What determines the effectiveness of government entrepreneurship policies on the regional development of entrepreneurial activities in China？ Using panel data analysis, this study develops a comprehensive framework t...What determines the effectiveness of government entrepreneurship policies on the regional development of entrepreneurial activities in China？ Using panel data analysis, this study develops a comprehensive framework that examines the effects of various factors, including government efficiency and government support for business, finance and technology, on facilitating the creation of new ventures. Based on provincial data collected between 2009 and 2014, we find that the level of infrastructure development, government incubators and venture capital-guided funds have positive and significant effects on entrepreneurial activities. The findings of our study suggest that local government efficiency is a fundamental precondition for entrepreneurship policies to effectively boost the regional economy.展开更多
This study explores the current implementation challenges of the Policy Environmental Assessment(PEA),including the implementation of a far richer,more diverse(at macro level),and better understanding of PEA and integ...This study explores the current implementation challenges of the Policy Environmental Assessment(PEA),including the implementation of a far richer,more diverse(at macro level),and better understanding of PEA and integration with decision making.The results contribute to the analysis of PEA through different hierarchies of assessment.Stemming from the theory and practice of policy,a concept of PEA hierarchies is proposed including the uppermost PEA,upper-lower PEA,and lowermost PEA.Afterward,the differences of the three hierarchies are interpreted,in terms of aims,principles,processes,and methods.The evaluation of the policy environmental impacts from different lens helps solve the complexities of policies and identify opportunities for improvement of PEA.展开更多
Handicraft villages play an important role in promoting social and economic development in rural areas as well as Vietnam＇s economy. Nowadays, Vietnam＇s handicrafts have a foothold in the world market, and are expor...Handicraft villages play an important role in promoting social and economic development in rural areas as well as Vietnam＇s economy. Nowadays, Vietnam＇s handicrafts have a foothold in the world market, and are exported over 163 countries and territories （Tuan, 2010）. However, the production activities of the handicraft village have a lot of shortcomings, especially the problem of environmental pollution （Chi, 2010）. Therefore, government policy plays a very important role to minimize environmental pollution villages, contributing to improving environmental quality and public health. This paper focuses on： 1）. Current status of state policy environment in handicraft villages shows the achievements and limitations of the policy, from which reviews state policy in environments in handicraft villages （through fieldwork in the handicraft villages）; and 2）. Solution to improve state policy on environmental protection in handicraft villages in Vietnam.展开更多
Because that American government and congress hold a negative attitude on responding to climate change issue, people transfer the battle stage of climate change to the court,and hope to promote government and large en...Because that American government and congress hold a negative attitude on responding to climate change issue, people transfer the battle stage of climate change to the court,and hope to promote government and large energy companies actively responding to climate change issue via litigation form. A large amount of related litigation appears,and a kind of special litigation type is gradually formed, namely climate change litigation. National Environmental Policy Act of the United States is one of important legal weapons used by prosecutor in climate change litigation. In National Environmental Policy Act, it stipulates environmental impact evaluation system which has close relationship with climate change litigation. The system requires that federal agency ＂ should compile detailed environmental impact report （EIS） on major federal action which significantly affects human survival environment quality＂. Litigation case of Export - Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation by Fdends of the Earth, Green Peace, Boulder City, etc. is typical one related to the act. We try to evaluate and analyze text and case of the act.展开更多
After the bombing of our embassy in Belgrade, Chinese students of internationalrelations tensely discussed about China’s international environment. The manyopinions fell into two basic groups. One expressed the belie...After the bombing of our embassy in Belgrade, Chinese students of internationalrelations tensely discussed about China’s international environment. The manyopinions fell into two basic groups. One expressed the belief that the war in Kosovobrought about a fundamental change of the international environment; the othergroup thought that the Kosovo War merely reflected the post-Cold War interna-tional reality rather than changing the international environment. In order to cor-展开更多
In recent years, the environmental protection policy gradually system innovation, gradually implemented the quantitative assessment, quantitative accountability and other policies, and gradually improve the environmen...In recent years, the environmental protection policy gradually system innovation, gradually implemented the quantitative assessment, quantitative accountability and other policies, and gradually improve the environmental protection assessment system. At the same time, the environmental protection reform has been completed, the monitoring has been more detailed, from the supervision, the system of the implementation of environmental protection policies. In the field of air control, institutional innovation plays an important supervisory role. Regulatory authorities and service agencies jointly promote the significant improvement of air pollution control and effective supervision, and promote the more stable and safe operation of the whole social ecology. This paper analyzes the changes of environmental protection policy and atmospheric governance in recent years.展开更多
Reviewing the existing environmental policies in Western China,we find that:in time sequence,the characteristics of China's western environmental policies shift from"development drive governance"to the f...Reviewing the existing environmental policies in Western China,we find that:in time sequence,the characteristics of China's western environmental policies shift from"development drive governance"to the full implementation of environmental protection and construction;and in spatial sequence,the ecological,social,and economic development of Western China reach to coordination through the nature reserve setting,ecological migrants,fiscal transfer payment and differentiated ecological environmental policies.Due to the implementation of the policies and projects,environmental degradation trends in the western ecological environment were alleviated significantly,the living conditions of farmers and herdsmen were improved,and many successful experiences were explored.However,future ecological environmental construction in Western China requires further improvement in integrated planning,eco-compensation mechanism,and policy assessment.This paper concludes with specific recommendations such as drawing up ecological environment construction planning,strengthening environmental law enforcement and incentive mechanisms,improving policy assessment and scientific support,enhancing environmental protection capacity,improving eco-compensation mechanism,and refining the environmental policies for key areas.展开更多
Top-down environmental policies aim to mitigate environmental risks but inevitably lead to economic losses due to the market entry or exit of enterprises.This study developed a universal dynamic agent-based supply cha...Top-down environmental policies aim to mitigate environmental risks but inevitably lead to economic losses due to the market entry or exit of enterprises.This study developed a universal dynamic agent-based supply chain model to achieve tradeoffs between environmental risk reduction and economic sus-tainability.The model was used to conduct high-resolution daily simulations of the dynamic shifts in enterprise operations and their cascading effects on supply chain networks.It includes production,con-sumption,and transportation agents,attributing economic features to supply chain components and cap-turing their interactions.It also accounts for adaptive responses to daily external shocks and replicates realistic firm behaviors.By coupling high spatial-temporal resolution firm-level data from 18916 chemical enterprises,this study investigates the economic and environmental impacts of an environmen-tal policy resulting in the closure of 1800 chemical enterprises over three years.The results revealed a significant economic loss of 25.8 billion USD,ranging from 23.8 billion to 31.8 billion USD.Notably,over 80%of this loss was attributed to supply chain propagation.Counterfactual analyses indicated that imple-menting a staggered shutdown strategy prevented 18.8%of supply chain losses,highlighting the impor-tance of a gradual policy implementation to prevent abrupt supply chain disruptions.Furthermore,the study highlights the effectiveness of a multi-objective policy design in reducing economic losses(about 29%)and environmental risks(about 40%),substantially enhancing the efficiency of the environmental policy.The high-resolution simulations provide valuable insights for policy designers to formulate strategies with staggered implementation and multiple objectives to mitigate supply chain losses and environmental risks and ensure a sustainable future.展开更多
Based on an analysis of major recent social events in China,such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,2010 Shanghai World Expo,2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games,and 2014 Beijing Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Conferenc...Based on an analysis of major recent social events in China,such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,2010 Shanghai World Expo,2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games,and 2014 Beijing Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference,mandatory,temporary,and indemnificatory quantitative policies aimed at protecting air quality,which were carried out by both central and local governments,made substantial contributions to changes and improvements in air quality.To some extent,the findings show that command and control measures play a significant role in protecting air quality,while the law and economic and voluntary environmental safeguard measures do not during major social events.Therefore,it reminds us the air quality could and will improve not only during major social events but also in the regular days if we implement appropriate environmental policies and safeguard measures.展开更多
The environmental problems can not be addressed in all their depth and complexity, and the most viable solutions can be made only by direct and continuous reference to the large issues of the development of the societ...The environmental problems can not be addressed in all their depth and complexity, and the most viable solutions can be made only by direct and continuous reference to the large issues of the development of the society as a whole. Environment and economic development are indissoluble, the first is where we all live, and development is what we all do to improve our fate in this environment. A main cause is the attitude of economic operators towards the environment, an attitude according to which profit should be pursued immediately, while nature protection is left for later. Ecological crisis is a new phenomenon, but derived from anthropological crisis. This reflects, at a global level, man＇s inner crisis. Every man in part, and not people or humanity in general, is responsible for this crisis. Individual responsibility is not a question of quality, but a question of quantity. The ecological crisis is linked to the personal and social life of man as a whole. The convenience, lack of respect for things, irrational waste, lack of measure, irresponsibility, injustice, exploitation, winning dirty money, eudemonism, which manifest on all aspects of life and human activity, are factors that provoke it. And, unfortunately, they maintain it.展开更多
The late 1980s began a transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market economy in Mozambique. This transition was marked by a gradual decentralization of public administration and the cross considerati...The late 1980s began a transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market economy in Mozambique. This transition was marked by a gradual decentralization of public administration and the cross consideration of environmental issues. In our times, research and environmental studies are globally centrals to multiples fields of knowledge, based on this we try to reflect on the process of institutionalization of environmental issues in Mozambique. Our goal is to analytically explorer the political, social and economic contours that allow characterizing the beginning of this process. This article is the result of exploratory research using the qualitative method of analysis. The results showed that the beginning of the environmental issue institutionalization process in Mozambique was the result of various government initiatives and financial demands inherent in the development process, and filled in rhetorical strategies of different styles and motives, being pierced by political conflicts and fmancial, both at the state level as the meagerly existing civil society in this period. In this paper, we present and analyzed the socio-historical circumstances that interspersed the process of environmental institutionalization, indicating exogenous and endogenous factors that proved decisive for the current environmental institutional status in Mozambique.展开更多
The stringency of environmental policy is likely to change the gains of economic agents. Using a general equilibrium model and an assumption that capital-intensive industries tend to be intensive emitters of greenhous...The stringency of environmental policy is likely to change the gains of economic agents. Using a general equilibrium model and an assumption that capital-intensive industries tend to be intensive emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG), we find that a stricter GHG emission scheme will reduce the rent for capital owners but increase the wage for workers. This effect could motivate capital owners or workers to oppose or support a stricter GHG policy. The paper also empirically assesses the model’s key assumption by using production input (capital stock and labor), output, and GHG emission data from U.S industrial sectors. The regression result supports a strong positive relationship between the capital-labor ratio and the pollution-output ratio. Therefore, the theoretical analysis is relevant to the actual economy.展开更多
Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues ...Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues unaddressed in Ghana.This paper is geared towards unravelling and identifying the current additions that have been made to existing literature on environmental laws and policies in Ghana.This paper made a wide-ranging general literature review to outline significant contributions concerning environmental laws and policies.Numerous environmental laws and policies were identified but have been fragmented and are not codified in a particular document.It is evident from the review of literature existing that there are still areas for advanced research on the topic of environmental laws and policies placing more emphasis on institution concerned with environmental issues at global level.The study recommended the need for capacity building for environmental personnel and data due to the numerous technological advancement to better assist the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws in Ghana.展开更多
Developing countries are encouraged to pursue environmental protection and industrial development simultaneously,although it is a big challenge to reach win-win situation.This study explored the relationshipbetween en...Developing countries are encouraged to pursue environmental protection and industrial development simultaneously,although it is a big challenge to reach win-win situation.This study explored the relationshipbetween environmental regulations and the industry enhancement in developing countries through conducting an empirical analysis of the impact of environmental regulationson Chinese automobile industry.In the empirical analysis,a total of64Chinese automobile enterprises were investigated,the Malmquist index of total factor productivity was adopted to determine the productivity of Chinese automobiles,and the two-step system Generalised Method of Moments(GMM)estimation was used for the regressionanalysis.The resultsshowedthat environmental regulations negatively affected the productivity and technology of Chinese automobile industry during 2004-2018.The production costof automobile industry in China was rising sharply,and the productivity and technological progress of Chinese automobile industry were impeded significantly.The case of Chinese automobile industry illustrated that strict environmental requirements can negatively impact industry productivity by increasing production costs and squeezing industry profits.展开更多
The wider consideration of environmental effects and alternatives in early stages of decision-making has been pointed as one of the major benefits of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Adopted by virtually all ...The wider consideration of environmental effects and alternatives in early stages of decision-making has been pointed as one of the major benefits of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Adopted by virtually all of developed countries and sprawling around emergent and developing ones, it is recognized that SEA effectiveness is attached to its systematic application in development plans and programmes. Brazil and many developing countries have different experiences with this instrument and lacks of definition of a procedural framework to promote the use of SEA in strategic levels of decision. As a consequence development projects are frequently “threatened” by impact assessment outcomes, especially when a mandatory project-EIA has to inform decisions. In order to contribute to the implementation of SEA in developing countries, the present paper discusses the potential benefits of using SEA in transport infrastructure plans and programmes, through a case study applied to transport plans in the state of Sao Paulo (south-eastern Brazil). The outcomes indicate that SEA could contribute to improve infrastructure impact assessments, minimizing social and environmental conflicts, augmenting the acceptability of projects and decisions, reinforcing the need for SEA to be systematically implemented in Brazil.展开更多
There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates tha...There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates that the onset of the current warming trend began in the mid-19th century and is consistent with the rising phase of variable global warming and cooling cycles in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Hemispheres.The last trough of the millennial cycle,the Little Ice Age,coincides approximately with the baseline of pre-industrial times used to calculate the impact of Anthropogenic Global Warming.Yet,half of the observed 20th century temperature rise occurred before 1950 when carbon dioxide levels remained low,with the remaining half happening at a similar rate of warming despite the much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.This study shows that when the amplitudes and rates of change of the long-term global cycles are considered,the anthropogenic component of warming can be reduced to 38%(using factors derived from the latest IPCC Working Group reports)to as little as 25%(using observational flux data of dominant Short Wave Absorbed Surface Radiation).These global climate cycles can be extrapolated into the future and the implications for policy of a large natural component to climate change are explored—in particular,the potential for mitigation strategies to have minimal impact and for the climate to cool consequent upon a cyclic down-phase.展开更多
Environmental protection policies(EPPs)play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable development and maintaining ecological balance by establishing clear directives and standards.However,a comprehensive methodology to ...Environmental protection policies(EPPs)play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable development and maintaining ecological balance by establishing clear directives and standards.However,a comprehensive methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies remains underdeveloped.Here,we employ a difference-in-differences(DID)approach to assess the effectiveness of EPPs,using the implementation of the Resident Work(RW)policy as a quasi-natural experiment.Drawing on urban-level panel data from the Yangtze River Basin between 2016 and 2021,we demonstrate that the DID model robustly evaluates the RW policy's impact on water quality improvement.Cities that adopted the RW policy experienced a 0.0098 reduction in water pollution compared to non-adopting cities.A dynamic analysis revealed progressive water quality improvements over time,with stronger effects observed in economically disadvantaged cities.Furthermore,higher policy evaluation scores correlated with greater improvements in water quality.This study highlights the utility of the DID model in quantifying EPP effectiveness and offers a scalable framework for policy evaluation in environmental management.展开更多
Addressing pollution caused by economic development,especially the overcapacity of polluting enterprises,is crucial for promoting sustainable economic growth.Targeted environmental policies are essential for strengthe...Addressing pollution caused by economic development,especially the overcapacity of polluting enterprises,is crucial for promoting sustainable economic growth.Targeted environmental policies are essential for strengthening environmental constraints on enterprises and enhancing the effectiveness of regulatory instruments.This study focused on the Environmental Credit Evaluation policy by examining its potential to improve capacity utilization and assessing its broader impact on heavily polluting enterprises.It constructed a time-varying difference-in-difference-in-differences model using panel data from 965 industrial enterprises from 2009 to 2019.The findings reveal that,in comparison with their non-heavily polluting counterparts,heavily polluting enterprises subject to the policy demonstrated significant improvements in capacity utilization.Heavily polluting enterprises that experienced a substantial increase in financing costs also exhibited a marked reduction in inefficient investment,without negatively affecting innovation investments or output.展开更多
The year of 2011 is considered the first year of big data market in China.Compared with the global scale,China's big data growth will be faster than the global average growth rate,and China will usher in the rapid...The year of 2011 is considered the first year of big data market in China.Compared with the global scale,China's big data growth will be faster than the global average growth rate,and China will usher in the rapid expansion of big data market in the next few years.This paper presents the overall big data development in China in terms of market scale and development stages,enterprise development in the industry chain,the technology standards,and industrial applications.The paper points out the issues and challenges facing big data development in China and proposes to make polices and create support approaches for big data transactions and personal privacy protection.展开更多
文摘What determines the effectiveness of government entrepreneurship policies on the regional development of entrepreneurial activities in China？ Using panel data analysis, this study develops a comprehensive framework that examines the effects of various factors, including government efficiency and government support for business, finance and technology, on facilitating the creation of new ventures. Based on provincial data collected between 2009 and 2014, we find that the level of infrastructure development, government incubators and venture capital-guided funds have positive and significant effects on entrepreneurial activities. The findings of our study suggest that local government efficiency is a fundamental precondition for entrepreneurship policies to effectively boost the regional economy.
基金the National Funds of China for Natural Science(Grant No.40971305).
文摘This study explores the current implementation challenges of the Policy Environmental Assessment(PEA),including the implementation of a far richer,more diverse(at macro level),and better understanding of PEA and integration with decision making.The results contribute to the analysis of PEA through different hierarchies of assessment.Stemming from the theory and practice of policy,a concept of PEA hierarchies is proposed including the uppermost PEA,upper-lower PEA,and lowermost PEA.Afterward,the differences of the three hierarchies are interpreted,in terms of aims,principles,processes,and methods.The evaluation of the policy environmental impacts from different lens helps solve the complexities of policies and identify opportunities for improvement of PEA.
文摘Handicraft villages play an important role in promoting social and economic development in rural areas as well as Vietnam＇s economy. Nowadays, Vietnam＇s handicrafts have a foothold in the world market, and are exported over 163 countries and territories （Tuan, 2010）. However, the production activities of the handicraft village have a lot of shortcomings, especially the problem of environmental pollution （Chi, 2010）. Therefore, government policy plays a very important role to minimize environmental pollution villages, contributing to improving environmental quality and public health. This paper focuses on： 1）. Current status of state policy environment in handicraft villages shows the achievements and limitations of the policy, from which reviews state policy in environments in handicraft villages （through fieldwork in the handicraft villages）; and 2）. Solution to improve state policy on environmental protection in handicraft villages in Vietnam.
文摘Because that American government and congress hold a negative attitude on responding to climate change issue, people transfer the battle stage of climate change to the court,and hope to promote government and large energy companies actively responding to climate change issue via litigation form. A large amount of related litigation appears,and a kind of special litigation type is gradually formed, namely climate change litigation. National Environmental Policy Act of the United States is one of important legal weapons used by prosecutor in climate change litigation. In National Environmental Policy Act, it stipulates environmental impact evaluation system which has close relationship with climate change litigation. The system requires that federal agency ＂ should compile detailed environmental impact report （EIS） on major federal action which significantly affects human survival environment quality＂. Litigation case of Export - Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation by Fdends of the Earth, Green Peace, Boulder City, etc. is typical one related to the act. We try to evaluate and analyze text and case of the act.
文摘After the bombing of our embassy in Belgrade, Chinese students of internationalrelations tensely discussed about China’s international environment. The manyopinions fell into two basic groups. One expressed the belief that the war in Kosovobrought about a fundamental change of the international environment; the othergroup thought that the Kosovo War merely reflected the post-Cold War interna-tional reality rather than changing the international environment. In order to cor-
文摘In recent years, the environmental protection policy gradually system innovation, gradually implemented the quantitative assessment, quantitative accountability and other policies, and gradually improve the environmental protection assessment system. At the same time, the environmental protection reform has been completed, the monitoring has been more detailed, from the supervision, the system of the implementation of environmental protection policies. In the field of air control, institutional innovation plays an important supervisory role. Regulatory authorities and service agencies jointly promote the significant improvement of air pollution control and effective supervision, and promote the more stable and safe operation of the whole social ecology. This paper analyzes the changes of environmental protection policy and atmospheric governance in recent years.
基金financially supported by the"Strategy and Policies on Environment and Development in Western China"project
文摘Reviewing the existing environmental policies in Western China,we find that:in time sequence,the characteristics of China's western environmental policies shift from"development drive governance"to the full implementation of environmental protection and construction;and in spatial sequence,the ecological,social,and economic development of Western China reach to coordination through the nature reserve setting,ecological migrants,fiscal transfer payment and differentiated ecological environmental policies.Due to the implementation of the policies and projects,environmental degradation trends in the western ecological environment were alleviated significantly,the living conditions of farmers and herdsmen were improved,and many successful experiences were explored.However,future ecological environmental construction in Western China requires further improvement in integrated planning,eco-compensation mechanism,and policy assessment.This paper concludes with specific recommendations such as drawing up ecological environment construction planning,strengthening environmental law enforcement and incentive mechanisms,improving policy assessment and scientific support,enhancing environmental protection capacity,improving eco-compensation mechanism,and refining the environmental policies for key areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52200228 and 72022004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721817)the National Key Scientific Research Project(2021YFC3200200).
文摘Top-down environmental policies aim to mitigate environmental risks but inevitably lead to economic losses due to the market entry or exit of enterprises.This study developed a universal dynamic agent-based supply chain model to achieve tradeoffs between environmental risk reduction and economic sus-tainability.The model was used to conduct high-resolution daily simulations of the dynamic shifts in enterprise operations and their cascading effects on supply chain networks.It includes production,con-sumption,and transportation agents,attributing economic features to supply chain components and cap-turing their interactions.It also accounts for adaptive responses to daily external shocks and replicates realistic firm behaviors.By coupling high spatial-temporal resolution firm-level data from 18916 chemical enterprises,this study investigates the economic and environmental impacts of an environmen-tal policy resulting in the closure of 1800 chemical enterprises over three years.The results revealed a significant economic loss of 25.8 billion USD,ranging from 23.8 billion to 31.8 billion USD.Notably,over 80%of this loss was attributed to supply chain propagation.Counterfactual analyses indicated that imple-menting a staggered shutdown strategy prevented 18.8%of supply chain losses,highlighting the impor-tance of a gradual policy implementation to prevent abrupt supply chain disruptions.Furthermore,the study highlights the effectiveness of a multi-objective policy design in reducing economic losses(about 29%)and environmental risks(about 40%),substantially enhancing the efficiency of the environmental policy.The high-resolution simulations provide valuable insights for policy designers to formulate strategies with staggered implementation and multiple objectives to mitigate supply chain losses and environmental risks and ensure a sustainable future.
基金sponsored by National Social Science Fund [grant number 13&ZD172]
文摘Based on an analysis of major recent social events in China,such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,2010 Shanghai World Expo,2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games,and 2014 Beijing Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference,mandatory,temporary,and indemnificatory quantitative policies aimed at protecting air quality,which were carried out by both central and local governments,made substantial contributions to changes and improvements in air quality.To some extent,the findings show that command and control measures play a significant role in protecting air quality,while the law and economic and voluntary environmental safeguard measures do not during major social events.Therefore,it reminds us the air quality could and will improve not only during major social events but also in the regular days if we implement appropriate environmental policies and safeguard measures.
文摘The environmental problems can not be addressed in all their depth and complexity, and the most viable solutions can be made only by direct and continuous reference to the large issues of the development of the society as a whole. Environment and economic development are indissoluble, the first is where we all live, and development is what we all do to improve our fate in this environment. A main cause is the attitude of economic operators towards the environment, an attitude according to which profit should be pursued immediately, while nature protection is left for later. Ecological crisis is a new phenomenon, but derived from anthropological crisis. This reflects, at a global level, man＇s inner crisis. Every man in part, and not people or humanity in general, is responsible for this crisis. Individual responsibility is not a question of quality, but a question of quantity. The ecological crisis is linked to the personal and social life of man as a whole. The convenience, lack of respect for things, irrational waste, lack of measure, irresponsibility, injustice, exploitation, winning dirty money, eudemonism, which manifest on all aspects of life and human activity, are factors that provoke it. And, unfortunately, they maintain it.
文摘The late 1980s began a transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market economy in Mozambique. This transition was marked by a gradual decentralization of public administration and the cross consideration of environmental issues. In our times, research and environmental studies are globally centrals to multiples fields of knowledge, based on this we try to reflect on the process of institutionalization of environmental issues in Mozambique. Our goal is to analytically explorer the political, social and economic contours that allow characterizing the beginning of this process. This article is the result of exploratory research using the qualitative method of analysis. The results showed that the beginning of the environmental issue institutionalization process in Mozambique was the result of various government initiatives and financial demands inherent in the development process, and filled in rhetorical strategies of different styles and motives, being pierced by political conflicts and fmancial, both at the state level as the meagerly existing civil society in this period. In this paper, we present and analyzed the socio-historical circumstances that interspersed the process of environmental institutionalization, indicating exogenous and endogenous factors that proved decisive for the current environmental institutional status in Mozambique.
文摘The stringency of environmental policy is likely to change the gains of economic agents. Using a general equilibrium model and an assumption that capital-intensive industries tend to be intensive emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG), we find that a stricter GHG emission scheme will reduce the rent for capital owners but increase the wage for workers. This effect could motivate capital owners or workers to oppose or support a stricter GHG policy. The paper also empirically assesses the model’s key assumption by using production input (capital stock and labor), output, and GHG emission data from U.S industrial sectors. The regression result supports a strong positive relationship between the capital-labor ratio and the pollution-output ratio. Therefore, the theoretical analysis is relevant to the actual economy.
文摘Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues unaddressed in Ghana.This paper is geared towards unravelling and identifying the current additions that have been made to existing literature on environmental laws and policies in Ghana.This paper made a wide-ranging general literature review to outline significant contributions concerning environmental laws and policies.Numerous environmental laws and policies were identified but have been fragmented and are not codified in a particular document.It is evident from the review of literature existing that there are still areas for advanced research on the topic of environmental laws and policies placing more emphasis on institution concerned with environmental issues at global level.The study recommended the need for capacity building for environmental personnel and data due to the numerous technological advancement to better assist the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws in Ghana.
文摘Developing countries are encouraged to pursue environmental protection and industrial development simultaneously,although it is a big challenge to reach win-win situation.This study explored the relationshipbetween environmental regulations and the industry enhancement in developing countries through conducting an empirical analysis of the impact of environmental regulationson Chinese automobile industry.In the empirical analysis,a total of64Chinese automobile enterprises were investigated,the Malmquist index of total factor productivity was adopted to determine the productivity of Chinese automobiles,and the two-step system Generalised Method of Moments(GMM)estimation was used for the regressionanalysis.The resultsshowedthat environmental regulations negatively affected the productivity and technology of Chinese automobile industry during 2004-2018.The production costof automobile industry in China was rising sharply,and the productivity and technological progress of Chinese automobile industry were impeded significantly.The case of Chinese automobile industry illustrated that strict environmental requirements can negatively impact industry productivity by increasing production costs and squeezing industry profits.
文摘The wider consideration of environmental effects and alternatives in early stages of decision-making has been pointed as one of the major benefits of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Adopted by virtually all of developed countries and sprawling around emergent and developing ones, it is recognized that SEA effectiveness is attached to its systematic application in development plans and programmes. Brazil and many developing countries have different experiences with this instrument and lacks of definition of a procedural framework to promote the use of SEA in strategic levels of decision. As a consequence development projects are frequently “threatened” by impact assessment outcomes, especially when a mandatory project-EIA has to inform decisions. In order to contribute to the implementation of SEA in developing countries, the present paper discusses the potential benefits of using SEA in transport infrastructure plans and programmes, through a case study applied to transport plans in the state of Sao Paulo (south-eastern Brazil). The outcomes indicate that SEA could contribute to improve infrastructure impact assessments, minimizing social and environmental conflicts, augmenting the acceptability of projects and decisions, reinforcing the need for SEA to be systematically implemented in Brazil.
文摘There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates that the onset of the current warming trend began in the mid-19th century and is consistent with the rising phase of variable global warming and cooling cycles in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Hemispheres.The last trough of the millennial cycle,the Little Ice Age,coincides approximately with the baseline of pre-industrial times used to calculate the impact of Anthropogenic Global Warming.Yet,half of the observed 20th century temperature rise occurred before 1950 when carbon dioxide levels remained low,with the remaining half happening at a similar rate of warming despite the much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.This study shows that when the amplitudes and rates of change of the long-term global cycles are considered,the anthropogenic component of warming can be reduced to 38%(using factors derived from the latest IPCC Working Group reports)to as little as 25%(using observational flux data of dominant Short Wave Absorbed Surface Radiation).These global climate cycles can be extrapolated into the future and the implications for policy of a large natural component to climate change are explored—in particular,the potential for mitigation strategies to have minimal impact and for the climate to cool consequent upon a cyclic down-phase.
基金supported by The Yangtze River Joint Research Phase Ⅱ Program(No.2022-LHYJ-02-0402).
文摘Environmental protection policies(EPPs)play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable development and maintaining ecological balance by establishing clear directives and standards.However,a comprehensive methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies remains underdeveloped.Here,we employ a difference-in-differences(DID)approach to assess the effectiveness of EPPs,using the implementation of the Resident Work(RW)policy as a quasi-natural experiment.Drawing on urban-level panel data from the Yangtze River Basin between 2016 and 2021,we demonstrate that the DID model robustly evaluates the RW policy's impact on water quality improvement.Cities that adopted the RW policy experienced a 0.0098 reduction in water pollution compared to non-adopting cities.A dynamic analysis revealed progressive water quality improvements over time,with stronger effects observed in economically disadvantaged cities.Furthermore,higher policy evaluation scores correlated with greater improvements in water quality.This study highlights the utility of the DID model in quantifying EPP effectiveness and offers a scalable framework for policy evaluation in environmental management.
基金support from the Major Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.21&ZD109).
文摘Addressing pollution caused by economic development,especially the overcapacity of polluting enterprises,is crucial for promoting sustainable economic growth.Targeted environmental policies are essential for strengthening environmental constraints on enterprises and enhancing the effectiveness of regulatory instruments.This study focused on the Environmental Credit Evaluation policy by examining its potential to improve capacity utilization and assessing its broader impact on heavily polluting enterprises.It constructed a time-varying difference-in-difference-in-differences model using panel data from 965 industrial enterprises from 2009 to 2019.The findings reveal that,in comparison with their non-heavily polluting counterparts,heavily polluting enterprises subject to the policy demonstrated significant improvements in capacity utilization.Heavily polluting enterprises that experienced a substantial increase in financing costs also exhibited a marked reduction in inefficient investment,without negatively affecting innovation investments or output.
文摘The year of 2011 is considered the first year of big data market in China.Compared with the global scale,China's big data growth will be faster than the global average growth rate,and China will usher in the rapid expansion of big data market in the next few years.This paper presents the overall big data development in China in terms of market scale and development stages,enterprise development in the industry chain,the technology standards,and industrial applications.The paper points out the issues and challenges facing big data development in China and proposes to make polices and create support approaches for big data transactions and personal privacy protection.
