<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A successful single parameter model has be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">en </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;&qu...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A successful single parameter model has be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">en </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">formulated to match the observations of photons from type 1a supernovae which were previously used to corroborate the standard </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">𝛬</span></span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cold dark matter model. The new single parameter model extrapolates all the way back to the cosmic background radiation (CMB) without requiring a separate model to describe inflation of the space dimensions after the Big Bang. This single parameter model assumes that spacetime forms a finite symmetrical manifold with positive curvature. For the spacetime manifold to be finite, the time dimension must also have positive curvature. This model was formulated to consider whether the curvature of the time dimension may be related to the curvature of the space dimensions. This possibility is not considered in the more complex models previously used to fit the available redshift data. The geometry for the finite spacetime manifold was selected to be compatible with the Friedmann equation with positive curvature. The manifold shape was motivated by an assumption that there exists a matter hemisphere (when considering time together with a single space dimension) and an antimatter hemisphere to give a symmetrical and spherical overall spacetime manifold. Hence, the space dimension expands from a pole to the equator, at a maximum value for the time dimension. This is analogous to the expansion of a circle of latitude on a globe from a pole to the equator. The three space dimensions are identical so that any arbitrary single space direction may be selected. The initial intention was to modify the assumed geometry for the spacetime manifold to account for the presence of matter. It was surprisingly found that, within the error of the reported measurements, no further modification was necessary to fit the data. The Friedmann equation reduces to the Schwarzschild equation at the equator so this can be used to predict the total amount of mass in the Universe. The resulting prediction is of the order of 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">51</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg. The corresponding density of matter at the current time is approxima</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tely 1.6 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-28</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg<span style="color:#636363;"><span style="font-size:13.3333px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span></span></span>m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span>展开更多
It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when sender...It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.展开更多
In the present paper, photon frequency shift, e.g. gravitational red and blueshift, is described as the electromagnetic influence from gravity waves on photons, e.g. light waves. Previous reports have described the dy...In the present paper, photon frequency shift, e.g. gravitational red and blueshift, is described as the electromagnetic influence from gravity waves on photons, e.g. light waves. Previous reports have described the dynamic electromagnetic processes of the atom, the photon and gravity, and how these characteristics are measured. Results from these reports have been compiled into a theoretical model. The theoretical model describes the mechanism which results in photon frequency shift caused by a gravitational field. The theoretical model gives results similar to General Relativity using Schwarzschild metric. The theoretical model is mapped on black holes.展开更多
By using experimentally determined measurements of potential energy together with the principle of conservation of energy and solving directly, the space-time geometry equation for space outside matter is obtained. Th...By using experimentally determined measurements of potential energy together with the principle of conservation of energy and solving directly, the space-time geometry equation for space outside matter is obtained. That equation fits all the experimental observations that support the accepted Schwarzschild metric, yet predicts there isn’t a singularity at the Schwarzschild radius. The accepted Schwarzschild metric is the first approximation of the conservation of energy space-time metric. No observation yet made can distinguish between the predictions of the two metrics.展开更多
This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that ...This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.展开更多
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A successful single parameter model has be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">en </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">formulated to match the observations of photons from type 1a supernovae which were previously used to corroborate the standard </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">𝛬</span></span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cold dark matter model. The new single parameter model extrapolates all the way back to the cosmic background radiation (CMB) without requiring a separate model to describe inflation of the space dimensions after the Big Bang. This single parameter model assumes that spacetime forms a finite symmetrical manifold with positive curvature. For the spacetime manifold to be finite, the time dimension must also have positive curvature. This model was formulated to consider whether the curvature of the time dimension may be related to the curvature of the space dimensions. This possibility is not considered in the more complex models previously used to fit the available redshift data. The geometry for the finite spacetime manifold was selected to be compatible with the Friedmann equation with positive curvature. The manifold shape was motivated by an assumption that there exists a matter hemisphere (when considering time together with a single space dimension) and an antimatter hemisphere to give a symmetrical and spherical overall spacetime manifold. Hence, the space dimension expands from a pole to the equator, at a maximum value for the time dimension. This is analogous to the expansion of a circle of latitude on a globe from a pole to the equator. The three space dimensions are identical so that any arbitrary single space direction may be selected. The initial intention was to modify the assumed geometry for the spacetime manifold to account for the presence of matter. It was surprisingly found that, within the error of the reported measurements, no further modification was necessary to fit the data. The Friedmann equation reduces to the Schwarzschild equation at the equator so this can be used to predict the total amount of mass in the Universe. The resulting prediction is of the order of 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">51</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg. The corresponding density of matter at the current time is approxima</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tely 1.6 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-28</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg<span style="color:#636363;"><span style="font-size:13.3333px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span></span></span>m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span>
文摘It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.
文摘In the present paper, photon frequency shift, e.g. gravitational red and blueshift, is described as the electromagnetic influence from gravity waves on photons, e.g. light waves. Previous reports have described the dynamic electromagnetic processes of the atom, the photon and gravity, and how these characteristics are measured. Results from these reports have been compiled into a theoretical model. The theoretical model describes the mechanism which results in photon frequency shift caused by a gravitational field. The theoretical model gives results similar to General Relativity using Schwarzschild metric. The theoretical model is mapped on black holes.
文摘By using experimentally determined measurements of potential energy together with the principle of conservation of energy and solving directly, the space-time geometry equation for space outside matter is obtained. That equation fits all the experimental observations that support the accepted Schwarzschild metric, yet predicts there isn’t a singularity at the Schwarzschild radius. The accepted Schwarzschild metric is the first approximation of the conservation of energy space-time metric. No observation yet made can distinguish between the predictions of the two metrics.
文摘This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.
