimate authority, sufficient resources and the right timing are crucial, but the professionals charged with implementing policy still need several years to accomplish significant progress. This study defines a methodological standard for evaluating the first generation of open access policies. Evaluating implementation establishes evidence, enables reflection, and may foster the emergence of a second generation of open access policies.While the study is based on a small number of cases, these case studies cover most of the pioneer institutions, present the most significant issues and offer an international overview.Each case is reconstructed individually on the basis of public documents and background information, and supported by interviews with professionals responsible for open access implementation. This article presents the highlights from each case study. The results are utilized to indicate how a second generation of policies might define open access as a key component of digital research infrastructures that provide inputs and outputs for research,teaching and learning in real time.
文摘Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right to live and develop in a free and equal manner.
文摘China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchanging homestead for urban housing, and "double exchanges." Based on a study on urbanization development, the paper analyzes the institutional innovation in the case of exchanging homestead for house in Huaming Town, as well as the jeopardization of "double exchanges," before summarizing the applicability of the "urban-rural land linking" policy. At the end, the paper emphasizes that in order to address the problems emerging during various kinds of urbanization, the linking policy should be carried out in accordance with local conditions and circumstances.
文摘In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the institution of NSE （new syllabuses of English）, the institution of an English paper at the end-of-primary school examination, the adoption new course books, the decision requesting all FPE teachers to teach English alongside other subjects This paper the data of which stem from a survey of teachers （n = 222）, pupils （n = 589）, parents （n = 293）, and head teachers （n = 23） in some 30 schools of Yaounde proposes some strategies to help curb the crucial lack of qualified teachers, the high cost of teaching and learning materials and the glaring lack of motivation of teachers. Strategies include how to train specialist teachers in numbers, the institution of a BPB （bilingualism promotion bonus） to generate sustained motivation to teach, a substantial subsidization of course book production With these measures the promotion of French/English school bilingualism in Cameroon primary education may turn from the myth of Sisyphus it has become into a successful undertaking
文摘Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and the reduction of the country’s reliance on foreign fuels which are expensive and an economic burden on a country with an extremely high poverty index in Africa. Green energies like hydropower, solar energy and biomass are already in use with biomass leading, followed by hydropower. This paper explores and analyses the use of hydropower and biomass in Mozambique with the focus being on the extent of their use in the country and the impacts associated with their use. It also aims to look at policies that have been implemented to promote the use of these renewable sources of energy, and it discusses the success of the implementation of these policies and if they have helped in making the use of biomass and hydropower sustainable. The environmental impact of the use of green energies is minimum if compared to fossil fuels but this paper aims to show that there is concern in their use, especially the use of Biomass as there is little consideration being given to its environmental footprint. Mozambique has great potential for hydropower and bioenergy, but potential does not depict the reality as there are several issues to consider before the implementation of such in a developing country like Mozambique and this work explores the existence of issues that affect or hinder the growth and the sustainability of the use Biomass and Hydropower, and this is crucial in policy revision and implementation.
基金supported by Shaanxi Agricultural Collaborative Innovation and Promotion Alliance Foundation (Grant No. LM20150015)Shaanxi Key Theoretical & Realistic Projects of Social Science Research Foundation (Grant No. 2015Z023)
文摘Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmental carrying capacity, high cost of immigration settlement and delayed counterpart funds, insufficient industrial support and difficulty in living-making. To realize the goal of targeted poverty alleviation, it demands determination and capability from the policy designer, as well the social basis. The effect imposed by the structural constraints to implementation of such policy should be paid adequate attention by public sectors. It is supposed to change the guiding direction of the policy timely and to relieve financial burden of immigration settlement and resource environmental bearing capacity through mechanism of joint efforts from internal and more external support.
文摘This paper examines the influence of the Heritage Transfer of Development Rights(HTDR)among heritage property owners and explores how its successful implementation has been hampered based on the study of two indicators—policy awareness and implementation efficiency—which are vital for generating initial interest among stakeholders and leading them to use the policy.The HTDR policy at Ahmedabad,introduced in 2015 as an incentive program supporting the conservation of privately owned properties within the old city of Ahmedabad,has failed to generate much interest among the local community.As per the documents available online on the website of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation,in the last 9 years,only 81 properties with TDR certificates.It is thus very pertinent to identify the reasons for its lack of influence and acceptance.In this study,a mixed method was adopted involving a closed-ended survey and semi structured interviews.The inferences are based on the responses gathered from heritage property owners currently living in heritage properties and those living elsewhere.The heritage properties were identified based on a random sampling method from the listed heritage properties spread across the 13 wards of the walled city.Based on the research findings,although most property owners are aware of the HTDR policy and find it an essential tool for conserving heritage in Ahmedabad,awareness of the whole mechanism and application process is significantly limited.The implementation of the HTDR policy is highly inefficient,and more awareness must be generated among owners.Moreover,more training or technical assistance needs to be provided to them to help them access the incentive program.The lack of a proper and comprehensible policy brief or document further hinders the situation.Overall,property owners are not completely satisfied with the HTDR policy and suggest critical revisions,such as reducing the file clearance time,calculating a new TDR amount,and modifying the stages of fund disbursement.
文摘Cancer outcomes in Australia are among the best in the world,but this is not the story for all Australians,with sig-nificant disparities in cancer outcomes and experiences among specific groups in Australian society.The Australian Government developed the Australian Cancer Plan(the Plan)as a national approach to improve cancer outcomes and experience for all.The Plan identifies six strategic objectives that require nationally coordinated effort,to achieve the Plan’s vision of world class cancer outcomes and experience for all Australians affected by cancer.The Plan empha-sises person-centred approaches to cancer care,underpinned by a Health Equity in Cancer Outcomes Framework.As the Australian Government’s national cancer control agency,Cancer Australia is driving the Plan’s reform agenda through five implementation policy priorities:the development and establishment of an Australian Comprehensive Cancer Network;the development of a National Optimal Care Pathways Framework;the development of a National Comprehensive Cancer Data Framework and minimum dataset;the development of a National Genomics in Cancer Control Framework;and initiatives to improve cancer outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.These priorities will lay the foundation to deliver an integrated,accessible,and equitable cancer control system to deliver the Plan’s vision over the next decade.
