The 2024 MRE HP Special Volume selects papers on new theoretical and experimental developments in the use of static largevolume presses(LVPs)1–3 and dynamic compression4,5 for studies under extreme high-pressure and ...The 2024 MRE HP Special Volume selects papers on new theoretical and experimental developments in the use of static largevolume presses(LVPs)1–3 and dynamic compression4,5 for studies under extreme high-pressure and high-temperature(HPHT)conditions.It also continues the previous year’s6 contemporary focus on superhydrides7–11 with extremely high superconducting temperatures Tc and addresses some controversial issues.12–14 In addition,it explores unconventional pressure-induced chemistry,particularly novel chemical stoichiometry and its impact on geochemistry and cosmochemistry in the deep interiors of Earth and other planets.18–21.展开更多
The national and international progress in deep space exploration has greatly promoted the development of planetary science in China.Substantial progress in different areas of planetary science has been achieved in 20...The national and international progress in deep space exploration has greatly promoted the development of planetary science in China.Substantial progress in different areas of planetary science has been achieved in 2020-2022.In this report,we summarize the research achievements obtained in China in the last three years.The achievements include the research on geology,geochemistry,and space physics of the Moon,Mars,Mercury,Venus,giant planets,asteroids,and comets.The recent work on science objectives,mission payloads,and analytical capabilities that supports the lunar and deep space exploration program of China has also been introduced in this report.Finally,we report the progress on developments of discipline and research team of planetary science in China.展开更多
A short article published recently in Episodes(Holden,N.E.,Bonardi,M.L.,De Bièvre,P.,Renne,P.R.,and Villa,I.M.,2011.IUGS common definition and convention on the use of the year as a derived unit of time(IUPAC-IUG...A short article published recently in Episodes(Holden,N.E.,Bonardi,M.L.,De Bièvre,P.,Renne,P.R.,and Villa,I.M.,2011.IUGS common definition and convention on the use of the year as a derived unit of time(IUPAC-IUGS Recommendations 2011):Episodes,v.34,No.1,pp.39-40)sets out to rationalize the definition and symbols for units of time for use in the Earth and planetary sciences and nuclear chemistry.Given that the authors constitute a task group established jointly by the International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS)and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC),and that publication was approved by both bodies,one might reasonably assume that the recommendations reflect a workable consensus.Regrettably,they don’t(Christie-Blick,Geological time conventions and symbols:GSA Today,submitted June 10,2011).展开更多
Planetary science is an emerging interdisciplinary field that explores the origin and evolution of planets,moons,small celestial bodies,and exoplanets,along with their multisphere processes and interactions,potential ...Planetary science is an emerging interdisciplinary field that explores the origin and evolution of planets,moons,small celestial bodies,and exoplanets,along with their multisphere processes and interactions,potential habitability,and resource utilization.Since the early 21st century,China has launched a series of lunar and planetary missions and made numerous research progresses in the planetary science.This article summarizes key insights from the 150th“Planetary Science”Frontier Forum hosted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,reviews new progress in lunar,Martian,small body,and exoplanetary research in China,and highlights major scientific questions and future directions for China's planetary science endeavors.展开更多
1AIM AND SCOPE Geoscience Frontiers(GSF)publishes peer reviewed research articles and reviews in interdisciplinary fields of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
On June 3,Scopus,a database owned by Elsevier,released CiteScore 2024 metrics for academic journal evaluation.Both the Chinese and English editions of Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved record highs in the...On June 3,Scopus,a database owned by Elsevier,released CiteScore 2024 metrics for academic journal evaluation.Both the Chinese and English editions of Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved record highs in the past year,ranking among the top in various categories.The CiteScore of the Chinese edition increased to 9.9 in 2024 from 8.4 in 2023,ranking 13th out of 330 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geology category and 2lst out of 239 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology category.展开更多
This paper presents an assessment of earth and planetary scientific research in the world in the fifteen years period from 1996 through 2012 and in 2013.The total number of publications in that period was about 4.7%of...This paper presents an assessment of earth and planetary scientific research in the world in the fifteen years period from 1996 through 2012 and in 2013.The total number of publications in that period was about 4.7%of total world scientific output.The top 10 countries in 2012 and in 2013 accounted for 67.6%and 66.7%of world publications in earth and planetary sciences.展开更多
The units of time(both absolute time and duration)most practical to use when dealing with very long times,e.g.in Nuclear Chemistry and Earth and Planetary Sciences,are multiples of the year,or annus(a).Its proposed de...The units of time(both absolute time and duration)most practical to use when dealing with very long times,e.g.in Nuclear Chemistry and Earth and Planetary Sciences,are multiples of the year,or annus(a).Its proposed definition in terms of the SI base unit for time,the second(s),for the epoch 2000.0 is 1 a=3.1556925445 x 10^(7)s.Adoption of this definition,and abandonment of the use of distinct units for time differences,will bring the Earth and Planetary Sciences into compliance with quantity calculus for SI and non-SI units of time.展开更多
As we continue searching for exoplanets, we wonder if life and technological species capable of communicating with us exists on any of them. As geoscientists, we can also wonder how important is the presence or absenc...As we continue searching for exoplanets, we wonder if life and technological species capable of communicating with us exists on any of them. As geoscientists, we can also wonder how important is the presence or absence of plate tectonics for the evolution of technological species. This essay considers this question, focusing on tectonically active roclw （silicate） planets, like Earth, Venus, and Mars. The development of technological species on Earth provides key insights for understanding evolution on exoplanets, including the likely role that plate tectonics may play. An Earth-sized silicate planet is likely to experience several tectonic styles over its lifetime, as it cools and its lithosphere thickens, strengthens, and becomes denser. These include magma ocean, various styles of stagnant lid, and perhaps plate tectonics. Abundant liquid water favors both life and plate tectonics. Ocean is required for early evolution of diverse single-celled organisms, then colonies of cells which specialized further to form guts, ap- pendages, and sensory organisms up to the complexity of fish （central nervous system, appendages, eyes）. Large expanses of dry land also begin in the ocean, today produced above subduction zones in juvenile arcs and by their coalescence to form continents, although it is not clear that plate tectonics was required to create continental crust on Earth. Dry land of continents is required for further evolution of technological species, where modification of appendages for grasping and manipulating, and improve- ment of eyes and central nervous system could be perfected. These bioassets allowed intelligent crea- tures to examine the night sky and wonder, the beginning of abstract thinking, including religion and science. Technology arises from the exigencies of daily living such as tool-making, agriculture, clothing, and weapons, but the pace of innovation accelerates once it is allied with science. Finally, the importance of plate tectonics for developing a technological species is examined via a thought experiment using two otherwise identical planets： one with plate tectonics and the other without. A planet with oceans, continents, and plate tectonics maximizes opportunities for speciation and natural selection, whereas a similar planet without plate tectonics provides fewer such opportunities. Plate tectonics exerts envi- ronmental pressures that drive evolution without being capable of extinguishing all life. Plate tectonic processes such as the redistribution of continents, growth of mountain ranges, formation of land bridges, and opening and closing of oceans provide a continuous but moderate environmental pressure that stimulates populations to adapt and evolve. Plate tectonics may not be needed in order for life to begin, but evolution of technological species is favored on planets with oceans, continents, plate tectonics, and intermittently clear night sky.展开更多
Current palaeoclimatic reconstructions for the R＆#237;o de la Plata region during the latest Pleistocene （30,000 e10,000 yr BP） propose dry conditions, with rainfall at the Last Glacial Maximum amounting to one-thi...Current palaeoclimatic reconstructions for the R＆#237;o de la Plata region during the latest Pleistocene （30,000 e10,000 yr BP） propose dry conditions, with rainfall at the Last Glacial Maximum amounting to one-third of today＇s precipitation. Despite the consequential low primary productivity inferred, an impressive megafauna existed in the area at that time. Here we explore the influence of the flooding from a huge extinct system of water bodies in the Andean Altiplano as a likely source for wet regimes that might have increased the primary productivity and, hence, the vast number of megaherbivores. The system was reconstructed using specifically combined software resources, including Insola, Global Mapper v13, Surfer and Matlab. Changes in water volume and area covered were related to climatic change, assessed through a model of astronomical forcing that describes the changes in insolation at the top of the at-mosphere in the last 50,000 yr BP. The model was validated by comparing its results with several proxies （CH4, CO2, D, 18O） from dated cores taken from the ice covering Antarctic lakes Vostok and EPICA Dome C. It is concluded that the Altiplano Lake system drained towards the southeast in the rainy seasons and that it must have been a major source of water for the Paran＆#225;-Plata Basin, consequently enhancing primary productivity within it.展开更多
To approach basic scientific questions on the origin and evolution of plan- etary bodies such as planets, their satellites and asteroids, one needs data on their chemical composition. The measurements of gamma-rays, X...To approach basic scientific questions on the origin and evolution of plan- etary bodies such as planets, their satellites and asteroids, one needs data on their chemical composition. The measurements of gamma-rays, X-rays and neutrons emit- ted from their surface materials provide information on abundances of major elements and naturally radioactive gamma-ray emitters. Neutron spectroscopy can provide sen- sitive maps of hydrogen- and carbon-containing compounds, even if buried, and can uniquely identify layers of carbon-dioxide frost. Nuclear spectroscopy, as a means of compositional analysis, has been applied via orbital and lander spacecraft to extrater- restrial planetary bodies： the Moon, Venus, Mars, Mercury and asteroids. The knowl- edge of their chemical abundances, especially concerning the Moon and Mars, has greatly increased in recent years. This paper describes the principle of nuclear spec- troscopy, nuclear planetary instruments carried on planetary missions so far, and the nature of observational results and findings of the Moon and Mars, recently obtained by nuclear spectroscopy.展开更多
基金financial support from the Shanghai Key Laboratory of MFree,China(Grant No.22dz2260800)the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee,China(Grant No.22JC1410300).
文摘The 2024 MRE HP Special Volume selects papers on new theoretical and experimental developments in the use of static largevolume presses(LVPs)1–3 and dynamic compression4,5 for studies under extreme high-pressure and high-temperature(HPHT)conditions.It also continues the previous year’s6 contemporary focus on superhydrides7–11 with extremely high superconducting temperatures Tc and addresses some controversial issues.12–14 In addition,it explores unconventional pressure-induced chemistry,particularly novel chemical stoichiometry and its impact on geochemistry and cosmochemistry in the deep interiors of Earth and other planets.18–21.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41941002,41922031,42125303)China National Space Administration(D020205)。
文摘The national and international progress in deep space exploration has greatly promoted the development of planetary science in China.Substantial progress in different areas of planetary science has been achieved in 2020-2022.In this report,we summarize the research achievements obtained in China in the last three years.The achievements include the research on geology,geochemistry,and space physics of the Moon,Mars,Mercury,Venus,giant planets,asteroids,and comets.The recent work on science objectives,mission payloads,and analytical capabilities that supports the lunar and deep space exploration program of China has also been introduced in this report.Finally,we report the progress on developments of discipline and research team of planetary science in China.
文摘A short article published recently in Episodes(Holden,N.E.,Bonardi,M.L.,De Bièvre,P.,Renne,P.R.,and Villa,I.M.,2011.IUGS common definition and convention on the use of the year as a derived unit of time(IUPAC-IUGS Recommendations 2011):Episodes,v.34,No.1,pp.39-40)sets out to rationalize the definition and symbols for units of time for use in the Earth and planetary sciences and nuclear chemistry.Given that the authors constitute a task group established jointly by the International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS)and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC),and that publication was approved by both bodies,one might reasonably assume that the recommendations reflect a workable consensus.Regrettably,they don’t(Christie-Blick,Geological time conventions and symbols:GSA Today,submitted June 10,2011).
文摘Planetary science is an emerging interdisciplinary field that explores the origin and evolution of planets,moons,small celestial bodies,and exoplanets,along with their multisphere processes and interactions,potential habitability,and resource utilization.Since the early 21st century,China has launched a series of lunar and planetary missions and made numerous research progresses in the planetary science.This article summarizes key insights from the 150th“Planetary Science”Frontier Forum hosted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,reviews new progress in lunar,Martian,small body,and exoplanetary research in China,and highlights major scientific questions and future directions for China's planetary science endeavors.
文摘1AIM AND SCOPE Geoscience Frontiers(GSF)publishes peer reviewed research articles and reviews in interdisciplinary fields of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
文摘On June 3,Scopus,a database owned by Elsevier,released CiteScore 2024 metrics for academic journal evaluation.Both the Chinese and English editions of Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved record highs in the past year,ranking among the top in various categories.The CiteScore of the Chinese edition increased to 9.9 in 2024 from 8.4 in 2023,ranking 13th out of 330 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geology category and 2lst out of 239 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology category.
文摘This paper presents an assessment of earth and planetary scientific research in the world in the fifteen years period from 1996 through 2012 and in 2013.The total number of publications in that period was about 4.7%of total world scientific output.The top 10 countries in 2012 and in 2013 accounted for 67.6%and 66.7%of world publications in earth and planetary sciences.
文摘The units of time(both absolute time and duration)most practical to use when dealing with very long times,e.g.in Nuclear Chemistry and Earth and Planetary Sciences,are multiples of the year,or annus(a).Its proposed definition in terms of the SI base unit for time,the second(s),for the epoch 2000.0 is 1 a=3.1556925445 x 10^(7)s.Adoption of this definition,and abandonment of the use of distinct units for time differences,will bring the Earth and Planetary Sciences into compliance with quantity calculus for SI and non-SI units of time.
基金supported by a generous grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
文摘As we continue searching for exoplanets, we wonder if life and technological species capable of communicating with us exists on any of them. As geoscientists, we can also wonder how important is the presence or absence of plate tectonics for the evolution of technological species. This essay considers this question, focusing on tectonically active roclw （silicate） planets, like Earth, Venus, and Mars. The development of technological species on Earth provides key insights for understanding evolution on exoplanets, including the likely role that plate tectonics may play. An Earth-sized silicate planet is likely to experience several tectonic styles over its lifetime, as it cools and its lithosphere thickens, strengthens, and becomes denser. These include magma ocean, various styles of stagnant lid, and perhaps plate tectonics. Abundant liquid water favors both life and plate tectonics. Ocean is required for early evolution of diverse single-celled organisms, then colonies of cells which specialized further to form guts, ap- pendages, and sensory organisms up to the complexity of fish （central nervous system, appendages, eyes）. Large expanses of dry land also begin in the ocean, today produced above subduction zones in juvenile arcs and by their coalescence to form continents, although it is not clear that plate tectonics was required to create continental crust on Earth. Dry land of continents is required for further evolution of technological species, where modification of appendages for grasping and manipulating, and improve- ment of eyes and central nervous system could be perfected. These bioassets allowed intelligent crea- tures to examine the night sky and wonder, the beginning of abstract thinking, including religion and science. Technology arises from the exigencies of daily living such as tool-making, agriculture, clothing, and weapons, but the pace of innovation accelerates once it is allied with science. Finally, the importance of plate tectonics for developing a technological species is examined via a thought experiment using two otherwise identical planets： one with plate tectonics and the other without. A planet with oceans, continents, and plate tectonics maximizes opportunities for speciation and natural selection, whereas a similar planet without plate tectonics provides fewer such opportunities. Plate tectonics exerts envi- ronmental pressures that drive evolution without being capable of extinguishing all life. Plate tectonic processes such as the redistribution of continents, growth of mountain ranges, formation of land bridges, and opening and closing of oceans provide a continuous but moderate environmental pressure that stimulates populations to adapt and evolve. Plate tectonics may not be needed in order for life to begin, but evolution of technological species is favored on planets with oceans, continents, plate tectonics, and intermittently clear night sky.
文摘Current palaeoclimatic reconstructions for the R＆#237;o de la Plata region during the latest Pleistocene （30,000 e10,000 yr BP） propose dry conditions, with rainfall at the Last Glacial Maximum amounting to one-third of today＇s precipitation. Despite the consequential low primary productivity inferred, an impressive megafauna existed in the area at that time. Here we explore the influence of the flooding from a huge extinct system of water bodies in the Andean Altiplano as a likely source for wet regimes that might have increased the primary productivity and, hence, the vast number of megaherbivores. The system was reconstructed using specifically combined software resources, including Insola, Global Mapper v13, Surfer and Matlab. Changes in water volume and area covered were related to climatic change, assessed through a model of astronomical forcing that describes the changes in insolation at the top of the at-mosphere in the last 50,000 yr BP. The model was validated by comparing its results with several proxies （CH4, CO2, D, 18O） from dated cores taken from the ice covering Antarctic lakes Vostok and EPICA Dome C. It is concluded that the Altiplano Lake system drained towards the southeast in the rainy seasons and that it must have been a major source of water for the Paran＆#225;-Plata Basin, consequently enhancing primary productivity within it.
基金supported by the Korea-Japan International Cooperative Research Program funded by the Korean Research Fund (F01-2009-000-100540-0, 10-6303)KIGAM’s Internal Project (12-3612) funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy
文摘To approach basic scientific questions on the origin and evolution of plan- etary bodies such as planets, their satellites and asteroids, one needs data on their chemical composition. The measurements of gamma-rays, X-rays and neutrons emit- ted from their surface materials provide information on abundances of major elements and naturally radioactive gamma-ray emitters. Neutron spectroscopy can provide sen- sitive maps of hydrogen- and carbon-containing compounds, even if buried, and can uniquely identify layers of carbon-dioxide frost. Nuclear spectroscopy, as a means of compositional analysis, has been applied via orbital and lander spacecraft to extrater- restrial planetary bodies： the Moon, Venus, Mars, Mercury and asteroids. The knowl- edge of their chemical abundances, especially concerning the Moon and Mars, has greatly increased in recent years. This paper describes the principle of nuclear spec- troscopy, nuclear planetary instruments carried on planetary missions so far, and the nature of observational results and findings of the Moon and Mars, recently obtained by nuclear spectroscopy.
