Building upon previous work （Lancaster, 2014） which defined and theoretically situated political monitoring as an analytical concept, this essay first reiterates the importance of political monitoring to the study o...Building upon previous work （Lancaster, 2014） which defined and theoretically situated political monitoring as an analytical concept, this essay first reiterates the importance of political monitoring to the study of institutions of governance and related policy design. The conceptualization of political monitoring builds upon the psychological notion that people change their behavior if they believe someone is watching them. Second, it discusses theoretically how and why policy design might incorporate political monitoring in order to produce specific outcomes. Third, it presents empirical evidence from several illustrative examples to demonstrate how the institutionalization of political monitoring affects policy outcomes.展开更多
Satisfaction is an essential element of organizational success especially in public institutions where achievement is tied to public services provided,not just economic benefit.We study how employee satisfaction affec...Satisfaction is an essential element of organizational success especially in public institutions where achievement is tied to public services provided,not just economic benefit.We study how employee satisfaction affects company performance and how policy design can encourage or discourage it.Using mixed methods,both quantitative surveys and qualitative case studies,this study surveys a broad set of public agencies to discover the main satisfaction drivers.It found that open compensation,opportunities for professional development,and positive work culture all help to enhance employee engagement and efficiency.The City of Melbourne,the UK’s National Health Service(NHS)and the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)further illustrate the effects of participatory policymaking,flexible working and customised capacity-building programmes on employee satisfaction,productivity and public trust.The research highlights the importance of a well-designed policy to connecting employee expectations with organisational priorities,and ultimately contributing to personal wellbeing and institutional performance.展开更多
Background: Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates,through a case study in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand manag...Background: Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates,through a case study in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand management strategies.Methods: Optimization studies were examined for 15 Scots pine stands of different initial stand densities, site types, and temperature sum regions in Finland. Stand development was model ed using the Pipe Qual stand simulator coupled with the simulation-optimization tool Opti For Bioenergy to assess three forest bioenergy policies on energy wood harvest from early thinnings.Results: The optimal solutions maximizing bare land value indicate that conventional forest management regimes remain optimal for sparse stands. Energy harvests occurred only when profitable, led to lower financial returns. A forest bioenergy policy which included compulsory energy wood harvesting was optimal for denser stands. At a higher interest rate(4 %), increasing energy wood price postponed energy wood harvesting. In addition, our results show that early thinning somewhat reduced wood quality for stands in fertile sites. For less fertile sites, the changes were insignificant.Conclusions: A constraint of profitable energy wood harvest is not rational. It is optimal to carry out the first thinning with a flexible forest bioenergy policy depending on stand density.展开更多
文摘Building upon previous work （Lancaster, 2014） which defined and theoretically situated political monitoring as an analytical concept, this essay first reiterates the importance of political monitoring to the study of institutions of governance and related policy design. The conceptualization of political monitoring builds upon the psychological notion that people change their behavior if they believe someone is watching them. Second, it discusses theoretically how and why policy design might incorporate political monitoring in order to produce specific outcomes. Third, it presents empirical evidence from several illustrative examples to demonstrate how the institutionalization of political monitoring affects policy outcomes.
文摘Satisfaction is an essential element of organizational success especially in public institutions where achievement is tied to public services provided,not just economic benefit.We study how employee satisfaction affects company performance and how policy design can encourage or discourage it.Using mixed methods,both quantitative surveys and qualitative case studies,this study surveys a broad set of public agencies to discover the main satisfaction drivers.It found that open compensation,opportunities for professional development,and positive work culture all help to enhance employee engagement and efficiency.The City of Melbourne,the UK’s National Health Service(NHS)and the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)further illustrate the effects of participatory policymaking,flexible working and customised capacity-building programmes on employee satisfaction,productivity and public trust.The research highlights the importance of a well-designed policy to connecting employee expectations with organisational priorities,and ultimately contributing to personal wellbeing and institutional performance.
基金partly supported by GSForest in Finland and National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31170586)
文摘Background: Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates,through a case study in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand management strategies.Methods: Optimization studies were examined for 15 Scots pine stands of different initial stand densities, site types, and temperature sum regions in Finland. Stand development was model ed using the Pipe Qual stand simulator coupled with the simulation-optimization tool Opti For Bioenergy to assess three forest bioenergy policies on energy wood harvest from early thinnings.Results: The optimal solutions maximizing bare land value indicate that conventional forest management regimes remain optimal for sparse stands. Energy harvests occurred only when profitable, led to lower financial returns. A forest bioenergy policy which included compulsory energy wood harvesting was optimal for denser stands. At a higher interest rate(4 %), increasing energy wood price postponed energy wood harvesting. In addition, our results show that early thinning somewhat reduced wood quality for stands in fertile sites. For less fertile sites, the changes were insignificant.Conclusions: A constraint of profitable energy wood harvest is not rational. It is optimal to carry out the first thinning with a flexible forest bioenergy policy depending on stand density.
