This review focused on the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)in enhancing plant growth and protecting against pathogens,highlighting their mechanisms of action,ecological benefits,and challenges.PGPR m...This review focused on the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)in enhancing plant growth and protecting against pathogens,highlighting their mechanisms of action,ecological benefits,and challenges.PGPR mediate plant growth through several mechanisms,including nutrient acquisition,production of antimicrobial compounds and induction of systemic resistance.These mechanisms are critical in improving crop yields,especially under stressful conditions.This review examines the molecular mechanisms of PGPR-mediated plant pathogen control,cellular mechanisms of PGPR in plant pathogen control,ecological and environmental benefits of PGPR application.Despite their potential,PGPR application is limited by environmental variability,inconsistent efficacy,and challenges in formulation and commercialization.The review discusses these challenges and also provides solutions.Additionally,the review outlines the latest advancements in PGPR strain selection and their genetic modifications for enhanced resilience and biocontrol efficacy.PGPR are particularly crucial in addressing global food security challenges,exacerbated by climate change,and the need for sustainable agricultural practices.PGPR have been shown to increase crop yields by 20%–30%in drought-prone regions and reduce pesticide use by up to 50%,contributing to more sustainable farming.As research advances,PGPR can play a key role in reducing chemical input dependency and promoting long-term agricultural sustainability.This review examines the role of PGPR in pathogen control and highlights their potential to enhance agricultural sustainability.展开更多
Plant-pathogen interactions involve complex biological processes that operate across molecular,cellular,microbiome,and ecological levels,significantly influencing plant health and agricultural productivity.In response...Plant-pathogen interactions involve complex biological processes that operate across molecular,cellular,microbiome,and ecological levels,significantly influencing plant health and agricultural productivity.In response to pathogenic threats,plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms,such as pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),which rely on specialized recognition systems such as pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins.These immune responses activate intricate signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades,calcium fluxes,reactive oxygen species production,and hormonal cross-talk among salicylic acid,jasmonic acid,and ethylene.Furthermore,structural barriers such as callose deposition and lignification,along with the synthesis of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial enzymes,play crucial roles in inhibiting pathogen invasion and proliferation.The plant microbiome further enhances host immunity through beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)and mycorrhizal fungi,which facilitate induced systemic resistance(ISR)and improve nutrient acquisition.As climate change exacerbates the impact of pathogens,these molecular and microbiome-driven defenses influence disease distribution and plant resilience,highlighting the importance of integrating ecological insights for sustainable disease management Advancements in microbiome engineering,including the application of synthetic microbial communities and commercial bio-inoculants,offer promising strategies for sustainable disease management.However,the impacts of climate change on pathogen virulence,host susceptibility,and disease distribution complicate these interactions,emphasizing the need for resilient and adaptive agricultural practices.This review highlights the necessity of a holistic,interdisciplinary approach that integrates multi-omics technologies,microbiome research,and ecological insights to develop effective and sustainable solutions for managing plant diseases and ensuring global food security.展开更多
In recent years, proteomics has played a key role in identifying changes in protein levels in plant hosts upon infection by pathogenic organisms and in characterizing cellular and extracellular virulence and pathogeni...In recent years, proteomics has played a key role in identifying changes in protein levels in plant hosts upon infection by pathogenic organisms and in characterizing cellular and extracellular virulence and pathogenicity factors produced by pathogens. Proteomics offers a constantly evolving set of novel techniques to study all aspects of protein structure and function. Proteomics aims to find out the identity and amount of each and every protein present in a cell and actual function mediating specific cellular processes. Structural proteomics elucidates the development and application of experimental approaches to define the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, while functional proteomics refers to the development and application of global (proteome wide or system-wide) experimental approaches to assess protein function. A detail understanding of plant defense response using successful combination of proteomic techniques and other high throughput techniques of cell biology, biochemistry as well as genomics is needed for practical application to secure and stabilize yield of many crop plants. This review starts with a brief introduction to gel- and non gel-based proteomic techniques followed by the basics of plant-pathogen interaction, the use of proteomics in recent pasts to decipher the mysteries of plant-pathogen interaction, and ends with the future prospects of this technology.展开更多
Identification of plant-pathogenic fungi is time-consuming due to cultivation and microscopic examination and can be influenced by the interpretation of the micro-morphological characters observed.The present investig...Identification of plant-pathogenic fungi is time-consuming due to cultivation and microscopic examination and can be influenced by the interpretation of the micro-morphological characters observed.The present investigation aimed to create a simple but sophisticated method for the identification of plant-pathogenic fungi by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.In this study,FTIR-attenuated total reflectance(ATR)spectroscopy was used in combination with chemometric analysis for identification of important pathogenic fungi of horticultural plants.Mixtures of mycelia and spores from 27fungal strains belonging to nine different families were collected from liquid PD or solid PDA media cultures and subjected to FTIR-ATR spectroscopy measurements.The FTIR-ATR spectra ranging from 4 000to 400cm-1 were obtained.To classify the FTIRATR spectra,cluster analysis was compared with canonical vitiate analysis(CVA)in the spectral regions of3 050~2 800and 1 800~900cm-1.Results showed that the identification accuracies achieved 97.53%and99.18%for the cluster analysis and CVA analysis,respectively,demonstrating the high potential of this technique for fungal strain identification.展开更多
Understanding plant-pathogen interactions requires a systems-level perspective that single-omics approaches,such as genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,or metabolomics alone,often fail to provide.While these methods a...Understanding plant-pathogen interactions requires a systems-level perspective that single-omics approaches,such as genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,or metabolomics alone,often fail to provide.While these methods are informative,they are limited in their ability to capture the complexity of the dynamic molecular interactions between host and pathogen.Multi-omics strategies offer a powerful solution by integrating complementary data types,enabling a more comprehensive view of the molecular networks and pathways involved in disease progression and defence.Although technological advances have made omics analyses more accessible and affordable,their integration remains underutilised in plant science.This review highlights the limitations of single-omics studies in dissecting plant-pathogen interactions and emphasises the value of multi-omics approaches.We discuss available computational tools for data integration and visualisation,outline current challenges,including data heterogeneity,normalisation issues,and computational demands,and explore future directions such as the exploitation of artificial intelligence-based approaches and single-cell omics.We conclude that the increasing accessibility and affordability of omics analysis means that multi-omics strategies are now indispensable tools to investigate complex biological processes such as plant-pathogen interactions.展开更多
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to facilitate chromatin access and plays essential roles in DNA-based events.Studies in animals,plants and fungi have uncovered sophistica...The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to facilitate chromatin access and plays essential roles in DNA-based events.Studies in animals,plants and fungi have uncovered sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of this complex that govern development and various stress responses.In this review,we summarize the composition of SWI/SNF complex in eukaryotes and discuss multiple functions of the SWI/SNF complex in regulating gene transcription,mRNA splicing,and DNA damage response.Our review further highlights the importance of SWI/SNF complex in regulating plant immunity responses and fungal pathogenesis.Finally,the potentials in exploiting chromatin remodeling for management of crop disease are presented.展开更多
Phosphoinositides are important regulatory membrane lipids,with a role in plant development and cellular function.Emerging evidence indicates that phosphoinositides play crucial roles in plant defence and are also uti...Phosphoinositides are important regulatory membrane lipids,with a role in plant development and cellular function.Emerging evidence indicates that phosphoinositides play crucial roles in plant defence and are also utilized by pathogens for infection.In this review,we highlight the role of phosphoinositides in plant-pathogen interaction and the implication of this remarkable convergence in the battle against plant diseases.展开更多
Plants are frequently affected by pathogen infections.To effectively defend against such infections,two major modes of innate immunity have evolved in plants;pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity an...Plants are frequently affected by pathogen infections.To effectively defend against such infections,two major modes of innate immunity have evolved in plants;pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity.Although the molecular components as well as the corresponding pathways involved in these two processes have been identified,many aspects of the molecular mechanisms of the plant immune system remain elusive.Recently,the rapid development of omics techniques(e.g.,genomics,proteomics and transcriptomics) has provided a great opportunity to explore plant–pathogen interactions from a systems perspective and studies on protein–protein interactions(PPIs) between plants and pathogens have been carried out and characterized at the network level.In this review,we introduce experimental and computational identification methods of PPIs,popular PPI network analysis approaches,and existing bioinformatics resources/tools related to PPIs.Then,we focus on reviewing the progress in genome-wide PPI networks related to plant–pathogen interactions,including pathogen-centric PPI networks,plant-centric PPI networks and interspecies PPI networks between plants and pathogens.We anticipate genome-wide PPI network analysis will provide a clearer understanding of plant–pathogen interactions and will offer some new opportunities for crop protection and improvement.展开更多
Background Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins(PGIPs)play a pivotal role in plant defense against plant patho-gens by inhibiting polygalacturonase(PG),an enzyme produced by pathogens to degrade plant cell wall pecti...Background Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins(PGIPs)play a pivotal role in plant defense against plant patho-gens by inhibiting polygalacturonase(PG),an enzyme produced by pathogens to degrade plant cell wall pectin.PGIPs,also known as leucine-rich repeat pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins,activate the host’s defense response upon interaction with PG,thereby reinforcing the host defense against plant pathogens attacks.In Egyptian or extra-long staple cotton(Gossypium barbadense),the interaction between PGIP and PG is one of the crucial steps in the defense mechanism against major pathogens such as Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria mac-rospora,which are responsible for bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases,respectively.Results To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying these PR proteins,we conducted a comprehensive study involving molecular modeling,protein-protein docking,site-specific double mutation(E169G and F242K),and molec-ular dynamics simulations.Both wild-type and mutated cotton PGIPs were examined in the interaction with the PG enzyme of a bacterial and fungal pathogen.Our findings revealed that changes in conformations of double-mutated residues in the active site of PGIP lead to the inhibition of PG binding.The molecular dynamics simulation studies provide insights into the dynamic behaviour and stability of the PGIP-PG complexes,shedding light on the intricate details of the inhibitory and exhibitory mechanism against the major fungal and bacterial pathogens of G.barbadense,respectively.Conclusions The findings of this study not only enhance our understanding of the molecular interactions between PGs of Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria macrospora and PGIP of G.barbadense but also pre-sent a potential strategy for developing the disease-resistant cotton varieties.By variations in the binding affinities of PGs through specific mutations in PGIP,this research offers promising avenues for the development of enhanced resistance to cotton plants against bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases.展开更多
Inorganic phosphate(Pi)homeostasis in plants is regulated by inositol pyrophosphates(PP-InsPs),which mediate phosphate starvation responses.While beneficial microorganisms,such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,contribu...Inorganic phosphate(Pi)homeostasis in plants is regulated by inositol pyrophosphates(PP-InsPs),which mediate phosphate starvation responses.While beneficial microorganisms,such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,contribute to phosphate uptake,pathogenic fungi often exploit phosphate metabolism to enhance virulence.However,the exact mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate plant phosphate signaling remain largely unknown.Here,we highlight a recent study by Ulrich Schaffrath and colleagues(Science,2025)revealing that plant pathogenic fungi deploy conserved Nudix hydrolase effectors to hydrolyze PP-InsPs,thereby mimicking phosphate starvation and suppressing host immunity.These findings not only expand our understanding of plantpathogen interactions,but also open new avenues for crop protection and resistance breeding.展开更多
文摘This review focused on the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)in enhancing plant growth and protecting against pathogens,highlighting their mechanisms of action,ecological benefits,and challenges.PGPR mediate plant growth through several mechanisms,including nutrient acquisition,production of antimicrobial compounds and induction of systemic resistance.These mechanisms are critical in improving crop yields,especially under stressful conditions.This review examines the molecular mechanisms of PGPR-mediated plant pathogen control,cellular mechanisms of PGPR in plant pathogen control,ecological and environmental benefits of PGPR application.Despite their potential,PGPR application is limited by environmental variability,inconsistent efficacy,and challenges in formulation and commercialization.The review discusses these challenges and also provides solutions.Additionally,the review outlines the latest advancements in PGPR strain selection and their genetic modifications for enhanced resilience and biocontrol efficacy.PGPR are particularly crucial in addressing global food security challenges,exacerbated by climate change,and the need for sustainable agricultural practices.PGPR have been shown to increase crop yields by 20%–30%in drought-prone regions and reduce pesticide use by up to 50%,contributing to more sustainable farming.As research advances,PGPR can play a key role in reducing chemical input dependency and promoting long-term agricultural sustainability.This review examines the role of PGPR in pathogen control and highlights their potential to enhance agricultural sustainability.
文摘Plant-pathogen interactions involve complex biological processes that operate across molecular,cellular,microbiome,and ecological levels,significantly influencing plant health and agricultural productivity.In response to pathogenic threats,plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms,such as pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),which rely on specialized recognition systems such as pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins.These immune responses activate intricate signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades,calcium fluxes,reactive oxygen species production,and hormonal cross-talk among salicylic acid,jasmonic acid,and ethylene.Furthermore,structural barriers such as callose deposition and lignification,along with the synthesis of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial enzymes,play crucial roles in inhibiting pathogen invasion and proliferation.The plant microbiome further enhances host immunity through beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)and mycorrhizal fungi,which facilitate induced systemic resistance(ISR)and improve nutrient acquisition.As climate change exacerbates the impact of pathogens,these molecular and microbiome-driven defenses influence disease distribution and plant resilience,highlighting the importance of integrating ecological insights for sustainable disease management Advancements in microbiome engineering,including the application of synthetic microbial communities and commercial bio-inoculants,offer promising strategies for sustainable disease management.However,the impacts of climate change on pathogen virulence,host susceptibility,and disease distribution complicate these interactions,emphasizing the need for resilient and adaptive agricultural practices.This review highlights the necessity of a holistic,interdisciplinary approach that integrates multi-omics technologies,microbiome research,and ecological insights to develop effective and sustainable solutions for managing plant diseases and ensuring global food security.
文摘In recent years, proteomics has played a key role in identifying changes in protein levels in plant hosts upon infection by pathogenic organisms and in characterizing cellular and extracellular virulence and pathogenicity factors produced by pathogens. Proteomics offers a constantly evolving set of novel techniques to study all aspects of protein structure and function. Proteomics aims to find out the identity and amount of each and every protein present in a cell and actual function mediating specific cellular processes. Structural proteomics elucidates the development and application of experimental approaches to define the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, while functional proteomics refers to the development and application of global (proteome wide or system-wide) experimental approaches to assess protein function. A detail understanding of plant defense response using successful combination of proteomic techniques and other high throughput techniques of cell biology, biochemistry as well as genomics is needed for practical application to secure and stabilize yield of many crop plants. This review starts with a brief introduction to gel- and non gel-based proteomic techniques followed by the basics of plant-pathogen interaction, the use of proteomics in recent pasts to decipher the mysteries of plant-pathogen interaction, and ends with the future prospects of this technology.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201473)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)funded by the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China
文摘Identification of plant-pathogenic fungi is time-consuming due to cultivation and microscopic examination and can be influenced by the interpretation of the micro-morphological characters observed.The present investigation aimed to create a simple but sophisticated method for the identification of plant-pathogenic fungi by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.In this study,FTIR-attenuated total reflectance(ATR)spectroscopy was used in combination with chemometric analysis for identification of important pathogenic fungi of horticultural plants.Mixtures of mycelia and spores from 27fungal strains belonging to nine different families were collected from liquid PD or solid PDA media cultures and subjected to FTIR-ATR spectroscopy measurements.The FTIR-ATR spectra ranging from 4 000to 400cm-1 were obtained.To classify the FTIRATR spectra,cluster analysis was compared with canonical vitiate analysis(CVA)in the spectral regions of3 050~2 800and 1 800~900cm-1.Results showed that the identification accuracies achieved 97.53%and99.18%for the cluster analysis and CVA analysis,respectively,demonstrating the high potential of this technique for fungal strain identification.
文摘Understanding plant-pathogen interactions requires a systems-level perspective that single-omics approaches,such as genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,or metabolomics alone,often fail to provide.While these methods are informative,they are limited in their ability to capture the complexity of the dynamic molecular interactions between host and pathogen.Multi-omics strategies offer a powerful solution by integrating complementary data types,enabling a more comprehensive view of the molecular networks and pathways involved in disease progression and defence.Although technological advances have made omics analyses more accessible and affordable,their integration remains underutilised in plant science.This review highlights the limitations of single-omics studies in dissecting plant-pathogen interactions and emphasises the value of multi-omics approaches.We discuss available computational tools for data integration and visualisation,outline current challenges,including data heterogeneity,normalisation issues,and computational demands,and explore future directions such as the exploitation of artificial intelligence-based approaches and single-cell omics.We conclude that the increasing accessibility and affordability of omics analysis means that multi-omics strategies are now indispensable tools to investigate complex biological processes such as plant-pathogen interactions.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(2018C02G2011110)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021 M692849),National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930088)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARAC(CARS-3-1-29).
文摘The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to facilitate chromatin access and plays essential roles in DNA-based events.Studies in animals,plants and fungi have uncovered sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of this complex that govern development and various stress responses.In this review,we summarize the composition of SWI/SNF complex in eukaryotes and discuss multiple functions of the SWI/SNF complex in regulating gene transcription,mRNA splicing,and DNA damage response.Our review further highlights the importance of SWI/SNF complex in regulating plant immunity responses and fungal pathogenesis.Finally,the potentials in exploiting chromatin remodeling for management of crop disease are presented.
基金Financial support from DST FIST Ⅱ and DBT BUILDER to SC(SC/DBT-BUILDER/2022)is gratefully acknowledgedSERB and CSIR for providing National Post-doctoral fellowship and Ph.D.scholarship,respectively.
文摘Phosphoinositides are important regulatory membrane lipids,with a role in plant development and cellular function.Emerging evidence indicates that phosphoinositides play crucial roles in plant defence and are also utilized by pathogens for infection.In this review,we highlight the role of phosphoinositides in plant-pathogen interaction and the implication of this remarkable convergence in the battle against plant diseases.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271414,31471249)
文摘Plants are frequently affected by pathogen infections.To effectively defend against such infections,two major modes of innate immunity have evolved in plants;pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity.Although the molecular components as well as the corresponding pathways involved in these two processes have been identified,many aspects of the molecular mechanisms of the plant immune system remain elusive.Recently,the rapid development of omics techniques(e.g.,genomics,proteomics and transcriptomics) has provided a great opportunity to explore plant–pathogen interactions from a systems perspective and studies on protein–protein interactions(PPIs) between plants and pathogens have been carried out and characterized at the network level.In this review,we introduce experimental and computational identification methods of PPIs,popular PPI network analysis approaches,and existing bioinformatics resources/tools related to PPIs.Then,we focus on reviewing the progress in genome-wide PPI networks related to plant–pathogen interactions,including pathogen-centric PPI networks,plant-centric PPI networks and interspecies PPI networks between plants and pathogens.We anticipate genome-wide PPI network analysis will provide a clearer understanding of plant–pathogen interactions and will offer some new opportunities for crop protection and improvement.
基金CABin grant(F.no.Agril.Edn.4-1/2013-A&P)Indian Council of Agricul-tural Research,Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’Welfare,Govt.of India and Department of Biotechnology,Govt.of India for BIC project grant(BT/PR40161/BTIS/137/32/2021)。
文摘Background Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins(PGIPs)play a pivotal role in plant defense against plant patho-gens by inhibiting polygalacturonase(PG),an enzyme produced by pathogens to degrade plant cell wall pectin.PGIPs,also known as leucine-rich repeat pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins,activate the host’s defense response upon interaction with PG,thereby reinforcing the host defense against plant pathogens attacks.In Egyptian or extra-long staple cotton(Gossypium barbadense),the interaction between PGIP and PG is one of the crucial steps in the defense mechanism against major pathogens such as Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria mac-rospora,which are responsible for bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases,respectively.Results To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying these PR proteins,we conducted a comprehensive study involving molecular modeling,protein-protein docking,site-specific double mutation(E169G and F242K),and molec-ular dynamics simulations.Both wild-type and mutated cotton PGIPs were examined in the interaction with the PG enzyme of a bacterial and fungal pathogen.Our findings revealed that changes in conformations of double-mutated residues in the active site of PGIP lead to the inhibition of PG binding.The molecular dynamics simulation studies provide insights into the dynamic behaviour and stability of the PGIP-PG complexes,shedding light on the intricate details of the inhibitory and exhibitory mechanism against the major fungal and bacterial pathogens of G.barbadense,respectively.Conclusions The findings of this study not only enhance our understanding of the molecular interactions between PGs of Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria macrospora and PGIP of G.barbadense but also pre-sent a potential strategy for developing the disease-resistant cotton varieties.By variations in the binding affinities of PGs through specific mutations in PGIP,this research offers promising avenues for the development of enhanced resistance to cotton plants against bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases.
基金the financial support from China Youth Science Foundation(22207037).
文摘Inorganic phosphate(Pi)homeostasis in plants is regulated by inositol pyrophosphates(PP-InsPs),which mediate phosphate starvation responses.While beneficial microorganisms,such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,contribute to phosphate uptake,pathogenic fungi often exploit phosphate metabolism to enhance virulence.However,the exact mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate plant phosphate signaling remain largely unknown.Here,we highlight a recent study by Ulrich Schaffrath and colleagues(Science,2025)revealing that plant pathogenic fungi deploy conserved Nudix hydrolase effectors to hydrolyze PP-InsPs,thereby mimicking phosphate starvation and suppressing host immunity.These findings not only expand our understanding of plantpathogen interactions,but also open new avenues for crop protection and resistance breeding.
