BACKGROUND: Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests(TFTs) has previously been evaluated in medical ICUs. We aimed to evaluate prognostic efficacy of cortisol and TFTs in critically ill poisoned patient...BACKGROUND: Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests(TFTs) has previously been evaluated in medical ICUs. We aimed to evaluate prognostic efficacy of cortisol and TFTs in critically ill poisoned patients admitted to toxicology intensive care unit(ICU).METHODS: In a prospective study of consecutively enrolled subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU, lab analyses included TFTs(total T3 and T4 as well as TSH) and cortisol levels drawn between 8 am–10 am during period of the first 24 hours post-ingestion/exposure. Simplified Acute Physiology Score Ⅱ(SAPS Ⅱ) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) were recorded. All scores were compared to detect the best prognostic factor. Type of poisoning was also included.RESULTS: In 200 patients evaluated, 129 were male and mean age was 31 years. In general, SAPS Ⅱ, T4, and cortisol could prognosticate death. After regression analysis, only cortisol had such efficacy(P=0.04; OR=1.06; 95%CI=1.05–1.08; cut-off=42 μg/d L; sensitivity=70%; specificity=82%). Between aluminium phosphide(ALP)-and non ALP-poisoned patients, level of consciousness, mean arterial pressure, and cortisol level could prognosticate death in ALP poisoning(all Ps<0.001 in both uni and multivariate analyses). Median(interquartile range; IQR) GCS was 7(6, 10) and 15(8, 15) in non-ALP and ALP-poisoned patients(P<0.003). SAPS Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅱ could not prognosticate death at all.CONCLUSION: Cortisol best prognosticated outcomes for subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU. Its level is higher in ALP-poisoned patients probably due to the higher stress while they remain conscious till the final stages of toxicity and are aware of deterioration of their clinical condition or may be due to their significantly lower blood pressures.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Paraquat （PQ） is an effective herbicide and is widely used in agricultural production, but PQ poisoning is frequently seen in humans with the lung as the target organ. Clinically pulmonary pathological ...BACKGROUND： Paraquat （PQ） is an effective herbicide and is widely used in agricultural production, but PQ poisoning is frequently seen in humans with the lung as the target organ. Clinically pulmonary pathological changes are often used to predict the severity and prognosis of the patients. In this study, we observed the expression of heat shock protein 70 （HSP70） in rat lung after PQ poisoning and to investigate the therapeutic effects of ulinastatin.METHODS： Seventy-two adult healthy SD rats were randomly divided into a control group （group A, n=24）, a poisoning group （group B, n=24）, and an ulinastatin group （group C, n=24）. The rat models of acute PQ poisoning were established by intra-gastric administration of 80 mg/kg PQ to rats of groups B and C, and the rats of group C were intra-peritoneally injected with 100 000 IU/kg ulinastatin 30 minutes after poisoning. The expression of HSP70 in lung tissue was observed, and W/D and histopathological changes in the lung tissue were compared 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after poisoning. The expression of HSP70 in the lung tissue was assayed by using RT-PCR. All quantitative data were processed with one-way analysis of variance to compare multiple sample means.RESULTS： Compared to group A, the expression of HSP70 in the lung of rats in groups B and C increased signi？ cantly at all intervals （P〈0.05）. The pathological changes in lung tissue of rats with PQ poisoning included congestion, leukocytes in？ ltration and local hemorrhage, whereas those of group C were signi？ cantly lessened.CONCLUSION： Ulinastatin may ameliorate acute lung injury to some extent after PQ poisoning in rats by enhancing the expression of HSP70.展开更多
BACKGROUND： With the development of industry and agriculture, organotin compounds have been widely used in China. Organotin compounds cause a common occupational poisoning. The toxicity of organotin was reported in a...BACKGROUND： With the development of industry and agriculture, organotin compounds have been widely used in China. Organotin compounds cause a common occupational poisoning. The toxicity of organotin was reported in animal studies; however the reports about human organotin intoxication are very rare. In this study we retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations of 15 organotin-poisoned patients who had been treated at our hospital from 2002 through 2007.METHODS： Fifteen patients with organotin poisoning were admitted to Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine from 2002 to 2007. They were 9 males and 6 females, aged from 25 to 52 years. Clinical manifestations and Glasgow Coma Scales showed that the poisoning was mild in 4 patients, moderate in 6 and severe in 5. The severe patients were given glucocorticoid after hospitalization by intravenous guttae of 500 mg methylprednisolone for the first day, followed by 160 mg methylprednisolone per day for three days, and then 80 mg methylprednisolone per day for another three days. Potassium glutamate and sodium glutamate were intravenously dripped to reduce blood ammonia; intravenous guttae plus oral administration of potassium 9 g/day was used to correct intractable hypokalemia; sodium bicarbonate was used to correct metabolic acidosis, and sedatives were used to control spasm and twitch; mechanical ventilators were used in 4 patients with dyspnea.RESULTS： Most of the patients showed elevated level of blood ammonia, decreased level of blood potassium and metabolic acidosis, but some had demyelination changes shown by CT and MRI. Treatments included correction of metabolic acids, blood potassium and ammonia, and mechanical ventilation when necessary. For patients with injuries of the nervous system, glucocorticoids were given immediately after hospitalization. These patients showed intractable hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis during the treatment. Forteen patients recovered completely without long-term side-effect. One patient in the aphasiac stage restored the linguistic capacity during a 6-month follow-up.CONCLUSION： Elevated level of blood ammonia, decresed level of blood potassium, and metabolic acidosis are common in patients with organotin poisoning. Demyelination can be observed in patients with severe poisoning. The abnormalities of the patients are reversible alter suitable treatments.展开更多
Objective: to analyze the effect of first aid treatment with pralidoxime injection on organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients. Methods: dividing 60 organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients in our hospital fro...Objective: to analyze the effect of first aid treatment with pralidoxime injection on organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients. Methods: dividing 60 organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients in our hospital from February 2017 to April 2021 into research group and control group according to random number table method, 30 cases in each group, and performing routine emergency treatment with pralidoxime injection intervention, performing intravenous drip to patients in control group, performing after-loading intravenous drip to patients in research group, and comparing and analyzing the first aid effect and improvement of myocardial enzyme level between two groups. Results: the resuscitation time and AchE activity recovery time of patients in research group were shorter than those in control group after first aid, and the levels of cTnI and CK were lower than those in control group after first aid, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: on the basis of conventional emergency intervention for organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients, after-loading pralidoxime injection intravenous infusion can effectively improve emergency treatment effect, and promote recovery of patients' resuscitation and myocardial enzyme level.展开更多
Pesticide poisoning remains a critical public health challenge worldwide.At present,chlorfenapyr,classifi ed by the World Health Organization(WHO)as a moderately toxic insecticide,is increasingly used in agriculture,l...Pesticide poisoning remains a critical public health challenge worldwide.At present,chlorfenapyr,classifi ed by the World Health Organization(WHO)as a moderately toxic insecticide,is increasingly used in agriculture,leading to more poisoning incidents.It has a fatality rate as high as 76%after poisoning.[1]Here,we report a successful treatment of a patient with mixed pesticide poisoning caused by lethaldose emamectin benzoate(EB)and chlorfenapyr in the Department of Critical Care Medicine,Yangzhou Hongquan Hospital.展开更多
BACKGROUND:This study is to evaluate clearance eff ects of hemoperfusion(HP),continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT),and plasma exchange(PE)for chlorfenapyr and its metabolite tralopyril in patients with acute pois...BACKGROUND:This study is to evaluate clearance eff ects of hemoperfusion(HP),continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT),and plasma exchange(PE)for chlorfenapyr and its metabolite tralopyril in patients with acute poisoning.METHODS:This retrospective study included 18 patients with acute oral chlorfenapyr poisoning treated at our department between January 2022 and January 2024.All patients received conventional therapies combined with blood purification,including HP,CRRT,and PE.HP was performed three sessions within the fi rst 24 h,followed by CRRT and PE.Serial blood samples were collected to measure plasma concentrations of chlorfenapyr and tralopyril using gas chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/LC-MS).The toxin-clearance eff ects were assessed using a linear mixed-eff ects(LME)model.RESULTS:The hourly decline rate of the plasma chlorfenapyr concentration(median[IQR])was 8.83%(1.79%)for HP,4.12%(1.26%)for CRRT,and 6.85%(1.44%)for PE.LME analysis showed higher decline rate in the plasma concentration with HP(β=5.00;P<0.001)and PE(β=2.15;P=0.003)compared to CRRT.For tralopyril,the hourly decline rates were 3.04%(0.62%)for HP,1.82%(0.48%)for CRRT,and 3.01%(0.37%)for PE.LME analysis showed that the clearance effects of HP(β=0.027;P<0.001)and PE(β=0.022;P=0.001)were superior to CRRT.Pre-treatment toxin levels and the interval from hospital admission to blood purifi cation showed no signifi cant interaction with clearance outcomes.CONCLUSION:In our study,HP was associated with a higher decline rate in plasma chlorfenapyr concentration compared to CRRT and PE,supporting HP as a preferred early intervention.However,all three methods showed limited effi cacy in reducing tralopyril levels.Further research into the toxicokinetics and mechanisms of chlorfenapyr is warranted to optimize purifi cation strategies.展开更多
The performance of deep recommendation models degrades significantly under data poisoning attacks.While adversarial training methods such as Vulnerability-Aware Training(VAT)enhance robustness by injecting perturbatio...The performance of deep recommendation models degrades significantly under data poisoning attacks.While adversarial training methods such as Vulnerability-Aware Training(VAT)enhance robustness by injecting perturbations into embeddings,they remain limited by coarse-grained noise and a static defense strategy,leaving models susceptible to adaptive attacks.This study proposes a novel framework,Self-Purification Data Sanitization(SPD),which integrates vulnerability-aware adversarial training with dynamic label correction.Specifically,SPD first identifies high-risk users through a fragility scoring mechanism,then applies self-purification by replacing suspicious interactions with model-predicted high-confidence labels during training.This closed-loop process continuously sanitizes the training data and breaks the protection ceiling of conventional adversarial training.Experiments demonstrate that SPD significantly improves the robustness of both Matrix Factorization(MF)and LightGCN models against various poisoning attacks.We show that SPD effectively suppresses malicious gradient propagation and maintains recommendation accuracy.Evaluations on Gowalla and Yelp2018 confirmthat SPD-trainedmodels withstandmultiple attack strategies—including Random,Bandwagon,DP,and Rev attacks—while preserving performance.展开更多
Aconitines are a group of highly bioactive and toxic compounds found in aconitum species.[1]It is clinically used to treat rheumatism,rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis,and cancer.[2]In folk medicine,aconitine is oft...Aconitines are a group of highly bioactive and toxic compounds found in aconitum species.[1]It is clinically used to treat rheumatism,rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis,and cancer.[2]In folk medicine,aconitine is often soaked in white wine to make medicinal wine,which is used to treat rheumatism,joint pain,and other diseases.[3]Improper use of aconitine can cause adverse effects in the nervous system and digestive system,as well as cardiovascular dysfunction,especially arrhythmia.[4]Because of its high toxicity when it is improperly handled,aconitine has attracted widespread attention.展开更多
The objective of this study was to understand the effect of long-term aconitine(AC)oral administration on the digestive tract and serum metabolism.Subjects consumed either 0.9%Na Cl(n=8)or AC(n=17)gavage designed to r...The objective of this study was to understand the effect of long-term aconitine(AC)oral administration on the digestive tract and serum metabolism.Subjects consumed either 0.9%Na Cl(n=8)or AC(n=17)gavage designed to represent human chronic AC administrations for 13 days.Organ pathology was determined using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry.Fecal and proximal intestinal content samples were collected to perform shotgun metagenomic sequencing.Serum samples were collected,and untargeted metabolomics was performed.In this study,AC administration induced proximal intestine,liver,and kidney injury.Microbiome composition remained stable after AC exposure,while several microbes presented dynamic alteration.Moreover,AC affected the abundance of the fatty acid biosynthesis rate-limiting gene acc A at day 7.AC induces 30 serum metabolites to significantly change at day 14,including several short-chain acylcarnitines.WGCNA revealed 2 sub-modules associated with the level of several short-chain acylcarnitines.In summary,AC affects the digestive tract and serum metabolism after chronic administration.AC may affect the enrichment of microbial-derived acc A gene.The abundance of serum acylcarnitines detected in the AC group may associate with its anti-heart failure effects.展开更多
Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is an acute form of poisoning primarily found in underdeveloped regions.Its main clinical manifestations include muscarinic symptoms,nicotinic symptoms,and central nervous system di...Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is an acute form of poisoning primarily found in underdeveloped regions.Its main clinical manifestations include muscarinic symptoms,nicotinic symptoms,and central nervous system disturbances.This report presents a case of a middleaged female who developed extremely rare symptoms of optic nerve damage after ingesting a large amount of an organophosphate pesticide.展开更多
AB_(2)-type Ti-based hydrogen storage alloys(HSAs)are promising for industrial hydrogen feeding systems due to their moderate operating conditions and high hydrogen storage capacity.However,their practical application...AB_(2)-type Ti-based hydrogen storage alloys(HSAs)are promising for industrial hydrogen feeding systems due to their moderate operating conditions and high hydrogen storage capacity.However,their practical application is hindered by unavoidable impurity gases in hydrogen feedstocks,which significantly impair the performance of HSAs.Furthermore,the absence of clear evaluation criteria for poisoning behaviors and mechanisms hinders efforts to develop effective mitigation strategies.To address this gap,we used calculated surface interaction energy changes(ΔE)and experimental investigations to classify and rank the poisoning potential of impurity gases on a C14 Laves-phase Ti_(0.86)Zr_(0.15)Mn_(1.5)Cr_(0.07)(VFe)0.43 alloy.Impurity gases were classified into two types of weak-adsorption and strong-adsorption impurity gases by comparing theirΔE with that of H_(2)(ΔE_(H_(2))=-1.6001 eV).AsΔE>ΔE_(H_(2)) ,weak-adsorption impurity gases(Ar,He,CH4,and N2)induce poisoning by forming enriched blocking layers that impede H_(2) diffusion.This blocking effect can be alleviated under gas flow conditions.AsΔE<ΔE_(H_(2)),strong adsorption gases are further divided into two types based on their reactivity with the alloy.Non-reactive strong-adsorption impurity gases(CO and CO_(2) )preferentially occupy surface active sites,blocking H_(2) adsorption and dissociation.In contrast,reactive strong-adsorption impurity gases(such as O_(2))form dense passivation layers that completely prevent hydrogen ingress.Accordingly,surface modification offers an effective approach to mitigate gas-induced poisoning by altering the interaction mechanism.This study establishes the parameter-based criteria for classifying impurity gas poisoning mechanisms in AB_(2)-type Ti-based HSAs.It provides fundamental insights for guiding the design of poisoning-resistant materials and the development of mitigation strategies.展开更多
Du(毒)commonly denotes poison and toxicity,carrying a negative connotation of harm in modern Chinese.However,within traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Du possesses more diverse connotations.Through the examination of h...Du(毒)commonly denotes poison and toxicity,carrying a negative connotation of harm in modern Chinese.However,within traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Du possesses more diverse connotations.Through the examination of historical scholar-physicians’works and semi-structured interviews with modern TCM practitioners,this research argues that Du should be understood in a relational way rather than merely as an intrinsic property of substances.From medical practitioners’perspective,Du emerges from the interaction between substances and the human body.Firstly,substances that induce strong and undesired bodily sensations can be categorised as Du,denoting both potency and potential harm.Secondly,Du has also been interpreted as Pian Xing(偏性imbalanced qualities of materia medica),referring to medicine’s qi(气property)and Wei(味flavour).These qualities,determined through sensory perceptions such as taste and smell,are the source of both therapeutic efficacy and potential harm if misused.Thus,in this context,the concept of Du does not inherently carry positive or negative connotations.Thirdly,when practitioners use Du to denote harm,this harm is generated from dynamic interplay among medicines,formulas,practitioners and patients.The interaction between these factors determines whether medicines will cause harm,rather than any inherent quality of the medicines themselves.However,influenced by modern science,the focus has shifted to isolated toxic components,moving away from the holistic emphasis on the lived body’s experiences.This shift has also influenced practitioners’clinical use of Du-possessing medicines,which are regarded as toxic medicines.展开更多
Acute carbon monoxide(CO) poisoning constitutes a lethal hazard globally,causing substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide.^([1-2]) Studies have shown that multiple mechanisms contribute to acute CO poisoning,incl...Acute carbon monoxide(CO) poisoning constitutes a lethal hazard globally,causing substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide.^([1-2]) Studies have shown that multiple mechanisms contribute to acute CO poisoning,including ischemic-hypoxic injury,reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation and inflammatory responses.^([2-5]) Furthermore,excessive inflammatory responses can induce adverse metabolic changes.^([6-7]) Considering these evidence,an interaction may exist between acute CO poisoning and both inflammatory factors and metabolites.However,the mechanisms through which inflammatory factors mediate CO toxicity via metabolic pathways remain largely unexplored.展开更多
Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is the third most common pathogen causing 10.6%of bacterial foodborne illnesses in China in 2021[1].Heat-stable Staphylococcal Enterotoxins(SEs)produced by S.aureus are the main contribu...Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is the third most common pathogen causing 10.6%of bacterial foodborne illnesses in China in 2021[1].Heat-stable Staphylococcal Enterotoxins(SEs)produced by S.aureus are the main contributors to staphylococcal food poisoning(SFP),causing vomiting,diarrhea,abdominal pain,headache,muscle cramps,and other acute gastroenteritis symptoms.More than 25 SEs and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins(SE/s)have been described and which together comprise a superfamily of pyrogenic toxin superantigens(SAgs)[2].展开更多
Federated Learning(FL)has become a leading decentralized solution that enables multiple clients to train a model in a collaborative environment without directly sharing raw data,making it suitable for privacy-sensitiv...Federated Learning(FL)has become a leading decentralized solution that enables multiple clients to train a model in a collaborative environment without directly sharing raw data,making it suitable for privacy-sensitive applications such as healthcare,finance,and smart systems.As the field continues to evolve,the research field has become more complex and scattered,covering different system designs,training methods,and privacy techniques.This survey is organized around the three core challenges:how the data is distributed,how models are synchronized,and how to defend against attacks.It provides a structured and up-to-date review of FL research from 2023 to 2025,offering a unified taxonomy that categorizes works by data distribution(Horizontal FL,Vertical FL,Federated Transfer Learning,and Personalized FL),training synchronization(synchronous and asynchronous FL),optimization strategies,and threat models(data leakage and poisoning attacks).In particular,we summarize the latest contributions in Vertical FL frameworks for secure multi-party learning,communication-efficient Horizontal FL,and domain-adaptive Federated Transfer Learning.Furthermore,we examine synchronization techniques addressing system heterogeneity,including straggler mitigation in synchronous FL and staleness management in asynchronous FL.The survey covers security threats in FL,such as gradient inversion,membership inference,and poisoning attacks,as well as their defense strategies that include privacy-preserving aggregation and anomaly detection.The paper concludes by outlining unresolved issues and highlighting challenges in handling personalized models,scalability,and real-world adoption.展开更多
Objective: To analyze the causes of injury and poisoning during construction of urbanization and industrialization and to explore proper measures. Methods: The data of the patients with injury and poisoning during con...Objective: To analyze the causes of injury and poisoning during construction of urbanization and industrialization and to explore proper measures. Methods: The data of the patients with injury and poisoning during construction of urbanization and industrialization treated in out hospital from 1998 to 2002 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The number of discharged patients of injury and poisoning accounted for (29.2)% of the total number ((49 800)) of discharged patients in the corresponding period in our hospital, which was greater than that of other city and county hospitals, and accounted for (94.3)% of the total number ((15 411)) of discharged patients of the Surgery Department in the corresponding period in our hospital. Injuries caused by motor vehicle traffic accidents, cutting and piercing instruments or objects, homicide and injury purposely inflicted by other persons and accidental falls held (78.9)%. The number of the inpatients in 2002 increased by (83.3)% compared with that of 1998, the number of injured and poisoned inpatients increased by (76.1)% and these patients aged mainly at age of 15-39 years, holding (80.1)%. In a year, the peak period of trauma patients was in summer because of hot weather; the fewest in February for the floating people went home for Spring Festival holidays. Conclusions: During construction of rural urbanization and industrialization, injuries and poisoning increase evidently and are the main tasks of surgical management. So to raise its treatment level and therapeutic effect is a key point.展开更多
Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poi...Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poisoning of air electrodes,causing substantial degradation in electrochemical performance and compromising the longterm stability of SOCs.This mini-review examines the mechanism of Cr deposition and poisoning in air electrodes under both fuel-cell and electrolysis modes.Furthermore,emphasis is placed on the recent advancements in strategies to mitigate Cr poisoning,offering insights into the rational design and development of active and Cr-tolerant air electrodes for SOCs.展开更多
Objective:The neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide(CO)to the central nervous system is a key pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning(DEACMP).Our previous study found that retinoic acid...Objective:The neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide(CO)to the central nervous system is a key pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning(DEACMP).Our previous study found that retinoic acid(RA)can suppress the neurotoxic effects of CO.This study further explores,in vivo and in vitro,the molecular mechanisms by which RA alleviates CO-induced central nervous system damage.Methods:A cytotoxic model was established using the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 and primary oligodendrocytes exposed to CO,and a DEACMP animal model was established in adult Kunming mice.Cell viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide(PI)double staining.The transcriptional and protein expression of each gene was detected using real time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting.Long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)SNHG15 and LINGO-1 were knocked down or overexpressed to observe changes in neurons and oligodendrocytes.In DEACMP mice,SNHG15 or LINGO-1 were knocked down to assess changes in central nervous tissue and downstream protein expression.Results:RA at 10 and 20μmol/L significantly reversed CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,downregulation of SNHG15 and LINGO-1,and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and tyrosine kinase receptor B(TrkB)(all P<0.05).Overexpression of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 weakened the protective effect of RA against CO-induced cytotoxicity(all P<0.05).Knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 alleviated CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes and upregulated BDNF and TrkB expression levels(all P<0.05).Experiments in DEACMP model mice showed that knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 mitigated central nervous system injury in DEACMP(all P<0.05).Conclusion:RA alleviates CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,thereby reducing central nervous system injury and exerting neuroprotective effects.LncRNA SNHG15 and LINGO-1 are key molecules mediating RA induced inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and are associated with the BDNF/TrkB pathway.These findings provide a theoretical framework for optimizing the clinical treatment of DEACMP and lay an experimental foundation for elucidating its molecular mechanisms.展开更多
TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications.However,the presence of impurity gases(such as O_(2),CO,CO_(2),and CH4)has a considerable impact on the ...TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications.However,the presence of impurity gases(such as O_(2),CO,CO_(2),and CH4)has a considerable impact on the hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of TiFe alloys,drastically limiting their practical application in hydrogen storage.Consequently,in this study,we investigated the hydrogen absorption kinetics and cycling performance of the TiFe_(0.9) alloy in the presence of common impurity gases(including CH4,CO,CO_(2),and O_(2))and determined the corresponding poisoning mechanisms.Specifically,we found that CH4 did not react with the alloy but acted through physical coverage.In contrast,CO and CO_(2) occupy the active sites for H_(2),significantly impeding the dissociation and absorption of H_(2).In addition,O_(2) reacts directly with the alloy to form a passivating layer that prevents hydrogen absorption.These findings were fur-ther corroborated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR)and density functional theory(DFT).The relationship between the adsorption energies of the impurity gases and hydrogen obtained through DFT calculations complements the experimental results.Un-derstanding these poisoning behaviors is crucial for designing Ti-based high-entropy hydrogen storage alloy alloys with enhanced resist-ance to poisoning.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND: Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests(TFTs) has previously been evaluated in medical ICUs. We aimed to evaluate prognostic efficacy of cortisol and TFTs in critically ill poisoned patients admitted to toxicology intensive care unit(ICU).METHODS: In a prospective study of consecutively enrolled subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU, lab analyses included TFTs(total T3 and T4 as well as TSH) and cortisol levels drawn between 8 am–10 am during period of the first 24 hours post-ingestion/exposure. Simplified Acute Physiology Score Ⅱ(SAPS Ⅱ) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) were recorded. All scores were compared to detect the best prognostic factor. Type of poisoning was also included.RESULTS: In 200 patients evaluated, 129 were male and mean age was 31 years. In general, SAPS Ⅱ, T4, and cortisol could prognosticate death. After regression analysis, only cortisol had such efficacy(P=0.04; OR=1.06; 95%CI=1.05–1.08; cut-off=42 μg/d L; sensitivity=70%; specificity=82%). Between aluminium phosphide(ALP)-and non ALP-poisoned patients, level of consciousness, mean arterial pressure, and cortisol level could prognosticate death in ALP poisoning(all Ps<0.001 in both uni and multivariate analyses). Median(interquartile range; IQR) GCS was 7(6, 10) and 15(8, 15) in non-ALP and ALP-poisoned patients(P<0.003). SAPS Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅱ could not prognosticate death at all.CONCLUSION: Cortisol best prognosticated outcomes for subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU. Its level is higher in ALP-poisoned patients probably due to the higher stress while they remain conscious till the final stages of toxicity and are aware of deterioration of their clinical condition or may be due to their significantly lower blood pressures.
文摘BACKGROUND： Paraquat （PQ） is an effective herbicide and is widely used in agricultural production, but PQ poisoning is frequently seen in humans with the lung as the target organ. Clinically pulmonary pathological changes are often used to predict the severity and prognosis of the patients. In this study, we observed the expression of heat shock protein 70 （HSP70） in rat lung after PQ poisoning and to investigate the therapeutic effects of ulinastatin.METHODS： Seventy-two adult healthy SD rats were randomly divided into a control group （group A, n=24）, a poisoning group （group B, n=24）, and an ulinastatin group （group C, n=24）. The rat models of acute PQ poisoning were established by intra-gastric administration of 80 mg/kg PQ to rats of groups B and C, and the rats of group C were intra-peritoneally injected with 100 000 IU/kg ulinastatin 30 minutes after poisoning. The expression of HSP70 in lung tissue was observed, and W/D and histopathological changes in the lung tissue were compared 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after poisoning. The expression of HSP70 in the lung tissue was assayed by using RT-PCR. All quantitative data were processed with one-way analysis of variance to compare multiple sample means.RESULTS： Compared to group A, the expression of HSP70 in the lung of rats in groups B and C increased signi？ cantly at all intervals （P〈0.05）. The pathological changes in lung tissue of rats with PQ poisoning included congestion, leukocytes in？ ltration and local hemorrhage, whereas those of group C were signi？ cantly lessened.CONCLUSION： Ulinastatin may ameliorate acute lung injury to some extent after PQ poisoning in rats by enhancing the expression of HSP70.
文摘BACKGROUND： With the development of industry and agriculture, organotin compounds have been widely used in China. Organotin compounds cause a common occupational poisoning. The toxicity of organotin was reported in animal studies; however the reports about human organotin intoxication are very rare. In this study we retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations of 15 organotin-poisoned patients who had been treated at our hospital from 2002 through 2007.METHODS： Fifteen patients with organotin poisoning were admitted to Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine from 2002 to 2007. They were 9 males and 6 females, aged from 25 to 52 years. Clinical manifestations and Glasgow Coma Scales showed that the poisoning was mild in 4 patients, moderate in 6 and severe in 5. The severe patients were given glucocorticoid after hospitalization by intravenous guttae of 500 mg methylprednisolone for the first day, followed by 160 mg methylprednisolone per day for three days, and then 80 mg methylprednisolone per day for another three days. Potassium glutamate and sodium glutamate were intravenously dripped to reduce blood ammonia; intravenous guttae plus oral administration of potassium 9 g/day was used to correct intractable hypokalemia; sodium bicarbonate was used to correct metabolic acidosis, and sedatives were used to control spasm and twitch; mechanical ventilators were used in 4 patients with dyspnea.RESULTS： Most of the patients showed elevated level of blood ammonia, decreased level of blood potassium and metabolic acidosis, but some had demyelination changes shown by CT and MRI. Treatments included correction of metabolic acids, blood potassium and ammonia, and mechanical ventilation when necessary. For patients with injuries of the nervous system, glucocorticoids were given immediately after hospitalization. These patients showed intractable hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis during the treatment. Forteen patients recovered completely without long-term side-effect. One patient in the aphasiac stage restored the linguistic capacity during a 6-month follow-up.CONCLUSION： Elevated level of blood ammonia, decresed level of blood potassium, and metabolic acidosis are common in patients with organotin poisoning. Demyelination can be observed in patients with severe poisoning. The abnormalities of the patients are reversible alter suitable treatments.
文摘Objective: to analyze the effect of first aid treatment with pralidoxime injection on organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients. Methods: dividing 60 organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients in our hospital from February 2017 to April 2021 into research group and control group according to random number table method, 30 cases in each group, and performing routine emergency treatment with pralidoxime injection intervention, performing intravenous drip to patients in control group, performing after-loading intravenous drip to patients in research group, and comparing and analyzing the first aid effect and improvement of myocardial enzyme level between two groups. Results: the resuscitation time and AchE activity recovery time of patients in research group were shorter than those in control group after first aid, and the levels of cTnI and CK were lower than those in control group after first aid, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: on the basis of conventional emergency intervention for organophosphorus pesticide poisoned patients, after-loading pralidoxime injection intravenous infusion can effectively improve emergency treatment effect, and promote recovery of patients' resuscitation and myocardial enzyme level.
文摘Pesticide poisoning remains a critical public health challenge worldwide.At present,chlorfenapyr,classifi ed by the World Health Organization(WHO)as a moderately toxic insecticide,is increasingly used in agriculture,leading to more poisoning incidents.It has a fatality rate as high as 76%after poisoning.[1]Here,we report a successful treatment of a patient with mixed pesticide poisoning caused by lethaldose emamectin benzoate(EB)and chlorfenapyr in the Department of Critical Care Medicine,Yangzhou Hongquan Hospital.
基金funded by the Medical Science Research Project of the Hebei Provincial Health and Health Commission(20230550).
文摘BACKGROUND:This study is to evaluate clearance eff ects of hemoperfusion(HP),continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT),and plasma exchange(PE)for chlorfenapyr and its metabolite tralopyril in patients with acute poisoning.METHODS:This retrospective study included 18 patients with acute oral chlorfenapyr poisoning treated at our department between January 2022 and January 2024.All patients received conventional therapies combined with blood purification,including HP,CRRT,and PE.HP was performed three sessions within the fi rst 24 h,followed by CRRT and PE.Serial blood samples were collected to measure plasma concentrations of chlorfenapyr and tralopyril using gas chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/LC-MS).The toxin-clearance eff ects were assessed using a linear mixed-eff ects(LME)model.RESULTS:The hourly decline rate of the plasma chlorfenapyr concentration(median[IQR])was 8.83%(1.79%)for HP,4.12%(1.26%)for CRRT,and 6.85%(1.44%)for PE.LME analysis showed higher decline rate in the plasma concentration with HP(β=5.00;P<0.001)and PE(β=2.15;P=0.003)compared to CRRT.For tralopyril,the hourly decline rates were 3.04%(0.62%)for HP,1.82%(0.48%)for CRRT,and 3.01%(0.37%)for PE.LME analysis showed that the clearance effects of HP(β=0.027;P<0.001)and PE(β=0.022;P=0.001)were superior to CRRT.Pre-treatment toxin levels and the interval from hospital admission to blood purifi cation showed no signifi cant interaction with clearance outcomes.CONCLUSION:In our study,HP was associated with a higher decline rate in plasma chlorfenapyr concentration compared to CRRT and PE,supporting HP as a preferred early intervention.However,all three methods showed limited effi cacy in reducing tralopyril levels.Further research into the toxicokinetics and mechanisms of chlorfenapyr is warranted to optimize purifi cation strategies.
文摘The performance of deep recommendation models degrades significantly under data poisoning attacks.While adversarial training methods such as Vulnerability-Aware Training(VAT)enhance robustness by injecting perturbations into embeddings,they remain limited by coarse-grained noise and a static defense strategy,leaving models susceptible to adaptive attacks.This study proposes a novel framework,Self-Purification Data Sanitization(SPD),which integrates vulnerability-aware adversarial training with dynamic label correction.Specifically,SPD first identifies high-risk users through a fragility scoring mechanism,then applies self-purification by replacing suspicious interactions with model-predicted high-confidence labels during training.This closed-loop process continuously sanitizes the training data and breaks the protection ceiling of conventional adversarial training.Experiments demonstrate that SPD significantly improves the robustness of both Matrix Factorization(MF)and LightGCN models against various poisoning attacks.We show that SPD effectively suppresses malicious gradient propagation and maintains recommendation accuracy.Evaluations on Gowalla and Yelp2018 confirmthat SPD-trainedmodels withstandmultiple attack strategies—including Random,Bandwagon,DP,and Rev attacks—while preserving performance.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82360387)the Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine of Yunnan Province(202449CE340015).
文摘Aconitines are a group of highly bioactive and toxic compounds found in aconitum species.[1]It is clinically used to treat rheumatism,rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis,and cancer.[2]In folk medicine,aconitine is often soaked in white wine to make medicinal wine,which is used to treat rheumatism,joint pain,and other diseases.[3]Improper use of aconitine can cause adverse effects in the nervous system and digestive system,as well as cardiovascular dysfunction,especially arrhythmia.[4]Because of its high toxicity when it is improperly handled,aconitine has attracted widespread attention.
基金supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-055)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471925)。
文摘The objective of this study was to understand the effect of long-term aconitine(AC)oral administration on the digestive tract and serum metabolism.Subjects consumed either 0.9%Na Cl(n=8)or AC(n=17)gavage designed to represent human chronic AC administrations for 13 days.Organ pathology was determined using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry.Fecal and proximal intestinal content samples were collected to perform shotgun metagenomic sequencing.Serum samples were collected,and untargeted metabolomics was performed.In this study,AC administration induced proximal intestine,liver,and kidney injury.Microbiome composition remained stable after AC exposure,while several microbes presented dynamic alteration.Moreover,AC affected the abundance of the fatty acid biosynthesis rate-limiting gene acc A at day 7.AC induces 30 serum metabolites to significantly change at day 14,including several short-chain acylcarnitines.WGCNA revealed 2 sub-modules associated with the level of several short-chain acylcarnitines.In summary,AC affects the digestive tract and serum metabolism after chronic administration.AC may affect the enrichment of microbial-derived acc A gene.The abundance of serum acylcarnitines detected in the AC group may associate with its anti-heart failure effects.
文摘Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is an acute form of poisoning primarily found in underdeveloped regions.Its main clinical manifestations include muscarinic symptoms,nicotinic symptoms,and central nervous system disturbances.This report presents a case of a middleaged female who developed extremely rare symptoms of optic nerve damage after ingesting a large amount of an organophosphate pesticide.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4004302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A2044)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project(No.AA24206007)。
文摘AB_(2)-type Ti-based hydrogen storage alloys(HSAs)are promising for industrial hydrogen feeding systems due to their moderate operating conditions and high hydrogen storage capacity.However,their practical application is hindered by unavoidable impurity gases in hydrogen feedstocks,which significantly impair the performance of HSAs.Furthermore,the absence of clear evaluation criteria for poisoning behaviors and mechanisms hinders efforts to develop effective mitigation strategies.To address this gap,we used calculated surface interaction energy changes(ΔE)and experimental investigations to classify and rank the poisoning potential of impurity gases on a C14 Laves-phase Ti_(0.86)Zr_(0.15)Mn_(1.5)Cr_(0.07)(VFe)0.43 alloy.Impurity gases were classified into two types of weak-adsorption and strong-adsorption impurity gases by comparing theirΔE with that of H_(2)(ΔE_(H_(2))=-1.6001 eV).AsΔE>ΔE_(H_(2)) ,weak-adsorption impurity gases(Ar,He,CH4,and N2)induce poisoning by forming enriched blocking layers that impede H_(2) diffusion.This blocking effect can be alleviated under gas flow conditions.AsΔE<ΔE_(H_(2)),strong adsorption gases are further divided into two types based on their reactivity with the alloy.Non-reactive strong-adsorption impurity gases(CO and CO_(2) )preferentially occupy surface active sites,blocking H_(2) adsorption and dissociation.In contrast,reactive strong-adsorption impurity gases(such as O_(2))form dense passivation layers that completely prevent hydrogen ingress.Accordingly,surface modification offers an effective approach to mitigate gas-induced poisoning by altering the interaction mechanism.This study establishes the parameter-based criteria for classifying impurity gas poisoning mechanisms in AB_(2)-type Ti-based HSAs.It provides fundamental insights for guiding the design of poisoning-resistant materials and the development of mitigation strategies.
文摘Du(毒)commonly denotes poison and toxicity,carrying a negative connotation of harm in modern Chinese.However,within traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Du possesses more diverse connotations.Through the examination of historical scholar-physicians’works and semi-structured interviews with modern TCM practitioners,this research argues that Du should be understood in a relational way rather than merely as an intrinsic property of substances.From medical practitioners’perspective,Du emerges from the interaction between substances and the human body.Firstly,substances that induce strong and undesired bodily sensations can be categorised as Du,denoting both potency and potential harm.Secondly,Du has also been interpreted as Pian Xing(偏性imbalanced qualities of materia medica),referring to medicine’s qi(气property)and Wei(味flavour).These qualities,determined through sensory perceptions such as taste and smell,are the source of both therapeutic efficacy and potential harm if misused.Thus,in this context,the concept of Du does not inherently carry positive or negative connotations.Thirdly,when practitioners use Du to denote harm,this harm is generated from dynamic interplay among medicines,formulas,practitioners and patients.The interaction between these factors determines whether medicines will cause harm,rather than any inherent quality of the medicines themselves.However,influenced by modern science,the focus has shifted to isolated toxic components,moving away from the holistic emphasis on the lived body’s experiences.This shift has also influenced practitioners’clinical use of Du-possessing medicines,which are regarded as toxic medicines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372211)。
文摘Acute carbon monoxide(CO) poisoning constitutes a lethal hazard globally,causing substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide.^([1-2]) Studies have shown that multiple mechanisms contribute to acute CO poisoning,including ischemic-hypoxic injury,reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation and inflammatory responses.^([2-5]) Furthermore,excessive inflammatory responses can induce adverse metabolic changes.^([6-7]) Considering these evidence,an interaction may exist between acute CO poisoning and both inflammatory factors and metabolites.However,the mechanisms through which inflammatory factors mediate CO toxicity via metabolic pathways remain largely unexplored.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2022YFD1800400).
文摘Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is the third most common pathogen causing 10.6%of bacterial foodborne illnesses in China in 2021[1].Heat-stable Staphylococcal Enterotoxins(SEs)produced by S.aureus are the main contributors to staphylococcal food poisoning(SFP),causing vomiting,diarrhea,abdominal pain,headache,muscle cramps,and other acute gastroenteritis symptoms.More than 25 SEs and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins(SE/s)have been described and which together comprise a superfamily of pyrogenic toxin superantigens(SAgs)[2].
文摘Federated Learning(FL)has become a leading decentralized solution that enables multiple clients to train a model in a collaborative environment without directly sharing raw data,making it suitable for privacy-sensitive applications such as healthcare,finance,and smart systems.As the field continues to evolve,the research field has become more complex and scattered,covering different system designs,training methods,and privacy techniques.This survey is organized around the three core challenges:how the data is distributed,how models are synchronized,and how to defend against attacks.It provides a structured and up-to-date review of FL research from 2023 to 2025,offering a unified taxonomy that categorizes works by data distribution(Horizontal FL,Vertical FL,Federated Transfer Learning,and Personalized FL),training synchronization(synchronous and asynchronous FL),optimization strategies,and threat models(data leakage and poisoning attacks).In particular,we summarize the latest contributions in Vertical FL frameworks for secure multi-party learning,communication-efficient Horizontal FL,and domain-adaptive Federated Transfer Learning.Furthermore,we examine synchronization techniques addressing system heterogeneity,including straggler mitigation in synchronous FL and staleness management in asynchronous FL.The survey covers security threats in FL,such as gradient inversion,membership inference,and poisoning attacks,as well as their defense strategies that include privacy-preserving aggregation and anomaly detection.The paper concludes by outlining unresolved issues and highlighting challenges in handling personalized models,scalability,and real-world adoption.
文摘Objective: To analyze the causes of injury and poisoning during construction of urbanization and industrialization and to explore proper measures. Methods: The data of the patients with injury and poisoning during construction of urbanization and industrialization treated in out hospital from 1998 to 2002 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The number of discharged patients of injury and poisoning accounted for (29.2)% of the total number ((49 800)) of discharged patients in the corresponding period in our hospital, which was greater than that of other city and county hospitals, and accounted for (94.3)% of the total number ((15 411)) of discharged patients of the Surgery Department in the corresponding period in our hospital. Injuries caused by motor vehicle traffic accidents, cutting and piercing instruments or objects, homicide and injury purposely inflicted by other persons and accidental falls held (78.9)%. The number of the inpatients in 2002 increased by (83.3)% compared with that of 1998, the number of injured and poisoned inpatients increased by (76.1)% and these patients aged mainly at age of 15-39 years, holding (80.1)%. In a year, the peak period of trauma patients was in summer because of hot weather; the fewest in February for the floating people went home for Spring Festival holidays. Conclusions: During construction of rural urbanization and industrialization, injuries and poisoning increase evidently and are the main tasks of surgical management. So to raise its treatment level and therapeutic effect is a key point.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279018)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005055)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01085).
文摘Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poisoning of air electrodes,causing substantial degradation in electrochemical performance and compromising the longterm stability of SOCs.This mini-review examines the mechanism of Cr deposition and poisoning in air electrodes under both fuel-cell and electrolysis modes.Furthermore,emphasis is placed on the recent advancements in strategies to mitigate Cr poisoning,offering insights into the rational design and development of active and Cr-tolerant air electrodes for SOCs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2021JJ31089)the Scientific Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province(202203104548),China。
文摘Objective:The neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide(CO)to the central nervous system is a key pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning(DEACMP).Our previous study found that retinoic acid(RA)can suppress the neurotoxic effects of CO.This study further explores,in vivo and in vitro,the molecular mechanisms by which RA alleviates CO-induced central nervous system damage.Methods:A cytotoxic model was established using the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 and primary oligodendrocytes exposed to CO,and a DEACMP animal model was established in adult Kunming mice.Cell viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide(PI)double staining.The transcriptional and protein expression of each gene was detected using real time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting.Long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)SNHG15 and LINGO-1 were knocked down or overexpressed to observe changes in neurons and oligodendrocytes.In DEACMP mice,SNHG15 or LINGO-1 were knocked down to assess changes in central nervous tissue and downstream protein expression.Results:RA at 10 and 20μmol/L significantly reversed CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,downregulation of SNHG15 and LINGO-1,and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and tyrosine kinase receptor B(TrkB)(all P<0.05).Overexpression of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 weakened the protective effect of RA against CO-induced cytotoxicity(all P<0.05).Knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 alleviated CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes and upregulated BDNF and TrkB expression levels(all P<0.05).Experiments in DEACMP model mice showed that knockdown of SNHG15 or LINGO-1 mitigated central nervous system injury in DEACMP(all P<0.05).Conclusion:RA alleviates CO-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes,thereby reducing central nervous system injury and exerting neuroprotective effects.LncRNA SNHG15 and LINGO-1 are key molecules mediating RA induced inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and are associated with the BDNF/TrkB pathway.These findings provide a theoretical framework for optimizing the clinical treatment of DEACMP and lay an experimental foundation for elucidating its molecular mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2022YFB4004301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52201274 and 52307250)the Shaanxi Province key research and development plan,China(No.2024CY2-GJHX-53).
文摘TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications.However,the presence of impurity gases(such as O_(2),CO,CO_(2),and CH4)has a considerable impact on the hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of TiFe alloys,drastically limiting their practical application in hydrogen storage.Consequently,in this study,we investigated the hydrogen absorption kinetics and cycling performance of the TiFe_(0.9) alloy in the presence of common impurity gases(including CH4,CO,CO_(2),and O_(2))and determined the corresponding poisoning mechanisms.Specifically,we found that CH4 did not react with the alloy but acted through physical coverage.In contrast,CO and CO_(2) occupy the active sites for H_(2),significantly impeding the dissociation and absorption of H_(2).In addition,O_(2) reacts directly with the alloy to form a passivating layer that prevents hydrogen absorption.These findings were fur-ther corroborated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR)and density functional theory(DFT).The relationship between the adsorption energies of the impurity gases and hydrogen obtained through DFT calculations complements the experimental results.Un-derstanding these poisoning behaviors is crucial for designing Ti-based high-entropy hydrogen storage alloy alloys with enhanced resist-ance to poisoning.
