The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by ...The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by trauma,delayed presentation,and corneal perforation—PK restores globe integrity and provides limited visual recovery.However,its application is constrained by graft-related complications and donor shortages,particularly in low-resource settings.These limitations highlight the need for earlier,globe-sparing strategies to prevent progression and reduce surgical demand.Photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL)has emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative.With both antimicrobial and tissue-stabilizing effects,PACK-CXL may control infection and preserve corneal structure in earlier stages.A layered treatment framework that incorporates PACK-CXL as an initial intervention and reserves PK for refractory cases may help improve clinical outcomes.Further studies are needed to define their best use in practice.展开更多
[Objective ]The aim of this study was to improve the photostability of pho-tosensitizers. [Method] 2,5-Diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene were synthesized by replacing thiophene rings of α-terthienyl...[Objective ]The aim of this study was to improve the photostability of pho-tosensitizers. [Method] 2,5-Diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene were synthesized by replacing thiophene rings of α-terthienyl （α-T） with benzene rings. Photoactivated activities on Spodoptera litura （SL） cells, singlet oxygen with UV and photostability of photosensitizers were investigated. [Result] The cytotoxicity of pho-tosensitizer 2,5-diphenylthiophene on SL cells was 0.22 and 0.16 μg/ml after treat-ment for 24 and 48 h, respectively, while that of 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene on SL cells was 0.06 and 0.04 μg/ml. Singlet oxygen of 2,5-diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene was 1.047 5, 1.529 4 μg/mmol under UV, respectively. Degradation dynamic equations of 2,5-diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthio-phene in methanol were Ct= 5.227 1e-0.006 1t, Ct= 5.084 2e-0.097 3t and half life was 111.79, 7.12 h. [Conclusion] Photosensitizer 2,5-diphenylthiophene has high singlet oxygen production ability, and high photoactivated cytotoxicity on SL cells under UV. Moreover, 2,5-diphenylthiophene has overcome the deficiency of photoactivated in-secticides, which is not applied directly in field because it degrades quickly in the environment.展开更多
AIM: To assess the effect of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis crosslinking(PACK-CXL) in case of severe keratitis with melting on the electrophysiological function of the retina and the optic nerve.METHODS: The...AIM: To assess the effect of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis crosslinking(PACK-CXL) in case of severe keratitis with melting on the electrophysiological function of the retina and the optic nerve.METHODS: The study included 32 eyes of 32 patients with smear positive severe infectious keratitis with corneal melting. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group I(control group) included 16 eyes received systemic and topical antimicrobial drugs guarded by culture and sensitivity test. Group II underwent CXL and then continued their antimicrobial treatment. Full field electroretinogram(ERG) and flash visual evoked potential(VEP) were done for each patient in both groups basically and then 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo post-treatment to assess the changes in the electrophysiological function of the retina and optic nerve.RESULTS: Healing of 10 eyes in group I in comparison to 14 eyes in group II was recorded. The mean duration of healing was 36.56±5.21 d in group I vs 20.2±4.4 d in group II(P<0.005). In group II, ERG showed an insignificant reduction of all parameters of ERG and VEP after CXL. The amplitude of scotopic rod response, oscillatory potential amplitude, flicker amplitude and photopic cone response were insignificantly decreased(P=0.4, 0.8, 0.1, and 0.3 respectively). There were insignificant prolongation of latencies of scotopic rod, oscillatory potential, flicker and photopic cone response(P=0.2, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.1). There was slight delay in latency of VEP without a significant reduction in amplitude.CONCLUSION: CXL is an effective technique in treatment of severe infectious keratitis with melting as it halts the melting process with acceptable safety on the retinal and optic nerve function.展开更多
Diazido Pt(Ⅳ)complexes with a general formula[Pt(N_(3))_(2)(L)(L’)(OR)(OR’)]are a new generation of anticancer prodrugs designed for use in photoactivated chemotherapy.The potencies of these complexes are affected ...Diazido Pt(Ⅳ)complexes with a general formula[Pt(N_(3))_(2)(L)(L’)(OR)(OR’)]are a new generation of anticancer prodrugs designed for use in photoactivated chemotherapy.The potencies of these complexes are affected by the cis/trans geometry configuration,the non-leaving ligand L/L’and derivatisation of the axial ligand OR/OR’.展开更多
Photoactivated Pt(Ⅳ)anticancer prodrugs derived from clinical Pt(Ⅱ)drugs have garnered significant attention in recent years,with O-donor ligands being the most commonly used photosensitive axial ligands.N-donor lig...Photoactivated Pt(Ⅳ)anticancer prodrugs derived from clinical Pt(Ⅱ)drugs have garnered significant attention in recent years,with O-donor ligands being the most commonly used photosensitive axial ligands.N-donor ligands,however,such as N-heteroaromatics,offer the potential to enhance the ligand-tometal charge transfer(LMCT)of Pt(Ⅳ)complexes,thereby improving their photochemical properties.Herein,we report a series of green-light activable Pt(Ⅳ)prodrugs bearing N-donor axial ligands,designated flavoplatins,based on carboplatin and oxaliplatin.These prodrugs,functionalized with flavonol derivatives as photosensitive axial ligands,enabled rapid reduction under light irradiation to release Pt(Ⅱ)drugs and the corresponding axial ligands.Flavoplatins 3a and 3b demonstrated exceptional photocytotoxicity,exhibiting at least a 27-fold increase in effectiveness compared to carboplatin in both Pt-sensitive and Pt-resistant cancer cells.Additionally,both complexes efficiently accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum and quickly induced pyroptosis via the NLRP-3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway.This study underscores a promising alternative strategy for designing novel photoactivatable Pt(Ⅳ)prodrugs containing axial N-donors with enhanced therapeutic potential,particularly for targeting specific cellular pathways and reducing drug resistance.展开更多
Syntheses and optical properties of cyclic arylethynylsilanes containing one or two trialkyne pockets were described. Optical properties such as UV-vis spectra, photoluminescence and quantum yield based on these conju...Syntheses and optical properties of cyclic arylethynylsilanes containing one or two trialkyne pockets were described. Optical properties such as UV-vis spectra, photoluminescence and quantum yield based on these conjugated structural features were compared with each other. The photoactivated insecticidal activities against the 4th-instar larvae of Aedes albopictus （Skuse） were evaluated.展开更多
Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applicatio...Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applications.As an important approach,light illumination has been exploited for room-temperature operation with improving gas sensor's attributes including sensitivity,speed and selectivity.This review provides an overview of the utilization of photoactivated nanomaterials in gas sensing field.First,recent advances in gas sensing of some exciting different nanostructures and hybrids of metal oxide semiconductors under light illumination are highlighted.Later,excellent gas sensing performance of emerging two-dimensional materialsbased sensors under light illumination is discussed in details with proposed gas sensing mechanism.Originated impressive features from the interaction of photons with sensing materials are elucidated in the context of modulating sensing characteristics.Finally,the review concludes with key and constructive insights into current and future perspectives in the light-activated nanomaterials for optoelectronic gas sensor applications.展开更多
Great success has been witnessed in last decades,some new techniques and strategies have been widely used in drug discovery.In this roadmap,several representative techniques and strategies are highlighted to show rece...Great success has been witnessed in last decades,some new techniques and strategies have been widely used in drug discovery.In this roadmap,several representative techniques and strategies are highlighted to show recent advances in this filed.(A)A DOX protocol has been developed for accurate protein-ligand binding structure prediction,in which first principle method was used to rank the binding poses.Validation against crystal structures have found that DOX prediction achieved an impressive success rate of 99%,indicating significant improvement over molecular docking method.(B)Virtual target profiling is a compound-centric strategy enabling a parallel implementation of interrogating compounds against various targets in a single screen,which has been used in hit/lead identification,drug repositioning,and mechanism-of-action studies.Current and emerging methods for virtual target profiling are briefly summarized herein.(C)Research on targeted autophagy to treat diseases has received encouraging progress.However,due to the complexity of autophagy and disease,experimental and in silico methods should be performed synergistically for the entire process.This part focuses on in silico methods in autophagy research to promote their use in medicinal research.(D)Histone deacetylases(HDACs)play important roles in various biological functions through the deacetylation of lysine residues.Recent studies demonstrated that HDACs,which possess low deacetylase activities,exhibited more efficient defatty-acylase activities.Here,we review the defatty-acylase activity of HDACs and describe examples for the design of isoform selective HDAC inhibitor.(E)The FDA approval of three kinase allosteric inhibitors and some others entering clinical study has spurred considerable interests in this targeted drug discovery area.(F)Recent advances are reviewed in structure-based design of novel antiviral agents to combat drug resistance.(G)Since nitric oxide(NO)exerts anticancer activity depending on its concentration,optimal levels of NO in cancer cells is desirable.In this minireview,we briefly describe recent advances in the research of NO-based anticancer agents by our group and present some opinions on the future development of these agents.(H)The field of photoactivation strategies have been extensively developed for controlling chemical and biological processes with light.This review will summarize and provide insight into recent research advances in the understanding of photoactivatable molecules including photoactivatable caged prodrugs and photoswitchable molecules.展开更多
CO_(2)reduction by CH4(CRM)to produce fuel is of great significance for solar energy storage and eliminating greenhouse gas.Herein,the catalyst of ultrafine Ni nanoparticles supported on CeZrNiO_(2)solid solution(Ni@C...CO_(2)reduction by CH4(CRM)to produce fuel is of great significance for solar energy storage and eliminating greenhouse gas.Herein,the catalyst of ultrafine Ni nanoparticles supported on CeZrNiO_(2)solid solution(Ni@CZNO)was synthesized by the sol-gel method.High yield of H_(2)and CO(58.0 and 69.8 mmol min^(-1)g^(-1))and excellent durability(50 h)were achieved by photothermal catalytic CRM merely under focused light irradiation.Structural characterization and DFT calculations reveal that CZNO has rich oxygen vacancies that can adsorb and activate CO_(2)to produce reactive oxygen species.Oxygen species are transferred to ultrafine Ni nanoparticles through the rich Ni-CZNO interface to accelerate carbon oxidation,thereby maintaining the excellent catalytic stability of the catalyst.Moreover,the experimental results reveal that light irradiation can not only enhance the photothermal catalytic CRM activity through photothermal conversion and molecular activation,but also improve the stability by increasing the concentration of oxygen vacancies and inhibiting CO disproportionation.展开更多
Optical microscopy promises researchers to soe most tiny substances directly.However,the resolution of conventional microscopy is resticted by the diffraction limit.This makes it a challenge to observe subcellular pro...Optical microscopy promises researchers to soe most tiny substances directly.However,the resolution of conventional microscopy is resticted by the diffraction limit.This makes it a challenge to observe subcellular processes happened in nanoscale.The development of super-resolution microscopy provides a solution to this challenge.Here,we briefly review several commonly used super-resolution techniques,explicating their basic principles and applications in biological science,especially in neuroscience.In addition,characteristics and limitations of each techrique are compared to provide a guidance for biologists to choose the most suitable tool.展开更多
In the search for new and more active anticancer drugs,light-activated compounds are emerging as effective drugs to be used in photodynamic therapy(PDT)and photoactivated chemotherapy(PACT).These clinical treatments a...In the search for new and more active anticancer drugs,light-activated compounds are emerging as effective drugs to be used in photodynamic therapy(PDT)and photoactivated chemotherapy(PACT).These clinical treatments are able to overcome severe side effects caused by the conventional Pt(Ⅱ)com plexes in chemotherapy,since the cytotoxic species are released directly into the target regions,reducing toxicity in healthy tissues.The curcumin cis-diammineplatinum(Ⅱ)complex has been proposed for PACT as it allows the controlled release of aquated diammine–platinum(Ⅱ)species as a DNA cross-linking agent and curcumin as a potential photosensitizer,thus working as a dual action anticancer agent.The curcu min ligand dissociation upon irradiation with visible light was examined by means of DFT and TD-DFT cal culations.The outcomes clearly unraveled the metal-centered triplet states 3MC as active species involved in the photocleavage of curcumin that lead to the formation of aquated platinum species and ruled out the potential activity of such a complex in the dark.展开更多
By virtue of their rich photophysical and photochemical properties,transition metal complexes(TMCs)have been extensively studied in multidisciplinary research.In this review,recent studies on TMCs for biological appli...By virtue of their rich photophysical and photochemical properties,transition metal complexes(TMCs)have been extensively studied in multidisciplinary research.In this review,recent studies on TMCs for biological applications are described with a focus on the behaviour of TMCs as specific intracellular sensors and organelle-targeting imaging reagents.Some prominent examples of TMCs as photosensitisers for in vitro and in vivo phototherapies,such as photodynamic therapy and photoactivated chemotherapy,are highlighted.Also,future development of TMCs for new diagnostic and therapeutic applications is discussed.展开更多
The insertion of metal complexes in biologically active systems is of great interest in view of diagnostic and therapeutic applications as well as a precious tool to unveil biological mechanisms. Optimization of safe ...The insertion of metal complexes in biologically active systems is of great interest in view of diagnostic and therapeutic applications as well as a precious tool to unveil biological mechanisms. Optimization of safe and biocompatible reactions is critical to achieve high functionalization efficiency. Herein we present the application of two modified versions of copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (click) chemistry, namely a one-pot diazotransfer + azide–alkyne cycloaddition (one-pot click) and a copper-free photoactivated tetrazole–alkene cycloaddition (photoclick), for derivatization of peptides and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) with ferrocene and cymantrene moieties. These metal fragments were chosen for their possible exploitation as redox and IR probes. We could demonstrate that one-pot click enables for efficient functionalization of propargyl-glycine and an alkyne-containing peptide with an amino-containing cymantrene precursor. In addition, we could show that photoclick allows for the insertion of maleimido-ferrocene into a peptide and a PNA sequence containing a tetrazole moiety.展开更多
Bladder cancer is a common cancer globally that suffers from expensive treatment,drug and hypoxia resistance,and high recurrence rate.A series of six novel diazido Pt(Ⅳ)complexes with the general formula trans,trans,...Bladder cancer is a common cancer globally that suffers from expensive treatment,drug and hypoxia resistance,and high recurrence rate.A series of six novel diazido Pt(Ⅳ)complexes with the general formula trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(L)2]and various equatorial N-heterocyclic amine ligands(L=pyridines:1 and 3-6;or imidazole:2)have been synthesised and characterised,including their X-ray crystal structures,and their photoactivation investigated.展开更多
Three multifunctional ruthenium(Ⅱ)complexes(Ru1–Ru3)modified with cholic acid were synthesized,which exhibited excellent singlet oxygen-generating ability and near-infrared(NIR)aggregation-induced emission(AIE)phosp...Three multifunctional ruthenium(Ⅱ)complexes(Ru1–Ru3)modified with cholic acid were synthesized,which exhibited excellent singlet oxygen-generating ability and near-infrared(NIR)aggregation-induced emission(AIE)phosphorescence activity.Cellular toxicity assays revealed that Ru1 displayed pronounced phototoxicity against both human breast cancer cells(MDA-MB-231)and murine breast cancer cells(4T1),achieving a maximum phototoxicity index(PI)of 83.3.Mechanistic studies indicated that Ru1 exhibited superior targeting affinity for the endoplasmic reticulum(ER).Upon irradiation at 450 nm,it stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and initiated ER stress.This stress activated the interferon gene stimulator(STING)pathway’s signaling cascade within the ER,prompting a Golgi apparatus response.The consequent activation induced pyroptosis and sequentially engaged the downstream proteins p-TBK1 and p-IRF3 within the STING pathway,thus promoting the secretion of antitumor cytokines and the elicitation of tumor immune responses.In vivo experiments conducted on Balb/c mice have demonstrated significant anti-tumor immune effects exhibited by Ru1.In summary,the immune modulation and targeted intervention by metal complexes represent an innovative and promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.This approach is anticipated to yield new perspectives for the development of metal complexes that augment tumor immunotherapy.展开更多
Achieving photochromism,photodeformation,and photoinduced room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP)simultaneously in a single type of moleculedoped film is a complex and challenging task.Here,we introduce an efficient des...Achieving photochromism,photodeformation,and photoinduced room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP)simultaneously in a single type of moleculedoped film is a complex and challenging task.Here,we introduce an efficient design strategy that utilizes dicarbonyl as a bridge linking between phenothiazine(PTZ)units,thereby enabling a synergistic multi-photoresponse upon photoactivation.Our study reveals that thin films of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)doped with five PTZ derivatives(DPTZCn:n=1–5)show photoactivated RTP.Notably,the DPTZC1 variant in PVA film uniquely undergoes photoactivated macroscopic deformation and displays enhanced photoluminescence efficiency compared to its PTZ counterparts(DPTZCn:n=2–5)in PVA films.Further photophysical analysis indicates that the exceptional performance of DPTZC1 stems from the combined effects of keto-enol tautomerism and matrix rigidification,which also facilitate the generation of photoinduced radicals in DPTZC1 in the PVA film.We investigate the potential bionic applications of the versatile DPTZC1,providing insights into the design of intelligent,photodriven materials based on RTP.展开更多
Despite extensive investigations into photophysics at the molecular level,the complex interplays between intermolecular interactions,hierarchical assembly,and photoluminescence properties remain a fundamental challeng...Despite extensive investigations into photophysics at the molecular level,the complex interplays between intermolecular interactions,hierarchical assembly,and photoluminescence properties remain a fundamental challenge in materials science,particularly concerning emergent phenomena in molecular aggregates.Herein,we construct different dimeric structures in both solution and aggregate states through cycloreversion upon photoirradiation from a series of nonemissive phenanthrene cycloadducts,exhibiting state-dependent photoactivatable luminescence.Specifically,the excimer in solution is nonemissive due to its antiparallel cofacial structure.In contrast,the dimer in the crystal exhibits nonclassical excimer emission according to its cross-stacked stacking within the restriction of the crystal lattice.Prominently,the luminescent behavior in aggregate is uniquely accessible through photocycloreversion and cannot be achieved through spontaneous crystallization of their parent phenanthrene molecules.Moreover,the photoactivatable nature of these materials is successfully demonstrated in thin films,showcasing their potential applications in information encryption.This work expands the possibilities for constructing new functional aggregate materials by photochemistry and deepens our understanding of dimer-luminescence relationships in different states.展开更多
Phenols are extremely difficult to release the hydrogen radical(H^(·))due to the disfavored O-H bond dissociation energy(BDE)and undergo O-H homolysis under strong ultraviolet-C(UVC)light.In this work,we provided...Phenols are extremely difficult to release the hydrogen radical(H^(·))due to the disfavored O-H bond dissociation energy(BDE)and undergo O-H homolysis under strong ultraviolet-C(UVC)light.In this work,we provided a method to modulate the O-H BDE of phenols byπ-conjugation to electron-donating heteroaromatics.Calculations on a phenol-cored photosensitizer(BTP-1)revealed drastic declines of O-H BDE(80.5 vs.28.1 kcal mol^(-1))by comparing the ground state(S_(0))and triplet excited state(T_(1)).Consequently,BTP-1 was sensitive to visible light and generated H^(·)after O-H scission.With glutathione(GSH)serving as an ultimate H^(·)donor,the BTP-1-based photosystem was efficient in catalyzing H^(·)generation under physiological conditions.This kind of hydrogen atom-based photochemistry is distinct from traditional typeⅠ/Ⅱphotosensitizing pathways that are electron or energy transfer-based.We applied the photosystem to solve the obstacle in hypoxia-activated prodrugs(HAPs)that face a dilemma with the heterogeneously hypoxic level of tumors.In vitro studies demonstrated that the photosystem boosted the chemotherapy performance of TH-302(a representative HAP)under moderate hypoxia.With the capability to target redox bonds in HAPs and good compatibility with near-infrared two-photon laser,the photosystem is promising for cancer precision therapy.展开更多
Background:Infectious keratitis is a major cause of global blindness.We tested whether standalone photoactivated chromophore corneal cross-linking(PACK-CXL)may be an efective frst-line treatment in early to moderate i...Background:Infectious keratitis is a major cause of global blindness.We tested whether standalone photoactivated chromophore corneal cross-linking(PACK-CXL)may be an efective frst-line treatment in early to moderate infectious keratitis,compared with standard antimicrobial treatment.Methods:This is a randomized,controlled,multinational phase 3 clinical trial.Participants in fve centers in Egypt,India,Iran,Israel,and China,aged≥18 years,with infectious keratitis of presumed bacterial,fungal,or mixed origin,were randomly assigned(1:1)to PACK-CXL,or antimicrobial therapy.Outcomes measures included healing,defned as time to re-epithelialization of the corneal epithelial defect in the absence of infammatory activity in the anterior chamber and clearance of stromal infltrates.Treatment success was defned as the complete resolution of signs of infection.Results:Between July 21,2016,and March 4,2020,participants were randomly assigned to receive PACK-CXL(n=18)or antimicrobial therapy per American Academy of Ophthalmology(AAO)guidelines(n=21).No participants were lost to follow-up.Four eyes were excluded from the epithelialization time analysis due to treatment failure:two in the antimicrobial therapy group,and two in the PACK-CXL group.Success rates were 88.9%(16/18 patients)in the PACK-CXL group and 90.5%(19/21 patients)in the medication group.There was no signifcant diference in time to complete corneal re-epithelialization(P=0.828)between both treatment groups.Conclusions:PACK-CXL may be an alternative to antimicrobial drugs for frst-line and standalone treatment of early to moderate infectious keratitis of bacterial or fungal origin.展开更多
Endogenous biomolecules in cells are the basis of all life activities.Directly visualizing the structural characteristics and dynamic behaviors of cellular biomolecules is signiffcant for understanding the molecular m...Endogenous biomolecules in cells are the basis of all life activities.Directly visualizing the structural characteristics and dynamic behaviors of cellular biomolecules is signiffcant for understanding the molecular mechanisms in various biological processes.Singlemolecule localization microscopy(SMLM)can circumvent the optical diffraction limit,achieving analysis of the ffne structures and biological processes in living cells with nanoscale resolution.However,the large size of traditional imaging probes prevents SMLM from accurately locating ffne structures and densely distributed biomolecules within cells.In recent years,nucleic acid probes have emerged as potential tools to replace conventional SMLM probes by virtue of their small size and high speciffcity.In addition,due to their programmability,nucleic acid probes with different conformations can be constructed via sequence design,further extending the application of SMLM in bioanalysis.Here,we discuss the design concepts of different conformational nucleic acid probes for SMLM and summarize the application of SMLM based on nucleic acid probes in the ffeld of biomolecules.Furthermore,we provide a summary and future perspectives of the nucleic acid probe-based SMLM technology,aiming to provide guidance for the acquisition of nanoscale information about cellular biological processes.展开更多
文摘The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by trauma,delayed presentation,and corneal perforation—PK restores globe integrity and provides limited visual recovery.However,its application is constrained by graft-related complications and donor shortages,particularly in low-resource settings.These limitations highlight the need for earlier,globe-sparing strategies to prevent progression and reduce surgical demand.Photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL)has emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative.With both antimicrobial and tissue-stabilizing effects,PACK-CXL may control infection and preserve corneal structure in earlier stages.A layered treatment framework that incorporates PACK-CXL as an initial intervention and reserves PK for refractory cases may help improve clinical outcomes.Further studies are needed to define their best use in practice.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province(Agricultural Project)(BE2012346)Science and Technology Projects for Social Development of Yangzhou City,China(2012110)Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(13KJB210010)~~
文摘[Objective ]The aim of this study was to improve the photostability of pho-tosensitizers. [Method] 2,5-Diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene were synthesized by replacing thiophene rings of α-terthienyl （α-T） with benzene rings. Photoactivated activities on Spodoptera litura （SL） cells, singlet oxygen with UV and photostability of photosensitizers were investigated. [Result] The cytotoxicity of pho-tosensitizer 2,5-diphenylthiophene on SL cells was 0.22 and 0.16 μg/ml after treat-ment for 24 and 48 h, respectively, while that of 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene on SL cells was 0.06 and 0.04 μg/ml. Singlet oxygen of 2,5-diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene was 1.047 5, 1.529 4 μg/mmol under UV, respectively. Degradation dynamic equations of 2,5-diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthio-phene in methanol were Ct= 5.227 1e-0.006 1t, Ct= 5.084 2e-0.097 3t and half life was 111.79, 7.12 h. [Conclusion] Photosensitizer 2,5-diphenylthiophene has high singlet oxygen production ability, and high photoactivated cytotoxicity on SL cells under UV. Moreover, 2,5-diphenylthiophene has overcome the deficiency of photoactivated in-secticides, which is not applied directly in field because it degrades quickly in the environment.
文摘AIM: To assess the effect of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis crosslinking(PACK-CXL) in case of severe keratitis with melting on the electrophysiological function of the retina and the optic nerve.METHODS: The study included 32 eyes of 32 patients with smear positive severe infectious keratitis with corneal melting. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group I(control group) included 16 eyes received systemic and topical antimicrobial drugs guarded by culture and sensitivity test. Group II underwent CXL and then continued their antimicrobial treatment. Full field electroretinogram(ERG) and flash visual evoked potential(VEP) were done for each patient in both groups basically and then 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo post-treatment to assess the changes in the electrophysiological function of the retina and optic nerve.RESULTS: Healing of 10 eyes in group I in comparison to 14 eyes in group II was recorded. The mean duration of healing was 36.56±5.21 d in group I vs 20.2±4.4 d in group II(P<0.005). In group II, ERG showed an insignificant reduction of all parameters of ERG and VEP after CXL. The amplitude of scotopic rod response, oscillatory potential amplitude, flicker amplitude and photopic cone response were insignificantly decreased(P=0.4, 0.8, 0.1, and 0.3 respectively). There were insignificant prolongation of latencies of scotopic rod, oscillatory potential, flicker and photopic cone response(P=0.2, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.1). There was slight delay in latency of VEP without a significant reduction in amplitude.CONCLUSION: CXL is an effective technique in treatment of severe infectious keratitis with melting as it halts the melting process with acceptable safety on the retinal and optic nerve function.
基金supported by the MRC(grant G0701062)EPSRC(grants EP/G006792,EP/F034210/1,EP/P030572/1 to PJS),ERC(grant 247450 to PJS)a Chancellor’s International PhD Scholarship from the University of Warwick(for HS),and the Wellcome Trust(209173/Z/17/Z,Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship for CI).
文摘Diazido Pt(Ⅳ)complexes with a general formula[Pt(N_(3))_(2)(L)(L’)(OR)(OR’)]are a new generation of anticancer prodrugs designed for use in photoactivated chemotherapy.The potencies of these complexes are affected by the cis/trans geometry configuration,the non-leaving ligand L/L’and derivatisation of the axial ligand OR/OR’.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22077108 and 22277103)the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Grant No.CityU 11313222,CityU 11304923,CityU 11306724,and CityU C1018-23G)+1 种基金the Science Technology and Innovation Committee of Shenzhen Municipality(JCYJ20210324120004011)the City University of Hong Kong(Grant No.9610605)for funding support.
文摘Photoactivated Pt(Ⅳ)anticancer prodrugs derived from clinical Pt(Ⅱ)drugs have garnered significant attention in recent years,with O-donor ligands being the most commonly used photosensitive axial ligands.N-donor ligands,however,such as N-heteroaromatics,offer the potential to enhance the ligand-tometal charge transfer(LMCT)of Pt(Ⅳ)complexes,thereby improving their photochemical properties.Herein,we report a series of green-light activable Pt(Ⅳ)prodrugs bearing N-donor axial ligands,designated flavoplatins,based on carboplatin and oxaliplatin.These prodrugs,functionalized with flavonol derivatives as photosensitive axial ligands,enabled rapid reduction under light irradiation to release Pt(Ⅱ)drugs and the corresponding axial ligands.Flavoplatins 3a and 3b demonstrated exceptional photocytotoxicity,exhibiting at least a 27-fold increase in effectiveness compared to carboplatin in both Pt-sensitive and Pt-resistant cancer cells.Additionally,both complexes efficiently accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum and quickly induced pyroptosis via the NLRP-3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway.This study underscores a promising alternative strategy for designing novel photoactivatable Pt(Ⅳ)prodrugs containing axial N-donors with enhanced therapeutic potential,particularly for targeting specific cellular pathways and reducing drug resistance.
基金Project supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China （No. 20090171120025）, the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province （No. 8451027501001447） and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （No. 11 lgpy 11 ）.Acknowledgments The authors are particularly grateful to Prof. Mao Guoliang （Daqing Petroleum Institute, Daqing, China） fur valuable discussions.
文摘Syntheses and optical properties of cyclic arylethynylsilanes containing one or two trialkyne pockets were described. Optical properties such as UV-vis spectra, photoluminescence and quantum yield based on these conjugated structural features were compared with each other. The photoactivated insecticidal activities against the 4th-instar larvae of Aedes albopictus （Skuse） were evaluated.
基金the financial support of the Department of Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) (Sanction Order No. CRG/2019/000112)。
文摘Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applications.As an important approach,light illumination has been exploited for room-temperature operation with improving gas sensor's attributes including sensitivity,speed and selectivity.This review provides an overview of the utilization of photoactivated nanomaterials in gas sensing field.First,recent advances in gas sensing of some exciting different nanostructures and hybrids of metal oxide semiconductors under light illumination are highlighted.Later,excellent gas sensing performance of emerging two-dimensional materialsbased sensors under light illumination is discussed in details with proposed gas sensing mechanism.Originated impressive features from the interaction of photons with sensing materials are elucidated in the context of modulating sensing characteristics.Finally,the review concludes with key and constructive insights into current and future perspectives in the light-activated nanomaterials for optoelectronic gas sensor applications.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81973173 and 81773571),Jiangsu Province Funds for Excellent Young Scientists(No.BK20170088),the Six Talent Peaks Project(No.YY-023)and the 333 Project of Jiangsu Province.
文摘Great success has been witnessed in last decades,some new techniques and strategies have been widely used in drug discovery.In this roadmap,several representative techniques and strategies are highlighted to show recent advances in this filed.(A)A DOX protocol has been developed for accurate protein-ligand binding structure prediction,in which first principle method was used to rank the binding poses.Validation against crystal structures have found that DOX prediction achieved an impressive success rate of 99%,indicating significant improvement over molecular docking method.(B)Virtual target profiling is a compound-centric strategy enabling a parallel implementation of interrogating compounds against various targets in a single screen,which has been used in hit/lead identification,drug repositioning,and mechanism-of-action studies.Current and emerging methods for virtual target profiling are briefly summarized herein.(C)Research on targeted autophagy to treat diseases has received encouraging progress.However,due to the complexity of autophagy and disease,experimental and in silico methods should be performed synergistically for the entire process.This part focuses on in silico methods in autophagy research to promote their use in medicinal research.(D)Histone deacetylases(HDACs)play important roles in various biological functions through the deacetylation of lysine residues.Recent studies demonstrated that HDACs,which possess low deacetylase activities,exhibited more efficient defatty-acylase activities.Here,we review the defatty-acylase activity of HDACs and describe examples for the design of isoform selective HDAC inhibitor.(E)The FDA approval of three kinase allosteric inhibitors and some others entering clinical study has spurred considerable interests in this targeted drug discovery area.(F)Recent advances are reviewed in structure-based design of novel antiviral agents to combat drug resistance.(G)Since nitric oxide(NO)exerts anticancer activity depending on its concentration,optimal levels of NO in cancer cells is desirable.In this minireview,we briefly describe recent advances in the research of NO-based anticancer agents by our group and present some opinions on the future development of these agents.(H)The field of photoactivation strategies have been extensively developed for controlling chemical and biological processes with light.This review will summarize and provide insight into recent research advances in the understanding of photoactivatable molecules including photoactivatable caged prodrugs and photoswitchable molecules.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22202121,22005340)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021QB079).
文摘CO_(2)reduction by CH4(CRM)to produce fuel is of great significance for solar energy storage and eliminating greenhouse gas.Herein,the catalyst of ultrafine Ni nanoparticles supported on CeZrNiO_(2)solid solution(Ni@CZNO)was synthesized by the sol-gel method.High yield of H_(2)and CO(58.0 and 69.8 mmol min^(-1)g^(-1))and excellent durability(50 h)were achieved by photothermal catalytic CRM merely under focused light irradiation.Structural characterization and DFT calculations reveal that CZNO has rich oxygen vacancies that can adsorb and activate CO_(2)to produce reactive oxygen species.Oxygen species are transferred to ultrafine Ni nanoparticles through the rich Ni-CZNO interface to accelerate carbon oxidation,thereby maintaining the excellent catalytic stability of the catalyst.Moreover,the experimental results reveal that light irradiation can not only enhance the photothermal catalytic CRM activity through photothermal conversion and molecular activation,but also improve the stability by increasing the concentration of oxygen vacancies and inhibiting CO disproportionation.
基金support from National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2015CB352005)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.6142780065,31571110,81527901)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China (No.Y16F050002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Optical microscopy promises researchers to soe most tiny substances directly.However,the resolution of conventional microscopy is resticted by the diffraction limit.This makes it a challenge to observe subcellular processes happened in nanoscale.The development of super-resolution microscopy provides a solution to this challenge.Here,we briefly review several commonly used super-resolution techniques,explicating their basic principles and applications in biological science,especially in neuroscience.In addition,characteristics and limitations of each techrique are compared to provide a guidance for biologists to choose the most suitable tool.
文摘In the search for new and more active anticancer drugs,light-activated compounds are emerging as effective drugs to be used in photodynamic therapy(PDT)and photoactivated chemotherapy(PACT).These clinical treatments are able to overcome severe side effects caused by the conventional Pt(Ⅱ)com plexes in chemotherapy,since the cytotoxic species are released directly into the target regions,reducing toxicity in healthy tissues.The curcumin cis-diammineplatinum(Ⅱ)complex has been proposed for PACT as it allows the controlled release of aquated diammine–platinum(Ⅱ)species as a DNA cross-linking agent and curcumin as a potential photosensitizer,thus working as a dual action anticancer agent.The curcu min ligand dissociation upon irradiation with visible light was examined by means of DFT and TD-DFT cal culations.The outcomes clearly unraveled the metal-centered triplet states 3MC as active species involved in the photocleavage of curcumin that lead to the formation of aquated platinum species and ruled out the potential activity of such a complex in the dark.
基金funding support from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Project No.CityU 11300017,CityU 11300318,CityU 11300019,CityU 11302820 and T42-103/16-N)“Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology”under the Health@InnoHK Program launched by Innovation and Technology Commission,The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China+1 种基金the receipt of a Postgraduate Studentship administered by City University of Hong Kongthe receipt of a Hong Kong PhD Fellowship administered by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China.
文摘By virtue of their rich photophysical and photochemical properties,transition metal complexes(TMCs)have been extensively studied in multidisciplinary research.In this review,recent studies on TMCs for biological applications are described with a focus on the behaviour of TMCs as specific intracellular sensors and organelle-targeting imaging reagents.Some prominent examples of TMCs as photosensitisers for in vitro and in vivo phototherapies,such as photodynamic therapy and photoactivated chemotherapy,are highlighted.Also,future development of TMCs for new diagnostic and therapeutic applications is discussed.
基金supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation(Ambizione Fellowship No.PZ00P2_126404 as well as Professorships No.PP00P2_133568 and PP00P2_157545 to G.G)the University of Zurich(G.G)+1 种基金the Stiftung für wissenschaftliche Forschung of the University of Zurich(G.G.)the Forschungskredit of the University of Zurich(Grant K-73532-01-01 to C.M).
文摘The insertion of metal complexes in biologically active systems is of great interest in view of diagnostic and therapeutic applications as well as a precious tool to unveil biological mechanisms. Optimization of safe and biocompatible reactions is critical to achieve high functionalization efficiency. Herein we present the application of two modified versions of copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (click) chemistry, namely a one-pot diazotransfer + azide–alkyne cycloaddition (one-pot click) and a copper-free photoactivated tetrazole–alkene cycloaddition (photoclick), for derivatization of peptides and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) with ferrocene and cymantrene moieties. These metal fragments were chosen for their possible exploitation as redox and IR probes. We could demonstrate that one-pot click enables for efficient functionalization of propargyl-glycine and an alkyne-containing peptide with an amino-containing cymantrene precursor. In addition, we could show that photoclick allows for the insertion of maleimido-ferrocene into a peptide and a PNA sequence containing a tetrazole moiety.
基金the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC grant no.EP/P030572/1)Anglo-American Platinum for fundingWe thank Dr Richard T.Bryan(University of Birmingham)for providing SW-780 and VMCUB-1 bladder cancer cells,Professor Elizabeth Wellington(University of Warwick)for access to the hypoxic chamber and BSU team at University of Warwick for providing rat bladders.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were made using equipment housed within the X-ray Diffraction Research Technology Platform at Warwick with funding from EPSRC grant EP/X034836/1.
文摘Bladder cancer is a common cancer globally that suffers from expensive treatment,drug and hypoxia resistance,and high recurrence rate.A series of six novel diazido Pt(Ⅳ)complexes with the general formula trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(L)2]and various equatorial N-heterocyclic amine ligands(L=pyridines:1 and 3-6;or imidazole:2)have been synthesised and characterised,including their X-ray crystal structures,and their photoactivation investigated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22477081 and 22107074)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515030157,2022A1515011356,and 2021A1515110211)+4 种基金the Innovation Team Project of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education(2024KCXTD012)the Shenzhen Natural Science Fund(the Stable Support Plan Program 20220811110339002)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program(JCYJ20230808105913028)the Shenzhen Longgang District Science and Technology Innovation Bureau(LGKCYLWS2021000001)the Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU(GDRC202416)。
文摘Three multifunctional ruthenium(Ⅱ)complexes(Ru1–Ru3)modified with cholic acid were synthesized,which exhibited excellent singlet oxygen-generating ability and near-infrared(NIR)aggregation-induced emission(AIE)phosphorescence activity.Cellular toxicity assays revealed that Ru1 displayed pronounced phototoxicity against both human breast cancer cells(MDA-MB-231)and murine breast cancer cells(4T1),achieving a maximum phototoxicity index(PI)of 83.3.Mechanistic studies indicated that Ru1 exhibited superior targeting affinity for the endoplasmic reticulum(ER).Upon irradiation at 450 nm,it stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and initiated ER stress.This stress activated the interferon gene stimulator(STING)pathway’s signaling cascade within the ER,prompting a Golgi apparatus response.The consequent activation induced pyroptosis and sequentially engaged the downstream proteins p-TBK1 and p-IRF3 within the STING pathway,thus promoting the secretion of antitumor cytokines and the elicitation of tumor immune responses.In vivo experiments conducted on Balb/c mice have demonstrated significant anti-tumor immune effects exhibited by Ru1.In summary,the immune modulation and targeted intervention by metal complexes represent an innovative and promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.This approach is anticipated to yield new perspectives for the development of metal complexes that augment tumor immunotherapy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.22235006)the RIE2025 Manufacturing,Trade,and Connectivity Programmatic Fund(award no.M21J9b0085)+2 种基金the National Research Foundationthe Prime Minister’s Office of Singapore under its Competitive Research Program(award no.NRF-CRP23-2019-0002)the National Research Foundation(NRF)Investigatorship Programme(award no.NRF-NRFI05-2019-0003).
文摘Achieving photochromism,photodeformation,and photoinduced room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP)simultaneously in a single type of moleculedoped film is a complex and challenging task.Here,we introduce an efficient design strategy that utilizes dicarbonyl as a bridge linking between phenothiazine(PTZ)units,thereby enabling a synergistic multi-photoresponse upon photoactivation.Our study reveals that thin films of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)doped with five PTZ derivatives(DPTZCn:n=1–5)show photoactivated RTP.Notably,the DPTZC1 variant in PVA film uniquely undergoes photoactivated macroscopic deformation and displays enhanced photoluminescence efficiency compared to its PTZ counterparts(DPTZCn:n=2–5)in PVA films.Further photophysical analysis indicates that the exceptional performance of DPTZC1 stems from the combined effects of keto-enol tautomerism and matrix rigidification,which also facilitate the generation of photoinduced radicals in DPTZC1 in the PVA film.We investigate the potential bionic applications of the versatile DPTZC1,providing insights into the design of intelligent,photodriven materials based on RTP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52303382,52333007)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Aggregate Materials(ZDSYS20211021111400001)+2 种基金the Science Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(KQTD20210811090142053,JCYJ20220530143805012)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(grant no.2024SC0019)the 2022 Joint Fund Project between the Second Affiliated Hospital and the Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shenzhen(Special project of AIE Center).
文摘Despite extensive investigations into photophysics at the molecular level,the complex interplays between intermolecular interactions,hierarchical assembly,and photoluminescence properties remain a fundamental challenge in materials science,particularly concerning emergent phenomena in molecular aggregates.Herein,we construct different dimeric structures in both solution and aggregate states through cycloreversion upon photoirradiation from a series of nonemissive phenanthrene cycloadducts,exhibiting state-dependent photoactivatable luminescence.Specifically,the excimer in solution is nonemissive due to its antiparallel cofacial structure.In contrast,the dimer in the crystal exhibits nonclassical excimer emission according to its cross-stacked stacking within the restriction of the crystal lattice.Prominently,the luminescent behavior in aggregate is uniquely accessible through photocycloreversion and cannot be achieved through spontaneous crystallization of their parent phenanthrene molecules.Moreover,the photoactivatable nature of these materials is successfully demonstrated in thin films,showcasing their potential applications in information encryption.This work expands the possibilities for constructing new functional aggregate materials by photochemistry and deepens our understanding of dimer-luminescence relationships in different states.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22277054,22077065,21973041,22173045)the CAS-Croucher Funding Scheme for Joint Laboratories。
文摘Phenols are extremely difficult to release the hydrogen radical(H^(·))due to the disfavored O-H bond dissociation energy(BDE)and undergo O-H homolysis under strong ultraviolet-C(UVC)light.In this work,we provided a method to modulate the O-H BDE of phenols byπ-conjugation to electron-donating heteroaromatics.Calculations on a phenol-cored photosensitizer(BTP-1)revealed drastic declines of O-H BDE(80.5 vs.28.1 kcal mol^(-1))by comparing the ground state(S_(0))and triplet excited state(T_(1)).Consequently,BTP-1 was sensitive to visible light and generated H^(·)after O-H scission.With glutathione(GSH)serving as an ultimate H^(·)donor,the BTP-1-based photosystem was efficient in catalyzing H^(·)generation under physiological conditions.This kind of hydrogen atom-based photochemistry is distinct from traditional typeⅠ/Ⅱphotosensitizing pathways that are electron or energy transfer-based.We applied the photosystem to solve the obstacle in hypoxia-activated prodrugs(HAPs)that face a dilemma with the heterogeneously hypoxic level of tumors.In vitro studies demonstrated that the photosystem boosted the chemotherapy performance of TH-302(a representative HAP)under moderate hypoxia.With the capability to target redox bonds in HAPs and good compatibility with near-infrared two-photon laser,the photosystem is promising for cancer precision therapy.
文摘Background:Infectious keratitis is a major cause of global blindness.We tested whether standalone photoactivated chromophore corneal cross-linking(PACK-CXL)may be an efective frst-line treatment in early to moderate infectious keratitis,compared with standard antimicrobial treatment.Methods:This is a randomized,controlled,multinational phase 3 clinical trial.Participants in fve centers in Egypt,India,Iran,Israel,and China,aged≥18 years,with infectious keratitis of presumed bacterial,fungal,or mixed origin,were randomly assigned(1:1)to PACK-CXL,or antimicrobial therapy.Outcomes measures included healing,defned as time to re-epithelialization of the corneal epithelial defect in the absence of infammatory activity in the anterior chamber and clearance of stromal infltrates.Treatment success was defned as the complete resolution of signs of infection.Results:Between July 21,2016,and March 4,2020,participants were randomly assigned to receive PACK-CXL(n=18)or antimicrobial therapy per American Academy of Ophthalmology(AAO)guidelines(n=21).No participants were lost to follow-up.Four eyes were excluded from the epithelialization time analysis due to treatment failure:two in the antimicrobial therapy group,and two in the PACK-CXL group.Success rates were 88.9%(16/18 patients)in the PACK-CXL group and 90.5%(19/21 patients)in the medication group.There was no signifcant diference in time to complete corneal re-epithelialization(P=0.828)between both treatment groups.Conclusions:PACK-CXL may be an alternative to antimicrobial drugs for frst-line and standalone treatment of early to moderate infectious keratitis of bacterial or fungal origin.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2022JJ20005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22174038,21925401,and 52221001),and Tencent Foundation.
文摘Endogenous biomolecules in cells are the basis of all life activities.Directly visualizing the structural characteristics and dynamic behaviors of cellular biomolecules is signiffcant for understanding the molecular mechanisms in various biological processes.Singlemolecule localization microscopy(SMLM)can circumvent the optical diffraction limit,achieving analysis of the ffne structures and biological processes in living cells with nanoscale resolution.However,the large size of traditional imaging probes prevents SMLM from accurately locating ffne structures and densely distributed biomolecules within cells.In recent years,nucleic acid probes have emerged as potential tools to replace conventional SMLM probes by virtue of their small size and high speciffcity.In addition,due to their programmability,nucleic acid probes with different conformations can be constructed via sequence design,further extending the application of SMLM in bioanalysis.Here,we discuss the design concepts of different conformational nucleic acid probes for SMLM and summarize the application of SMLM based on nucleic acid probes in the ffeld of biomolecules.Furthermore,we provide a summary and future perspectives of the nucleic acid probe-based SMLM technology,aiming to provide guidance for the acquisition of nanoscale information about cellular biological processes.
