Garden pea productivity and qualities are hampered in zinc(Zn),boron(B),and molybdenum(Mo)deficient soil.Thus,the combination of micronutrients(i.e.,Zn,B,and Mo)and rhizobium is necessary to increase the productivity ...Garden pea productivity and qualities are hampered in zinc(Zn),boron(B),and molybdenum(Mo)deficient soil.Thus,the combination of micronutrients(i.e.,Zn,B,and Mo)and rhizobium is necessary to increase the productivity and quality of garden peas,since this management for garden peas is neglected in Bangladesh.Therefore,the present study was made to assess the effectiveness of rhizobium inoculant singly or in combination with the micronutrients(i.e.,Zn,B,and Mo)on growth,yield,nutrient uptake,and quality of garden peas.Treatments were:T_(1)=Control,T_(2)=Rhizobium inoculation at 50 g/kg seed,T_(3)=T_(2)+Zn_(3)Mo1,T_(4)=T_(2)+B_(2)Mo1,T_(5)=T_(2)+Zn_(3)B_(2),T_(6)=T_(2)+Zn_(3)B_(2)Mo1 and T_(7)=Zn_(3)B_(2)Mo1.All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and repeated all treatments in three times.The application of 3 kg Zn,2 kg B,and 1 kg Mo ha^(−1)with inoculation of Rhizobium at 50 g kg^(−1)seed(T_(6))facilitated to increase of 44.8%in the green pod and 29.7%seed yield over control.The same treatment contributed to attaining the maximum nodulation(25.3 plant^(−1)),Vitamin C(43.5 mg 100 g^(−1)),protein content(22.2%),and nutrient uptake as well as accumulation in garden peas.Among all treatment combinations,treatment T_(6)was found superior to others based on microbial activities,soil fertility,and profitability.The results of the study found that the application of 3 kg Zn,2 kg B,and 1 kg Mo ha^(−1)in combination with Rhizobium inoculation(50 g kg^(−1)seed)can improve the yield and quality of garden peas.The results of the study have the potential for the areas,where there is no use of Rhizobium inoculant or Zn,B,and Mo fertilizer for cultivation of garden pea.展开更多
The present work aimed to study the physiological effects of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） in pea （Pisum sativum）. Pea plants were exposed to increasing doses of cadmium chloride （CdCl2） and copper chloride （C...The present work aimed to study the physiological effects of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） in pea （Pisum sativum）. Pea plants were exposed to increasing doses of cadmium chloride （CdCl2） and copper chloride （CuCl2） for 20 d. The examined parameters, namely root and shoot lengths, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and the rate of photosynthesis were affected by the treatments especially with high metals concentrations. The analysis of heavy metals accumulation shows that leaves significantly accumulate cadmium for all the tested concentrations. However, copper was significantly accumulated only with the highest tested dose. This may explain the higher inhibitory effects of cadmium on photosynthesis and growth in pea plants. These results are valuable for understanding the biological consequences of heavy metals contamination particularly in soils devoted to organic agriculture.展开更多
Processing of pre-rRNA is one of the major events taking place In the nucleolus. U3 snoRNA, an rRNA spliceosomal factor, is suggested to be essential in the first cleavage step of the 5' ETS sequence in the proces...Processing of pre-rRNA is one of the major events taking place In the nucleolus. U3 snoRNA, an rRNA spliceosomal factor, is suggested to be essential in the first cleavage step of the 5' ETS sequence in the processing of pre-rRNA. Identification of U3 in the nucleolus provides a piece of indirect evidence for pre-rRNA processing site and transportation of processing products. In the present study, subnucleolar distribution of U3 snoRNA in the nucleolus of Pisum sativum L. was studied by in situ hybridization with a U3 snoRNA probe. The results showed that the U3 labeling signals were distributed throughout dense fibrillar components (DFCs) and granular components (GCs), while no signal was found in fibrillar centers (FCs). When treated with actinomycine D (AMD), the labeling signals were decreased. Along with the increase of the AMD treatment time, the labeling signals became fewer and they were found in the distal regions of DFC and GC. Our results indicated that pre-rRNA splicing took place in the regions of DFC and GC, and the transportation of pre-rRNA processing products was from the regions around FCs towards the distal regions.展开更多
To assesse the genetic diversity among wild and cultivated accessions of 8 taxonomic groups in 2 species, and 5 subspecies under Pisum genus, and to analyze population structure and their genetic relationships among v...To assesse the genetic diversity among wild and cultivated accessions of 8 taxonomic groups in 2 species, and 5 subspecies under Pisum genus, and to analyze population structure and their genetic relationships among various groups of taxonomy, the study tried to verify the fitness of traditionally botanical taxonomic system under Pisum genus and to provide essential information for the exploration and utilization of wild relatives of pea genetic resources. 197 Pisum accessions from 62 counties of 5 continents were employed for SSR analysis using 21 polymorphic primer pairs in this study. Except for cultivated field pea Pisum sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum （94 genotypes）, also included were wild relative genotypes that were classified as belonging to P. fulvum, P. sativum ssp.abyssinicum, P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense （103 genotypes）. The PCA analyses and 3-dimension PCA graphs were conducted and drawn by NTSYSpc 2.2d statistical package. Nei78 genetic distances among groups of genetic resources were calculated, and cluster analysis using UPGMA method was carried out by using Popgene V1.32 statistical package, the dendrogram was drawn by MEGA3.1 statistical package. Allelic statistics were carried out by Popgene V1.32. The significance test between groups of genotypes was carried out by Fstat V2.9.3.2 statistical package. 104 polymorphic bands were amplified using 21 SSR primer pairs with unambiguous unique polymorphic bands. 4.95 alleles were detected by each SSR primer pair in average, of which 65.56% were effective alleles for diversity. PSAD270, PSAC58, PSAA18, PSAC75, PSAA175 and PSAB72 were the most effective SSR pairs. SSR alleles were uniformly distributed among botanical taxon units under Pisum genus, but significant difference appeared in most pairwise comparisons for genetic diversity between taxon unit based groups of genetic resources. Genetic diversity level of wild species P. fulvum was much lower than the cultivated species P. sativum. Under species P. sativum, P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum and P. sativum ssp. asiaticum were the highest in gentic diversity, followed by P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius and P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio, P. sativum ssp. sativum vat. arvense and P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum were the lowest. Four gene pool clusters were detected under Pisum genus by using PCA analysis. Gene pool ＂fulvum＂ mainly consisted of wild species Pisum fulvum, gene pool ＂abyssinicum＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum, and gene pool ＂arvense＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense. While gene pool ＂sativum＂ were composed by 5 botanical taxon units, they are P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum. ＂sativum＂ gene pool constructed the primary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources; ＂fulvum＂ gene pool, ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool and ＂arvense＂ gene pool together constructed the secondary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources. Pairwise Nei78 genetic distance among botanical taxon based groups of pea genetic resources ranged from 7.531 to 35.956, 3 large cluster groups were identified based on the UPGMA dendrogram. Group Ⅰ equals to ＂sativum＂ and ＂arvense＂ gene pools, Group Ⅱ equals to ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool, and Group Ⅲ equals to ＂fulvum＂ gene pool. The UPGMA clustering results generally supporting the PCA clusting results. There were significant differences among most botanical groups under Pisum genus, with clear separation of four gene pools for genetic diversity structure. The research results partially support the traditional botanical taxonomy under Pisum genus, and pointed out its advantage and shortcoming. In order to broaden the genetic bases of pea varieties, the genetic potentials in the four gene pools should be thoroughly exploited.展开更多
This study aimed to isolate and characterize the structures of glycoproteins from peas and determine their hypoglycemic activity.The crude pea glycoproteins(PGP)were extracted by hot water and purified by diethylamino...This study aimed to isolate and characterize the structures of glycoproteins from peas and determine their hypoglycemic activity.The crude pea glycoproteins(PGP)were extracted by hot water and purified by diethylaminoethyl(DEAE)-Sepharose chromatography and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography in sequence.Then three main fractions were obtained,namely PGP1,PGP2 and PGP3,with molecular weights of 897615,846740 and 1194692 Da,respectively.The physical and chemical properties of the three fractions were evaluated and compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),scanning electron microscope(SEM),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and other analytical techniques.The fraction PGP2 with the highest hypoglycemic activity,was screened using the Caco-2 monolayer cell model.It can inhibit the uptake of glucose in the small intestine,as well as the activities of maltase and sucrase.After simulated gastrointestinal digestion,PGP2 signifi cantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase,and slightly reduced the inhibitory ability ofα-amylase.In summary,PGP2 possessed strong hypoglycemic activity after digestion.These results indicated that PGP2 has the potential to be developed into a functional food or natural medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.展开更多
As a cool-season crop, pea(Pisum sativum L.) can tolerate frost at the vegetative stage but experiences yield loss when freezing stress occurs at the reproductive stage. Cold-tolerance improvement of pea varieties is ...As a cool-season crop, pea(Pisum sativum L.) can tolerate frost at the vegetative stage but experiences yield loss when freezing stress occurs at the reproductive stage. Cold-tolerance improvement of pea varieties is important for stable yield and expansion of the winter pea planting area. Under natural low-temperature conditions during winter in Qingdao,Shandong, China, we evaluated the cold tolerance of 3672 pea germplasm accessions in the field and categorized them as displaying high resistance(214), moderate resistance(835), or susceptibility(2623). The highly and moderately resistant genotypes were validated in the following year. We found that genotypes from the winter production region showed higher cold tolerance than genotypes from the spring production region. The accessions identified as having high levels of cold tolerance are recommended as potential genetic resources in cold-tolerance breeding of pea.展开更多
Pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum,is a serious pest of many different leguminous plants,and it mainly relies on its odorant receptors(Ors)to discriminate among host species.However,less is known about the role that Ors pl...Pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum,is a serious pest of many different leguminous plants,and it mainly relies on its odorant receptors(Ors)to discriminate among host species.However,less is known about the role that Ors play in the host plant location.In this study,we identified a novel conserved odorant receptor clade by phylogenetic analysis,and conducted the functional analysis of ApisOr23 in A.pisum.The results showed that the homologous Ors from A.pisum,Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii share 94.28% identity in amino acid sequences.Moreover,conserved motifs were analyzed using the annotated homologous Or23 from eight aphid species,providing further proof of the high conservation level of the Or23 clade.According to the tissue expression pattern analysis,ApisOr23 was mainly expressed in the antennae.Further functional study using a heterologous Xenopus expression system revealed that ApisOr23 was tuned to five plant volatiles,namely trans-2-hexen-1-al,cis-2-hexen-1-ol,1-heptanol,4’-ethylacetophenone,and hexyl acetate.Among them,trans-2-hexen-1-al,which is one of the main volatile organic compounds released from legume plants,activated the highest response of ApisOr23.Our findings suggest that the conserved Or23 clade in most aphid species might play an important role in host plant detection.展开更多
The present research reports of quick and marked changes induced by plant extract of Euryops arabicus in the gene expression of 49-kDa apyrases,cytoskeletal proteins,ATPases,ADPase and amount of amino acid of pea(Pisu...The present research reports of quick and marked changes induced by plant extract of Euryops arabicus in the gene expression of 49-kDa apyrases,cytoskeletal proteins,ATPases,ADPase and amount of amino acid of pea(Pisum sativum L.var.Alaska).Pellets of cytoskeletals proteins(27000 xg)were probed with anti-apyrase antibody,biotinylated anti-rat,actin and alpha and beta-tubulin for Western blotting.ATPase and ADPase activities were determined based on the hydrolytic efficacy of adenine triphosphate and adenine diphosphate.By 72 hours,the abundance of apyrases,cytoskeletal proteins and amount of amino acid in pellets of 27000 xg of germinated pea seeds in E.arabicus extracts were sharply increased than those sown in distilled water.All the samples exhibited that the stems had more amount from apyrases,cytoskeletal proteins,amino acids and ATPase and ADPase activities than primary leaves and primary roots that were germinated either on E.arabicus water extract or in distilled water.Based on the enzyme’s capability to hydrolyse nucleotide triphosphate and nucleotide diphosphate as well as the direct association between expression of 49-kDa apyrase and cytoskeletal proteins,E.arabicus water extract had an important effect on plant germinations.展开更多
We irradiated pea seeds with neutrons from a ^(252)Cf source and studied the radiation dose effects on various morphological development parameters during the growth of M_(1) generation peas.We found that in the dose ...We irradiated pea seeds with neutrons from a ^(252)Cf source and studied the radiation dose effects on various morphological development parameters during the growth of M_(1) generation peas.We found that in the dose range of 0.51-9.27 Gy,with the increase in neutron-absorbed dose,the morphological development parameters of M_(1) generation peas at the initial seedling stage showed an obvious trend with three fluctuations.With the development of pea,this trend gradually weakened.Further analysis and verification showed that the main trend in the M_(1) generation of pea seeds was an inhibitory effect induced by neutron irradiation and there was a good linear correlation between the inhibitory effect and neutron absorption dose We successfully demonstrated the background removal of mutant plants and defined morphological developmen parameters for peas that match the overall development of plants.Our results will positively impact neutron mutation breeding and automatic agriculture.展开更多
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors （nAchRs） are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels by ifve subunits in insect and vertebrate nervous systems. The insect nAChR is the molecular target of a c...The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors （nAchRs） are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels by ifve subunits in insect and vertebrate nervous systems. The insect nAChR is the molecular target of a class of insecticides, neonicotinoids. Here, we identiifed and cloned 11 candidate nAChR subunit genes in Acyrthosiphon pisum using genome-based bioinformatics combined modern molecular techniques. Most A. pisum nAChRs including α1, α2, α3, α4, α6, α8, and β1 show highly sequence identities with the counterparts of other insects examined. Expression proifles analysis showed that all subunit genes were expressed in adult head. At least two subunits have alternative splicing that obviously increase A. pisum nicotinic receptor diversity. This study will be invaluable for exploring the molecular mechanisms of neonicotinoid-like insecticides in sucking pests, and for ultimately establishing the screening platform of novel insecticides.展开更多
The profile of polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE from seed of major crop species such as pea (Pisum sativum) is complex, resulting from cleavage (processing) of precursors expressed from multiple copies of genes enco...The profile of polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE from seed of major crop species such as pea (Pisum sativum) is complex, resulting from cleavage (processing) of precursors expressed from multiple copies of genes encoding vicilin and legumin, the major storage globulins. Translation in vitro of mRNAs hybrid-selected from mid-maturation pea seed RNAs by denned vicilin and legumin cDNA clones provided precursor molecules that were cleaved in vitro by a cell-free protease extract obtained from similar stage seed; the derived polypep tides were of comparable sizes to those observed in vivo. The feasibility of transcribing mENA in vitro from a cDNA clone and cleavage in vitro of the derived translation products was established for a legumin clone, providing a method for determining polypeptide products of an expressed sequence. This approach will also be useful for characterising cleavage site requirements since modifications an readily be introduced at the DNA level.展开更多
Pot studies were carried out to evaluate the reactions of 23 selections of field pea （Pisum sativum） against Meloidogyne incognita （2000 freshly hatched juveniles （J2）/pot）. Experiment was conducted under greenh...Pot studies were carried out to evaluate the reactions of 23 selections of field pea （Pisum sativum） against Meloidogyne incognita （2000 freshly hatched juveniles （J2）/pot）. Experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions （（24.7±3） ℃ and （62±7）% RH） and terminated 45 d after inoculation. The roots of all the selections were assessed to determine root-knot indices （RKI） on a 0-4 scale. Out of 23 selections HFP-990713, Pant P-25, and HFP-0129 were resistant; Pant P-2005, NDP-2 and Pant P-42 were tolerant; LFP-305, HFP-8909, HFP-4, HUP-31, HFP-0128, Pant P-31, Pant P-40, LFP-363, and HFP-0118 were moderately resistant; HFP-0110, HUDP-28, HUDP-15, HUDP-27, HUP-30, HUP-2 and HUDP-26 were moderately susceptible; and only Ambika was susceptible to M. incognita. It was observed that reproduction of nematode was favored on tolerant and susceptible cultivars but inhibited on resistant ones. Strong negative correlation was observed between the total fresh and dry plant weights and the root-knot index. The selection Pant P-42 showed highest tolerance among all the selections tested and can be recommended for field trials, whereas, selection Ambika showed highest susceptibility and should be avoided.展开更多
Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) is grown as human and animal feed throughout the world. Large yield losses in pea due to biotic and abiotic stresses compel an improved understanding of mechanisms of stress tolerance and ge...Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) is grown as human and animal feed throughout the world. Large yield losses in pea due to biotic and abiotic stresses compel an improved understanding of mechanisms of stress tolerance and genetic determinants conditioning these tolerances. The availability of stably expressed reference genes is a prerequisite for examining differential gene expression. The objective of this study was to examine the expression profile of several candidate reference genes across a broad range of commercial pea cultivars. Expression profiles of five candidate reference genes;18s rRNA, actin, TIF, β tubulin-2 and β tubulin-3 were examined. Relative quantifications of candidate reference genes were estimated from control plants, plants after 48 h of cold treatment, and plants 24 and 48 h after inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold disease of pea. RT-qPCR was performed on cDNA synthesized from three food grade spring peas, Ariel, Aragorn, and Sterling, and two spring yellow peas, Delta and Universal, which are used as animal feed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of CT values demonstrated significant variation between varieties and treatments under cold and disease conditions. The most abundant transcripts among tested reference genes were for 18s rRNA. Stability analysis indicated that TIF and β tubulin-3 genes were the most stably expressed candidate genes under both cold and disease stress and could serve as reference genes across a wide range of pea cultivars.展开更多
Our work of comparative study on the biomorphological, rhizogenic level of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Pea (Pisum sativum), includes successively the following results: The in-vitro culture done, showed strains, wh...Our work of comparative study on the biomorphological, rhizogenic level of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Pea (Pisum sativum), includes successively the following results: The in-vitro culture done, showed strains, which can reach 6.5 mm in the medium Nutrient agar (NA) for Cicer arietinum 6 mm of strain were recorded in the PDA culture medium for Pisum sativum. The best strain is obtained in temperature of 20℃(ambient). According to the results of the rhizogenesis, we notice that the nutrient agar (NA) medium responds better that the PDA medium for Cicer arietinum. Meanwhile, the medium PDA brings a better reaction (response) compared with the nutrient agar medium concerning Pisum sativum.展开更多
The aim of the current research was to clone and to characterize the partial 66 kDa streptavidin-binding peptide(SBP)found in the germinated embryos of Pisum sativum L.var.Alaska.The pea(P.sativum var.Alaska)embryos p...The aim of the current research was to clone and to characterize the partial 66 kDa streptavidin-binding peptide(SBP)found in the germinated embryos of Pisum sativum L.var.Alaska.The pea(P.sativum var.Alaska)embryos possess prominent 66 kDa SBPs that gradually disappeared after few hours of germination in germinated embryos,but not in the cotyledons.The total RNA was isolated from embryos of P.sativum but could not be isolated from the cotyledons.The partial nucleotides sequences of 66 kDa SBPs of embryonic stalk(P.sativum var.Alaska)were cloned and identified using pMOSBlue vector.66 kDa(SBP)gene from the embryos of P.sativum var.Alaska possesses 327 bp having an open reading frame(ORF)region in a part of the gene that encoded for 108 amino acids.Alignment showed similarity among 66 kDa SBPs P.sativum var.Alaska,with P.sativum seed biotinylated protein(SBP65)and P.sativum sbp65a mRNA with DNA distance matrix between 0.0094 to 1.2676.MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of 66 kDa(SBP)proteins showed it had similar short peptides to 19 proteins found in different organisms,especially Convicilin precursor,and the seed biotinylated protein in P.sativum.The alignment results of both nucleotide sequences and amino acid residues either from cloning or MALDI-TOF-MS showed differences with related species,especially P.sativum.No mRNA was found in the cotyledons during seeds germination,which means no metabolic activities and this part may act only as food reservoirs for growing newly embryos.展开更多
文摘Garden pea productivity and qualities are hampered in zinc(Zn),boron(B),and molybdenum(Mo)deficient soil.Thus,the combination of micronutrients(i.e.,Zn,B,and Mo)and rhizobium is necessary to increase the productivity and quality of garden peas,since this management for garden peas is neglected in Bangladesh.Therefore,the present study was made to assess the effectiveness of rhizobium inoculant singly or in combination with the micronutrients(i.e.,Zn,B,and Mo)on growth,yield,nutrient uptake,and quality of garden peas.Treatments were:T_(1)=Control,T_(2)=Rhizobium inoculation at 50 g/kg seed,T_(3)=T_(2)+Zn_(3)Mo1,T_(4)=T_(2)+B_(2)Mo1,T_(5)=T_(2)+Zn_(3)B_(2),T_(6)=T_(2)+Zn_(3)B_(2)Mo1 and T_(7)=Zn_(3)B_(2)Mo1.All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and repeated all treatments in three times.The application of 3 kg Zn,2 kg B,and 1 kg Mo ha^(−1)with inoculation of Rhizobium at 50 g kg^(−1)seed(T_(6))facilitated to increase of 44.8%in the green pod and 29.7%seed yield over control.The same treatment contributed to attaining the maximum nodulation(25.3 plant^(−1)),Vitamin C(43.5 mg 100 g^(−1)),protein content(22.2%),and nutrient uptake as well as accumulation in garden peas.Among all treatment combinations,treatment T_(6)was found superior to others based on microbial activities,soil fertility,and profitability.The results of the study found that the application of 3 kg Zn,2 kg B,and 1 kg Mo ha^(−1)in combination with Rhizobium inoculation(50 g kg^(−1)seed)can improve the yield and quality of garden peas.The results of the study have the potential for the areas,where there is no use of Rhizobium inoculant or Zn,B,and Mo fertilizer for cultivation of garden pea.
基金supported by founds from the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Technology Research Unit "Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology"
文摘The present work aimed to study the physiological effects of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） in pea （Pisum sativum）. Pea plants were exposed to increasing doses of cadmium chloride （CdCl2） and copper chloride （CuCl2） for 20 d. The examined parameters, namely root and shoot lengths, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and the rate of photosynthesis were affected by the treatments especially with high metals concentrations. The analysis of heavy metals accumulation shows that leaves significantly accumulate cadmium for all the tested concentrations. However, copper was significantly accumulated only with the highest tested dose. This may explain the higher inhibitory effects of cadmium on photosynthesis and growth in pea plants. These results are valuable for understanding the biological consequences of heavy metals contamination particularly in soils devoted to organic agriculture.
文摘Processing of pre-rRNA is one of the major events taking place In the nucleolus. U3 snoRNA, an rRNA spliceosomal factor, is suggested to be essential in the first cleavage step of the 5' ETS sequence in the processing of pre-rRNA. Identification of U3 in the nucleolus provides a piece of indirect evidence for pre-rRNA processing site and transportation of processing products. In the present study, subnucleolar distribution of U3 snoRNA in the nucleolus of Pisum sativum L. was studied by in situ hybridization with a U3 snoRNA probe. The results showed that the U3 labeling signals were distributed throughout dense fibrillar components (DFCs) and granular components (GCs), while no signal was found in fibrillar centers (FCs). When treated with actinomycine D (AMD), the labeling signals were decreased. Along with the increase of the AMD treatment time, the labeling signals became fewer and they were found in the distal regions of DFC and GC. Our results indicated that pre-rRNA splicing took place in the regions of DFC and GC, and the transportation of pre-rRNA processing products was from the regions around FCs towards the distal regions.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2006BAD13B05,2006BAD02B08)the National Program for Crop Germplasm Protection of China (NB07-2130135-(25-30)-13)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Plat-form R&D Program of China (2005DKA21001-6)the China-ACIAR Project (ACIAR:CS1/2000/035).
文摘To assesse the genetic diversity among wild and cultivated accessions of 8 taxonomic groups in 2 species, and 5 subspecies under Pisum genus, and to analyze population structure and their genetic relationships among various groups of taxonomy, the study tried to verify the fitness of traditionally botanical taxonomic system under Pisum genus and to provide essential information for the exploration and utilization of wild relatives of pea genetic resources. 197 Pisum accessions from 62 counties of 5 continents were employed for SSR analysis using 21 polymorphic primer pairs in this study. Except for cultivated field pea Pisum sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum （94 genotypes）, also included were wild relative genotypes that were classified as belonging to P. fulvum, P. sativum ssp.abyssinicum, P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense （103 genotypes）. The PCA analyses and 3-dimension PCA graphs were conducted and drawn by NTSYSpc 2.2d statistical package. Nei78 genetic distances among groups of genetic resources were calculated, and cluster analysis using UPGMA method was carried out by using Popgene V1.32 statistical package, the dendrogram was drawn by MEGA3.1 statistical package. Allelic statistics were carried out by Popgene V1.32. The significance test between groups of genotypes was carried out by Fstat V2.9.3.2 statistical package. 104 polymorphic bands were amplified using 21 SSR primer pairs with unambiguous unique polymorphic bands. 4.95 alleles were detected by each SSR primer pair in average, of which 65.56% were effective alleles for diversity. PSAD270, PSAC58, PSAA18, PSAC75, PSAA175 and PSAB72 were the most effective SSR pairs. SSR alleles were uniformly distributed among botanical taxon units under Pisum genus, but significant difference appeared in most pairwise comparisons for genetic diversity between taxon unit based groups of genetic resources. Genetic diversity level of wild species P. fulvum was much lower than the cultivated species P. sativum. Under species P. sativum, P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum and P. sativum ssp. asiaticum were the highest in gentic diversity, followed by P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius and P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio, P. sativum ssp. sativum vat. arvense and P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum were the lowest. Four gene pool clusters were detected under Pisum genus by using PCA analysis. Gene pool ＂fulvum＂ mainly consisted of wild species Pisum fulvum, gene pool ＂abyssinicum＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum, and gene pool ＂arvense＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense. While gene pool ＂sativum＂ were composed by 5 botanical taxon units, they are P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum. ＂sativum＂ gene pool constructed the primary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources; ＂fulvum＂ gene pool, ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool and ＂arvense＂ gene pool together constructed the secondary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources. Pairwise Nei78 genetic distance among botanical taxon based groups of pea genetic resources ranged from 7.531 to 35.956, 3 large cluster groups were identified based on the UPGMA dendrogram. Group Ⅰ equals to ＂sativum＂ and ＂arvense＂ gene pools, Group Ⅱ equals to ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool, and Group Ⅲ equals to ＂fulvum＂ gene pool. The UPGMA clustering results generally supporting the PCA clusting results. There were significant differences among most botanical groups under Pisum genus, with clear separation of four gene pools for genetic diversity structure. The research results partially support the traditional botanical taxonomy under Pisum genus, and pointed out its advantage and shortcoming. In order to broaden the genetic bases of pea varieties, the genetic potentials in the four gene pools should be thoroughly exploited.
基金The authors would like to show deepest gratitude tothe Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2020]413)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX19_0682)forfinancial assistance.
文摘This study aimed to isolate and characterize the structures of glycoproteins from peas and determine their hypoglycemic activity.The crude pea glycoproteins(PGP)were extracted by hot water and purified by diethylaminoethyl(DEAE)-Sepharose chromatography and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography in sequence.Then three main fractions were obtained,namely PGP1,PGP2 and PGP3,with molecular weights of 897615,846740 and 1194692 Da,respectively.The physical and chemical properties of the three fractions were evaluated and compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),scanning electron microscope(SEM),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and other analytical techniques.The fraction PGP2 with the highest hypoglycemic activity,was screened using the Caco-2 monolayer cell model.It can inhibit the uptake of glucose in the small intestine,as well as the activities of maltase and sucrase.After simulated gastrointestinal digestion,PGP2 signifi cantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase,and slightly reduced the inhibitory ability ofα-amylase.In summary,PGP2 possessed strong hypoglycemic activity after digestion.These results indicated that PGP2 has the potential to be developed into a functional food or natural medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-09)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31371695)+1 种基金the Qingdao Municipal Project for Science and Technology in Public Benefit(No.14-2-3-35-nsh)the Shandong Elite Variety Project(No.2016LZ01-01-02)
文摘As a cool-season crop, pea(Pisum sativum L.) can tolerate frost at the vegetative stage but experiences yield loss when freezing stress occurs at the reproductive stage. Cold-tolerance improvement of pea varieties is important for stable yield and expansion of the winter pea planting area. Under natural low-temperature conditions during winter in Qingdao,Shandong, China, we evaluated the cold tolerance of 3672 pea germplasm accessions in the field and categorized them as displaying high resistance(214), moderate resistance(835), or susceptibility(2623). The highly and moderately resistant genotypes were validated in the following year. We found that genotypes from the winter production region showed higher cold tolerance than genotypes from the spring production region. The accessions identified as having high levels of cold tolerance are recommended as potential genetic resources in cold-tolerance breeding of pea.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572072 and 31725023)the Intergovernmental International Science,Technology and Innovation Cooperation Key Project,China(2019YFE0105800)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)。
文摘Pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum,is a serious pest of many different leguminous plants,and it mainly relies on its odorant receptors(Ors)to discriminate among host species.However,less is known about the role that Ors play in the host plant location.In this study,we identified a novel conserved odorant receptor clade by phylogenetic analysis,and conducted the functional analysis of ApisOr23 in A.pisum.The results showed that the homologous Ors from A.pisum,Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii share 94.28% identity in amino acid sequences.Moreover,conserved motifs were analyzed using the annotated homologous Or23 from eight aphid species,providing further proof of the high conservation level of the Or23 clade.According to the tissue expression pattern analysis,ApisOr23 was mainly expressed in the antennae.Further functional study using a heterologous Xenopus expression system revealed that ApisOr23 was tuned to five plant volatiles,namely trans-2-hexen-1-al,cis-2-hexen-1-ol,1-heptanol,4’-ethylacetophenone,and hexyl acetate.Among them,trans-2-hexen-1-al,which is one of the main volatile organic compounds released from legume plants,activated the highest response of ApisOr23.Our findings suggest that the conserved Or23 clade in most aphid species might play an important role in host plant detection.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through General Research Project under grant number(R.G.P.1/26/38).
文摘The present research reports of quick and marked changes induced by plant extract of Euryops arabicus in the gene expression of 49-kDa apyrases,cytoskeletal proteins,ATPases,ADPase and amount of amino acid of pea(Pisum sativum L.var.Alaska).Pellets of cytoskeletals proteins(27000 xg)were probed with anti-apyrase antibody,biotinylated anti-rat,actin and alpha and beta-tubulin for Western blotting.ATPase and ADPase activities were determined based on the hydrolytic efficacy of adenine triphosphate and adenine diphosphate.By 72 hours,the abundance of apyrases,cytoskeletal proteins and amount of amino acid in pellets of 27000 xg of germinated pea seeds in E.arabicus extracts were sharply increased than those sown in distilled water.All the samples exhibited that the stems had more amount from apyrases,cytoskeletal proteins,amino acids and ATPase and ADPase activities than primary leaves and primary roots that were germinated either on E.arabicus water extract or in distilled water.Based on the enzyme’s capability to hydrolyse nucleotide triphosphate and nucleotide diphosphate as well as the direct association between expression of 49-kDa apyrase and cytoskeletal proteins,E.arabicus water extract had an important effect on plant germinations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11675069 and 12075106)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(No.20JR10RA607)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.lzujbky-2020-kb09)。
文摘We irradiated pea seeds with neutrons from a ^(252)Cf source and studied the radiation dose effects on various morphological development parameters during the growth of M_(1) generation peas.We found that in the dose range of 0.51-9.27 Gy,with the increase in neutron-absorbed dose,the morphological development parameters of M_(1) generation peas at the initial seedling stage showed an obvious trend with three fluctuations.With the development of pea,this trend gradually weakened.Further analysis and verification showed that the main trend in the M_(1) generation of pea seeds was an inhibitory effect induced by neutron irradiation and there was a good linear correlation between the inhibitory effect and neutron absorption dose We successfully demonstrated the background removal of mutant plants and defined morphological developmen parameters for peas that match the overall development of plants.Our results will positively impact neutron mutation breeding and automatic agriculture.
基金supported by the National 973 Program of China(2012CB114104)the Beijing Natural Science FoundationChina (6132028)
文摘The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors （nAchRs） are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels by ifve subunits in insect and vertebrate nervous systems. The insect nAChR is the molecular target of a class of insecticides, neonicotinoids. Here, we identiifed and cloned 11 candidate nAChR subunit genes in Acyrthosiphon pisum using genome-based bioinformatics combined modern molecular techniques. Most A. pisum nAChRs including α1, α2, α3, α4, α6, α8, and β1 show highly sequence identities with the counterparts of other insects examined. Expression proifles analysis showed that all subunit genes were expressed in adult head. At least two subunits have alternative splicing that obviously increase A. pisum nicotinic receptor diversity. This study will be invaluable for exploring the molecular mechanisms of neonicotinoid-like insecticides in sucking pests, and for ultimately establishing the screening platform of novel insecticides.
文摘The profile of polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE from seed of major crop species such as pea (Pisum sativum) is complex, resulting from cleavage (processing) of precursors expressed from multiple copies of genes encoding vicilin and legumin, the major storage globulins. Translation in vitro of mRNAs hybrid-selected from mid-maturation pea seed RNAs by denned vicilin and legumin cDNA clones provided precursor molecules that were cleaved in vitro by a cell-free protease extract obtained from similar stage seed; the derived polypep tides were of comparable sizes to those observed in vivo. The feasibility of transcribing mENA in vitro from a cDNA clone and cleavage in vitro of the derived translation products was established for a legumin clone, providing a method for determining polypeptide products of an expressed sequence. This approach will also be useful for characterising cleavage site requirements since modifications an readily be introduced at the DNA level.
文摘Pot studies were carried out to evaluate the reactions of 23 selections of field pea （Pisum sativum） against Meloidogyne incognita （2000 freshly hatched juveniles （J2）/pot）. Experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions （（24.7±3） ℃ and （62±7）% RH） and terminated 45 d after inoculation. The roots of all the selections were assessed to determine root-knot indices （RKI） on a 0-4 scale. Out of 23 selections HFP-990713, Pant P-25, and HFP-0129 were resistant; Pant P-2005, NDP-2 and Pant P-42 were tolerant; LFP-305, HFP-8909, HFP-4, HUP-31, HFP-0128, Pant P-31, Pant P-40, LFP-363, and HFP-0118 were moderately resistant; HFP-0110, HUDP-28, HUDP-15, HUDP-27, HUP-30, HUP-2 and HUDP-26 were moderately susceptible; and only Ambika was susceptible to M. incognita. It was observed that reproduction of nematode was favored on tolerant and susceptible cultivars but inhibited on resistant ones. Strong negative correlation was observed between the total fresh and dry plant weights and the root-knot index. The selection Pant P-42 showed highest tolerance among all the selections tested and can be recommended for field trials, whereas, selection Ambika showed highest susceptibility and should be avoided.
文摘Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) is grown as human and animal feed throughout the world. Large yield losses in pea due to biotic and abiotic stresses compel an improved understanding of mechanisms of stress tolerance and genetic determinants conditioning these tolerances. The availability of stably expressed reference genes is a prerequisite for examining differential gene expression. The objective of this study was to examine the expression profile of several candidate reference genes across a broad range of commercial pea cultivars. Expression profiles of five candidate reference genes;18s rRNA, actin, TIF, β tubulin-2 and β tubulin-3 were examined. Relative quantifications of candidate reference genes were estimated from control plants, plants after 48 h of cold treatment, and plants 24 and 48 h after inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold disease of pea. RT-qPCR was performed on cDNA synthesized from three food grade spring peas, Ariel, Aragorn, and Sterling, and two spring yellow peas, Delta and Universal, which are used as animal feed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of CT values demonstrated significant variation between varieties and treatments under cold and disease conditions. The most abundant transcripts among tested reference genes were for 18s rRNA. Stability analysis indicated that TIF and β tubulin-3 genes were the most stably expressed candidate genes under both cold and disease stress and could serve as reference genes across a wide range of pea cultivars.
文摘Our work of comparative study on the biomorphological, rhizogenic level of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Pea (Pisum sativum), includes successively the following results: The in-vitro culture done, showed strains, which can reach 6.5 mm in the medium Nutrient agar (NA) for Cicer arietinum 6 mm of strain were recorded in the PDA culture medium for Pisum sativum. The best strain is obtained in temperature of 20℃(ambient). According to the results of the rhizogenesis, we notice that the nutrient agar (NA) medium responds better that the PDA medium for Cicer arietinum. Meanwhile, the medium PDA brings a better reaction (response) compared with the nutrient agar medium concerning Pisum sativum.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid university for funding this work through research group(R.G.P.1/26/40).
文摘The aim of the current research was to clone and to characterize the partial 66 kDa streptavidin-binding peptide(SBP)found in the germinated embryos of Pisum sativum L.var.Alaska.The pea(P.sativum var.Alaska)embryos possess prominent 66 kDa SBPs that gradually disappeared after few hours of germination in germinated embryos,but not in the cotyledons.The total RNA was isolated from embryos of P.sativum but could not be isolated from the cotyledons.The partial nucleotides sequences of 66 kDa SBPs of embryonic stalk(P.sativum var.Alaska)were cloned and identified using pMOSBlue vector.66 kDa(SBP)gene from the embryos of P.sativum var.Alaska possesses 327 bp having an open reading frame(ORF)region in a part of the gene that encoded for 108 amino acids.Alignment showed similarity among 66 kDa SBPs P.sativum var.Alaska,with P.sativum seed biotinylated protein(SBP65)and P.sativum sbp65a mRNA with DNA distance matrix between 0.0094 to 1.2676.MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of 66 kDa(SBP)proteins showed it had similar short peptides to 19 proteins found in different organisms,especially Convicilin precursor,and the seed biotinylated protein in P.sativum.The alignment results of both nucleotide sequences and amino acid residues either from cloning or MALDI-TOF-MS showed differences with related species,especially P.sativum.No mRNA was found in the cotyledons during seeds germination,which means no metabolic activities and this part may act only as food reservoirs for growing newly embryos.
