Declines in populations of pollinators in agricultural based landscapes have raised a concern, which could be associated with various factors such as intensive farming systems like monocropping and the use of non-sele...Declines in populations of pollinators in agricultural based landscapes have raised a concern, which could be associated with various factors such as intensive farming systems like monocropping and the use of non-selective synthetic pesticides. Such practices are likely to remove beneficial non-crop plants around or nearby the cropped fields. This may in turn result into losses of pollinators due to loss of the natural habitats for insects therefore, interfering the interaction between beneficial insects and flowering crop plants. Initiatives to restore friendly habitats for pollinators require multidisciplinary approaches. One of these could be the use of pesticidal flowering plants as part of field margin plants with the aim of encouraging the population of pollinators whilst reducing the number of pests. Farmers should be fully engaged in the efforts of creating conducive environments to pollinators and be well equipped with the knowledge of proper habitats management strategies in agricultural fields. Developing appropriate conservation strategies to combat decline of pollinators is of high importance and thus there is a need to evaluate management practices, which potentially favour the populations of pollinators. Therefore, this review aims at unravelling available evidences on habitats manipulation options through provision of flowering plants along the field margins that have shown to increase plant biodiversity surrounding the cropped fields. It also summarizes the options for increasing plant biodiversity, which have improved habitats for the pollinating insects and beneficially boosting pollination services in agro-ecosystems.展开更多
The Mesozoic family Mesopsychidae Tillyard, 1917 presently consists of seven described genera and 13 species from the mid-Triassic to the Early Cretaceous of Australia, South Africa and Eurasia. In the present paper o...The Mesozoic family Mesopsychidae Tillyard, 1917 presently consists of seven described genera and 13 species from the mid-Triassic to the Early Cretaceous of Australia, South Africa and Eurasia. In the present paper one new genus and three new species of fossil mesopsychids are described that add significant distributional and stratigraphic extensions to the family. This finding documents the first formal record of fossil Mesopsychidae in China. Both Lichnomesopsyche gloriae gen. et sp. nov. and L. daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov. were found from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, whereas Vitimopsyche kozlovi sp. nov., of mid Early Cretaceous age, was collected from the Jehol Biota of northern Hebei Province. This new, wellpreserved material from China reveals complete and previously unknown body features, including head, antennae, mouthparts, legs and abdomen. The delicate and long proboscides of these new taxa indicate that they were feeding on externally exposed, nutrient-rich fluids of gymnospermous ovulate fructifications, and incapable of piercing surface epidermis - attributable principally to the absence of stylets. These proboscides originated, perhaps multiply, among basal Mecoptera and are functionally and structurally convergent with equivalent mouthparts borne by fossil and extant Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Coleoptera.展开更多
Terrestrial plants and insects currently account for the majority of the Earth＇s biodiversity, and approximately haft of insect species are herbivores. Thus, insects and plants share ancient associations that date ba...Terrestrial plants and insects currently account for the majority of the Earth＇s biodiversity, and approximately haft of insect species are herbivores. Thus, insects and plants share ancient associations that date back more than 400 Myr. However, investigations of their past interactions are at the preliminary stages in Western Europe. Herein, we present the first results of our study of various feeding damage based on a dataset of nearly 3500 examined plant specimens from the Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bflina Mine in the Most Basin, Czech Republic. This site provides a unique view of the Neogene freshwater ecosystems. It has long been studied by scientists working in different branches of sedimentology, paleobotany, and paleozoology. The fossils are preserved in three characteristic horizons overlaying the coal seam （Clayey Superseam Horizon, Delta Sandy Horizon, and Lake Clayey Horizon）, reflecting paleoenvironmental changes in a short time period of development. The trace fossils are classified as functional feeding groups or ＂guilds＂, without searching for a direct cause or a recent analog host relation. Approximately 23% of specimens of dicotyledonous plant leaves were found to be damaged and associated with some leaf ＂morphotypes＂. Deciduous plant-host taxa, and those with a chartaceous texture typical of riparian habitats, were frequently damaged, such as Populus, recorded with two species Populus zaddachii and Populus populina （57.9% and 31% herbivory levels, respectively）, followed by Acer, Alnus, and Carya, averaging almost 30% of damaged leaves/leaflets. There has been evidence of 60 damage types （DT） representing all functional feeding groups recorded at the Bflina Mine, including 12 types of leaf mines and 16 gall- type DT. In total, Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bilina Mine exhibits a high level of external foliage feeding types （23.7%）, and a low level of more specialized DT, such as galls （4.3%） and leaf mines （〈1%）. A broader comparison based on DT of the main sedimentary environments shows significance supporting different biomes by frequency of damage levels and DT diversities.展开更多
The changes of the proteome in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves were examined by specialist Plutella xylostella.Analysis of about 1100 protein spots on each 2DE gel revealed 38 differentially expressed protein spots in abu...The changes of the proteome in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves were examined by specialist Plutella xylostella.Analysis of about 1100 protein spots on each 2DE gel revealed 38 differentially expressed protein spots in abun-dance of which 34 proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS.Among the insect feeding responsive proteins,a few proteins involved in carbon metabolism were identified including proteins associated with the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast and TCA cycle in the mitochondria,indicating carbon metabolism related proteins may play crucial roles in induced defense response in plants under insect infestation.The analysis elucidates the subcellular location of proteins demonstrates that about 50% of proteins are in the chloroplast,which shows the chloroplast has a key role in the insect feeding response for plant.Gene expression analysis of 10 different proteins by quantitative real-time PCR shows that four proteins of the mRNA level were correlated well with the protein level.This study further dissected the nature of insect infestation as a stress signal and some novel insect feeding responsive proteins identified may play an important role in induced defence machanism for plant.展开更多
The chemical modifications of DNA and proteins are powerful mechanisms for regulating molecular and biological functions,influencing a wide array of signaling pathways in eukaryotes.Recent advance-ments in epitranscri...The chemical modifications of DNA and proteins are powerful mechanisms for regulating molecular and biological functions,influencing a wide array of signaling pathways in eukaryotes.Recent advance-ments in epitranscriptomics have shown that RNA modifications play crucial roles in diverse biological processes.Since their discovery in the 1970s,scientists have sought to decipher,identify,and elucidate the functions of these modifications across biological systems.Over the past decade,mounting evi-dence has demonstrated the importance of RNA modification pathways in plants,prompting significant efforts to decipher their physiological relevance.With the advent of high-resolution mapping tech-niques for RNA modifications and the gradual uncovering of their biological roles,our understanding of this additional layer of regulation is beginning to take shape.In this review,we summarize recent findings on the major RNA modifications identified in plants,with an emphasis on N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A),the most extensively studied modification.We discuss the functional signifi-cance of the effector components involved in m^(6)A modification and its diverse roles in plant biotic in-teractions,including plant–virus,plant–bacterium,plant–fungus,and plant–insect relationships.Furthermore,we highlight new technological developments driving research progress in this field and outline key challenges that remain to be addressed.展开更多
Herbivore insects deploy salivary effectors to manipulate the defense of their host plants.However,it remains unclear whether small RNAs from insects can function as effectors in regulating plant-insect interactions.H...Herbivore insects deploy salivary effectors to manipulate the defense of their host plants.However,it remains unclear whether small RNAs from insects can function as effectors in regulating plant-insect interactions.Here,we report that a microRNA(miR29-b)found in the saliva of the phloem-feeding whitefly(Bemisia tabaci)can transfer into the host plant phloem during feeding and fine-tune the defense response of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum)plants.We show that the salivary gland-enriched BtmiR29-b is produced by BtDicer 1 and released into tobacco cells via salivary exosomes.Once inside the plant cells,BtmiR29-b hijacks tobacco Argonaute 1 to silence the defense gene Bcl-2-associated athanogene 4(NtBAG4).In tobacco,NtBAG4 acts as the positive regulator of phytohormones salicylic acid(SA)and jasmonic acid(JA),enhancing plant defense against whitefly attacks.Interestingly,we also found that miR29-b acts as a salivary effector in another Hemipteran insect,the aphid Myzus persicae,which inhibits tobacco resistance by degrading NtBAG4.Moreover,miR29-b is highly conserved in Hemiptera and across other insect orders such as Coleoptera,Hymenoptera,Orthoptera,and Blattaria.Computational analysis suggests that miR29-b may also target the evolutionarily conserved BAG4 gene in other plant species.We further provide evidence showing BtmiR29-b-mediated BAG4 cleavage and defense suppression in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum).Taken together,our work reveals that a conserved miR29-b effector from insects fine-tunes plant SA-and JA-mediated defense by cross-kingdom silencing of the host plant BAG4 gene,providing new insight into the defense and counter-defense mechanisms between herbivores and their host plants.展开更多
While phytoplasma infections in plants are known to affect their interactions with aboveground herbivores,the impact of different genotypes on these infections and their effects on belowground herbivores remains large...While phytoplasma infections in plants are known to affect their interactions with aboveground herbivores,the impact of different genotypes on these infections and their effects on belowground herbivores remains largely unexplored.In cranberry(Vaccinium macrocarpon),infection by the phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma sp.subgroup 16SrIII-Y leads to false blossom disease.This study investigates whether cranberry infection by this phytoplasma affects the performance and feeding behavior of a foliar feeder(spongy moth,Lymantria dispar)and a root feeder(oriental beetle,Anomala orientalis).Using phytoplasma-infected and uninfected cranberries of two genotypes(“Ben Lear”and“Crimson Queen”),the survival,growth and consumption of L.dispar and A.orientalis larvae were measured.To assess the effects on plant morphological and chemical traits,we also examined the impact of phytoplasma infection on shoot and root growth,carbon and nitrogen content,and the levels of defensive compounds such as proanthocyanidins(PACs).Results indicate that larvae of L.dispar and A.orientalis generally showed larger size and more efficient tissue consumption on infected plants,with these effects varying by cranberry genotype,possibly due to differences in phytoplasma titer.Phytoplasma infection was associated with stunted growth,elevated nitrogen content,and lower PAC levels in both shoots and roots of infected cranberry plants compared to uninfected ones.These findings indicate that phytoplasma infection potentially manipulates plant chemical composition by increasing nutrient levels and decreasing defensive compounds,enhancing herbivore performance both above and belowground.This study sheds light on the intricate interplay among plants,phytoplasma infection,and insect herbivore communities.展开更多
N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most prevalent modification in cellular RNA which orchestrates diverse physiological and pathological processes during stress response.However,the differential m^(6)A modifications ...N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most prevalent modification in cellular RNA which orchestrates diverse physiological and pathological processes during stress response.However,the differential m^(6)A modifications that cope with herbivore stress in resistant and susceptible crop varieties remain unclear.Here,we found that rice stem borer(RSB)larvae grew better on indica rice(e.g.,MH63,IR64,Nanjing 11)than on japonica rice varieties(e.g.,Nipponbare,Zhonghua 11,Xiushui 11).Then,transcriptome-wide m^(6)A profiling of representative resistant(Nipponbare)and susceptible(MH63)rice varieties were performed using a nanopore direct RNA sequencing approach,to reveal variety-specific m^(6)A modifications against RSB.Upon RSB infestation,m^(6)A methylation occurred in actively expressed genes in Nipponbare and MH63,but the number of methylation sites decreased across rice chromosomes.Integrative analysis showed that m^(6)A methylation levels were closely associated with transcriptional regulation.Genes involved in herbivorous resistance related to mitogen-activated protein kinase,jasmonic acid(JA),and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways,as well as JA-mediated trypsin protease inhibitors,were heavily methylated by m^(6)A,and their expression was more pronounced in RSB-infested Nipponbare than in RSB-infested MH63,which may have contributed to RSB resistance in Nipponbare.Therefore,dynamics of m^(6)A modifications act as the main regulatory strategy for expression of genes involved in plant–insect interactions,which is attributed to differential responses of resistant and susceptible rice varieties to RSB infestation.These findings could contribute to developing molecular breeding strategies for controlling herbivorous pests.展开更多
Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that reduce crop productivity due to feeding and transmission of plant viruses.When aphids disperse across the landscape to colonize new host plants,they will often probe on a wide va...Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that reduce crop productivity due to feeding and transmission of plant viruses.When aphids disperse across the landscape to colonize new host plants,they will often probe on a wide variety of nonhost plants before settling on a host suitable for feeding and reproduction.There is limited understanding of the diversity of plants that aphids probe on within a landscape,and characterizing this diversity can help us better understand host use patterns of aphids.Here,we used gut content analysis(GCA)to identify plant genera that were probed by aphid vectors of potato virus Y(PVY).Aphids were trapped weekly near potato fields during the growing seasons of 2020 and 2021 in San Luis Valley in Colorado.High-throughput sequencing of plant barcoding genes,trnF and ITS2,from 200 individual alate(i.e.,winged)aphids representing nine vector species of PVY was performed using the PacBio sequencing platform,and sequences were identi-fied to genus using NCBI BLASTn.We found that 34.7%of aphids probed upon presumed PVY host plants and that two of the most frequently detected plant genera,Solanum and Brassica,represent important crops and weeds within the study region.We found that 75%of aphids frequently probed upon PVY nonhosts including many species that are outside of their reported host ranges.Additionally,19%of aphids probed upon more than one plant species.This study provides the first evidence from high-throughput molecular GCA of aphids and reveals host use patterns that are relevant for PVY epidemiology.展开更多
Insects have long been the most abundant herbivores, and plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to defend against their attack, In particular, plants can perceive specific patterns of tissue damage associated wi...Insects have long been the most abundant herbivores, and plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to defend against their attack, In particular, plants can perceive specific patterns of tissue damage associated with insect herbivory. Some plant species can perceive certain elicitors in insect oral secretions （OS） that enter wounds during feeding, and rapidly activate a series of intertwined signaling pathways to orchestrate the biosynthesis of various defensive metabolites. Mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs）, common to all eukaryotes, are involved in the orchestration of many cellular processes, including development and stress responses. In plants, at least two MAPKs, salicylic acid-induced protein kinase （SIPK） and wound-induced protein kinase （WlPK）, are rapidly activated by wounding or insect 0S; importantly, genetic studies us- ing transgenic or mutant plants impaired in MAPK signaling indicated that MAPKs play critical roles in regulating the herbivory-induced dynamics of phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid, and MAPKs are also required for transcriptional activation of herbivore defense-related genes and accumulation of defensive metabolites. In this review, we summarize recent developments in understanding the functions of MAPKs in plant resistance to insect herbivores.展开更多
Herbivorous insects have evolved diverse mechanisms enabling them to feed on plants with suboptimal nutrient availability. Low nutrient availability negatively impacts insect herbivore development and fitness. To over...Herbivorous insects have evolved diverse mechanisms enabling them to feed on plants with suboptimal nutrient availability. Low nutrient availability negatively impacts insect herbivore development and fitness. To overcome this obstacle numerous insect lineages have evolved intimate associations with nutritional endosymbionts. This is especially true for insects that specialize on nitrogen-poor substrates, as these insects are highly dependent on intraceUular symbionts to provide nitrogen lacking in their insect host＇s diet. Emerging evidence in these systems suggest that the symbiont＇s and/or the insect＇s biosynthetic pathways are dynamically regulated throughout the insect＇s development to potentially cope with the insect＇s changing nutritional demands. In this review, we evaluate the evolutionary development of symbiotic insect cells （bacteriocytes） by comparing and contrasting genes and mechanisms involved in maintaining and regulating the nutritional symbiosis throughout insect development in a diversity of insect herbivore-endosymbiont associations. With new advances in genome sequencing and functional genomics, we eval- uate to what extent nutritional symbioses are shaped by （i） the regulation of symbiont titer, （ii） the regulation of insect symbiosis genes, and （iii） the regulation of symbiont genes. We discuss how important these mechanisms are for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins across insect life stages in divergent insect-symbiont systems. We conclude by suggesting future directions of research to further elucidate the evolutionary development of bacteriocytes and the impact of these nutritional symbioses on insect plant interactions.展开更多
This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well-known for their role in ...This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well-known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species-specifc and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.展开更多
Abstract Defense priming is defined as increased readiness of defense induction. A growing body of literature indicates that plants （or intact parts of a plant） are primed in anticipation of impending environmental ...Abstract Defense priming is defined as increased readiness of defense induction. A growing body of literature indicates that plants （or intact parts of a plant） are primed in anticipation of impending environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, and upon the following stimulus, induce defenses more quickly and strongly. For instance, some plants previously exposed to herbivore-inducible plant volatiles （HIPVs） from neighboring plants under herbivore attack show faster or stronger defense activation and enhanced insect resistance when challenged with secondary insect feeding. Research on priming of antiherbivore defense has been limited to the HIPV-mediated mechanism until recently, but significant advances were made in the past three years, including non-HIPV-mediated defense priming, epigenetic modifications as the molecular mechanism of priming, and others. It is timely to consider the advances in research on defense priming in the plant- insect interactions.展开更多
Plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds（BVOCs） causing transcriptomic, metabolomic and behavioral responses in receiver organisms. Volatiles involved in such responses are often called ＂plant language＂. Ar...Plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds（BVOCs） causing transcriptomic, metabolomic and behavioral responses in receiver organisms. Volatiles involved in such responses are often called ＂plant language＂. Arthropods having sensitive chemoreceptors can recognize language released by plants. Insect herbivores, pollinators and natural enemies respond to composition of volatiles from plants with specialized receptors responding to different types of compounds. In contrast, the mechanism of how plants＂hear＂ volatiles has remained obscured. In a plant-plant communication, several individually emitted compounds are known to prime defense response in receiver plants with a specific manner according to the chemical structure of each volatile compound. Further, composition and ratio of volatile compounds in the plant-released plume is important in plantinsect and plant-plant interactions mediated by plant volatiles. Studies on volatile-mediated plant-plant signaling indicate that the signaling distances are rather short, usually not longer than one meter. Volatile communication from plants to insects such as pollinators could be across distances of hundreds of meters. As many of the herbivore induced VOCs have rather short atmospheric life times, we suggest that in long-distant communications with plant volatiles,reaction products in the original emitted compounds may have additional information value of the distance to emission source together with the original plant-emitted compounds.展开更多
文摘Declines in populations of pollinators in agricultural based landscapes have raised a concern, which could be associated with various factors such as intensive farming systems like monocropping and the use of non-selective synthetic pesticides. Such practices are likely to remove beneficial non-crop plants around or nearby the cropped fields. This may in turn result into losses of pollinators due to loss of the natural habitats for insects therefore, interfering the interaction between beneficial insects and flowering crop plants. Initiatives to restore friendly habitats for pollinators require multidisciplinary approaches. One of these could be the use of pesticidal flowering plants as part of field margin plants with the aim of encouraging the population of pollinators whilst reducing the number of pests. Farmers should be fully engaged in the efforts of creating conducive environments to pollinators and be well equipped with the knowledge of proper habitats management strategies in agricultural fields. Developing appropriate conservation strategies to combat decline of pollinators is of high importance and thus there is a need to evaluate management practices, which potentially favour the populations of pollinators. Therefore, this review aims at unravelling available evidences on habitats manipulation options through provision of flowering plants along the field margins that have shown to increase plant biodiversity surrounding the cropped fields. It also summarizes the options for increasing plant biodiversity, which have improved habitats for the pollinating insects and beneficially boosting pollination services in agro-ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40872022)the Nature Science Foundation of Beijing(No.5082002)Scientific Research Key Program and PHR Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education
文摘The Mesozoic family Mesopsychidae Tillyard, 1917 presently consists of seven described genera and 13 species from the mid-Triassic to the Early Cretaceous of Australia, South Africa and Eurasia. In the present paper one new genus and three new species of fossil mesopsychids are described that add significant distributional and stratigraphic extensions to the family. This finding documents the first formal record of fossil Mesopsychidae in China. Both Lichnomesopsyche gloriae gen. et sp. nov. and L. daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov. were found from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, whereas Vitimopsyche kozlovi sp. nov., of mid Early Cretaceous age, was collected from the Jehol Biota of northern Hebei Province. This new, wellpreserved material from China reveals complete and previously unknown body features, including head, antennae, mouthparts, legs and abdomen. The delicate and long proboscides of these new taxa indicate that they were feeding on externally exposed, nutrient-rich fluids of gymnospermous ovulate fructifications, and incapable of piercing surface epidermis - attributable principally to the absence of stylets. These proboscides originated, perhaps multiply, among basal Mecoptera and are functionally and structurally convergent with equivalent mouthparts borne by fossil and extant Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Coleoptera.
基金the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic(No.205/09/J019)the German Science Foundation(No.WA 1492/4-1)(bilateral project)+1 种基金Ministry of Schools MSM 0021620828the support of his Masters study at Charles University Grant Agency(GAUK)(No. 46509/2009/B-Bio/PrF)
文摘Terrestrial plants and insects currently account for the majority of the Earth＇s biodiversity, and approximately haft of insect species are herbivores. Thus, insects and plants share ancient associations that date back more than 400 Myr. However, investigations of their past interactions are at the preliminary stages in Western Europe. Herein, we present the first results of our study of various feeding damage based on a dataset of nearly 3500 examined plant specimens from the Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bflina Mine in the Most Basin, Czech Republic. This site provides a unique view of the Neogene freshwater ecosystems. It has long been studied by scientists working in different branches of sedimentology, paleobotany, and paleozoology. The fossils are preserved in three characteristic horizons overlaying the coal seam （Clayey Superseam Horizon, Delta Sandy Horizon, and Lake Clayey Horizon）, reflecting paleoenvironmental changes in a short time period of development. The trace fossils are classified as functional feeding groups or ＂guilds＂, without searching for a direct cause or a recent analog host relation. Approximately 23% of specimens of dicotyledonous plant leaves were found to be damaged and associated with some leaf ＂morphotypes＂. Deciduous plant-host taxa, and those with a chartaceous texture typical of riparian habitats, were frequently damaged, such as Populus, recorded with two species Populus zaddachii and Populus populina （57.9% and 31% herbivory levels, respectively）, followed by Acer, Alnus, and Carya, averaging almost 30% of damaged leaves/leaflets. There has been evidence of 60 damage types （DT） representing all functional feeding groups recorded at the Bflina Mine, including 12 types of leaf mines and 16 gall- type DT. In total, Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bilina Mine exhibits a high level of external foliage feeding types （23.7%）, and a low level of more specialized DT, such as galls （4.3%） and leaf mines （〈1%）. A broader comparison based on DT of the main sedimentary environments shows significance supporting different biomes by frequency of damage levels and DT diversities.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province,China(No.20060545)the International Cooperation Project of Changchun City,Jilin Province,China(No.2007GH28)
文摘The changes of the proteome in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves were examined by specialist Plutella xylostella.Analysis of about 1100 protein spots on each 2DE gel revealed 38 differentially expressed protein spots in abun-dance of which 34 proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS.Among the insect feeding responsive proteins,a few proteins involved in carbon metabolism were identified including proteins associated with the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast and TCA cycle in the mitochondria,indicating carbon metabolism related proteins may play crucial roles in induced defense response in plants under insect infestation.The analysis elucidates the subcellular location of proteins demonstrates that about 50% of proteins are in the chloroplast,which shows the chloroplast has a key role in the insect feeding response for plant.Gene expression analysis of 10 different proteins by quantitative real-time PCR shows that four proteins of the mRNA level were correlated well with the protein level.This study further dissected the nature of insect infestation as a stress signal and some novel insect feeding responsive proteins identified may play an important role in induced defence machanism for plant.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32320103010)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1400400)to F.L.+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302318)to L.G.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001868)to H.S.
文摘The chemical modifications of DNA and proteins are powerful mechanisms for regulating molecular and biological functions,influencing a wide array of signaling pathways in eukaryotes.Recent advance-ments in epitranscriptomics have shown that RNA modifications play crucial roles in diverse biological processes.Since their discovery in the 1970s,scientists have sought to decipher,identify,and elucidate the functions of these modifications across biological systems.Over the past decade,mounting evi-dence has demonstrated the importance of RNA modification pathways in plants,prompting significant efforts to decipher their physiological relevance.With the advent of high-resolution mapping tech-niques for RNA modifications and the gradual uncovering of their biological roles,our understanding of this additional layer of regulation is beginning to take shape.In this review,we summarize recent findings on the major RNA modifications identified in plants,with an emphasis on N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A),the most extensively studied modification.We discuss the functional signifi-cance of the effector components involved in m^(6)A modification and its diverse roles in plant biotic in-teractions,including plant–virus,plant–bacterium,plant–fungus,and plant–insect relationships.Furthermore,we highlight new technological developments driving research progress in this field and outline key challenges that remain to be addressed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31925033,32161143008)National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC2600100).
文摘Herbivore insects deploy salivary effectors to manipulate the defense of their host plants.However,it remains unclear whether small RNAs from insects can function as effectors in regulating plant-insect interactions.Here,we report that a microRNA(miR29-b)found in the saliva of the phloem-feeding whitefly(Bemisia tabaci)can transfer into the host plant phloem during feeding and fine-tune the defense response of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum)plants.We show that the salivary gland-enriched BtmiR29-b is produced by BtDicer 1 and released into tobacco cells via salivary exosomes.Once inside the plant cells,BtmiR29-b hijacks tobacco Argonaute 1 to silence the defense gene Bcl-2-associated athanogene 4(NtBAG4).In tobacco,NtBAG4 acts as the positive regulator of phytohormones salicylic acid(SA)and jasmonic acid(JA),enhancing plant defense against whitefly attacks.Interestingly,we also found that miR29-b acts as a salivary effector in another Hemipteran insect,the aphid Myzus persicae,which inhibits tobacco resistance by degrading NtBAG4.Moreover,miR29-b is highly conserved in Hemiptera and across other insect orders such as Coleoptera,Hymenoptera,Orthoptera,and Blattaria.Computational analysis suggests that miR29-b may also target the evolutionarily conserved BAG4 gene in other plant species.We further provide evidence showing BtmiR29-b-mediated BAG4 cleavage and defense suppression in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum).Taken together,our work reveals that a conserved miR29-b effector from insects fine-tunes plant SA-and JA-mediated defense by cross-kingdom silencing of the host plant BAG4 gene,providing new insight into the defense and counter-defense mechanisms between herbivores and their host plants.
基金supported by funds from the New Jersey Blueberry and Cranberry Research Council and a Hatch project(No.NJ08550)to C.R-S.
文摘While phytoplasma infections in plants are known to affect their interactions with aboveground herbivores,the impact of different genotypes on these infections and their effects on belowground herbivores remains largely unexplored.In cranberry(Vaccinium macrocarpon),infection by the phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma sp.subgroup 16SrIII-Y leads to false blossom disease.This study investigates whether cranberry infection by this phytoplasma affects the performance and feeding behavior of a foliar feeder(spongy moth,Lymantria dispar)and a root feeder(oriental beetle,Anomala orientalis).Using phytoplasma-infected and uninfected cranberries of two genotypes(“Ben Lear”and“Crimson Queen”),the survival,growth and consumption of L.dispar and A.orientalis larvae were measured.To assess the effects on plant morphological and chemical traits,we also examined the impact of phytoplasma infection on shoot and root growth,carbon and nitrogen content,and the levels of defensive compounds such as proanthocyanidins(PACs).Results indicate that larvae of L.dispar and A.orientalis generally showed larger size and more efficient tissue consumption on infected plants,with these effects varying by cranberry genotype,possibly due to differences in phytoplasma titer.Phytoplasma infection was associated with stunted growth,elevated nitrogen content,and lower PAC levels in both shoots and roots of infected cranberry plants compared to uninfected ones.These findings indicate that phytoplasma infection potentially manipulates plant chemical composition by increasing nutrient levels and decreasing defensive compounds,enhancing herbivore performance both above and belowground.This study sheds light on the intricate interplay among plants,phytoplasma infection,and insect herbivore communities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302320,32272485)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund[CX(22)3018]the Earmarked Fund for China CARS-RICE(CARS-01).
文摘N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most prevalent modification in cellular RNA which orchestrates diverse physiological and pathological processes during stress response.However,the differential m^(6)A modifications that cope with herbivore stress in resistant and susceptible crop varieties remain unclear.Here,we found that rice stem borer(RSB)larvae grew better on indica rice(e.g.,MH63,IR64,Nanjing 11)than on japonica rice varieties(e.g.,Nipponbare,Zhonghua 11,Xiushui 11).Then,transcriptome-wide m^(6)A profiling of representative resistant(Nipponbare)and susceptible(MH63)rice varieties were performed using a nanopore direct RNA sequencing approach,to reveal variety-specific m^(6)A modifications against RSB.Upon RSB infestation,m^(6)A methylation occurred in actively expressed genes in Nipponbare and MH63,but the number of methylation sites decreased across rice chromosomes.Integrative analysis showed that m^(6)A methylation levels were closely associated with transcriptional regulation.Genes involved in herbivorous resistance related to mitogen-activated protein kinase,jasmonic acid(JA),and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways,as well as JA-mediated trypsin protease inhibitors,were heavily methylated by m^(6)A,and their expression was more pronounced in RSB-infested Nipponbare than in RSB-infested MH63,which may have contributed to RSB resistance in Nipponbare.Therefore,dynamics of m^(6)A modifications act as the main regulatory strategy for expression of genes involved in plant–insect interactions,which is attributed to differential responses of resistant and susceptible rice varieties to RSB infestation.These findings could contribute to developing molecular breeding strategies for controlling herbivorous pests.
文摘Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that reduce crop productivity due to feeding and transmission of plant viruses.When aphids disperse across the landscape to colonize new host plants,they will often probe on a wide variety of nonhost plants before settling on a host suitable for feeding and reproduction.There is limited understanding of the diversity of plants that aphids probe on within a landscape,and characterizing this diversity can help us better understand host use patterns of aphids.Here,we used gut content analysis(GCA)to identify plant genera that were probed by aphid vectors of potato virus Y(PVY).Aphids were trapped weekly near potato fields during the growing seasons of 2020 and 2021 in San Luis Valley in Colorado.High-throughput sequencing of plant barcoding genes,trnF and ITS2,from 200 individual alate(i.e.,winged)aphids representing nine vector species of PVY was performed using the PacBio sequencing platform,and sequences were identi-fied to genus using NCBI BLASTn.We found that 34.7%of aphids probed upon presumed PVY host plants and that two of the most frequently detected plant genera,Solanum and Brassica,represent important crops and weeds within the study region.We found that 75%of aphids frequently probed upon PVY nonhosts including many species that are outside of their reported host ranges.Additionally,19%of aphids probed upon more than one plant species.This study provides the first evidence from high-throughput molecular GCA of aphids and reveals host use patterns that are relevant for PVY epidemiology.
文摘Insects have long been the most abundant herbivores, and plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to defend against their attack, In particular, plants can perceive specific patterns of tissue damage associated with insect herbivory. Some plant species can perceive certain elicitors in insect oral secretions （OS） that enter wounds during feeding, and rapidly activate a series of intertwined signaling pathways to orchestrate the biosynthesis of various defensive metabolites. Mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs）, common to all eukaryotes, are involved in the orchestration of many cellular processes, including development and stress responses. In plants, at least two MAPKs, salicylic acid-induced protein kinase （SIPK） and wound-induced protein kinase （WlPK）, are rapidly activated by wounding or insect 0S; importantly, genetic studies us- ing transgenic or mutant plants impaired in MAPK signaling indicated that MAPKs play critical roles in regulating the herbivory-induced dynamics of phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid, and MAPKs are also required for transcriptional activation of herbivore defense-related genes and accumulation of defensive metabolites. In this review, we summarize recent developments in understanding the functions of MAPKs in plant resistance to insect herbivores.
文摘Herbivorous insects have evolved diverse mechanisms enabling them to feed on plants with suboptimal nutrient availability. Low nutrient availability negatively impacts insect herbivore development and fitness. To overcome this obstacle numerous insect lineages have evolved intimate associations with nutritional endosymbionts. This is especially true for insects that specialize on nitrogen-poor substrates, as these insects are highly dependent on intraceUular symbionts to provide nitrogen lacking in their insect host＇s diet. Emerging evidence in these systems suggest that the symbiont＇s and/or the insect＇s biosynthetic pathways are dynamically regulated throughout the insect＇s development to potentially cope with the insect＇s changing nutritional demands. In this review, we evaluate the evolutionary development of symbiotic insect cells （bacteriocytes） by comparing and contrasting genes and mechanisms involved in maintaining and regulating the nutritional symbiosis throughout insect development in a diversity of insect herbivore-endosymbiont associations. With new advances in genome sequencing and functional genomics, we eval- uate to what extent nutritional symbioses are shaped by （i） the regulation of symbiont titer, （ii） the regulation of insect symbiosis genes, and （iii） the regulation of symbiont genes. We discuss how important these mechanisms are for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins across insect life stages in divergent insect-symbiont systems. We conclude by suggesting future directions of research to further elucidate the evolutionary development of bacteriocytes and the impact of these nutritional symbioses on insect plant interactions.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation to M. G. Bidart-Bouzat(IOS-0715220).
文摘This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well-known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species-specifc and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.
文摘Abstract Defense priming is defined as increased readiness of defense induction. A growing body of literature indicates that plants （or intact parts of a plant） are primed in anticipation of impending environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, and upon the following stimulus, induce defenses more quickly and strongly. For instance, some plants previously exposed to herbivore-inducible plant volatiles （HIPVs） from neighboring plants under herbivore attack show faster or stronger defense activation and enhanced insect resistance when challenged with secondary insect feeding. Research on priming of antiherbivore defense has been limited to the HIPV-mediated mechanism until recently, but significant advances were made in the past three years, including non-HIPV-mediated defense priming, epigenetic modifications as the molecular mechanism of priming, and others. It is timely to consider the advances in research on defense priming in the plant- insect interactions.
基金Funding from the Academy of Finland(278424)University of Eastern Finland Spearhead project CABI(J.K.H.)in part supported by Grants for Scientific Research(B)(26292030)from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japan
文摘Plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds（BVOCs） causing transcriptomic, metabolomic and behavioral responses in receiver organisms. Volatiles involved in such responses are often called ＂plant language＂. Arthropods having sensitive chemoreceptors can recognize language released by plants. Insect herbivores, pollinators and natural enemies respond to composition of volatiles from plants with specialized receptors responding to different types of compounds. In contrast, the mechanism of how plants＂hear＂ volatiles has remained obscured. In a plant-plant communication, several individually emitted compounds are known to prime defense response in receiver plants with a specific manner according to the chemical structure of each volatile compound. Further, composition and ratio of volatile compounds in the plant-released plume is important in plantinsect and plant-plant interactions mediated by plant volatiles. Studies on volatile-mediated plant-plant signaling indicate that the signaling distances are rather short, usually not longer than one meter. Volatile communication from plants to insects such as pollinators could be across distances of hundreds of meters. As many of the herbivore induced VOCs have rather short atmospheric life times, we suggest that in long-distant communications with plant volatiles,reaction products in the original emitted compounds may have additional information value of the distance to emission source together with the original plant-emitted compounds.
