The study focuses on the filling of pods from ten cacao clones originating from French Guiana in Côte d’Ivoire. Two reference clones (IFC5 and NA32) were used as controls. The parameters studied include the numb...The study focuses on the filling of pods from ten cacao clones originating from French Guiana in Côte d’Ivoire. Two reference clones (IFC5 and NA32) were used as controls. The parameters studied include the number of ovules per ovary, the average number of beans per pod, the fresh bean weight, and the pod index. The aim was to evaluate the genetic variability and agronomic performance of these clones under natural pollination conditions. The results show significant genetic variability between the clones for all traits studied. The IFC5 clone, known for its excellent pod filling, exhibited the highest apparent fertility (0.91), while the GU183/A clone had the lowest filling (0.47). Three types of distributions of the number of beans per pod were identified: a right-skewed unimodal distribution, characteristic of well-filled clones;a left-skewed unimodal distribution, associated with poorly filled clones;and an intermediate bimodal distribution. These differences could be related to pollination compatibility and the availability of compatible pollen. Regarding the fresh bean weight and pod index, the GU183/A clone stood out with the heaviest beans (3.27 g) but had a high pod index (49.58), indicating relatively low productivity. None of the Guyanese clones achieved the filling level of the IFC5 clone, although some surpassed the NA32 control. This study highlights the importance of apparent fertility and the number of beans per pod as essential criteria for cacao genetic improvement programs. The authors recommend extending research to a larger number of Guyanese clones and exploring complementary traits, such as the influence of pollination type and intergroup compatibility.展开更多
A morphology-based growth stage system should describe the growth and development of a crop and thereby help farmers and agronomists in formulating reasonable managementmeasures conducive to the development of marketa...A morphology-based growth stage system should describe the growth and development of a crop and thereby help farmers and agronomists in formulating reasonable managementmeasures conducive to the development of marketable products.However,existing growth stage systems for soybean are either based on plant growth or covered particular phases of flower or pod development,making it difficult to use for tracking the entire growth period of individual flowers and pods.Therefore,the first flower and pod,located at the base of the primary raceme in the eighth trifoliate node of the main stem,were chosen to illustrate growth dynamics during the full reproductive period.The size and fresh weight of the primary raceme in the eighth trifoliate leaf axil,the first flower and pod,the pistils in the first flower,and seeds in the first pod were examined,and the growth of these organs was depicted.Integrating the morphological characteristics and growth features of flowers and pods,as well as existing growth stage systems,the growth and development were delineated in 13 stages.In detail,we classified the flower phase based on the relative positions of floral components,inspired by the ratio of bract to flower used for staging,refined the lag phase proposed previously,retained the use of pod length to define the early pod phase,and innovatively described the late pod phase by the seed appearance.The developmental events in each stage of flower and pod were distinctive and closely connected to the corresponding morphology.Taken together,a more detailed growth stage system for describing individual flowers and pods in soybean was established.This system will serve as a valuable research tool for describing the development,gene expression,and cellular metabolism associated with the formation of flowers,pods,and seeds.展开更多
Peanut is a major cash crop in the world. In recent years, peanut pod rot has become increasingly prevalent,resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Resistance breeding is considered a cost-effective approac...Peanut is a major cash crop in the world. In recent years, peanut pod rot has become increasingly prevalent,resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Resistance breeding is considered a cost-effective approach for managing pod rot. Previous research in the United States identified significant anatomical differences in leaves and shells among peanut cultivars with varying responses to pod rot caused by Pythium myriotylum Drechs. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. However, whether similar anatomical features correlate with resistance to peanut pod rot in Laixi, Qingdao, remained unknown, where the primary causal pathogen for the disease was F. solani. In this study, nine peanut varieties with differing disease reactions to peanut pod rot were planted in the same plots.Paraffin sections of leaves and shells were prepared and stained to evaluate anatomical features, and the main agronomic traits were assessed alongside leaf spot disease ratings. All the four anatomical features, leaf palisade cell number, palisade cell width, index(palisade cell number per mm × cell width in μm), and shell lignin staining area, were measured before the onset of pod rot and were found to be negatively correlated with pod rot scores.Given the consistent and strong correlation of these anatomical features with pod rot resistance and their high heritability estimates, the pre-existing resistance could be identified even in the absence of the disease, which is particularly valuable for fields where pod rot may not occur every year. This study provided useful anatomical indicators for selecting resistance to peanut pod rot, predominantly caused by F. solani.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of a rotating pod and assess its dosimetric considerations,positional accuracy,and anatomical structure stability.A pre-dosimetric study conducted on ...The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of a rotating pod and assess its dosimetric considerations,positional accuracy,and anatomical structure stability.A pre-dosimetric study conducted on 11 patients revealed the potential for lung dose reduction using the rotational pod.Subsequently,seven patients underwent treatment with the rotational pod,and the target coverage and organs at risk doses were compared with those of conventional methods.The positional accuracy of the rotational pod,in collaboration with the imaging guidance system,was analyzed.The Dice similarity coefficient(DSC)was used to assess the settlement of tumors,trachea,and thoracic vertebrae after rotation for 20 min.In the pre-dosimetric study,there was no statistically significant difference in the volume of the internal gross tumor volume receiving≥99%of the prescription dose between the pod and conventional couch plans.However,compared to conventional couch plans,pod plans demonstrated a significant reduction in the average lung dose by 5-53%(p<0.01).Patient accrual,comprising seven cases,revealed reduced lung doses(9-26%)in four patients.For the other three patients,although there was no significant reduction in the lung dose,the use of the 90°beamline contributed to a decrease in the patient admission waiting time.The positional errors between the beams for lateral,longitudinal,vertical,ISO,pitch,and roll directions were 0.0 mm±5.3 mm,-1.2 mm±2.3 mm,-1.1 mm±2.7 mm,0.0°±0.6°,-0.1°±0.5°,and 0.0°±0.8°,respectively.The DSC for the target region and thoracic vertebrae between CT images captured before and after a 20-min rotation was higher than 0.85,whereas the DSC for the trachea was approximately 0.8.The preliminary clinical application of the rotational pod for lung tumors in fixed ion beamlines shows promise for achieving target coverage,reducing lung dose,and maintaining position accuracy.展开更多
文摘The study focuses on the filling of pods from ten cacao clones originating from French Guiana in Côte d’Ivoire. Two reference clones (IFC5 and NA32) were used as controls. The parameters studied include the number of ovules per ovary, the average number of beans per pod, the fresh bean weight, and the pod index. The aim was to evaluate the genetic variability and agronomic performance of these clones under natural pollination conditions. The results show significant genetic variability between the clones for all traits studied. The IFC5 clone, known for its excellent pod filling, exhibited the highest apparent fertility (0.91), while the GU183/A clone had the lowest filling (0.47). Three types of distributions of the number of beans per pod were identified: a right-skewed unimodal distribution, characteristic of well-filled clones;a left-skewed unimodal distribution, associated with poorly filled clones;and an intermediate bimodal distribution. These differences could be related to pollination compatibility and the availability of compatible pollen. Regarding the fresh bean weight and pod index, the GU183/A clone stood out with the heaviest beans (3.27 g) but had a high pod index (49.58), indicating relatively low productivity. None of the Guyanese clones achieved the filling level of the IFC5 clone, although some surpassed the NA32 control. This study highlights the importance of apparent fertility and the number of beans per pod as essential criteria for cacao genetic improvement programs. The authors recommend extending research to a larger number of Guyanese clones and exploring complementary traits, such as the influence of pollination type and intergroup compatibility.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2301500).
文摘A morphology-based growth stage system should describe the growth and development of a crop and thereby help farmers and agronomists in formulating reasonable managementmeasures conducive to the development of marketable products.However,existing growth stage systems for soybean are either based on plant growth or covered particular phases of flower or pod development,making it difficult to use for tracking the entire growth period of individual flowers and pods.Therefore,the first flower and pod,located at the base of the primary raceme in the eighth trifoliate node of the main stem,were chosen to illustrate growth dynamics during the full reproductive period.The size and fresh weight of the primary raceme in the eighth trifoliate leaf axil,the first flower and pod,the pistils in the first flower,and seeds in the first pod were examined,and the growth of these organs was depicted.Integrating the morphological characteristics and growth features of flowers and pods,as well as existing growth stage systems,the growth and development were delineated in 13 stages.In detail,we classified the flower phase based on the relative positions of floral components,inspired by the ratio of bract to flower used for staging,refined the lag phase proposed previously,retained the use of pod length to define the early pod phase,and innovatively described the late pod phase by the seed appearance.The developmental events in each stage of flower and pod were distinctive and closely connected to the corresponding morphology.Taken together,a more detailed growth stage system for describing individual flowers and pods in soybean was established.This system will serve as a valuable research tool for describing the development,gene expression,and cellular metabolism associated with the formation of flowers,pods,and seeds.
基金support from Mining Stress Tolerant Early Maturing Peanut Genetic Resources and Breeding Processing Type Peanut Varieties in Xinjiang(2022A02008-3)China Agricultural Research System(CARS-13)+1 种基金Agricultural Science&Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2024D19)Key Research&Development Program of Shandong Province(2024TSGC0532).
文摘Peanut is a major cash crop in the world. In recent years, peanut pod rot has become increasingly prevalent,resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Resistance breeding is considered a cost-effective approach for managing pod rot. Previous research in the United States identified significant anatomical differences in leaves and shells among peanut cultivars with varying responses to pod rot caused by Pythium myriotylum Drechs. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. However, whether similar anatomical features correlate with resistance to peanut pod rot in Laixi, Qingdao, remained unknown, where the primary causal pathogen for the disease was F. solani. In this study, nine peanut varieties with differing disease reactions to peanut pod rot were planted in the same plots.Paraffin sections of leaves and shells were prepared and stained to evaluate anatomical features, and the main agronomic traits were assessed alongside leaf spot disease ratings. All the four anatomical features, leaf palisade cell number, palisade cell width, index(palisade cell number per mm × cell width in μm), and shell lignin staining area, were measured before the onset of pod rot and were found to be negatively correlated with pod rot scores.Given the consistent and strong correlation of these anatomical features with pod rot resistance and their high heritability estimates, the pre-existing resistance could be identified even in the absence of the disease, which is particularly valuable for fields where pod rot may not occur every year. This study provided useful anatomical indicators for selecting resistance to peanut pod rot, predominantly caused by F. solani.
基金supported by the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Funds(No.20214Y0026).
文摘The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of a rotating pod and assess its dosimetric considerations,positional accuracy,and anatomical structure stability.A pre-dosimetric study conducted on 11 patients revealed the potential for lung dose reduction using the rotational pod.Subsequently,seven patients underwent treatment with the rotational pod,and the target coverage and organs at risk doses were compared with those of conventional methods.The positional accuracy of the rotational pod,in collaboration with the imaging guidance system,was analyzed.The Dice similarity coefficient(DSC)was used to assess the settlement of tumors,trachea,and thoracic vertebrae after rotation for 20 min.In the pre-dosimetric study,there was no statistically significant difference in the volume of the internal gross tumor volume receiving≥99%of the prescription dose between the pod and conventional couch plans.However,compared to conventional couch plans,pod plans demonstrated a significant reduction in the average lung dose by 5-53%(p<0.01).Patient accrual,comprising seven cases,revealed reduced lung doses(9-26%)in four patients.For the other three patients,although there was no significant reduction in the lung dose,the use of the 90°beamline contributed to a decrease in the patient admission waiting time.The positional errors between the beams for lateral,longitudinal,vertical,ISO,pitch,and roll directions were 0.0 mm±5.3 mm,-1.2 mm±2.3 mm,-1.1 mm±2.7 mm,0.0°±0.6°,-0.1°±0.5°,and 0.0°±0.8°,respectively.The DSC for the target region and thoracic vertebrae between CT images captured before and after a 20-min rotation was higher than 0.85,whereas the DSC for the trachea was approximately 0.8.The preliminary clinical application of the rotational pod for lung tumors in fixed ion beamlines shows promise for achieving target coverage,reducing lung dose,and maintaining position accuracy.
