The blood-brain barrier(BBB)constitutes a major obstacle to effective delivery of drugs to the brain.Recent technological advances have led to improvements in brain-targeted drug delivery.In this review,we summarize e...The blood-brain barrier(BBB)constitutes a major obstacle to effective delivery of drugs to the brain.Recent technological advances have led to improvements in brain-targeted drug delivery.In this review,we summarize existing technologies for efficient drug delivery across the BBB.We discuss the mechanisms of current BBB-based drug delivery strategies and introduce prospects for application in braint-argeted delivery of traditional Chinese medicine.We highlight the use of physical techniques for brain-targeted drug delivery,including electroporation,ultrasound,magnetophoresis,microneedles,microwaves,and laser.The characteristics of these techniques and relevant studies employing these approaches are discussed.In general,microneedles,lasers,ultrasound,electroporation,magnetophoresis,and microwaves are effective for drug delivery across the BBB.Notably,the synergistic effects of multiple approaches are superior to the additive effects of each technique in isolation.Our review provides guidance for the practical application of brain-targeted drug delivery techniques in an efficient and safe manner.展开更多
Under the traditional framework of fluid dynamics,the problem of the numerical weather prediction is often expressed as the deterministic initial value problem of the classical Newtonian mechanics.The atmosphere is.ho...Under the traditional framework of fluid dynamics,the problem of the numerical weather prediction is often expressed as the deterministic initial value problem of the classical Newtonian mechanics.The atmosphere is.however,a many-body system,the methodology by which the system with two bodies could be precisely solved would cause bigger errors and problems when handling the many-body system by it.A kind of technique to incorporate “the irreversible thermodynamic operators” into the numerical weather prediction models is.therefore,suggesting in this paper,to control the evolutionary direction of the many-body system according to the constraining way of the second law of thermodynamics,and thus the forecasting accuracy of the numerical weather prediction has been noticeably improved.For example,in the MM4 the averaged relative root mean square error of the fields of the temperature,humidity,height and whole wind velocity has decreased by about 13%,among which the averaged error of the 48 h forecasts has decreased by more than 20%.Since the technique to introduce the irreversable thermodynamic operator suggested in this paper is based on the physical law that describes the dissipativity and does not come from the computational consideration only.it is thus named as the physical dissipative technique.In view of the universality of the principle incorporating the irreversible thermodynamics operators suggested in this paper for the fluid dynamics and atmospheric numerical models,the applications and generalization of this incorporating technique would produce a great impact on the field of geophysical fluid dynamics.展开更多
Starch pearls are a crucial ingredient in leisure beverages,with their market value proliferating in recent years.Cassava starch is commonly used due to its favorable gelatinization and retrogradation properties.Howev...Starch pearls are a crucial ingredient in leisure beverages,with their market value proliferating in recent years.Cassava starch is commonly used due to its favorable gelatinization and retrogradation properties.However,common issues with starch pearl products include poor sensory quality in cold drinks,high cooking loss,and a low unbroken scale during cooking.Sweet potato is one of the major coarse grains in Taiwan,and based on this,our study aims to apply physical processing techniques to modify natural sweet potato starch,further utilizing it to develop natural starch pearls with excellent sensory quality.The results showed that different combinations of physical processing techniques significantly increased the peak viscosity of sweet potato starch while reducing the breakdown viscosity and setback,thus improving the gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of the starch.Further findings revealed that starch pearls made from sweet potato starch(80%)prepared by hot air drying,wet extruding granulation and vacuum expansion,sweet potato residues(15%),and sweet potato peels(5%),when soaked in cold water for 0-2 h,exhibited good hardness,elasticity,and cohesiveness,along with a lower cooking loss rate.Moreover,the acceptability was comparable to that of commercial starch pearls.Overall,physical processing techniques can significantly alter the properties of sweet potato starch,and the starch treated with wet extruding granulation and vacuum expansion can be applicable for producing high-quality starch pearls.展开更多
A Li-rich layered oxide material of Li_(1.18)Mn_(0.52)Co_(0.15)Ni_(0.15)O_(2) with Li_(3)PO_(4) as an outer modification layer and a spinel as an inner modification layer on the surface of primary particles was synthe...A Li-rich layered oxide material of Li_(1.18)Mn_(0.52)Co_(0.15)Ni_(0.15)O_(2) with Li_(3)PO_(4) as an outer modification layer and a spinel as an inner modification layer on the surface of primary particles was synthesized by a facile synchronous method.A series of physical characterization techniques indicate that Li_(3)PO_(4) and the spinel simultaneously form not only on the surface but also in the bulk of the cathode material during the preparation process.Consequently,a stable protective layer and a highly conductive interlayer are fabricated by the formation of the Li_(3)PO_(4) and spinel phase on the primary particle surface of the cathode material.The modified sample exhibits an improved initial coulombic efficiency of approximately 88.5%.Moreover,the capacity retention of the modified sample increases to 92% after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.2C from 2.0 to 4.8 V compared to that of the pristine sample(62.7%).Moreover,the modified sample also exhibits an excellent rate capability of 171.4 mA h g^(-1) at a 5C rate relative to the pristine sample(134.1 mA h g^(-1)).Our facile modification approach combines the merits of the spinel phase and the Li_(3)PO_(4) compound.Also,our approach can remarkably suppress the structural transformation from layered to spinel-like and decrease the loss of active materials by mitigating the formation of corrosion pits on the particles as well as enhancing the dynamic performance of Li^(+)diffusion of Li-rich layered oxides.展开更多
Research into the fundamental properties of microcapsules and use of the results to develop a wide variety of products in industries such as printing, fast-moving consumer goods, construction, pharmaceuticals, and agr...Research into the fundamental properties of microcapsules and use of the results to develop a wide variety of products in industries such as printing, fast-moving consumer goods, construction, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals is a dynamic and ever-progressing field of study. For microcapsules to be effective in providing protection from harsh environments or delivering large payloads, it is essential to have a good understanding of their properties to enable quality control during formulation, storage, and applications. This review aims to outline the commonly used techniques for determining the physicochemical, struc- tural, and mechanical properties of microcapsules, and highlights the interlinked nature of these three areas with respect to the end-use industrial application. This review provides information on techniques that are well supported in the literature, and also examines microcapsule analytical techniques that will become more prevalent as a result of new technological developments or extensions from other areas of study.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.7202147 and 7192148)。
文摘The blood-brain barrier(BBB)constitutes a major obstacle to effective delivery of drugs to the brain.Recent technological advances have led to improvements in brain-targeted drug delivery.In this review,we summarize existing technologies for efficient drug delivery across the BBB.We discuss the mechanisms of current BBB-based drug delivery strategies and introduce prospects for application in braint-argeted delivery of traditional Chinese medicine.We highlight the use of physical techniques for brain-targeted drug delivery,including electroporation,ultrasound,magnetophoresis,microneedles,microwaves,and laser.The characteristics of these techniques and relevant studies employing these approaches are discussed.In general,microneedles,lasers,ultrasound,electroporation,magnetophoresis,and microwaves are effective for drug delivery across the BBB.Notably,the synergistic effects of multiple approaches are superior to the additive effects of each technique in isolation.Our review provides guidance for the practical application of brain-targeted drug delivery techniques in an efficient and safe manner.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 49675268.40075024the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences G1998040911.
文摘Under the traditional framework of fluid dynamics,the problem of the numerical weather prediction is often expressed as the deterministic initial value problem of the classical Newtonian mechanics.The atmosphere is.however,a many-body system,the methodology by which the system with two bodies could be precisely solved would cause bigger errors and problems when handling the many-body system by it.A kind of technique to incorporate “the irreversible thermodynamic operators” into the numerical weather prediction models is.therefore,suggesting in this paper,to control the evolutionary direction of the many-body system according to the constraining way of the second law of thermodynamics,and thus the forecasting accuracy of the numerical weather prediction has been noticeably improved.For example,in the MM4 the averaged relative root mean square error of the fields of the temperature,humidity,height and whole wind velocity has decreased by about 13%,among which the averaged error of the 48 h forecasts has decreased by more than 20%.Since the technique to introduce the irreversable thermodynamic operator suggested in this paper is based on the physical law that describes the dissipativity and does not come from the computational consideration only.it is thus named as the physical dissipative technique.In view of the universality of the principle incorporating the irreversible thermodynamics operators suggested in this paper for the fluid dynamics and atmospheric numerical models,the applications and generalization of this incorporating technique would produce a great impact on the field of geophysical fluid dynamics.
文摘Starch pearls are a crucial ingredient in leisure beverages,with their market value proliferating in recent years.Cassava starch is commonly used due to its favorable gelatinization and retrogradation properties.However,common issues with starch pearl products include poor sensory quality in cold drinks,high cooking loss,and a low unbroken scale during cooking.Sweet potato is one of the major coarse grains in Taiwan,and based on this,our study aims to apply physical processing techniques to modify natural sweet potato starch,further utilizing it to develop natural starch pearls with excellent sensory quality.The results showed that different combinations of physical processing techniques significantly increased the peak viscosity of sweet potato starch while reducing the breakdown viscosity and setback,thus improving the gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of the starch.Further findings revealed that starch pearls made from sweet potato starch(80%)prepared by hot air drying,wet extruding granulation and vacuum expansion,sweet potato residues(15%),and sweet potato peels(5%),when soaked in cold water for 0-2 h,exhibited good hardness,elasticity,and cohesiveness,along with a lower cooking loss rate.Moreover,the acceptability was comparable to that of commercial starch pearls.Overall,physical processing techniques can significantly alter the properties of sweet potato starch,and the starch treated with wet extruding granulation and vacuum expansion can be applicable for producing high-quality starch pearls.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB0104400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1764255).
文摘A Li-rich layered oxide material of Li_(1.18)Mn_(0.52)Co_(0.15)Ni_(0.15)O_(2) with Li_(3)PO_(4) as an outer modification layer and a spinel as an inner modification layer on the surface of primary particles was synthesized by a facile synchronous method.A series of physical characterization techniques indicate that Li_(3)PO_(4) and the spinel simultaneously form not only on the surface but also in the bulk of the cathode material during the preparation process.Consequently,a stable protective layer and a highly conductive interlayer are fabricated by the formation of the Li_(3)PO_(4) and spinel phase on the primary particle surface of the cathode material.The modified sample exhibits an improved initial coulombic efficiency of approximately 88.5%.Moreover,the capacity retention of the modified sample increases to 92% after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.2C from 2.0 to 4.8 V compared to that of the pristine sample(62.7%).Moreover,the modified sample also exhibits an excellent rate capability of 171.4 mA h g^(-1) at a 5C rate relative to the pristine sample(134.1 mA h g^(-1)).Our facile modification approach combines the merits of the spinel phase and the Li_(3)PO_(4) compound.Also,our approach can remarkably suppress the structural transformation from layered to spinel-like and decrease the loss of active materials by mitigating the formation of corrosion pits on the particles as well as enhancing the dynamic performance of Li^(+)diffusion of Li-rich layered oxides.
文摘Research into the fundamental properties of microcapsules and use of the results to develop a wide variety of products in industries such as printing, fast-moving consumer goods, construction, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals is a dynamic and ever-progressing field of study. For microcapsules to be effective in providing protection from harsh environments or delivering large payloads, it is essential to have a good understanding of their properties to enable quality control during formulation, storage, and applications. This review aims to outline the commonly used techniques for determining the physicochemical, struc- tural, and mechanical properties of microcapsules, and highlights the interlinked nature of these three areas with respect to the end-use industrial application. This review provides information on techniques that are well supported in the literature, and also examines microcapsule analytical techniques that will become more prevalent as a result of new technological developments or extensions from other areas of study.
