Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets(CNNs)become the most promising member in the carbon nitride family benefitted from their two-dimensional structural features.Recently,great endeavors have been made in the synthesis...Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets(CNNs)become the most promising member in the carbon nitride family benefitted from their two-dimensional structural features.Recently,great endeavors have been made in the synthesis and modification of CNNs to improve their photocatalytic properties,and many exciting progresses have been gained.In order to elucidate the fundamentals of CNNs based catalysts and provide the insights into rational design of photocatalysis system,we describe recent progress made in CNNs preparation strategies and their applications in this review.Firstly,the physicochemical properties of CNNs are briefly introduced.Secondly,the synthesis approaches of CNNs are reviewed,including top-down stripping strategies(thermal,gas,liquid,and composite stripping)and bottom-up precursor molecules design strategies(solvothermal,template,and supramolecular self-assembly method).Subsequently,the modification strategies based on CNNs in recent years are discussed,including crystal structure design,doping,surface functionalization,constructing 2D heterojunction,and anchoring single-atom.Then the multifunctional applications of g-C_(3)N_(4) nanosheet based materials in photocatalysis including H_(2) evolution,O_(2) evolution,overall water splitting,H_(2)O_(2) production,CO_(2) reduction,N_(2) fixation,pollutant removal,organic synthesis,and sensing are highlighted.Finally,the opportunities and challenges for the development of high-performance CNNs photocatalytic systems are also prospected.展开更多
Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightfo...Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightforward and desirable owing to their distinctive two-dimensional(2D) lamellar structure and optical attributes.This article reviews the advancements in bimetallic/trimetallic LDHs and various strategies to achieve high efficiency toward an outstanding performing photocatalyst.Firstly,the tuning of LDH components that control the electro nic and structural properties is explained.The tu ning obtained through the adoption,combination,and incorporation of different cations and anions is also explained.The progress of modification methods,such as the adoption of different morphologies,delamination,and defect engineering towards enhanced photocatalytic activities,is discussed in the mainstream.The band engineering,structural characteristics,and redox tuning are further deliberated to maximize solar energy harvesting for different photocatalytic applications.Finally,the progress obtained in forming hierarchical heterostructures through hybridization with other semiconductors or conducting materials is systematically disclosed to get maximum photocatalytic performance.Moreover,the structural changes during the in-situ synthesis of LDH and the stability of LDH-based photocatalysts are deliberated.The review also summarizes the improvements in LDH properties obtained through modification tactics and discusses the prospects for future energy and environmental applications.展开更多
Defect engineering in photocatalytic materials has garnered significant interest due to the considerable impact of defects on light absorption,charge separation,and surface reaction dynamics.However,a limited understa...Defect engineering in photocatalytic materials has garnered significant interest due to the considerable impact of defects on light absorption,charge separation,and surface reaction dynamics.However,a limited understanding of how these defects influence photocatalytic properties remains a persistent challenge.This review comprehensively analyzes the vital role of defect engineering for enhancing the photocatalytic performance,highlighting its significant influence on material properties and efficiency.It systematically classifies defect types,including vacancy defects(oxygen and metal vacancies),doping defects(anion and cation),interstitial defects,surface defects(step edges,terraces,kinks,and disordered layers),antisite defects,and interfacial defects in the core–shell structures and heterostructure borders.The impact of complex defect groups and manifold defects on improved photocatalytic performance is also examined.The review emphasizes the principal benefits of defect engineering,including the enhancement of light adsorption,reduction of band gaps,improved charge separation and movements,and suppression of charge recombination.These enhancements lead to a boost in catalytic active sites,optimization of electronic structures,tailored band alignments,and the development of mid-gap states,leading to improved structural stability,photocorrosion resistance,and better reaction selectivity.Furthermore,the most recent improvements,such as oxygen vacancies,nitrogen and sulfur doping,surface defect engineering,and innovations in heterostructures,defect-rich metal–organic frameworks,and defective nanostructures,are examined comprehensively.This study offers essential insights into modern techniques and approaches in defect engineering,highlighting its significance in addressing challenges in photocatalytic materials and promoting the advancement of effective and adaptable platforms for renewable energy and environmental uses.展开更多
Cerium-based materials are widely used in various applications such as photocatalytic environmental remediation,CO_(2)photoreduction and photocatalytic hydrogen production due to their unique optical properties and sp...Cerium-based materials are widely used in various applications such as photocatalytic environmental remediation,CO_(2)photoreduction and photocatalytic hydrogen production due to their unique optical properties and special oxygen vacancy formation mechanisms.The special external electronic structure of cerium(4f^(1)5d^(1)6s^(2)),the highly electronic 4f orbital,promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies through Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)conversion,thereby improving the optical properties of the catalyst.Consequently,the application of cerium-based materials in the field of photocatalysis has been of great interest to researchers.In this paper,we briefly review the synthesis of cerium-based photocatalysts and their applications in pollutant removal,CO_(2)reduction,and hydrogen production,as well as their promising applications.展开更多
As a class of new emerged semiconductors,MHPs exhibit many excellent photoelectronic properties,which are superior to most conventional semiconductor nanocrystals(NCs).Particularly,MHPs have received extensive attenti...As a class of new emerged semiconductors,MHPs exhibit many excellent photoelectronic properties,which are superior to most conventional semiconductor nanocrystals(NCs).Particularly,MHPs have received extensive attention and brought new opportunities for the development of photocatalysis.Over the past few years,numerous efforts have been made to design and prepare MHP-based materials for a wide range of applications in photocatalysis,ranging from photocatalytic H_(2) generation,photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,photocatalytic organic synthesis and pollutant degradation.In this review,recent advances in the development of MHP-based materials are summarized from the standpoint of photocatalysis.A brief outlook of this field has been proposed to point out some important challenges and possible solutions.This review suggests that the new family of MHP photocatalysts provide a new paradigm in efficient artificial photosynthesis.展开更多
We reported the fabrication of highly porous graphene/TiO2 composite nanofibers in the form of a nonwoven mat by electrospinning followed by calcination in air at 450°C.The graphene can uniformly disperse in high...We reported the fabrication of highly porous graphene/TiO2 composite nanofibers in the form of a nonwoven mat by electrospinning followed by calcination in air at 450°C.The graphene can uniformly disperse in highly porous TiO2 nanofibers.The highly porous graphene/TiO2 composite nanofibers exhibited excellent catalytic activities.The new method for producing graphene/TiO2 composite nanofibers is versatile and can be extended to fabricate various types of metal oxide and graphene nanocomposites.展开更多
Carbon dots/graphite carbon nitride(CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4)),a novel composite photocatalyst,has shown great po-tential for applications in energy regeneration and environmental remediation owing to its following advantages:...Carbon dots/graphite carbon nitride(CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4)),a novel composite photocatalyst,has shown great po-tential for applications in energy regeneration and environmental remediation owing to its following advantages:metal-free,low cost,easily tunable,and excellent photocatalytic performance.Hence,we reviewed the development of synthetic strategies,photocatalytic enhancement mechanisms,and pho-tocatalytic applications of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) in this study.First,the three composite strategies of CDs and g-C_(3)N_(4)-self-assembly,solvothermal,and calcination polymerization are outlined,and their advantages and disadvantages are described in detail.Moreover,the photocatalytic enhancement mechanism of the com-posite strategies was elucidated according to the variation trends of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) band structure,electronic properties,light absorption range,and interfacial charge transfer.Then,the applications of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) in hydrogen evolution,pollutant degradation,CO_(2) reduction,and bacterial disinfection in recent years are reviewed systematically.Finally,the current obstacles and future research directions of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) are discussed from the perspective of preparation technology and practical applications,respectively.展开更多
A new ZrSiO4@TiO2 hybrid nanostructure was prepared by a heterogeneous flocculation method. Phytic acid was introduced to modify the surface charging of the components for hybrid assembly. The obtained powder was coat...A new ZrSiO4@TiO2 hybrid nanostructure was prepared by a heterogeneous flocculation method. Phytic acid was introduced to modify the surface charging of the components for hybrid assembly. The obtained powder was coated on ceramic tiles and fired at 900 ℃ to fabricate photocatalytic ceramic. Experimental results show that anatase TiO2 in the composite powder has high thermal stability until 1 200 ℃. ZrSiO4 matrix prevents the mass transfer of anatase TiO2 at high temperature and greatly retards the phase transition of anatase to rutile. Besides, the photocatalytic ceramic shows apparent activities for the degradation of methyl orange under ultra-violet irradiation.展开更多
Quantum dots(QDs) are semiconductor nanostructures that display unique optical and electronic properties due to quantum confinement effects at the nanoscale.Their efficiency in photocatalysis,particularly for energy-r...Quantum dots(QDs) are semiconductor nanostructures that display unique optical and electronic properties due to quantum confinement effects at the nanoscale.Their efficiency in photocatalysis,particularly for energy-related applications,is significantly influenced by their morphology,which can be precisely controlled using different synthesis parameters and techniques.For the first time,this review focuses on the important parameters that influence QDs morphology,such as precursor selection,reaction temperature and time,solvent effects,capping agents or ligands,doping and composition,postsynthesis treatments,and surfactants and stabilizers.It also discusses different synthesis approaches such as colloidal,solvothermal,hydrothermal,microwave-assisted,chemical vapor deposition(CVD),electrochemical,and biomimetic(green) methods,all offering different strategies for controlling QDs morphology.The review explores a range of QDs morphologies,including nanoflowers,nanowires,cubic,nanoribbons,nanofibers,porous,alloyed,nanotubes,heterostructures,core-shell,nanorods,nanosheets,hollow,nanospheres,and spherical particles,which directly influence band structures,surface states,light absorption,and charge carrier dynamics.These shape-dependent properties significantly govern the photocatalytic efficiency,charge separation,and reaction selectivity.Furthermore,we detail the unique contributions of different QDs families,including carbon QDs,metal oxide QDs,MXene-based QDs,perovskite QDs,and transition metal chalcogenide QDs,each offering distinct advantages in terms of stability,tunability,and light-harvesting efficiency.By correlating morphology with photocatalytic performance,this work emphasizes the strategic engineering of QDs morphology as a pathway to unlock superior performance in water splitting,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),CO_(2) reduction,H_2O_(2) production,pollutant degradation,oxygen reduction process(ORR),and photocatalytic depolymerization.This work underscores the importance of tailoring QDs morphology to optimize their performance in photocatalysis,focusing on enhancing energy conversion and storage processes.展开更多
Graphene(GR),a single‐layer carbon sheet with a hexagonal packed lattice structure,has displayed attractive potential and demonstrably become the research focus in artificial photocatalysis due to its enchanting prop...Graphene(GR),a single‐layer carbon sheet with a hexagonal packed lattice structure,has displayed attractive potential and demonstrably become the research focus in artificial photocatalysis due to its enchanting properties in enhancing light absorption,electron transfer dynamics,and surface reactions.Currently,numerous efforts have shown that the properties of GR,which are closely correlated to the photocatalytic performance of GR‐based composites are significantly affected by the synthesis methods.Herein,we first introduce the optimization strategies of GR‐based hybrids and then elaborate the synthesis of GR‐based composite photocatalysts oriented by manifold roles of GR in photoredox catalysis,containing photoelectron mediator and acceptor,improving adsorption capacity,regulating light absorption range and intensity,as well as macromolecular photosensitizer.Beyond that,a brief outlook on the challenges in this burgeoning research field and potential evolution strategies for enhancing the photoactivity of GR‐based hybrids is presented and we anticipate that this review could provide some enlightenments for the rational construction and application of multifunctional GR‐based composite photocatalysts.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)materials,especially transition metal carbides and/or nitrides(MXenes),have aroused extensive research interest in the field of photocatalysis.Specifically,the unique properties of high electrical c...Two-dimensional(2D)materials,especially transition metal carbides and/or nitrides(MXenes),have aroused extensive research interest in the field of photocatalysis.Specifically,the unique properties of high electrical conductivity,abundant surface functional groups,considerable specific surface area,and excellent photo-thermal effect allow MXenes to play versatile roles in photocatalysis.Herein,the latest and encouraging developments in MXenes-based composite materials for photocatalytic applications in recent two years are reviewed.We first briefly describe the roles of MXenes as a support and co-catalyst to promote the distribution of photocatalysts and facilitate the separation of the photogenerated charge carriers,respectively.Then,the design and fabrication of MXenes-based composite materials for various photocatalytic applications including H_(2) evolution,CO_(2) reduction,environmental remediation,and H_(2)O_(2) generation are comprehensively illustrated.Finally,we point out the challenges and prospects for the future development of MXenes-based composite materials.展开更多
TiO2 nanomaterial is promising with its high potential and outstanding performance in photocatalytic environmental applications, such as CO2 conversion, water treatment, and air quality control. For many of these appl...TiO2 nanomaterial is promising with its high potential and outstanding performance in photocatalytic environmental applications, such as CO2 conversion, water treatment, and air quality control. For many of these applications, the particle size, crystal structure and phase, porosity, and surface area influence the activity of TiO2 dramatically. TiO2 nanomaterials with special structures and morphologies, such as nanospheres, nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoflowers are thus synthesized due to their desired characteristics. With an emphasis on the different morphologies of TiO2 and the influence factors in the synthesis, this review summarizes fourteen TiO2 preparation methods, such as the sol-gel method, solvothermal method, and reverse micelle method. The TiO2 formation mechanisms, the advantages and disadvantages of the preparation methods, and the photocatalytic environmental application examples are proposed as well.展开更多
Carbon dots(CDs),as a class of promising and multifunctional carbon nanomaterials,have become a research hotspot in the field of photocatalysis owning to strong absorption of visible light,favorable photoelectric prop...Carbon dots(CDs),as a class of promising and multifunctional carbon nanomaterials,have become a research hotspot in the field of photocatalysis owning to strong absorption of visible light,favorable photoelectric properties,and tunable energy-level configuration.Although numerous efforts have been made to improve photocatalytic performance by combining CDs with other semiconductors in recent years,the summary of enhancement mechanisms for this emerging technology is few reported.Fully understanding the synergistic effect of CDs and nanomaterials in photocatalytic applications is extremely important for the further development of photocatalysis in the future.Here,the photocatalytic mechanism of carbon dots/nanomaterial system is discussed.Four typical carbon dots-synergistic enhancement effects are highlighted,namely,energy band regulation,local electric construction,active site engineering,and multiple carrier activation.Second,the recent progress of carbon dots-based nanocomposites in efficient solar energy conversion is reviewed and examples are given.Finally,the future research development direction and challenges are emphasized on this basis.展开更多
Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals have attracted great attention of researchers due to their unique optoelectronic properties such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), narrow full width at half-maximum (...Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals have attracted great attention of researchers due to their unique optoelectronic properties such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), narrow full width at half-maximum (FWHM), long exciton diffusion length and high carrier mobility, which have been widely used in diverse fields including solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and lasers. Very recently, metal halide perovskites have emerged as a new class of materials in photocatalysis due to their promising photocatalytic performance. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on synthesis, modification and functionalization, with a specific focus on the photocatalytic application of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals. Finally, a brief outlook is proposed to point out the challenges in this emerging area. The goal of this view is to introduce the photocatalytic application of the metal halide perovskites and motivate researchers from different fields to explore more potentials in catalysis.展开更多
Photocatalysis has emerged a promising strategy to remedy the current energy and environmental crisis due to its ability to directiy convert clean solar energy into chemical energy.Bismuth tungstate(Bi_(2)WO_(6))has b...Photocatalysis has emerged a promising strategy to remedy the current energy and environmental crisis due to its ability to directiy convert clean solar energy into chemical energy.Bismuth tungstate(Bi_(2)WO_(6))has been shown to be an excellent visible light response,a well-defined perovskite crystal structure,and an abundance of oxygen atoms(providing efficient channels for photogenerated carrier transfer)due to their suitable band gap,effective electron migration and separation,making them ideal photocatalysts.It has been extensively applied as photocatalyst in aspects including pollutant removal,carbon dioxide reduction,solar hydrogen production,ammonia synthesis by nitrogen photocatalytic reduction,and cancer therapy.In this review,the fabrication and application of Bi_(2)WO_(6) in photocatalysis were comprehensively discussed.The photocatalytic properties of BizwO-based materials were significantly enhanced by carbon modification,the construction of heterojunctions,and the atom doping to improve the photogenerated carrier migration rate,the number of surface active sites,and the photoexcitation ability of the composites.In addition,the potential development directions and the existing challenges to improve the photocatalytic performance of Bi_(2)WO_(6)-based materials were discussed.展开更多
Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)featureπ-conjugated structure,high porosity,structural regularity,large specific surface area,and good stability,being considered as ideal platform for photocatalytic application.Alth...Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)featureπ-conjugated structure,high porosity,structural regularity,large specific surface area,and good stability,being considered as ideal platform for photocatalytic application.Although sin-gle COFs have achieved significant progress in photocatalysis benefiting from their distinctive properties,the COFs-based hybrids provide an extraordinary opportunity to achieve superior photocatalytic performance.From the perspec-tive of carrier transfer mechanism,a systematic summary of hybrids based on COFs and other functional materials(metal single atoms,metal clusters/nanoparticles,inorganic semiconductors,metal–organic frameworks,and other polymers)can offer valuable guidance for the design of COFs-based hybrids.In this review,the photocatalytic mechanism for hybrid materials(such as Schottky junction,type II heterojunction,Z-scheme heterojunction,and S-scheme heterojunction)is briefly introduced.Subsequently,the perfor-mance of COFs-based hybrids in photocatalytic water splitting,CO_(2)reduction,and pollutant degradation are comprehensively reviewed.Specifically,the car-rier separation and transfer in different types of hybrids are highlighted.Finally,the challenges and prospects of COFs-based hybrids for photocatalysis are envisaged.The insights presented in this review are expected to be helpful in the rational design of COFs-based hybrids to obtain outstanding photocatalytic activity.展开更多
Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have rapidly become a hot topic in photocatalytic research due to their unique physical and chemical properties,high activity,and high selectivity.Among many semiconductor carriers,the speci...Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have rapidly become a hot topic in photocatalytic research due to their unique physical and chemical properties,high activity,and high selectivity.Among many semiconductor carriers,the special structure of carbon nitride(C3N4)perfectly meets the substrate requirements for stabi-lizing SACs;they can also compensate for the photocatalytic defects of C3N4 materials by modifying energy bands and electronic structures.Therefore,devel-oping advanced C3N4-based SACs is of great significance.In this review,we focus on elucidating efficient preparation strategies and the burgeoning photo-catalytic applications of C3N4-based SACs.We also outline prospective strategies for enhancing the performance of SACs and C3N4-based SACs in the future.A comprehensive array of methodologies is presented for identifying and char-acterizing C3N4-based SACs.This includes an exploration of potential atomic catalytic mechanisms through the simulation and regulation of atomic catalytic behaviors and the synergistic effects of single or multiple sites.Subsequently,a forward-looking perspective is adopted to contemplate the future prospects and challenges associated with C3N4-based SACs.This encompasses considerations,such as atomic loading,regulatory design,and the integration of machine learn-ing techniques.It is anticipated that this review will stimulate novel insights into the synthesis of high-load and durable SACs,thereby providing theoretical groundwork for scalable and controllable applications in the field.展开更多
Succeeding graphene a series of two‐dimensional materials(2D M)have been developed and applied in various fields.As an analog of silicene,2D germa-nium(2D Ge)has garnered vast attention owing to its novel structures ...Succeeding graphene a series of two‐dimensional materials(2D M)have been developed and applied in various fields.As an analog of silicene,2D germa-nium(2D Ge)has garnered vast attention owing to its novel structures and prolific properties,demonstrating substantial promise in semiconductor,catal-ysis,devices,and other burgeoning fields.Specifically,2D Ge is advantageous in providing a massive specific surface area,preferable transport properties,a tunable band gap structure,and confinement effects.Endowed with unique features,functionalized 2D Ge has become a competitive candidate for pho-tocatalysis.In this review,we catalog various synthetic methods of 2D Ge,discuss its fundamental properties,and summarize recent applications.We also present a few perspectives to provide fresh insights into designing and exploring 2D germanium in future photocatalysis.展开更多
Crystallinity and crystal structure greatly influence the photocatalytic behavior of photocatalysts.Pristine g-C3N4 produced by traditional thermal-induced polycondensation reaction bears low crystallinity and thus po...Crystallinity and crystal structure greatly influence the photocatalytic behavior of photocatalysts.Pristine g-C3N4 produced by traditional thermal-induced polycondensation reaction bears low crystallinity and thus poor photoactivity,which originates from the incomplete polymerization of the precursor containing amine groups,abundant hydrogen bonds,and unreacted amino,as well as cyanide functional groups in the skeleton.During photocatalytic process,these residual functional groups often work as electron trap sites,which may hinder the transfer of electrons on the plane,resulting in low photoactivity.Fortunately,crystalline carbon nitride(CCN)was reported as a promising photocatalyst because its increased crystallinity not only reduces the number of carriers recombination centers,but also increases charge conductivity and improves light utilization due to extendedπ-conjugated systems and delocalizedπ-electrons.As such,we summarize the recent studies on CCN-based photocatalysts for the photoactivity enhancement.Firstly,the unique structure and properties of CCN materials are presented.Next,the preparation methods and modification strategies are well outlined.We also sum up the applications of CCN-based materials in the environmental purification and energy fields.Finally,this review concerning CNN materials ends with prospects and challenges in the obtainment of high crystallinity by effective techniques,and the deep understanding of photocatalytic mechanism.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22172195)Central South University Graduate Students Independent Exploration and Innovation Project(2023ZZTS0736 and 2023ZZTS0760).
文摘Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets(CNNs)become the most promising member in the carbon nitride family benefitted from their two-dimensional structural features.Recently,great endeavors have been made in the synthesis and modification of CNNs to improve their photocatalytic properties,and many exciting progresses have been gained.In order to elucidate the fundamentals of CNNs based catalysts and provide the insights into rational design of photocatalysis system,we describe recent progress made in CNNs preparation strategies and their applications in this review.Firstly,the physicochemical properties of CNNs are briefly introduced.Secondly,the synthesis approaches of CNNs are reviewed,including top-down stripping strategies(thermal,gas,liquid,and composite stripping)and bottom-up precursor molecules design strategies(solvothermal,template,and supramolecular self-assembly method).Subsequently,the modification strategies based on CNNs in recent years are discussed,including crystal structure design,doping,surface functionalization,constructing 2D heterojunction,and anchoring single-atom.Then the multifunctional applications of g-C_(3)N_(4) nanosheet based materials in photocatalysis including H_(2) evolution,O_(2) evolution,overall water splitting,H_(2)O_(2) production,CO_(2) reduction,N_(2) fixation,pollutant removal,organic synthesis,and sensing are highlighted.Finally,the opportunities and challenges for the development of high-performance CNNs photocatalytic systems are also prospected.
基金United Arab Emirates University (UAE) for providing funding of this research undergrant # 12N097。
文摘Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightforward and desirable owing to their distinctive two-dimensional(2D) lamellar structure and optical attributes.This article reviews the advancements in bimetallic/trimetallic LDHs and various strategies to achieve high efficiency toward an outstanding performing photocatalyst.Firstly,the tuning of LDH components that control the electro nic and structural properties is explained.The tu ning obtained through the adoption,combination,and incorporation of different cations and anions is also explained.The progress of modification methods,such as the adoption of different morphologies,delamination,and defect engineering towards enhanced photocatalytic activities,is discussed in the mainstream.The band engineering,structural characteristics,and redox tuning are further deliberated to maximize solar energy harvesting for different photocatalytic applications.Finally,the progress obtained in forming hierarchical heterostructures through hybridization with other semiconductors or conducting materials is systematically disclosed to get maximum photocatalytic performance.Moreover,the structural changes during the in-situ synthesis of LDH and the stability of LDH-based photocatalysts are deliberated.The review also summarizes the improvements in LDH properties obtained through modification tactics and discusses the prospects for future energy and environmental applications.
基金Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University,Grant/Award Number:RGP2/363/46。
文摘Defect engineering in photocatalytic materials has garnered significant interest due to the considerable impact of defects on light absorption,charge separation,and surface reaction dynamics.However,a limited understanding of how these defects influence photocatalytic properties remains a persistent challenge.This review comprehensively analyzes the vital role of defect engineering for enhancing the photocatalytic performance,highlighting its significant influence on material properties and efficiency.It systematically classifies defect types,including vacancy defects(oxygen and metal vacancies),doping defects(anion and cation),interstitial defects,surface defects(step edges,terraces,kinks,and disordered layers),antisite defects,and interfacial defects in the core–shell structures and heterostructure borders.The impact of complex defect groups and manifold defects on improved photocatalytic performance is also examined.The review emphasizes the principal benefits of defect engineering,including the enhancement of light adsorption,reduction of band gaps,improved charge separation and movements,and suppression of charge recombination.These enhancements lead to a boost in catalytic active sites,optimization of electronic structures,tailored band alignments,and the development of mid-gap states,leading to improved structural stability,photocorrosion resistance,and better reaction selectivity.Furthermore,the most recent improvements,such as oxygen vacancies,nitrogen and sulfur doping,surface defect engineering,and innovations in heterostructures,defect-rich metal–organic frameworks,and defective nanostructures,are examined comprehensively.This study offers essential insights into modern techniques and approaches in defect engineering,highlighting its significance in addressing challenges in photocatalytic materials and promoting the advancement of effective and adaptable platforms for renewable energy and environmental uses.
基金Project supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3504100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22208170)+1 种基金Cooperation Foundation for the Chunhui Plan Program of Ministry of Education of China(202200554)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021BS02016)。
文摘Cerium-based materials are widely used in various applications such as photocatalytic environmental remediation,CO_(2)photoreduction and photocatalytic hydrogen production due to their unique optical properties and special oxygen vacancy formation mechanisms.The special external electronic structure of cerium(4f^(1)5d^(1)6s^(2)),the highly electronic 4f orbital,promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies through Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)conversion,thereby improving the optical properties of the catalyst.Consequently,the application of cerium-based materials in the field of photocatalysis has been of great interest to researchers.In this paper,we briefly review the synthesis of cerium-based photocatalysts and their applications in pollutant removal,CO_(2)reduction,and hydrogen production,as well as their promising applications.
基金financially supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21701143,21975223,51802169)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LGG19B010002)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant ZR2018BEM007)。
文摘As a class of new emerged semiconductors,MHPs exhibit many excellent photoelectronic properties,which are superior to most conventional semiconductor nanocrystals(NCs).Particularly,MHPs have received extensive attention and brought new opportunities for the development of photocatalysis.Over the past few years,numerous efforts have been made to design and prepare MHP-based materials for a wide range of applications in photocatalysis,ranging from photocatalytic H_(2) generation,photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,photocatalytic organic synthesis and pollutant degradation.In this review,recent advances in the development of MHP-based materials are summarized from the standpoint of photocatalysis.A brief outlook of this field has been proposed to point out some important challenges and possible solutions.This review suggests that the new family of MHP photocatalysts provide a new paradigm in efficient artificial photosynthesis.
基金Project(41271332)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘We reported the fabrication of highly porous graphene/TiO2 composite nanofibers in the form of a nonwoven mat by electrospinning followed by calcination in air at 450°C.The graphene can uniformly disperse in highly porous TiO2 nanofibers.The highly porous graphene/TiO2 composite nanofibers exhibited excellent catalytic activities.The new method for producing graphene/TiO2 composite nanofibers is versatile and can be extended to fabricate various types of metal oxide and graphene nanocomposites.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2022YFF1100705)the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province (No.202202AE090007)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Provincial Bureau of Market Supervision and Administra-tion (No.KJ2022054)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.JUSRP222001)the Collaborative In-novation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control Jiangsu in Province,Jiangnan University.
文摘Carbon dots/graphite carbon nitride(CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4)),a novel composite photocatalyst,has shown great po-tential for applications in energy regeneration and environmental remediation owing to its following advantages:metal-free,low cost,easily tunable,and excellent photocatalytic performance.Hence,we reviewed the development of synthetic strategies,photocatalytic enhancement mechanisms,and pho-tocatalytic applications of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) in this study.First,the three composite strategies of CDs and g-C_(3)N_(4)-self-assembly,solvothermal,and calcination polymerization are outlined,and their advantages and disadvantages are described in detail.Moreover,the photocatalytic enhancement mechanism of the com-posite strategies was elucidated according to the variation trends of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) band structure,electronic properties,light absorption range,and interfacial charge transfer.Then,the applications of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) in hydrogen evolution,pollutant degradation,CO_(2) reduction,and bacterial disinfection in recent years are reviewed systematically.Finally,the current obstacles and future research directions of CDs/g-C_(3)N_(4) are discussed from the perspective of preparation technology and practical applications,respectively.
基金Funded by the Guangdong Provincial Science and technology project(2010A090200040)the Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong Province(LYM10017)
文摘A new ZrSiO4@TiO2 hybrid nanostructure was prepared by a heterogeneous flocculation method. Phytic acid was introduced to modify the surface charging of the components for hybrid assembly. The obtained powder was coated on ceramic tiles and fired at 900 ℃ to fabricate photocatalytic ceramic. Experimental results show that anatase TiO2 in the composite powder has high thermal stability until 1 200 ℃. ZrSiO4 matrix prevents the mass transfer of anatase TiO2 at high temperature and greatly retards the phase transition of anatase to rutile. Besides, the photocatalytic ceramic shows apparent activities for the degradation of methyl orange under ultra-violet irradiation.
基金supported by the King Khalid University,Abha, Saudi Arabiathe Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Groups Project under grant number (R. G.P.2/335/46)。
文摘Quantum dots(QDs) are semiconductor nanostructures that display unique optical and electronic properties due to quantum confinement effects at the nanoscale.Their efficiency in photocatalysis,particularly for energy-related applications,is significantly influenced by their morphology,which can be precisely controlled using different synthesis parameters and techniques.For the first time,this review focuses on the important parameters that influence QDs morphology,such as precursor selection,reaction temperature and time,solvent effects,capping agents or ligands,doping and composition,postsynthesis treatments,and surfactants and stabilizers.It also discusses different synthesis approaches such as colloidal,solvothermal,hydrothermal,microwave-assisted,chemical vapor deposition(CVD),electrochemical,and biomimetic(green) methods,all offering different strategies for controlling QDs morphology.The review explores a range of QDs morphologies,including nanoflowers,nanowires,cubic,nanoribbons,nanofibers,porous,alloyed,nanotubes,heterostructures,core-shell,nanorods,nanosheets,hollow,nanospheres,and spherical particles,which directly influence band structures,surface states,light absorption,and charge carrier dynamics.These shape-dependent properties significantly govern the photocatalytic efficiency,charge separation,and reaction selectivity.Furthermore,we detail the unique contributions of different QDs families,including carbon QDs,metal oxide QDs,MXene-based QDs,perovskite QDs,and transition metal chalcogenide QDs,each offering distinct advantages in terms of stability,tunability,and light-harvesting efficiency.By correlating morphology with photocatalytic performance,this work emphasizes the strategic engineering of QDs morphology as a pathway to unlock superior performance in water splitting,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),CO_(2) reduction,H_2O_(2) production,pollutant degradation,oxygen reduction process(ORR),and photocatalytic depolymerization.This work underscores the importance of tailoring QDs morphology to optimize their performance in photocatalysis,focusing on enhancing energy conversion and storage processes.
文摘Graphene(GR),a single‐layer carbon sheet with a hexagonal packed lattice structure,has displayed attractive potential and demonstrably become the research focus in artificial photocatalysis due to its enchanting properties in enhancing light absorption,electron transfer dynamics,and surface reactions.Currently,numerous efforts have shown that the properties of GR,which are closely correlated to the photocatalytic performance of GR‐based composites are significantly affected by the synthesis methods.Herein,we first introduce the optimization strategies of GR‐based hybrids and then elaborate the synthesis of GR‐based composite photocatalysts oriented by manifold roles of GR in photoredox catalysis,containing photoelectron mediator and acceptor,improving adsorption capacity,regulating light absorption range and intensity,as well as macromolecular photosensitizer.Beyond that,a brief outlook on the challenges in this burgeoning research field and potential evolution strategies for enhancing the photoactivity of GR‐based hybrids is presented and we anticipate that this review could provide some enlightenments for the rational construction and application of multifunctional GR‐based composite photocatalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51932007,U1705251,U1905215,51961135303,22005232,and 22150610467)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB1502001).
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)materials,especially transition metal carbides and/or nitrides(MXenes),have aroused extensive research interest in the field of photocatalysis.Specifically,the unique properties of high electrical conductivity,abundant surface functional groups,considerable specific surface area,and excellent photo-thermal effect allow MXenes to play versatile roles in photocatalysis.Herein,the latest and encouraging developments in MXenes-based composite materials for photocatalytic applications in recent two years are reviewed.We first briefly describe the roles of MXenes as a support and co-catalyst to promote the distribution of photocatalysts and facilitate the separation of the photogenerated charge carriers,respectively.Then,the design and fabrication of MXenes-based composite materials for various photocatalytic applications including H_(2) evolution,CO_(2) reduction,environmental remediation,and H_(2)O_(2) generation are comprehensively illustrated.Finally,we point out the challenges and prospects for the future development of MXenes-based composite materials.
基金the supports from the Clean Coal ProgramSchool of Energy Resources in Wyoming
文摘TiO2 nanomaterial is promising with its high potential and outstanding performance in photocatalytic environmental applications, such as CO2 conversion, water treatment, and air quality control. For many of these applications, the particle size, crystal structure and phase, porosity, and surface area influence the activity of TiO2 dramatically. TiO2 nanomaterials with special structures and morphologies, such as nanospheres, nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoflowers are thus synthesized due to their desired characteristics. With an emphasis on the different morphologies of TiO2 and the influence factors in the synthesis, this review summarizes fourteen TiO2 preparation methods, such as the sol-gel method, solvothermal method, and reverse micelle method. The TiO2 formation mechanisms, the advantages and disadvantages of the preparation methods, and the photocatalytic environmental application examples are proposed as well.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22272019)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Nos.2022ZYD0039 and 2023NSFSC1069).
文摘Carbon dots(CDs),as a class of promising and multifunctional carbon nanomaterials,have become a research hotspot in the field of photocatalysis owning to strong absorption of visible light,favorable photoelectric properties,and tunable energy-level configuration.Although numerous efforts have been made to improve photocatalytic performance by combining CDs with other semiconductors in recent years,the summary of enhancement mechanisms for this emerging technology is few reported.Fully understanding the synergistic effect of CDs and nanomaterials in photocatalytic applications is extremely important for the further development of photocatalysis in the future.Here,the photocatalytic mechanism of carbon dots/nanomaterial system is discussed.Four typical carbon dots-synergistic enhancement effects are highlighted,namely,energy band regulation,local electric construction,active site engineering,and multiple carrier activation.Second,the recent progress of carbon dots-based nanocomposites in efficient solar energy conversion is reviewed and examples are given.Finally,the future research development direction and challenges are emphasized on this basis.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21673150,51802206,and 51920105004)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20180846).Y.X.acknowledges start-up supports from Guangdong University of technology.
文摘Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals have attracted great attention of researchers due to their unique optoelectronic properties such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), narrow full width at half-maximum (FWHM), long exciton diffusion length and high carrier mobility, which have been widely used in diverse fields including solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and lasers. Very recently, metal halide perovskites have emerged as a new class of materials in photocatalysis due to their promising photocatalytic performance. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on synthesis, modification and functionalization, with a specific focus on the photocatalytic application of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals. Finally, a brief outlook is proposed to point out the challenges in this emerging area. The goal of this view is to introduce the photocatalytic application of the metal halide perovskites and motivate researchers from different fields to explore more potentials in catalysis.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52300209)the Guangdong Higher Education Institutions Innovative Research Team of Urban Water Cycle and Ecological Safety(China)(No.2023KCXTD053)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(China)(Nos.WDZC20200821090937001 and KCXST20221021111401004)the Scientific Research Start-up Funds from Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School(China)(No.QD2023020C).
文摘Photocatalysis has emerged a promising strategy to remedy the current energy and environmental crisis due to its ability to directiy convert clean solar energy into chemical energy.Bismuth tungstate(Bi_(2)WO_(6))has been shown to be an excellent visible light response,a well-defined perovskite crystal structure,and an abundance of oxygen atoms(providing efficient channels for photogenerated carrier transfer)due to their suitable band gap,effective electron migration and separation,making them ideal photocatalysts.It has been extensively applied as photocatalyst in aspects including pollutant removal,carbon dioxide reduction,solar hydrogen production,ammonia synthesis by nitrogen photocatalytic reduction,and cancer therapy.In this review,the fabrication and application of Bi_(2)WO_(6) in photocatalysis were comprehensively discussed.The photocatalytic properties of BizwO-based materials were significantly enhanced by carbon modification,the construction of heterojunctions,and the atom doping to improve the photogenerated carrier migration rate,the number of surface active sites,and the photoexcitation ability of the composites.In addition,the potential development directions and the existing challenges to improve the photocatalytic performance of Bi_(2)WO_(6)-based materials were discussed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.52473221,52302291)“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(2022SDXHDX0004)Research,Development,and Innovation Authority(RDIA)-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-Grant/Award Number(12615-iu-2023-IU-R-2-1-EI-)。
文摘Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)featureπ-conjugated structure,high porosity,structural regularity,large specific surface area,and good stability,being considered as ideal platform for photocatalytic application.Although sin-gle COFs have achieved significant progress in photocatalysis benefiting from their distinctive properties,the COFs-based hybrids provide an extraordinary opportunity to achieve superior photocatalytic performance.From the perspec-tive of carrier transfer mechanism,a systematic summary of hybrids based on COFs and other functional materials(metal single atoms,metal clusters/nanoparticles,inorganic semiconductors,metal–organic frameworks,and other polymers)can offer valuable guidance for the design of COFs-based hybrids.In this review,the photocatalytic mechanism for hybrid materials(such as Schottky junction,type II heterojunction,Z-scheme heterojunction,and S-scheme heterojunction)is briefly introduced.Subsequently,the perfor-mance of COFs-based hybrids in photocatalytic water splitting,CO_(2)reduction,and pollutant degradation are comprehensively reviewed.Specifically,the car-rier separation and transfer in different types of hybrids are highlighted.Finally,the challenges and prospects of COFs-based hybrids for photocatalysis are envisaged.The insights presented in this review are expected to be helpful in the rational design of COFs-based hybrids to obtain outstanding photocatalytic activity.
基金Key R&D Program of Hubei Province,Grant/Award Number:2022BAA084National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:62004143。
文摘Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have rapidly become a hot topic in photocatalytic research due to their unique physical and chemical properties,high activity,and high selectivity.Among many semiconductor carriers,the special structure of carbon nitride(C3N4)perfectly meets the substrate requirements for stabi-lizing SACs;they can also compensate for the photocatalytic defects of C3N4 materials by modifying energy bands and electronic structures.Therefore,devel-oping advanced C3N4-based SACs is of great significance.In this review,we focus on elucidating efficient preparation strategies and the burgeoning photo-catalytic applications of C3N4-based SACs.We also outline prospective strategies for enhancing the performance of SACs and C3N4-based SACs in the future.A comprehensive array of methodologies is presented for identifying and char-acterizing C3N4-based SACs.This includes an exploration of potential atomic catalytic mechanisms through the simulation and regulation of atomic catalytic behaviors and the synergistic effects of single or multiple sites.Subsequently,a forward-looking perspective is adopted to contemplate the future prospects and challenges associated with C3N4-based SACs.This encompasses considerations,such as atomic loading,regulatory design,and the integration of machine learn-ing techniques.It is anticipated that this review will stimulate novel insights into the synthesis of high-load and durable SACs,thereby providing theoretical groundwork for scalable and controllable applications in the field.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFF0502000Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:226‐2022‐00200Faculty of Arts&Science Postdoctoral Fellowship Program at the University of Toronto。
文摘Succeeding graphene a series of two‐dimensional materials(2D M)have been developed and applied in various fields.As an analog of silicene,2D germa-nium(2D Ge)has garnered vast attention owing to its novel structures and prolific properties,demonstrating substantial promise in semiconductor,catal-ysis,devices,and other burgeoning fields.Specifically,2D Ge is advantageous in providing a massive specific surface area,preferable transport properties,a tunable band gap structure,and confinement effects.Endowed with unique features,functionalized 2D Ge has become a competitive candidate for pho-tocatalysis.In this review,we catalog various synthetic methods of 2D Ge,discuss its fundamental properties,and summarize recent applications.We also present a few perspectives to provide fresh insights into designing and exploring 2D germanium in future photocatalysis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52370109,22022608,21876113,22176127,21261140333,and 92034301)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M710830)+9 种基金Venture and Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees(No.cx2022005)the Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0035)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0211004)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering(No.18DZ2254200)“111”Innovation and Talent Recruitment Base on Photochemical and Energy Materials(No.D18020)Shanghai Government(Nos.22010503400,18SG41,and YDZX20213100003002)Shanghai Sailing Program(No.22YF1430400)Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission Foundation(No.KJQN201800826)Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission of China(No.KJZD-K202100801)Post-doctoral Program Funded by Chongqing,and Chongqing University Innovation Research Group project(No.CXQT21023).
文摘Crystallinity and crystal structure greatly influence the photocatalytic behavior of photocatalysts.Pristine g-C3N4 produced by traditional thermal-induced polycondensation reaction bears low crystallinity and thus poor photoactivity,which originates from the incomplete polymerization of the precursor containing amine groups,abundant hydrogen bonds,and unreacted amino,as well as cyanide functional groups in the skeleton.During photocatalytic process,these residual functional groups often work as electron trap sites,which may hinder the transfer of electrons on the plane,resulting in low photoactivity.Fortunately,crystalline carbon nitride(CCN)was reported as a promising photocatalyst because its increased crystallinity not only reduces the number of carriers recombination centers,but also increases charge conductivity and improves light utilization due to extendedπ-conjugated systems and delocalizedπ-electrons.As such,we summarize the recent studies on CCN-based photocatalysts for the photoactivity enhancement.Firstly,the unique structure and properties of CCN materials are presented.Next,the preparation methods and modification strategies are well outlined.We also sum up the applications of CCN-based materials in the environmental purification and energy fields.Finally,this review concerning CNN materials ends with prospects and challenges in the obtainment of high crystallinity by effective techniques,and the deep understanding of photocatalytic mechanism.
