The change of pine scale (Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi) population density on pine forest in urban park between treatment (tending operations) and CK (no tending operations) was researched in this paper. The result...The change of pine scale (Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi) population density on pine forest in urban park between treatment (tending operations) and CK (no tending operations) was researched in this paper. The results were shown as follows: population density declined to 0.63 head per bundle from 2.61 heads per bundle when crown density of pine in urban park had become 0.5 or so by means of cultivation activities such as felling, pruning and thinning and so on, and drop got to 75.86 percent. The pinewoods would soon get revived once using these cultivation activities, so tending operations was main measures controlling over harm of pine scale in urban park; At the same time, population density of pine scale on pinewoods in the sunny slope was more than that in the somber slope and it had become less and less from sunny slope to somber slope. Therefore, tree species must be chosen in the planning and design of urban park for preventing harm and happening of pine scale.展开更多
In 2014,a 40-ha undisturbed plot was established in the Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve.The spatial distribution and spatial associations of five dominant tree species of different height classes were examined using s...In 2014,a 40-ha undisturbed plot was established in the Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve.The spatial distribution and spatial associations of five dominant tree species of different height classes were examined using spatial point pattern analysis and the effects of these species on local community diversity assemblages were examined using the ISAR method.The dominant species were characterized by an aggregated distribution at spatial scales of 0–50 m.At smaller spatial scales,trees in larger height classes had significant positive and negative effects on the diversity of the lower height classes.However,at larger spatial scales this effect was diminished.At small scales(0–10 m),accumulator species had positive effects on species diversity,maintained an over-representative proportion of diversity in their proximity,and supported the ecological niche theory.At the larger scale(10–50 m),neutral species were dominant and had positive effects on species diversity,though repeller species,which had negative effects on species diversity,also contributed to diversity.Neutral and accumulator species together determined local species diversity,but the relative importance of the two was closely related to spatial scale.A combination of the ecological niche theory and neutral processes together determines species coexistence and biodiversity of an undisturbed pine forest.展开更多
Detergents are very important substances in everyday life as they are used in laundry services. This manuscript reports the study of the commercial and laboratory prepared pine oil-based detergents employing the criti...Detergents are very important substances in everyday life as they are used in laundry services. This manuscript reports the study of the commercial and laboratory prepared pine oil-based detergents employing the critical micelle concentration (CMC) phenomenon using conductivity measurements. The two samples showed the CMC values of 0.0725 g/cm3 and 0.0920 g/cm3 for laboratory and commercial samples respectively. The effect of ionic strength was investigated using NaCl and it demonstrated a drop of CMC value of about CMC by 40% (laboratory sample) and 70% (commercial sample) while the equi-molar naphthalene increased the CMC values by about 50% (laboratory sample) and 12% (commercial sample) relative to their corresponding values under distilled water. The combined effect of equi-molar NaCl and naphthalene lowered the CMC by 5% (laboratory sample) and 30% (commercial sample). These differences could signify the superiority of the laboratory sample in that it is somehow buffered against drastic changes in the CMC under different conditions. The relationship between conductivity and the CMC values does not show sufficient linearity (R2 < 0.8403) suggesting different mechanisms of interactions between NaCl and naphthalene. Overall, the results are gratifying to the small-scale manufacturer who supplied the preparation protocol for laboratory sample preparation, in two respects: they inspire some degree of confidence in his product as well as enabling the manufacturer to employ the same protocol for his quality control practices as such improve product consistency and hence profitability.展开更多
物种多样性指数的空间分布格局及其尺度效应对揭示生物多样性形成与维持机制具有重要意义。以长白山原始阔叶红松林(broad-leaved Korean pine forest,BKPF)、采伐后天然恢复的次生白桦林(birch forest,BF)以及人工补植的次生落叶松林(l...物种多样性指数的空间分布格局及其尺度效应对揭示生物多样性形成与维持机制具有重要意义。以长白山原始阔叶红松林(broad-leaved Korean pine forest,BKPF)、采伐后天然恢复的次生白桦林(birch forest,BF)以及人工补植的次生落叶松林(larch forest,LF)为研究对象,利用方差和变异系数探讨长白山区典型植被物种多度和丰富度的空间尺度效应。结果表明:1)BKPF和LF物种多度的方差随着尺度增加呈线性增加,变异系数呈线性下降。丰富度的方差随尺度的增加表现出单峰特征,且在20 m×20 m尺度上达到最大值,说明物种多度和丰富度存在空间变异,并且多度具有尺度推演规律,而丰富度没有;2)BF物种多度的方差和变异系数与BKPF具有相同的变化趋势,而物种丰富度的方差随着尺度增加而增加,未出现单峰现象,这是由于BF主要树种聚集程度显著增加;3)3个林型物种多度与丰富度在小尺度上具有显著相关性,随着尺度增加不再显著。本研究揭示了长白山区典型植被类型物种多样性随尺度变化的特征及其原因,为阔叶红松林植被恢复和管理提供数据支撑。展开更多
文摘The change of pine scale (Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi) population density on pine forest in urban park between treatment (tending operations) and CK (no tending operations) was researched in this paper. The results were shown as follows: population density declined to 0.63 head per bundle from 2.61 heads per bundle when crown density of pine in urban park had become 0.5 or so by means of cultivation activities such as felling, pruning and thinning and so on, and drop got to 75.86 percent. The pinewoods would soon get revived once using these cultivation activities, so tending operations was main measures controlling over harm of pine scale in urban park; At the same time, population density of pine scale on pinewoods in the sunny slope was more than that in the somber slope and it had become less and less from sunny slope to somber slope. Therefore, tree species must be chosen in the planning and design of urban park for preventing harm and happening of pine scale.
基金supported by the Beijing Common Construction Project Research and demonstrations on the regression technique for minimum populations of wild plants(2016YFC0503106)
文摘In 2014,a 40-ha undisturbed plot was established in the Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve.The spatial distribution and spatial associations of five dominant tree species of different height classes were examined using spatial point pattern analysis and the effects of these species on local community diversity assemblages were examined using the ISAR method.The dominant species were characterized by an aggregated distribution at spatial scales of 0–50 m.At smaller spatial scales,trees in larger height classes had significant positive and negative effects on the diversity of the lower height classes.However,at larger spatial scales this effect was diminished.At small scales(0–10 m),accumulator species had positive effects on species diversity,maintained an over-representative proportion of diversity in their proximity,and supported the ecological niche theory.At the larger scale(10–50 m),neutral species were dominant and had positive effects on species diversity,though repeller species,which had negative effects on species diversity,also contributed to diversity.Neutral and accumulator species together determined local species diversity,but the relative importance of the two was closely related to spatial scale.A combination of the ecological niche theory and neutral processes together determines species coexistence and biodiversity of an undisturbed pine forest.
文摘Detergents are very important substances in everyday life as they are used in laundry services. This manuscript reports the study of the commercial and laboratory prepared pine oil-based detergents employing the critical micelle concentration (CMC) phenomenon using conductivity measurements. The two samples showed the CMC values of 0.0725 g/cm3 and 0.0920 g/cm3 for laboratory and commercial samples respectively. The effect of ionic strength was investigated using NaCl and it demonstrated a drop of CMC value of about CMC by 40% (laboratory sample) and 70% (commercial sample) while the equi-molar naphthalene increased the CMC values by about 50% (laboratory sample) and 12% (commercial sample) relative to their corresponding values under distilled water. The combined effect of equi-molar NaCl and naphthalene lowered the CMC by 5% (laboratory sample) and 30% (commercial sample). These differences could signify the superiority of the laboratory sample in that it is somehow buffered against drastic changes in the CMC under different conditions. The relationship between conductivity and the CMC values does not show sufficient linearity (R2 < 0.8403) suggesting different mechanisms of interactions between NaCl and naphthalene. Overall, the results are gratifying to the small-scale manufacturer who supplied the preparation protocol for laboratory sample preparation, in two respects: they inspire some degree of confidence in his product as well as enabling the manufacturer to employ the same protocol for his quality control practices as such improve product consistency and hence profitability.
文摘物种多样性指数的空间分布格局及其尺度效应对揭示生物多样性形成与维持机制具有重要意义。以长白山原始阔叶红松林(broad-leaved Korean pine forest,BKPF)、采伐后天然恢复的次生白桦林(birch forest,BF)以及人工补植的次生落叶松林(larch forest,LF)为研究对象,利用方差和变异系数探讨长白山区典型植被物种多度和丰富度的空间尺度效应。结果表明:1)BKPF和LF物种多度的方差随着尺度增加呈线性增加,变异系数呈线性下降。丰富度的方差随尺度的增加表现出单峰特征,且在20 m×20 m尺度上达到最大值,说明物种多度和丰富度存在空间变异,并且多度具有尺度推演规律,而丰富度没有;2)BF物种多度的方差和变异系数与BKPF具有相同的变化趋势,而物种丰富度的方差随着尺度增加而增加,未出现单峰现象,这是由于BF主要树种聚集程度显著增加;3)3个林型物种多度与丰富度在小尺度上具有显著相关性,随着尺度增加不再显著。本研究揭示了长白山区典型植被类型物种多样性随尺度变化的特征及其原因,为阔叶红松林植被恢复和管理提供数据支撑。
