Post-translational modification is central to protein stability and to the modulation of protein activity. Various types of protein modification, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, myristoylation, glyc...Post-translational modification is central to protein stability and to the modulation of protein activity. Various types of protein modification, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, myristoylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination, have been reported. Among them, ubiquitination distinguishes itself from others in that most of the ubiquitinated proteins are targeted to the 26S proteasome for degradation. The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system constitutes the major protein degradation pathway in the cell. In recent years, the importance of the ubiquitination machinery in the control of numerous eukaryotic cellular functions has been increasingly appreciated. Increasing number of E3 ubiquitin ligases and their substrates, including a variety of essential cellular regulators have been identified. Studies in the past several years have revealed that the ubiquitination system is important for a broad range of plant developmental processes and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. This review discusses recent advances in the functional analysis of ubiquitination-associated proteins from plants and pathogens that play important roles in plant-microbe interactions.展开更多
The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducte...The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate （SDBS） and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about （m/m） of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants （〈 150 mg/kg） better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60-150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2-3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced inteffacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.展开更多
Plant roots meticulously select and attract particular microbial taxa from the surrounding bulk soil,thereby establishing a specialized and functionally diverse microbial community within the rhizosphere.Rhizosphere m...Plant roots meticulously select and attract particular microbial taxa from the surrounding bulk soil,thereby establishing a specialized and functionally diverse microbial community within the rhizosphere.Rhizosphere metabolites,including root exudates and microbial metabolites,function as both signals and nutrients that govern the assembly of the rhizosphere microbiome,playing crucial roles in mediating communications between plants and microbes.The environment and their feedback loops further influence these intricate interactions.However,whether and how specific metabolites shape plant-microbe interactions and facilitate diverse functions remains obscure.This review summarizes the current progress in plant-microbe communications mediated by chemical compounds and their functions in plant fitness and ecosystem functioning.Additionally,we raise some prospects on future directions for manipulating metabolite-mediated plantmicrobe interactions to enhance crop productivity and health.Unveiling the biological roles of specific metabolites produced by plants and microbes will bridge the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.展开更多
Wetland plants and their related environmental interfaces are colonized by a wide range of microbial communities,and the symbiotic system of plants and microorganisms can interact and cooperate with each other,playing...Wetland plants and their related environmental interfaces are colonized by a wide range of microbial communities,and the symbiotic system of plants and microorganisms can interact and cooperate with each other,playing an important role in environmental remediation of metal pollution,which has garnered significant attention.The dominant communities of wetland plants still have high treatment performance and survival rate under pollution conditions.Many studies show that hyperaccumulating metallophytes have the capacity to accumulate heavy metal up to several times higher than the plants in sterile soil,due to the interaction of microbes within the rhizosphere.Thus,biotechnological efforts are being explored to modify plants for heavy metal phytoremediation and to improve the adaptation of wetland plants,endophytes,and rhizospheric microorganisms to adverse environment.New phytoremediation techniques and enhanced symbiosis technique for endophytic bacteria inoculation with high efficiency are being pursued and utilized in heavy metal phytoremediation in wetland systems.Therefore,in this review,we systematically summarized the interface characteristics of wetland systems and the interaction of symbionts,with emphasis on the enhanced removal potential and regulation mechanisms of heavy metals by plant-microbe symbiosis in wetland systems,along with the applications of plant-microbiomes for heavy metal remediation in wetlands.Moreover,we explored the remediation mechanisms of combined endogenic-ecophytic microorganisms for wetland systems.In recent research,the exogeneous bacteria drastically remodeled the rhizospheric microbiome and further improved the activity of rhizospheric functional enzymes,with the metal removal at the rhizospheric region reaching up to 95%.In order to increase the effectiveness of plant-microbiome engineering in addressing wetland environmental pollution,the significance of incorporating synergistic techniques and taking a variety of environmental factors was discussed.展开更多
Plasma membrane （PM） H＋-ATPases are the primary pumps responsible for the establishment of cellular mem- brane potential in plants. In addition to regulating basic aspects of plant cell function, these enzymes cont...Plasma membrane （PM） H＋-ATPases are the primary pumps responsible for the establishment of cellular mem- brane potential in plants. In addition to regulating basic aspects of plant cell function, these enzymes contribute to sig- naling events in response to diverse environmental stimuli. Here, we focus on the roles of the PM H＋-ATPase during plant- pathogen interactions. PM H＋-ATPases are dynamically regulated during plant immune responses and recent quantitative proteomics studies suggest complex spatial and temporal modulation of PM H＋-ATPase activity during early pathogen recognition events. Additional data indicate that PM H＋-ATPases cooperate with the plant immune signaling protein RIN4 to regulate stomatal apertures during bacterial invasion of leaf tissue. Furthermore, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to manipulate PM H＋-ATPase activity during infection. Thus, these ubiquitous plant enzymes contribute to plant immune responses and are targeted by pathogens to increase plant susceptibility.展开更多
Soil naturally contains various heavy metals,however,their concentrations have reached toxic levels due to excessive agrochemical use and industrial activities.Heavy metals are persistent and non-biodegradable,causing...Soil naturally contains various heavy metals,however,their concentrations have reached toxic levels due to excessive agrochemical use and industrial activities.Heavy metals are persistent and non-biodegradable,causing environmental disruption and posing significant health hazards.Microbial-mediated remediation is a promising strategy to prevent heavy metal leaching and mobilization,facilitating their extraction and detoxification.Nickel(Ni),being a prevalent heavy metal pollutant,requires specific attention in remediation efforts.Plants have evolved defense mechanisms to cope with environmental stresses,including heavy metal toxicity,but such stress significantly reduces crop productivity.Beneficial microorganisms play a crucial role in enhancing plant yield and mitigating abiotic stress.The impact of heavy metal abiotic stress on plants’growth and productivity requires thorough investigation.Bioremediation using Nickel nanoparticles(Ni NPs)offers an effective approach to mitigating environmental pollution.Microorganisms contribute to nanoparticle bioremediation by immobilizing metals or inducing the synthesis of remediating microbial enzymes.Understanding the interactions between microorganisms,contaminants,and nanoparticles(NPs)is essential for advancing bioremediation strategies.This review focuses on the role of Bacillus subtilis in the bioremediation of nickel nanoparticles to mitigate environmental pollution and associated health risks.Furthermore,sustainable approaches are necessary to minimize metal contamination in seeds.The current review discusses bacterial inoculation in enhancing heavy metal tolerance,plant signal transduction pathways,and the transition from molecular to genomic research in metal stress adaptation.Moreover,the inoculation of advantageous bacteria is crucial for preserving plants under severe mental stress.Different researchers develop a complex,vibrant relationship with plants through a series of events known as plant-microbe interactions.It increases metal stress resistance through the creation of phytohormones.In general,the defensive responses of plants to heavy metal stress,mediated by microbial inoculation require further in-depth research.Further studies should explore the detoxification mechanism of nickel through bioremediation to develop more effective and sustainable remediation strategies.展开更多
Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is well known among consumers because of its attractive color, delicious taste, and nutritional benefits. It is widely grown worldwide, but its production has become a significant challe...Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is well known among consumers because of its attractive color, delicious taste, and nutritional benefits. It is widely grown worldwide, but its production has become a significant challenge due to changing climatic conditions that lead to abiotic stresses in plants, which results in poor root development, nutrient deficiency, and poor plant health. In this context, the major abiotic stresses are temperature fluctuations, water shortages, and high levels of soil salinity. The accumulation of salts in excessive amounts disrupts the osmotic balance and impairs physiological processes. However, drought reduces fruit size, yield, and quality. Similarly, heat and cold stresses directly affect the rate of photosynthesis. Plants respond to these changes by producing growth-promoting hormones to ensure their survival. In the context of these abiotic stresses, beneficial microbes support plant growth. Among these fungi, the most extensively studied are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). When applied as bioinoculants, they are associated with roots and subsequently improve soil health, fruit quality, and overall crop yield. This review highlights the impacts of abiotic stresses on strawberry roots, growth, and hormonal pathways. Moreover, it focuses on the role of beneficial soil microbes in the mitigation of these responses.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)is vital for crop growth and yield,impacting food quality.However,excessive use of N fertilizers leads to high agricultural costs and environmental challenges.This review offers a thorough synthesis of the ...Nitrogen(N)is vital for crop growth and yield,impacting food quality.However,excessive use of N fertilizers leads to high agricultural costs and environmental challenges.This review offers a thorough synthesis of the genetic and molecular regulation of N uptake,assimilation,and remobilization in maize,emphasizing the role of key genes and metabolic pathways in enhancing N use efficiency(NUE).We summarize the genetic regulators of N transports for nitrate(NO3−)and ammonium(NH4+)that contribute to efficient N uptake and transportation.We further discuss the molecular mechanisms by which root system development adapts to N distribution and how N influences root system development and growth.Given the advancements in high-throughput microbiome studies,we delve into the impact of rhizosphere microorganisms on NUE and the complex plant-microbe interactions that regulate maize NUE.Additionally,we conclude with intricate regulatory mechanisms of N assimilation and remobilization in maize,involving key enzymes,transcription factors,and amino acid transporters.We also scrutinize the known N signaling perception and transduction mechanisms in maize.This review underscores the challenges in improving maize NUE and advocates for an integrative research approach that leverages genetic diversity and synthetic biology,paving the way for sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Salinity poses a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity,impacting plant growth,yield,soil fertility,and the composition of soil microbial communities.Moreover,salinity has a significant impact in sh...Salinity poses a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity,impacting plant growth,yield,soil fertility,and the composition of soil microbial communities.Moreover,salinity has a significant impact in shifting soil microbial communities and their functional profiles.Therefore,we explored and analyzed the intricate relationships among plant-associated microbes/microbiome,including plant growth-promoting bacteria,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),archaea,and viruses in alleviating salinity stress in plants.In this review,we have highlighted that salinity stress selectively enhances the growth of certain microbes such as Gammaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Acidobacteria,Euryarchaeota,Thaumarchaeota,Crenarchaeota,and lysogenic viruses,while decreasing the abundances of others(Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria)and AMF root colonization.These microbes regulate water and nutrient uptake,decrease ionic and osmotic toxicity,enhance the syntheses of antioxidant enzymes(catalase and glutathione S-transferases)and osmolytes(erythrose and galactinol),increase phytohormone(indole-3 acetic acid)production,and activate salinity stress tolerance genes(SOD,APX,and SKOR)in plants.Furthermore,we meticulously examined the significance of soil microbiome and the need for multidisciplinary omics studies on the changes in soil microbiome composition and the relationships of synergistic holobiont in mitigating salinity stress in plants.Such studies will provide insights into the use of microbial components as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to modulate salinity stress and enhance agricultural productivity.展开更多
Plants serve as rich repositories of diverse chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites.These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes,including interactions with various microbes...Plants serve as rich repositories of diverse chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites.These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes,including interactions with various microbes both beneficial and harmful.Considering microbes as bioreactors,the chemical diversity undergoes dynamic changes when root-derived specialized metabolites(RSMs)and microbes encounter each other in the rhizosphere.Recent advancements in sequencing techniques and molecular biology tools have not only accelerated the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of RSMs but also unveiled the significance of RSMs in plant-microbe interactions.In this review,we provide a comprehensive description of the effects of RSMs on microbe assembly in the rhizosphere and the influence of corresponding microbial changes on plant health,incorporating the most up-to-date information available.Additionally,we highlight open questions that remain for a deeper understanding of and harnessing the potential of RSM-microbe interactions to enhance plant adaptation to the environment.Finally,we propose a pipeline for investigating the intricate associations between root exometabolites and the rhizomicrobiome.展开更多
Plants and microbes are closely associated with each other in their ecological niches.Much has been studied about plant-microbe interactions,but little is known about the effect of phytochemicals on microbes at the mo...Plants and microbes are closely associated with each other in their ecological niches.Much has been studied about plant-microbe interactions,but little is known about the effect of phytochemicals on microbes at the molecular level.To access the products of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters in bacteria,we incorporated an organic extract of hibiscus flowers into the culture media of different Actinobacteria isolated from plant rhizospheres.This approach led to the production of broad-spectrum dithiolopyrrolone(DTP)antibiotics,thiolutin(1)and aureothricin(2),by Streptomyces sp.MBN2-2.The compounds from the hibiscus extract responsible for triggering the production of these two DTPs were found to be hibiscus acid dimethyl ester(3)and hydroxycitric acid 1,3-dimethyl ester(4).It was subsequently found that the addition of either Fe2+or Fe3+to culture media induced the production of 1 and 2.The Chrome Azurol S(CAS)assay revealed that 3 and 4 can chelate iron,and therefore,the mechanism leading to the production of thiolutin and aureothricin appears to be related to changes in iron concentration levels.This work supports the idea that phytochemicals can be used to activate the production of cryptic microbial biosynthetic gene clusters and further understand plant-microbe interactions.展开更多
Plants have co-evolved with a wide range of microbial communities over hundreds of millions of years,this has drastically influenced their adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress.The rapid development of multi-omics a...Plants have co-evolved with a wide range of microbial communities over hundreds of millions of years,this has drastically influenced their adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress.The rapid development of multi-omics approaches has greatly improved our understanding of the diversity,composition,and functions of plant microbiomes,but how global climate change affects the assembly of plant microbiomes and their roles in regulating host plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions is not fully known.In this review,we summarize recent advancements in the community assembly of plant microbiomes,and their responses to climate change factors such as elevated CO_(2) levels,warming,and drought.We further delineate the research trends and hotspots in plant-microbiome interactions in the context of climate change,and summarize the key mechanisms by which plant microbiomes influence plant adaptation to the changing climate.We propose that future research is urgently needed to unravel the impact of key plant genes and signal molecules modulated by climate change on microbial communities,to elucidate the evolutionary response of plant-microbe interactions at the community level,and to engineer synthetic microbial communities to mitigate the effects of climate change on plant fitness.展开更多
With the continuous increase in human population,there is widespread usage of chemical fertilizers that are responsible for introducing abiotic stresses in agricultural crop lands.Abiotic stresses are major constraint...With the continuous increase in human population,there is widespread usage of chemical fertilizers that are responsible for introducing abiotic stresses in agricultural crop lands.Abiotic stresses are major constraints for crop yield and global food security and therefore require an immediate response.The implementation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)into the agricultural production system can be a profitable alternative because of its efficiency in plant growth regulation and abiotic stress management.These bacteria have the potential to promote plant growth and to aid in the management of plant diseases and abiotic stresses in the soil through production of bacterial phytohormones and associated metabolites as well as through significant root morphological changes.These changes result in improved plant-water relations and nutritional status in plants and stimulate plants’defensive mechanisms to overcome unfavorable environmental conditions.Here,we describe the significance of plant-microbe interactions,highlighting the role of PGPR,bacterial phytohormones,and bacterial metabolites in relieving abiotic environmental stress in soil.Further research is necessary to gather in-depth knowledge on PGPR-associated mechanisms and plant-microbe interactions in order to pave a way for field-scale application of beneficial rhizobacteria,with the aim of building a healthy and sustainable agricultural system.Therefore,this review aims to emphasize the role of PGPR in growth promotion and management of abiotic soil stress with the goal of developing an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy for future agricultural sustainability.展开更多
Beneficial interactions between microorganisms and plants, particularly in the rhizosphere, are a research area of global interest. Four cadmium(Cd)-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from heavy metal-contaminat...Beneficial interactions between microorganisms and plants, particularly in the rhizosphere, are a research area of global interest. Four cadmium(Cd)-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from heavy metal-contaminated sludge and their effects on Cd mobility in soil and the root elongation and Cd accumulation of Orychophragmus violaceus were explored to identify the capability of metalresistant rhizobacteria for promoting the growth of O. violaceus roots on Cd-contaminated soils. The isolated strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly enhanced the plant Cd accumulation. The Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots were increased by up to 2.29- and 2.86-fold, respectively, by inoculation of B. megaterium, as compared with the uninoculated control. The bacterial strains displayed different effects on the shoot biomass. Compared with the uninoculated plants, the shoot biomass of the inoculated plants was slightly increased by B. megaterium and significantly decreased by the other strains. B. megaterium was identified as the best candidate for enhancing Cd accumulation in O. violaceus. Thus, this study provides novel insight into the development of plant-microbe systems for phytoremediation.展开更多
Salinity stress is considered one of the most harmful environmental plant stresses,as it reduces irrigated land crop production by over 20%worldwide.Hence,it is imperative to develop salt-tolerant crops in addition to...Salinity stress is considered one of the most harmful environmental plant stresses,as it reduces irrigated land crop production by over 20%worldwide.Hence,it is imperative to develop salt-tolerant crops in addition to understanding various mechanisms enabling plant growth under saline stress conditions.Recently,a novel biological approach that aims to address salinity stress has gained momentum,which involves the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi in plant-microbe interactions.It has been observed that most terrestrial plant root systems are colonized by AM fungi,which modulate plant growth in multiple ways.In such interactions,AM fungi obtain organic compounds from the host plant while providing mineral nutrients,including nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and sulfur,to the host plant.Over recent decades,our understanding of the multifunctional roles played by AM fungi has been broadened and advanced,particularly regarding the mediation of mineral nutrients and the alleviation of stress(especially salt stress)in most crop plants.Increased uptake of phosphorus and augmented tolerance to salinity result in enhanced plant growth and yield.The evident anti-stress role of AM fungi and related mechanisms have been described separately,though they need to be analyzed and discussed together.Therefore,the present review addresses the major role of AM fungi in mitigating salt stress and their beneficial effects on plant growth and productivity.The mechanisms employed by AM fungi to amplify the salt tolerance of host plants by increased nutrient accession(e.g.,phosphorus,nitrogen,and calcium),physiological changes(e.g.,photosynthetic efficiency,cell membrane permeability,water status,and nitrogen fixation),and biochemical changes(e.g.,the accumulation of different osmolytes such as proline and soluble sugars)are also discussed.Furthermore,this review highlights the role of AM fungi in the Na+/H+antiporters.In plants,AM fungi inoculation increases the activities of multiple antioxidant enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,and peroxidase,which scavenge reactive oxygen species and relieve salt stress.In addition,AM fungi regulate the Na+/K+ratio to maintain osmotic balance under salt stress.Further research is needed to gather in-depth knowledge about AM fungi-associated mechanisms to pave a way for the large-scale application of these fungal associations under saline stress conditions,with the main aim of building healthy,eco-friendly,cost-effective,and sustainable agricultural systems.展开更多
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stress in plants.However,traditional approaches are not always efficient in conferring salt tolerance.Experiments were conducted to understand the role of Trichoderma spp.(T.har...Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stress in plants.However,traditional approaches are not always efficient in conferring salt tolerance.Experiments were conducted to understand the role of Trichoderma spp.(T.harzianum and T.viride)in growth,chlorophyll(Chl)synthesis,and proline accumulation of C.pepo exposed to salinity stress.There were three salt stress(50,100,and 150 mM NaCl)lavels and three different Trichoderma inoculation viz.T.harzianum,T.viride,and T.harzianum+T.viride.Salt stress significantly declined the growth in terms of the shoot and root lengths;however,it was improved by the inoculation of Trichoderma spp.C.pepo inoculated with Trichoderma exhibited increased synthesis of pigments like chl a,chl b,carotenoids,and anthocyanins under normal conditions.It was interesting to observe that such positive effects were maintained under salt-stressed conditions,as reflected by the amelioration of the salinity-mediated decline in growth,physiology and antioxidant defense.The inoculation of Trichoderma spp.enhanced the synthesis of proline,glutathione,proteins and increased the relative water content.In addition,Trichoderma inoculation increased membrane stability and reduced the generation of hydrogen peroxide.Therefore,Trichoderma spp.can be exploited either individually or in combination to enhance the growth and physiology of C.pepo under saline conditions.展开更多
The vast majority of herbaceous plants engage into arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses and consideration of their mycorrhizal status should be embodied in studies of plant-microbe interactions. To establish reliable...The vast majority of herbaceous plants engage into arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses and consideration of their mycorrhizal status should be embodied in studies of plant-microbe interactions. To establish reliable AM contrasts, however, a sterilized re-inoculation procedure is commonly adopted. It was questioned whether the specific approach is sufficient for the studies targeting the bacterial domain, specifically nitrifiers, a group of autotrophic, slow growing microbes. In a controlled experiment mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Plantago lanceolata were grown up in compartmentalized pots to study the AM effect on nitrification rates in the plant rhizosphere. Nitrification rates were assayed following an extensive 3-week bacterial equilibration step of the re-inoculated soil and a 13-week plant growth period in a controlled environment. Under these specific conditions, the nitrification potential levels at harvest were exceptionally low, and actual nitrification rates of the root compartment of non-mycorrhizal P. lanceolata were significantly lower than those of any other compartment. It is then argued that the specific effects should be attributed to the alleged higher growth rates of non-mycorrhizal plants that are known to occur early in the AM experiment. It is concluded that the specific experimental approach is not suitable for the study of microbes with slow growth rates.展开更多
In recent years,there has been an increasing interest in finding sustainable strategies for the efficient removal of contaminants from soils.The objective of this review is to examine the biochemical principles of spe...In recent years,there has been an increasing interest in finding sustainable strategies for the efficient removal of contaminants from soils.The objective of this review is to examine the biochemical principles of specific genetic modifications in plants,their applications in the field for specific contaminants as phytotechnologies,and their international regulation.In addition,the review presents some biological aspects of rhizosphere-related phenomena,the interactions of organic and inorganic pollutants with plants,and the performance of the phytotechnologies across the continents.During the last few decades,at least eight genera of genetically modified plants(GMPs)have been tested and used for soil remediation with outstanding results.Arabidopsis,Nicotiana,and Oryza are the plant genera most widely studied.Specific plant genes such as metal transporters,chelators,metallothioneins,phytochelatins,and oxygenases have been transferred to plants to improve the elimination of contaminants in soil.We discuss some important aspects of gene manipulation and its application for removal of diverse contaminants.A key challenge faced by phytotechnologies is the final disposal of the generated biomass,from a safety aspect.We argue that the commercial success of phytotechnologies depends on the generation of valuable biomass on contaminated land and its use for bioenergy generation.The use of such technologies would promote a broader understanding of the importance of plants,especially GMPs,in the environment and their contribution to environmental sustainability.展开更多
Variations of precipitation have great impacts on soil carbon cycle and decomposition of soil organic matter.Soil bacteria are crucial participants in regulating these ecological processes and vulnerable to altered pr...Variations of precipitation have great impacts on soil carbon cycle and decomposition of soil organic matter.Soil bacteria are crucial participants in regulating these ecological processes and vulnerable to altered precipitation.Studying the impacts of altered precipitation on soil bacterial community structure can provide a novel insight into the potential impacts of altered precipitation on soil carbon cycle and carbon storage of grassland.Therefore,soil bacterial community structure under a precipitation manipulation experiment was researched in a semi-arid desert grassland in Chinese Loess Plateau.Five precipitation levels,i.e.,control,reduced and increased precipitation by 40%and 20%,respectively(referred here as CK,DP40,DP20,IP40,and IP20)were set.The results showed that soil bacterial alpha diversity and rare bacteria significantly changed with altered precipitation,but the dominant bacteria and soil bacterial beta diversity did not change,which may be ascribed to the ecological strategy of soil bacteria.The linear discriminate analysis(LDA)effect size(LEfSe)method found that major response patterns of soil bacteria to altered precipitation were resource-limited and drought-tolerant populations.In addition,increasing precipitation greatly promoted inter-species competition,while decreasing precipitation highly facilitated inter-species cooperation.These changes in species interaction can promote different distribution ratios of bacterial populations under different precipitation conditions.In structural equation model(SEM)analysis,with changes in precipitation,plant growth characteristics were found to be drivers of soil bacterial community composition,while soil properties were not.In conclusion,our results indicated that in desert grassland ecosystem,the sensitive of soil rare bacteria to altered precipitation was stronger than that of dominant taxa,which may be related to the ecological strategy of bacteria,species interaction,and precipitation-induced variations of plant growth characteristics.展开更多
Plant growth promoting pseudomonads play an important role in disease suppression and there is considerable interest in development of bio-marker genes that can be used to monitor these bacteria in agricultural soils....Plant growth promoting pseudomonads play an important role in disease suppression and there is considerable interest in development of bio-marker genes that can be used to monitor these bacteria in agricultural soils. Here, we report the application ofa PCR primer sets targeting genes encoding the main antibiotic groups. Distribution of the genes was variably distributed across type strains of 28 species with no phylogenetic groupingfor the detected antibioticsgenes, phlD for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and phzCD for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid or hcnBC for hydrogen cyanide production. Analysis of field soils showed that primer sets for phlD and phzCD detected these genes in a fallowed neutral pH soil following wheat production, but that the copy numbers were below the detection limits in bulk soils having an acidic pH. In contrast, PCR products for the phzCD, pltc and hcnBc genes were detectable in mature root zones following plantingwith wheat. The ability to rapidly characterize populations of antibiotics producers using specific primer sets will improve our ability to assess the impacts of management practices on the functional traits of Pseudomonas spp. populations in agricultural soils.展开更多
文摘Post-translational modification is central to protein stability and to the modulation of protein activity. Various types of protein modification, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, myristoylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination, have been reported. Among them, ubiquitination distinguishes itself from others in that most of the ubiquitinated proteins are targeted to the 26S proteasome for degradation. The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system constitutes the major protein degradation pathway in the cell. In recent years, the importance of the ubiquitination machinery in the control of numerous eukaryotic cellular functions has been increasingly appreciated. Increasing number of E3 ubiquitin ligases and their substrates, including a variety of essential cellular regulators have been identified. Studies in the past several years have revealed that the ubiquitination system is important for a broad range of plant developmental processes and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. This review discusses recent advances in the functional analysis of ubiquitination-associated proteins from plants and pathogens that play important roles in plant-microbe interactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21137003)the National KeyBasic Research Program of China(No.2014CB441106)
文摘The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate （SDBS） and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about （m/m） of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants （〈 150 mg/kg） better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60-150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2-3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced inteffacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32088102,32425001,32402382)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0630000)the New Cornerstone Science Foundation(NCI202248)HighLevel Talents project of Henan Agricultural University(111-30501301)。
文摘Plant roots meticulously select and attract particular microbial taxa from the surrounding bulk soil,thereby establishing a specialized and functionally diverse microbial community within the rhizosphere.Rhizosphere metabolites,including root exudates and microbial metabolites,function as both signals and nutrients that govern the assembly of the rhizosphere microbiome,playing crucial roles in mediating communications between plants and microbes.The environment and their feedback loops further influence these intricate interactions.However,whether and how specific metabolites shape plant-microbe interactions and facilitate diverse functions remains obscure.This review summarizes the current progress in plant-microbe communications mediated by chemical compounds and their functions in plant fitness and ecosystem functioning.Additionally,we raise some prospects on future directions for manipulating metabolite-mediated plantmicrobe interactions to enhance crop productivity and health.Unveiling the biological roles of specific metabolites produced by plants and microbes will bridge the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province for Youth,China(No.D2021201003)the Key Research and Development(R&D)Project of Hebei Province,China(No.21373601D)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Planning Project of Shijiazhuang,China(No.221240223A)the Natural Science Interdisciplinary Research Program of Hebei University,China(No.DXK202106)the Hebei Provincial 3-3-3 Talent Project,China(No.A202101120)the Collaborative Innovation Center for Baiyangdian Basin Ecological Protection and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Sustainable Development,China。
文摘Wetland plants and their related environmental interfaces are colonized by a wide range of microbial communities,and the symbiotic system of plants and microorganisms can interact and cooperate with each other,playing an important role in environmental remediation of metal pollution,which has garnered significant attention.The dominant communities of wetland plants still have high treatment performance and survival rate under pollution conditions.Many studies show that hyperaccumulating metallophytes have the capacity to accumulate heavy metal up to several times higher than the plants in sterile soil,due to the interaction of microbes within the rhizosphere.Thus,biotechnological efforts are being explored to modify plants for heavy metal phytoremediation and to improve the adaptation of wetland plants,endophytes,and rhizospheric microorganisms to adverse environment.New phytoremediation techniques and enhanced symbiosis technique for endophytic bacteria inoculation with high efficiency are being pursued and utilized in heavy metal phytoremediation in wetland systems.Therefore,in this review,we systematically summarized the interface characteristics of wetland systems and the interaction of symbionts,with emphasis on the enhanced removal potential and regulation mechanisms of heavy metals by plant-microbe symbiosis in wetland systems,along with the applications of plant-microbiomes for heavy metal remediation in wetlands.Moreover,we explored the remediation mechanisms of combined endogenic-ecophytic microorganisms for wetland systems.In recent research,the exogeneous bacteria drastically remodeled the rhizospheric microbiome and further improved the activity of rhizospheric functional enzymes,with the metal removal at the rhizospheric region reaching up to 95%.In order to increase the effectiveness of plant-microbiome engineering in addressing wetland environmental pollution,the significance of incorporating synergistic techniques and taking a variety of environmental factors was discussed.
文摘Plasma membrane （PM） H＋-ATPases are the primary pumps responsible for the establishment of cellular mem- brane potential in plants. In addition to regulating basic aspects of plant cell function, these enzymes contribute to sig- naling events in response to diverse environmental stimuli. Here, we focus on the roles of the PM H＋-ATPase during plant- pathogen interactions. PM H＋-ATPases are dynamically regulated during plant immune responses and recent quantitative proteomics studies suggest complex spatial and temporal modulation of PM H＋-ATPase activity during early pathogen recognition events. Additional data indicate that PM H＋-ATPases cooperate with the plant immune signaling protein RIN4 to regulate stomatal apertures during bacterial invasion of leaf tissue. Furthermore, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to manipulate PM H＋-ATPase activity during infection. Thus, these ubiquitous plant enzymes contribute to plant immune responses and are targeted by pathogens to increase plant susceptibility.
基金supported by the project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City,Grant No.SKJC-2023-02-004Education Department of Hainan Province,Grant No.Hnky2024ZD-27Key R&D Project of Hainan Province(Science and Technology Commissioner):405314040001.
文摘Soil naturally contains various heavy metals,however,their concentrations have reached toxic levels due to excessive agrochemical use and industrial activities.Heavy metals are persistent and non-biodegradable,causing environmental disruption and posing significant health hazards.Microbial-mediated remediation is a promising strategy to prevent heavy metal leaching and mobilization,facilitating their extraction and detoxification.Nickel(Ni),being a prevalent heavy metal pollutant,requires specific attention in remediation efforts.Plants have evolved defense mechanisms to cope with environmental stresses,including heavy metal toxicity,but such stress significantly reduces crop productivity.Beneficial microorganisms play a crucial role in enhancing plant yield and mitigating abiotic stress.The impact of heavy metal abiotic stress on plants’growth and productivity requires thorough investigation.Bioremediation using Nickel nanoparticles(Ni NPs)offers an effective approach to mitigating environmental pollution.Microorganisms contribute to nanoparticle bioremediation by immobilizing metals or inducing the synthesis of remediating microbial enzymes.Understanding the interactions between microorganisms,contaminants,and nanoparticles(NPs)is essential for advancing bioremediation strategies.This review focuses on the role of Bacillus subtilis in the bioremediation of nickel nanoparticles to mitigate environmental pollution and associated health risks.Furthermore,sustainable approaches are necessary to minimize metal contamination in seeds.The current review discusses bacterial inoculation in enhancing heavy metal tolerance,plant signal transduction pathways,and the transition from molecular to genomic research in metal stress adaptation.Moreover,the inoculation of advantageous bacteria is crucial for preserving plants under severe mental stress.Different researchers develop a complex,vibrant relationship with plants through a series of events known as plant-microbe interactions.It increases metal stress resistance through the creation of phytohormones.In general,the defensive responses of plants to heavy metal stress,mediated by microbial inoculation require further in-depth research.Further studies should explore the detoxification mechanism of nickel through bioremediation to develop more effective and sustainable remediation strategies.
文摘Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is well known among consumers because of its attractive color, delicious taste, and nutritional benefits. It is widely grown worldwide, but its production has become a significant challenge due to changing climatic conditions that lead to abiotic stresses in plants, which results in poor root development, nutrient deficiency, and poor plant health. In this context, the major abiotic stresses are temperature fluctuations, water shortages, and high levels of soil salinity. The accumulation of salts in excessive amounts disrupts the osmotic balance and impairs physiological processes. However, drought reduces fruit size, yield, and quality. Similarly, heat and cold stresses directly affect the rate of photosynthesis. Plants respond to these changes by producing growth-promoting hormones to ensure their survival. In the context of these abiotic stresses, beneficial microbes support plant growth. Among these fungi, the most extensively studied are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). When applied as bioinoculants, they are associated with roots and subsequently improve soil health, fruit quality, and overall crop yield. This review highlights the impacts of abiotic stresses on strawberry roots, growth, and hormonal pathways. Moreover, it focuses on the role of beneficial soil microbes in the mitigation of these responses.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000500 to L.Y.)the High-Level Talents Research Startup Fund of China Agricultural University(00114342 and 10092010 to J.L.)Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2024B01009 to Z.J.).
文摘Nitrogen(N)is vital for crop growth and yield,impacting food quality.However,excessive use of N fertilizers leads to high agricultural costs and environmental challenges.This review offers a thorough synthesis of the genetic and molecular regulation of N uptake,assimilation,and remobilization in maize,emphasizing the role of key genes and metabolic pathways in enhancing N use efficiency(NUE).We summarize the genetic regulators of N transports for nitrate(NO3−)and ammonium(NH4+)that contribute to efficient N uptake and transportation.We further discuss the molecular mechanisms by which root system development adapts to N distribution and how N influences root system development and growth.Given the advancements in high-throughput microbiome studies,we delve into the impact of rhizosphere microorganisms on NUE and the complex plant-microbe interactions that regulate maize NUE.Additionally,we conclude with intricate regulatory mechanisms of N assimilation and remobilization in maize,involving key enzymes,transcription factors,and amino acid transporters.We also scrutinize the known N signaling perception and transduction mechanisms in maize.This review underscores the challenges in improving maize NUE and advocates for an integrative research approach that leverages genetic diversity and synthetic biology,paving the way for sustainable agriculture.
基金supported by the Biological Materials Specialized Graduate Program through the Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)funded by the Ministry of Environment of Korea,the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science&Technology Development(No.PJ017033)through the Rural Development Administration of Korea+2 种基金the Regional Researcher Program(No.NRF-2020R1I1A307452212)through the National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education of Koreathe Korea Basic Science Institute(National Research Facilities and Equipment Center)Grant(No.2021R1A6C101A416)funded by the Ministry of Education through the NGS Core Facility,Kyungpook National University for providing facility for data collection and management。
文摘Salinity poses a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity,impacting plant growth,yield,soil fertility,and the composition of soil microbial communities.Moreover,salinity has a significant impact in shifting soil microbial communities and their functional profiles.Therefore,we explored and analyzed the intricate relationships among plant-associated microbes/microbiome,including plant growth-promoting bacteria,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),archaea,and viruses in alleviating salinity stress in plants.In this review,we have highlighted that salinity stress selectively enhances the growth of certain microbes such as Gammaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Acidobacteria,Euryarchaeota,Thaumarchaeota,Crenarchaeota,and lysogenic viruses,while decreasing the abundances of others(Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria)and AMF root colonization.These microbes regulate water and nutrient uptake,decrease ionic and osmotic toxicity,enhance the syntheses of antioxidant enzymes(catalase and glutathione S-transferases)and osmolytes(erythrose and galactinol),increase phytohormone(indole-3 acetic acid)production,and activate salinity stress tolerance genes(SOD,APX,and SKOR)in plants.Furthermore,we meticulously examined the significance of soil microbiome and the need for multidisciplinary omics studies on the changes in soil microbiome composition and the relationships of synergistic holobiont in mitigating salinity stress in plants.Such studies will provide insights into the use of microbial components as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to modulate salinity stress and enhance agricultural productivity.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0900603 to G.W.and 2022YFF1001800 to Y.B.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.32000232)to X.W.the State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics of China(SKLPG2016A-13)to G.W.
文摘Plants serve as rich repositories of diverse chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites.These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes,including interactions with various microbes both beneficial and harmful.Considering microbes as bioreactors,the chemical diversity undergoes dynamic changes when root-derived specialized metabolites(RSMs)and microbes encounter each other in the rhizosphere.Recent advancements in sequencing techniques and molecular biology tools have not only accelerated the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of RSMs but also unveiled the significance of RSMs in plant-microbe interactions.In this review,we provide a comprehensive description of the effects of RSMs on microbe assembly in the rhizosphere and the influence of corresponding microbial changes on plant health,incorporating the most up-to-date information available.Additionally,we highlight open questions that remain for a deeper understanding of and harnessing the potential of RSM-microbe interactions to enhance plant adaptation to the environment.Finally,we propose a pipeline for investigating the intricate associations between root exometabolites and the rhizomicrobiome.
基金funded by an ARC Australian Laureate Fellowship(grant number FL210100071)to JE.FAS is supported by DOST-SEI Foreign Graduate Scholarship Program.
文摘Plants and microbes are closely associated with each other in their ecological niches.Much has been studied about plant-microbe interactions,but little is known about the effect of phytochemicals on microbes at the molecular level.To access the products of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters in bacteria,we incorporated an organic extract of hibiscus flowers into the culture media of different Actinobacteria isolated from plant rhizospheres.This approach led to the production of broad-spectrum dithiolopyrrolone(DTP)antibiotics,thiolutin(1)and aureothricin(2),by Streptomyces sp.MBN2-2.The compounds from the hibiscus extract responsible for triggering the production of these two DTPs were found to be hibiscus acid dimethyl ester(3)and hydroxycitric acid 1,3-dimethyl ester(4).It was subsequently found that the addition of either Fe2+or Fe3+to culture media induced the production of 1 and 2.The Chrome Azurol S(CAS)assay revealed that 3 and 4 can chelate iron,and therefore,the mechanism leading to the production of thiolutin and aureothricin appears to be related to changes in iron concentration levels.This work supports the idea that phytochemicals can be used to activate the production of cryptic microbial biosynthetic gene clusters and further understand plant-microbe interactions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277289,42207142)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1700801)。
文摘Plants have co-evolved with a wide range of microbial communities over hundreds of millions of years,this has drastically influenced their adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress.The rapid development of multi-omics approaches has greatly improved our understanding of the diversity,composition,and functions of plant microbiomes,but how global climate change affects the assembly of plant microbiomes and their roles in regulating host plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions is not fully known.In this review,we summarize recent advancements in the community assembly of plant microbiomes,and their responses to climate change factors such as elevated CO_(2) levels,warming,and drought.We further delineate the research trends and hotspots in plant-microbiome interactions in the context of climate change,and summarize the key mechanisms by which plant microbiomes influence plant adaptation to the changing climate.We propose that future research is urgently needed to unravel the impact of key plant genes and signal molecules modulated by climate change on microbial communities,to elucidate the evolutionary response of plant-microbe interactions at the community level,and to engineer synthetic microbial communities to mitigate the effects of climate change on plant fitness.
基金the Department of Science and Technology (DST) for providing financial assistance as a Senior Research Fellow.
文摘With the continuous increase in human population,there is widespread usage of chemical fertilizers that are responsible for introducing abiotic stresses in agricultural crop lands.Abiotic stresses are major constraints for crop yield and global food security and therefore require an immediate response.The implementation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)into the agricultural production system can be a profitable alternative because of its efficiency in plant growth regulation and abiotic stress management.These bacteria have the potential to promote plant growth and to aid in the management of plant diseases and abiotic stresses in the soil through production of bacterial phytohormones and associated metabolites as well as through significant root morphological changes.These changes result in improved plant-water relations and nutritional status in plants and stimulate plants’defensive mechanisms to overcome unfavorable environmental conditions.Here,we describe the significance of plant-microbe interactions,highlighting the role of PGPR,bacterial phytohormones,and bacterial metabolites in relieving abiotic environmental stress in soil.Further research is necessary to gather in-depth knowledge on PGPR-associated mechanisms and plant-microbe interactions in order to pave a way for field-scale application of beneficial rhizobacteria,with the aim of building a healthy and sustainable agricultural system.Therefore,this review aims to emphasize the role of PGPR in growth promotion and management of abiotic soil stress with the goal of developing an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy for future agricultural sustainability.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40771203 and 40871243)the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops,China(No.10DZ2271800)the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project,China(No.S30109)
文摘Beneficial interactions between microorganisms and plants, particularly in the rhizosphere, are a research area of global interest. Four cadmium(Cd)-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from heavy metal-contaminated sludge and their effects on Cd mobility in soil and the root elongation and Cd accumulation of Orychophragmus violaceus were explored to identify the capability of metalresistant rhizobacteria for promoting the growth of O. violaceus roots on Cd-contaminated soils. The isolated strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly enhanced the plant Cd accumulation. The Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots were increased by up to 2.29- and 2.86-fold, respectively, by inoculation of B. megaterium, as compared with the uninoculated control. The bacterial strains displayed different effects on the shoot biomass. Compared with the uninoculated plants, the shoot biomass of the inoculated plants was slightly increased by B. megaterium and significantly decreased by the other strains. B. megaterium was identified as the best candidate for enhancing Cd accumulation in O. violaceus. Thus, this study provides novel insight into the development of plant-microbe systems for phytoremediation.
基金Sher-e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, IndiaKurukshetra University, India for their support
文摘Salinity stress is considered one of the most harmful environmental plant stresses,as it reduces irrigated land crop production by over 20%worldwide.Hence,it is imperative to develop salt-tolerant crops in addition to understanding various mechanisms enabling plant growth under saline stress conditions.Recently,a novel biological approach that aims to address salinity stress has gained momentum,which involves the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi in plant-microbe interactions.It has been observed that most terrestrial plant root systems are colonized by AM fungi,which modulate plant growth in multiple ways.In such interactions,AM fungi obtain organic compounds from the host plant while providing mineral nutrients,including nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and sulfur,to the host plant.Over recent decades,our understanding of the multifunctional roles played by AM fungi has been broadened and advanced,particularly regarding the mediation of mineral nutrients and the alleviation of stress(especially salt stress)in most crop plants.Increased uptake of phosphorus and augmented tolerance to salinity result in enhanced plant growth and yield.The evident anti-stress role of AM fungi and related mechanisms have been described separately,though they need to be analyzed and discussed together.Therefore,the present review addresses the major role of AM fungi in mitigating salt stress and their beneficial effects on plant growth and productivity.The mechanisms employed by AM fungi to amplify the salt tolerance of host plants by increased nutrient accession(e.g.,phosphorus,nitrogen,and calcium),physiological changes(e.g.,photosynthetic efficiency,cell membrane permeability,water status,and nitrogen fixation),and biochemical changes(e.g.,the accumulation of different osmolytes such as proline and soluble sugars)are also discussed.Furthermore,this review highlights the role of AM fungi in the Na+/H+antiporters.In plants,AM fungi inoculation increases the activities of multiple antioxidant enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,and peroxidase,which scavenge reactive oxygen species and relieve salt stress.In addition,AM fungi regulate the Na+/K+ratio to maintain osmotic balance under salt stress.Further research is needed to gather in-depth knowledge about AM fungi-associated mechanisms to pave a way for the large-scale application of these fungal associations under saline stress conditions,with the main aim of building healthy,eco-friendly,cost-effective,and sustainable agricultural systems.
文摘Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stress in plants.However,traditional approaches are not always efficient in conferring salt tolerance.Experiments were conducted to understand the role of Trichoderma spp.(T.harzianum and T.viride)in growth,chlorophyll(Chl)synthesis,and proline accumulation of C.pepo exposed to salinity stress.There were three salt stress(50,100,and 150 mM NaCl)lavels and three different Trichoderma inoculation viz.T.harzianum,T.viride,and T.harzianum+T.viride.Salt stress significantly declined the growth in terms of the shoot and root lengths;however,it was improved by the inoculation of Trichoderma spp.C.pepo inoculated with Trichoderma exhibited increased synthesis of pigments like chl a,chl b,carotenoids,and anthocyanins under normal conditions.It was interesting to observe that such positive effects were maintained under salt-stressed conditions,as reflected by the amelioration of the salinity-mediated decline in growth,physiology and antioxidant defense.The inoculation of Trichoderma spp.enhanced the synthesis of proline,glutathione,proteins and increased the relative water content.In addition,Trichoderma inoculation increased membrane stability and reduced the generation of hydrogen peroxide.Therefore,Trichoderma spp.can be exploited either individually or in combination to enhance the growth and physiology of C.pepo under saline conditions.
基金Supported by a PhD fellowship from the Chloros trust
文摘The vast majority of herbaceous plants engage into arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses and consideration of their mycorrhizal status should be embodied in studies of plant-microbe interactions. To establish reliable AM contrasts, however, a sterilized re-inoculation procedure is commonly adopted. It was questioned whether the specific approach is sufficient for the studies targeting the bacterial domain, specifically nitrifiers, a group of autotrophic, slow growing microbes. In a controlled experiment mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Plantago lanceolata were grown up in compartmentalized pots to study the AM effect on nitrification rates in the plant rhizosphere. Nitrification rates were assayed following an extensive 3-week bacterial equilibration step of the re-inoculated soil and a 13-week plant growth period in a controlled environment. Under these specific conditions, the nitrification potential levels at harvest were exceptionally low, and actual nitrification rates of the root compartment of non-mycorrhizal P. lanceolata were significantly lower than those of any other compartment. It is then argued that the specific effects should be attributed to the alleged higher growth rates of non-mycorrhizal plants that are known to occur early in the AM experiment. It is concluded that the specific experimental approach is not suitable for the study of microbes with slow growth rates.
基金the University of Guanajuato, Mexico and the Program for Teacher-Professional Development (PRODEP), Guanajuato of Mexico (No. NPTC UG-PTC-571) for financial support
文摘In recent years,there has been an increasing interest in finding sustainable strategies for the efficient removal of contaminants from soils.The objective of this review is to examine the biochemical principles of specific genetic modifications in plants,their applications in the field for specific contaminants as phytotechnologies,and their international regulation.In addition,the review presents some biological aspects of rhizosphere-related phenomena,the interactions of organic and inorganic pollutants with plants,and the performance of the phytotechnologies across the continents.During the last few decades,at least eight genera of genetically modified plants(GMPs)have been tested and used for soil remediation with outstanding results.Arabidopsis,Nicotiana,and Oryza are the plant genera most widely studied.Specific plant genes such as metal transporters,chelators,metallothioneins,phytochelatins,and oxygenases have been transferred to plants to improve the elimination of contaminants in soil.We discuss some important aspects of gene manipulation and its application for removal of diverse contaminants.A key challenge faced by phytotechnologies is the final disposal of the generated biomass,from a safety aspect.We argue that the commercial success of phytotechnologies depends on the generation of valuable biomass on contaminated land and its use for bioenergy generation.The use of such technologies would promote a broader understanding of the importance of plants,especially GMPs,in the environment and their contribution to environmental sustainability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41761043, 41201196)the Youth Teacher Scientific Capability Promoting Project of Northwest Normal University, China (NWNU-LKQN2020-06, NWNU-LKQN-17-7)the Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province, China (20YF3FA042)
文摘Variations of precipitation have great impacts on soil carbon cycle and decomposition of soil organic matter.Soil bacteria are crucial participants in regulating these ecological processes and vulnerable to altered precipitation.Studying the impacts of altered precipitation on soil bacterial community structure can provide a novel insight into the potential impacts of altered precipitation on soil carbon cycle and carbon storage of grassland.Therefore,soil bacterial community structure under a precipitation manipulation experiment was researched in a semi-arid desert grassland in Chinese Loess Plateau.Five precipitation levels,i.e.,control,reduced and increased precipitation by 40%and 20%,respectively(referred here as CK,DP40,DP20,IP40,and IP20)were set.The results showed that soil bacterial alpha diversity and rare bacteria significantly changed with altered precipitation,but the dominant bacteria and soil bacterial beta diversity did not change,which may be ascribed to the ecological strategy of soil bacteria.The linear discriminate analysis(LDA)effect size(LEfSe)method found that major response patterns of soil bacteria to altered precipitation were resource-limited and drought-tolerant populations.In addition,increasing precipitation greatly promoted inter-species competition,while decreasing precipitation highly facilitated inter-species cooperation.These changes in species interaction can promote different distribution ratios of bacterial populations under different precipitation conditions.In structural equation model(SEM)analysis,with changes in precipitation,plant growth characteristics were found to be drivers of soil bacterial community composition,while soil properties were not.In conclusion,our results indicated that in desert grassland ecosystem,the sensitive of soil rare bacteria to altered precipitation was stronger than that of dominant taxa,which may be related to the ecological strategy of bacteria,species interaction,and precipitation-induced variations of plant growth characteristics.
文摘Plant growth promoting pseudomonads play an important role in disease suppression and there is considerable interest in development of bio-marker genes that can be used to monitor these bacteria in agricultural soils. Here, we report the application ofa PCR primer sets targeting genes encoding the main antibiotic groups. Distribution of the genes was variably distributed across type strains of 28 species with no phylogenetic groupingfor the detected antibioticsgenes, phlD for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and phzCD for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid or hcnBC for hydrogen cyanide production. Analysis of field soils showed that primer sets for phlD and phzCD detected these genes in a fallowed neutral pH soil following wheat production, but that the copy numbers were below the detection limits in bulk soils having an acidic pH. In contrast, PCR products for the phzCD, pltc and hcnBc genes were detectable in mature root zones following plantingwith wheat. The ability to rapidly characterize populations of antibiotics producers using specific primer sets will improve our ability to assess the impacts of management practices on the functional traits of Pseudomonas spp. populations in agricultural soils.
