The elimination of the B2 phase in aβ-solidifying high Nb-containing TiAl alloy withβ/B2 andγphases was investigated using different heat treatments,with a focus on understanding the phase transformations and lamel...The elimination of the B2 phase in aβ-solidifying high Nb-containing TiAl alloy withβ/B2 andγphases was investigated using different heat treatments,with a focus on understanding the phase transformations and lamellae formation during the process.The phase transformation and lamellae formation during B2 phase elimination differs from that observed in conventional TiAl alloys.During the holding stage of heat treatment,theβ/B2 phase is replaced by theαphase through primary phase transformations ofβ→αandγ→α.Lamellae formation occurs within bothαandγgrains during cooling,initiating 30-40℃below the annealing temperature.This lamellar structure was formed via two main mechanisms:nucleation at grain boundaries followed by growth into the grain,and direct precipitation and growth within the grain.The orientation relationship between theγphase and its adjacentαphase is(111)_(γ)//(0001)_(α)and[011]_(γ)//[1120]_(α),with a coherency between the phases characterized by a misfit of approximately 1.7%.展开更多
Occupational structural transformation is a common pattern during the steady growth of GDP per capita in major economies worldwide.In recent years,there has been a decline in the employment share of goods occupation a...Occupational structural transformation is a common pattern during the steady growth of GDP per capita in major economies worldwide.In recent years,there has been a decline in the employment share of goods occupation and an increase in service occupation within the Chinese manufacturing industry,presenting a trend of occupational structural transformation and rapid development of service-oriented manufacturing.It is an important driving force and typical performance of the high-end,intelligent,and green development of the manufacturing industry.As a strategic general technology which leads the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation,artificial intelligence(AI)has become a new fundamental force to accelerate the occupational structural transformation and service-oriented manufacturing development in China.Thus,this paper establishes a dynamic general equilibrium model with AI technology and occupational heterogeneity,showing the endogenous mechanism of occupational structural transformation.We find that when AI technology is biased towards goods occupation,and the elasticity of substitution between goods occupation and service occupation is less than 1,then AI will drive the transformation of occupational structure from goods to service within the manufacturing sector,increase the proportion of service-oriented manufacturing,improve labor productivity of manufacturing relative to service and stabilize the real output share of manufacturing.Promoting deeper integration of different occupations,intensifying R&D in AI technology and reducing labor mobility barriers between occupations can effectively accelerate the occupational structural transformation and industrial structural upgrading.We use theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method to show the theoretical mechanism by which AI affects occupational structural transformation and industrial structural transformation from a macroeconomic perspective,and put forward policy implications on how to promote the service-oriented manufacturing development and accelerate the construction of modern industrial system through AI innovation.展开更多
This study examines the influence of microfinance institutions’(MFIs)financial innovation on structural transformation.For this purpose,we considered a household survey from Nepal.The survey collected data on various...This study examines the influence of microfinance institutions’(MFIs)financial innovation on structural transformation.For this purpose,we considered a household survey from Nepal.The survey collected data on various individual and household characteristics,borrowing patterns,and occupations over the years.The key question focused on occupations before and after borrowing,a categorical response variable indicating 1 for occupational change after borrowing and 0 otherwise.Therefore,we use logistic regression to estimate the probability of occupational change,given two measures of financial innovation:loan purpose and size.The results show that the number of households involved in agriculture significantly decreased,with the majority switching to businesses and convenience stores,indicating a shift to the manufacturing and service sectors.These findings suggest that MFIs contribute to local-level structural transformation by enabling borrowers to move away from traditional employment.This study has important implications for policymakers,development practitioners,and academics interested in promoting economic development through microfinancing in low-income countries.展开更多
The synthesized molecular clusters featuring the cubic[4Fe–4S]core have been studied for several decades,as they serve as true analogs of the active components in ferritin within biological systems.Such a model clust...The synthesized molecular clusters featuring the cubic[4Fe–4S]core have been studied for several decades,as they serve as true analogs of the active components in ferritin within biological systems.Such a model cluster has been extensively investigated in various fields,including structural modulation,catalysis,and self-assembly under laboratory conditions,with the aim of gaining an in-depth understanding of their roles in biological functions.Herein,we revisited three well-known[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)molecules,namely[Me_(4)N]_(2)[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)](R=o-MBT,m-MBT,p-MBT),and successfully established their single crystal structures that remain unknown prior to this work.Interestingly,it is revealed that the position of the substituent methyl group has an obvious steric effect on the arrangement of the ligand around the[4Fe–4S]core,which further influences their overall packing patterns in single crystals.In addition,this work unveils two new structure transformation behaviors for the[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)system:i)the monomeric[Fe(SR)_(4)]^(2–)and tetrameric[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)can be interconverted,and ii)[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)can be transferred into an intriguing iron-oxide complex Na_(2)Fe_(6)O(OMe)_(18)·6MeOH in a well-controlled oxidizing environment.展开更多
It is well known that aluminum and copper exhibit structural phase transformations in quasi-static and dynamic measurements,including shock wave loading.However,the dependence of phase transformations in a wide range ...It is well known that aluminum and copper exhibit structural phase transformations in quasi-static and dynamic measurements,including shock wave loading.However,the dependence of phase transformations in a wide range of crystallographic directions of shock loading has not been revealed.In this work,we calculated the shock Hugoniot for aluminum and copper in different crystallographic directions([100],[110],[111],[112],[102],[114],[123],[134],[221]and[401])of shock compression using molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.The results showed a high pressure(>160 GPa for Cu and>40 GPa for Al)of the FCC-to-BCC transition.In copper,different characteristics of the phase transition are observed depending on the loading direction with the[100]compression direction being the weakest.The FCC-to-BCC transition for copper is in the range of 150–220 GPa,which is consistent with the existing experimental data.Due to the high transition pressure,the BCC phase transition in copper competes with melting.In aluminum,the FCC-to-BCC transition is observed for all studied directions at pressures between 40 and 50 GPa far beyond the melting.In all considered cases we observe the coexistence of HCP and BCC phases during the FCC-to-BCC transition,which is consistent with the experimental data and atomistic calculations;this HCP phase forms in the course of accompanying plastic deformation with dislocation activity in the parent FCC phase.The plasticity incipience is also anisotropic in bothmetals,which is due to the difference in the projections of stress on the slip plane for different orientations of the FCC crystal.MD modeling results demonstrate a strong dependence of the FCC-to-BCC transition on the crystallographic direction,in which the material is loaded in the copper crystals.However,MD simulations data can only be obtained for specific points in the stereographic direction space;therefore,for more comprehensive understanding of the phase transition process,a feed-forward neural network was trained using MD modeling data.The trained machine learning model allowed us to construct continuous stereographic maps of phase transitions as a function of stress in the shock-compressed state of metal.Due to appearance and growth of multiple centers of new phase,the FCC-to-BCC transition leads to formation of a polycrystalline structure from the parent single crystal.展开更多
Purpose–This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strategic adjustments in China’s transportation structure,with a particular focus on the pivotal role of railway freight and its integration into th...Purpose–This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strategic adjustments in China’s transportation structure,with a particular focus on the pivotal role of railway freight and its integration into the modern logistics system.It seeks to address the need for a more nuanced understanding of the“road to rail”policy,emphasizing the importance of intermodal collaboration and service of fragmented market demands.Design/methodology/approach–The study employs a transport economics perspective to evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of China’s transportation structure optimization.It bases its assessment of the current state of railway freight logistics,multi-modal transportation and the broader implications for the transportation service market on data analysis.The methodology includes a review of existing policies,an examination of industry practices and a comparative analysis with global trends in railway logistics.Findings–The research underscores the importance of focusing on the development of non-bulk materials,noting the insufficiency in the development of China’s rail multi-modal transportation and highlighting the instructive value of successful cases in open-top container road-rail intermodal transportation.The study posits that the railway sector must enhance cooperation with other market entities,aligning with the lead enterprises in the logistics chain that are characterized by speed,high value and strong coordination capabilities,in order to better serve the transportation market.This approach moves away from a reliance on the railway’s own capabilities alone.Originality/value–This paper offers original insights into the transformation of railway freight in China,contributing to the body of knowledge on transportation economics and logistics.It provides valuable recommendations for policymakers and industry practitioners,emphasizing the strategic importance of railway logistics in the context of China’s economic development and intense competition in the supply chain.The value of the article lies in its comprehensive understanding of the complexities involved in the adjustment of transportation structures,providing direction for the market-oriented reform of China’s railway freight sector.展开更多
On January 19,2026,China's first structural interest rate cut of the year took effect.The People's Bank of China announced a 0.25 percentage point reduction in relending and rediscount rates,targeting key sect...On January 19,2026,China's first structural interest rate cut of the year took effect.The People's Bank of China announced a 0.25 percentage point reduction in relending and rediscount rates,targeting key sectors like small and micro enterprises(SMEs),technological innovation,and green transition.For the textile industry,where small and medium-sized enterprises account for over 90%of traditional manufacturing,the policy benefits will inject strong momentum into the high-quality development from multiple dimensions,including reduced financing costs,support for transformation funds,and expansion of foreign trade markets.展开更多
The widespread popularization and application of laser technology have provided a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the material world and given birth to several emerging research fields.This study mainly fo...The widespread popularization and application of laser technology have provided a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the material world and given birth to several emerging research fields.This study mainly focuses on the following three key aspects.First,the classical ensemble method is adopted to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of two-dimensional(2D)matter–wave pulses in Bose–Fermi mixed gases(including linear and nonlinear pulses).Second,under the strict constraints of unitary systems,a coupled Kd V equation is successfully derived,and the prolongation structure theory is skillfully used to carry out detailed calculations and analyses on this equation.Thus,the prolongation algebra of this equation is accurately determined,and the corresponding Lax pair is rigorously derived.Finally,based on the carefully obtained Lax pair from the prolongation structure theory,the soliton solutions of this equation are further analyzed in depth,and intuitive images of each soliton solution are carefully drawn.This lays a solid foundation for subsequent detailed research on these soliton characteristics and provides great convenience.展开更多
Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong pr...Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong province,the implementation of the“coal to gas”policy has demonstrated significance for the optimization of the national energy structure.Through the analysis of the change in Foshan’s energy consumption structure and the implementation of the policy,this paper found that there were some challenges in the policy implementation process,such as high economic cost,lagging infrastructure,low social acceptance,and lack of technical personnel.To address this,suggestions are put forward,including increasing financial subsidies,improving laws and regulations,promoting technological innovation,and encouraging social inclusion policies.These recommendations aim to provide guidance and reference for the remaining“coal to gas”projects and the development of clean energy.展开更多
Significant two-way shape memory effect(TWSME)was achieved in single crystals of single-phase multielement Ni42-x Cu8 Cox Mn37 Ga13(8≤x≤12)alloys by performing thermomechanical training.However,anomalous dependence ...Significant two-way shape memory effect(TWSME)was achieved in single crystals of single-phase multielement Ni42-x Cu8 Cox Mn37 Ga13(8≤x≤12)alloys by performing thermomechanical training.However,anomalous dependence of the martensitic transformation temperature span on Co content was observed.Before training,quite a narrow temperature span of the martensitic transformation,nearly independent of the Co content,was observed in all single crystals.After training the temperature span was still narrow for 8≤x≤10.9 but was obviously expanded for 10.9<x≤12.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that at the atomic scale,there exists incommensurate modulated structure in the single phase single crystals,as evidenced by nonperiodic satellite spots in the selected area electronic diffraction patterns.Moreover,the modulated wave vector of the satellite spots was increased by higher Co contents.Combining first principal calculations it was considered that the incommensurate modulated structure originates from the formation of Co-Co pairs.After training arrays of ordered dislocations with the same Burgers vector were introduced for 8≤x≤10.9 but the network of dislocations was formed for 10.9<x≤12.Based on analysis of transmission electron microscopy,geometric phase,thermodynamics,and Landau theory,it was considered that the austenite/martensite phase interface was pinned by the network of dislocations,expanding the temperature span of the martensitic transformation.This work supplies new insights for understanding the microstructure and martensitic transformation of Ni-Mn-Ga-based alloys.展开更多
The character of structural changes in the surface layer of titanium carbide （TiC） with Ni-Cr alloy binder was investigated theoretically and experimentally after electron-beam treatment of the material surface. The...The character of structural changes in the surface layer of titanium carbide （TiC） with Ni-Cr alloy binder was investigated theoretically and experimentally after electron-beam treatment of the material surface. The thermal influence of the electron-beam irradiation on the surface layer microstructure of the composite fine-grained material was mathematically analyzed. Quantitative estimations of the depth of the zone in microstructural phase transformations were carried out. The microstructure and concentration profile of Ti distribution in the metallic binder over the cross section of the surface layer with microstructural phase transformations after electron-pulse treatment of the hard metal surface were experimentally investigated.展开更多
A new kind of polytriazoleimide containing bisphenyl-l,2,3-triazole （BPT） was synthesized by copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes （CuAAC） and polycondensation. The thermal stability and...A new kind of polytriazoleimide containing bisphenyl-l,2,3-triazole （BPT） was synthesized by copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes （CuAAC） and polycondensation. The thermal stability and degradation mechanism of the polytriazoleimide were investigated. The results show that the structure of BPT in polytriazoleimide transforms to phenylindole after thermal treatment, accompanying the release of NE.展开更多
The oxidation behavior of three biodiesels of different origins,viz.rapeseed oil derived biodiesel,soybean oil derived biodiesel and waste oil based biodiesel,were tested on an oxidation tester.The chemical compositio...The oxidation behavior of three biodiesels of different origins,viz.rapeseed oil derived biodiesel,soybean oil derived biodiesel and waste oil based biodiesel,were tested on an oxidation tester.The chemical compositions of the biodiesels were characterized by gas chromatography.Thereafter,the structural transformation of fatty acid methyl ester(FAME)of the biodiesels was analyzed by an infrared spectrometer and an ultraviolet absorption spectrometer.The results demonstrated that the oxidation behavior of biodiesels of different origins was closely related to the composition and distribution of FAMEs.Higher concentration of unsaturated FAME with multi-double bonds exhibited poorer oxidation resistance.Furthermore,cis-trans isomerization transformation occurred in the unsaturated FAME molecules and conjugated double-bond produced during the oxidation process of biodiesel.Greater cis-trans variations corresponded to deeper oxidation degree.The higher the content of unsaturated FAME with multi-double bonds in a biodiesel,the more the conjugated double bonds was formed.展开更多
The synergy effect of alloy elements in bimetallic clusters can be used to tune the chemical and physical properties. Research on the influences of alloy concentration and distribution on the frozen structure of bimet...The synergy effect of alloy elements in bimetallic clusters can be used to tune the chemical and physical properties. Research on the influences of alloy concentration and distribution on the frozen structure of bimetallic clusters plays a key rolc in exploring new structural materials. In this paper, we study the influence of Ag concentration on the frozen structure of the （AgCo）561 cluster by using molecular dynamics simulation with a general embedded atom method. The results indicate that tt^e structure and chemical ordering of the （AgCo）561 cluster are strongly related to Ag concentration. Hcp-icosahedron structural transformation in the frozen （CoAg）561 cluster can be induced by changing Ag concentration. The chemical ordering also transforms to Janus-like Co Ag from core-shell Co-Ag.展开更多
A mixture of Ni and Fe oxides is among the most commonly active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)during the water oxidation process.In particular,Ni oxide incorporated with even a small amount of Fe lea...A mixture of Ni and Fe oxides is among the most commonly active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)during the water oxidation process.In particular,Ni oxide incorporated with even a small amount of Fe leads to substantively enhanced OER activity.However,the critical role of Fe species during the electrocatalytic process is still under evaluation.Herein,we report nickel(oxy)hydroxide incorporated with Fe through the surface reconstruction of a bimetallic metal-organic framework(NiFe-MOF)during the water oxidation process.The spectroscopic investigations with theoretical calculations reveal the critical role of Fe in promoting the formation of highly oxidized Ni^(4+),which directly correlates with an enhanced OER activity.Both the geometric and electronic structu res of the as-reconstructed Ni_(1-x)Fe_(x)OOH electrocatalysts can be delicately tuned by the Ni-Fe ratio of the bimetallic NiFe-MOF,further affecting the catalytic activity.As a result,the Ni_(1-x)Fe_(x)OOH derived from Ni_(0.9)Fe_(0.1)-MOF delivers low overpotentials of 260 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)and 400 mV at 300 mA cm^(-2).展开更多
In this paper,we performed an empirical study on the TFP effect of structural transformation based on panel data of economic growth in 169 countries across the world.Our findings are threefold:First,structural transfo...In this paper,we performed an empirical study on the TFP effect of structural transformation based on panel data of economic growth in 169 countries across the world.Our findings are threefold:First,structural transformation has an inverted U-shaped effect on TFP.When the degree of structural transformation is on the left side of the inflection point,structural transformation is conducive to softening industrial structure and inducing TFP;when the degree of structural transformation is on the right side of the inflection point,structural transformation will induce industrial hollowing out and inhibit TFP.Second,since the reform and opening up program was launched in 1978,China’s structural transformation has evolved from the stage of adaptation to the stage of strategic adjustment with an increasingly evident trend towards a service-based economy,but structural transformation remains on the left side of the inflection point of the inverted U-shaped curve,i.e.the TFP effect of structural transformation is positive.Third,TFP improvement lies at the heart of high-quality development.In pursuing high-quality development,China should lower growth rate expectations,attach greater importance to supply-side structural reforms,and accelerate structural transformation to promote TFP improvement.展开更多
An energy model for the structure transformation of pile-ups of grain boundary dislocations(GBD)at the triple-junction of the grain boundary of ultrafine-grain materials was proposed.The energy of the pile-up of the G...An energy model for the structure transformation of pile-ups of grain boundary dislocations(GBD)at the triple-junction of the grain boundary of ultrafine-grain materials was proposed.The energy of the pile-up of the GBD in the system was calculated by the energy model,the critical geometric and mechanical conditions for the structure transformation of head dislocation of the pile-up were analyzed,and the influence of the number density of the dislocations and the angle between Burgers vectors of two decomposed dislocations on the transformation mode of head dislocation was discussed.The results show when the GBD is accumulated at triple junction,the head dislocation of the GBD is decomposed into two Burgers vectors of these dislocations unless the angle between the two vectors is less than 90°,and the increase of applied external stress can reduce the energy barrier of the dislocation decomposition.The mechanism that the ultrafine-grained metal material has both high strength and plasticity owing to the structure transformation of the pile-up of the GBD at the triple junction of the grain boundary is revealed.展开更多
The prolongation structure methodologies of Wahlquist-Estabrook [H.D. Wahlquist and F.B. Estabrook, J. Math. Phys. 16 （1975） 1] for nonlinear differential equations are applied to a more general set of coupled integ...The prolongation structure methodologies of Wahlquist-Estabrook [H.D. Wahlquist and F.B. Estabrook, J. Math. Phys. 16 （1975） 1] for nonlinear differential equations are applied to a more general set of coupled integrable dispersionless system. Based on the obtained prolongation structure, a Lie-Algebra valued connection of a closed ideal of exterior differential forms related to the above system is constructed. A Lie-Algebra representation of some hidden structural symmetries of the previous system, its Biicklund transformation using the Riccati form of the linear eigenvalue problem and their general corresponding Lax-representation are derived. In the wake of the previous results, we extend the above prolongation scheme to higher-dimensional systems from which a new （2 ＋ 1）-dimensional coupled integrable dispersionless system is unveiled along with its inverse scattering formulation, which applications are straightforward in nonlinear optics where additional propagating dimension deserves some attention.展开更多
The intimate host-anion interactions will regulate thermodynamics and kinetics in the self-assembly of cationic cages mimicking biological counterparts.Herein,we report construction and transformation of three Pd(Ⅱ)-...The intimate host-anion interactions will regulate thermodynamics and kinetics in the self-assembly of cationic cages mimicking biological counterparts.Herein,we report construction and transformation of three Pd(Ⅱ)-based metal-organic cages(MOCs)depending on different anions.Stoichiometric conversions of the lantern-shaped MOC-34 into either octahedral MOC-35 or tricapped trigonal prism MOC-36 are induced by BF_(4)^(–)or NO_(3)^(–),respectively.MOC-36 is kinetically favored and can undergo quantitative conversion to the thermodynamically preferred MOC-35 upon heating,accelerated by excess BF_(4)^(–)to motivate dissociative dynamics of Pd-vertices and lower activation barrier of cage transformation.The vip encapsulation behaviors of MOC-35 and MOC-36 have also been tested.These results manifest a significance of host-anion dynamics beyond complementary anion template,shedding light on the understanding of intricate anion recognition in nature.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51871012,52071021)Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(No.2162024)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-GF-20-20B)the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China(No.2011CB605502)。
文摘The elimination of the B2 phase in aβ-solidifying high Nb-containing TiAl alloy withβ/B2 andγphases was investigated using different heat treatments,with a focus on understanding the phase transformations and lamellae formation during the process.The phase transformation and lamellae formation during B2 phase elimination differs from that observed in conventional TiAl alloys.During the holding stage of heat treatment,theβ/B2 phase is replaced by theαphase through primary phase transformations ofβ→αandγ→α.Lamellae formation occurs within bothαandγgrains during cooling,initiating 30-40℃below the annealing temperature.This lamellar structure was formed via two main mechanisms:nucleation at grain boundaries followed by growth into the grain,and direct precipitation and growth within the grain.The orientation relationship between theγphase and its adjacentαphase is(111)_(γ)//(0001)_(α)and[011]_(γ)//[1120]_(α),with a coherency between the phases characterized by a misfit of approximately 1.7%.
基金This study was supported by:The Late-Stage Support Program of the National Social Science Fund of China“Supply-Side Structural Reform and the Dual Structural Transformation of China's Economy”(Grant No.22FJLB009)The National Natural Science Fund of China for Young Scholars“The Dual Structural Transformation of China’s Economy:A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Test Based on the Supply-Side Structural Reform”(Grant No.71703056).
文摘Occupational structural transformation is a common pattern during the steady growth of GDP per capita in major economies worldwide.In recent years,there has been a decline in the employment share of goods occupation and an increase in service occupation within the Chinese manufacturing industry,presenting a trend of occupational structural transformation and rapid development of service-oriented manufacturing.It is an important driving force and typical performance of the high-end,intelligent,and green development of the manufacturing industry.As a strategic general technology which leads the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation,artificial intelligence(AI)has become a new fundamental force to accelerate the occupational structural transformation and service-oriented manufacturing development in China.Thus,this paper establishes a dynamic general equilibrium model with AI technology and occupational heterogeneity,showing the endogenous mechanism of occupational structural transformation.We find that when AI technology is biased towards goods occupation,and the elasticity of substitution between goods occupation and service occupation is less than 1,then AI will drive the transformation of occupational structure from goods to service within the manufacturing sector,increase the proportion of service-oriented manufacturing,improve labor productivity of manufacturing relative to service and stabilize the real output share of manufacturing.Promoting deeper integration of different occupations,intensifying R&D in AI technology and reducing labor mobility barriers between occupations can effectively accelerate the occupational structural transformation and industrial structural upgrading.We use theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method to show the theoretical mechanism by which AI affects occupational structural transformation and industrial structural transformation from a macroeconomic perspective,and put forward policy implications on how to promote the service-oriented manufacturing development and accelerate the construction of modern industrial system through AI innovation.
文摘This study examines the influence of microfinance institutions’(MFIs)financial innovation on structural transformation.For this purpose,we considered a household survey from Nepal.The survey collected data on various individual and household characteristics,borrowing patterns,and occupations over the years.The key question focused on occupations before and after borrowing,a categorical response variable indicating 1 for occupational change after borrowing and 0 otherwise.Therefore,we use logistic regression to estimate the probability of occupational change,given two measures of financial innovation:loan purpose and size.The results show that the number of households involved in agriculture significantly decreased,with the majority switching to businesses and convenience stores,indicating a shift to the manufacturing and service sectors.These findings suggest that MFIs contribute to local-level structural transformation by enabling borrowers to move away from traditional employment.This study has important implications for policymakers,development practitioners,and academics interested in promoting economic development through microfinancing in low-income countries.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22120240204 and 22120240039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22301219,Z.Z.,22101205,H.H.)。
文摘The synthesized molecular clusters featuring the cubic[4Fe–4S]core have been studied for several decades,as they serve as true analogs of the active components in ferritin within biological systems.Such a model cluster has been extensively investigated in various fields,including structural modulation,catalysis,and self-assembly under laboratory conditions,with the aim of gaining an in-depth understanding of their roles in biological functions.Herein,we revisited three well-known[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)molecules,namely[Me_(4)N]_(2)[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)](R=o-MBT,m-MBT,p-MBT),and successfully established their single crystal structures that remain unknown prior to this work.Interestingly,it is revealed that the position of the substituent methyl group has an obvious steric effect on the arrangement of the ligand around the[4Fe–4S]core,which further influences their overall packing patterns in single crystals.In addition,this work unveils two new structure transformation behaviors for the[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)system:i)the monomeric[Fe(SR)_(4)]^(2–)and tetrameric[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)can be interconverted,and ii)[Fe_(4)S_(4)(SR)_(4)]^(2–)can be transferred into an intriguing iron-oxide complex Na_(2)Fe_(6)O(OMe)_(18)·6MeOH in a well-controlled oxidizing environment.
基金founded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation,State assignments for research,registration No.1024032600084-8-1.3.2Study of the grain growth and the formation of polycrystalline structure as a result of phase transition(Section 6)was founded by the Russian Science Foundation,Project No.24-71-00078+3 种基金https://rscf.ru/en/project/24-71-00078/(accessed on 01 December 2025).Study of the orientation dependence of the phase transition of aluminum in Section 3 was founded by the Russian Science Foundation,Project No.24-19-00684https://rscf.ru/en/project/24-19-00684/(accessed on 01 December 2025).
文摘It is well known that aluminum and copper exhibit structural phase transformations in quasi-static and dynamic measurements,including shock wave loading.However,the dependence of phase transformations in a wide range of crystallographic directions of shock loading has not been revealed.In this work,we calculated the shock Hugoniot for aluminum and copper in different crystallographic directions([100],[110],[111],[112],[102],[114],[123],[134],[221]and[401])of shock compression using molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.The results showed a high pressure(>160 GPa for Cu and>40 GPa for Al)of the FCC-to-BCC transition.In copper,different characteristics of the phase transition are observed depending on the loading direction with the[100]compression direction being the weakest.The FCC-to-BCC transition for copper is in the range of 150–220 GPa,which is consistent with the existing experimental data.Due to the high transition pressure,the BCC phase transition in copper competes with melting.In aluminum,the FCC-to-BCC transition is observed for all studied directions at pressures between 40 and 50 GPa far beyond the melting.In all considered cases we observe the coexistence of HCP and BCC phases during the FCC-to-BCC transition,which is consistent with the experimental data and atomistic calculations;this HCP phase forms in the course of accompanying plastic deformation with dislocation activity in the parent FCC phase.The plasticity incipience is also anisotropic in bothmetals,which is due to the difference in the projections of stress on the slip plane for different orientations of the FCC crystal.MD modeling results demonstrate a strong dependence of the FCC-to-BCC transition on the crystallographic direction,in which the material is loaded in the copper crystals.However,MD simulations data can only be obtained for specific points in the stereographic direction space;therefore,for more comprehensive understanding of the phase transition process,a feed-forward neural network was trained using MD modeling data.The trained machine learning model allowed us to construct continuous stereographic maps of phase transitions as a function of stress in the shock-compressed state of metal.Due to appearance and growth of multiple centers of new phase,the FCC-to-BCC transition leads to formation of a polycrystalline structure from the parent single crystal.
基金supported by the Yuxiu Innovation Project of NCUT(Grant No.2024NCUTYXCX211).
文摘Purpose–This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strategic adjustments in China’s transportation structure,with a particular focus on the pivotal role of railway freight and its integration into the modern logistics system.It seeks to address the need for a more nuanced understanding of the“road to rail”policy,emphasizing the importance of intermodal collaboration and service of fragmented market demands.Design/methodology/approach–The study employs a transport economics perspective to evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of China’s transportation structure optimization.It bases its assessment of the current state of railway freight logistics,multi-modal transportation and the broader implications for the transportation service market on data analysis.The methodology includes a review of existing policies,an examination of industry practices and a comparative analysis with global trends in railway logistics.Findings–The research underscores the importance of focusing on the development of non-bulk materials,noting the insufficiency in the development of China’s rail multi-modal transportation and highlighting the instructive value of successful cases in open-top container road-rail intermodal transportation.The study posits that the railway sector must enhance cooperation with other market entities,aligning with the lead enterprises in the logistics chain that are characterized by speed,high value and strong coordination capabilities,in order to better serve the transportation market.This approach moves away from a reliance on the railway’s own capabilities alone.Originality/value–This paper offers original insights into the transformation of railway freight in China,contributing to the body of knowledge on transportation economics and logistics.It provides valuable recommendations for policymakers and industry practitioners,emphasizing the strategic importance of railway logistics in the context of China’s economic development and intense competition in the supply chain.The value of the article lies in its comprehensive understanding of the complexities involved in the adjustment of transportation structures,providing direction for the market-oriented reform of China’s railway freight sector.
文摘On January 19,2026,China's first structural interest rate cut of the year took effect.The People's Bank of China announced a 0.25 percentage point reduction in relending and rediscount rates,targeting key sectors like small and micro enterprises(SMEs),technological innovation,and green transition.For the textile industry,where small and medium-sized enterprises account for over 90%of traditional manufacturing,the policy benefits will inject strong momentum into the high-quality development from multiple dimensions,including reduced financing costs,support for transformation funds,and expansion of foreign trade markets.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12261072)。
文摘The widespread popularization and application of laser technology have provided a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the material world and given birth to several emerging research fields.This study mainly focuses on the following three key aspects.First,the classical ensemble method is adopted to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of two-dimensional(2D)matter–wave pulses in Bose–Fermi mixed gases(including linear and nonlinear pulses).Second,under the strict constraints of unitary systems,a coupled Kd V equation is successfully derived,and the prolongation structure theory is skillfully used to carry out detailed calculations and analyses on this equation.Thus,the prolongation algebra of this equation is accurately determined,and the corresponding Lax pair is rigorously derived.Finally,based on the carefully obtained Lax pair from the prolongation structure theory,the soliton solutions of this equation are further analyzed in depth,and intuitive images of each soliton solution are carefully drawn.This lays a solid foundation for subsequent detailed research on these soliton characteristics and provides great convenience.
文摘Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong province,the implementation of the“coal to gas”policy has demonstrated significance for the optimization of the national energy structure.Through the analysis of the change in Foshan’s energy consumption structure and the implementation of the policy,this paper found that there were some challenges in the policy implementation process,such as high economic cost,lagging infrastructure,low social acceptance,and lack of technical personnel.To address this,suggestions are put forward,including increasing financial subsidies,improving laws and regulations,promoting technological innovation,and encouraging social inclusion policies.These recommendations aim to provide guidance and reference for the remaining“coal to gas”projects and the development of clean energy.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3501402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52250313 and 52121001)Yang Liu and Chen Si acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12274013).
文摘Significant two-way shape memory effect(TWSME)was achieved in single crystals of single-phase multielement Ni42-x Cu8 Cox Mn37 Ga13(8≤x≤12)alloys by performing thermomechanical training.However,anomalous dependence of the martensitic transformation temperature span on Co content was observed.Before training,quite a narrow temperature span of the martensitic transformation,nearly independent of the Co content,was observed in all single crystals.After training the temperature span was still narrow for 8≤x≤10.9 but was obviously expanded for 10.9<x≤12.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that at the atomic scale,there exists incommensurate modulated structure in the single phase single crystals,as evidenced by nonperiodic satellite spots in the selected area electronic diffraction patterns.Moreover,the modulated wave vector of the satellite spots was increased by higher Co contents.Combining first principal calculations it was considered that the incommensurate modulated structure originates from the formation of Co-Co pairs.After training arrays of ordered dislocations with the same Burgers vector were introduced for 8≤x≤10.9 but the network of dislocations was formed for 10.9<x≤12.Based on analysis of transmission electron microscopy,geometric phase,thermodynamics,and Landau theory,it was considered that the austenite/martensite phase interface was pinned by the network of dislocations,expanding the temperature span of the martensitic transformation.This work supplies new insights for understanding the microstructure and martensitic transformation of Ni-Mn-Ga-based alloys.
文摘The character of structural changes in the surface layer of titanium carbide （TiC） with Ni-Cr alloy binder was investigated theoretically and experimentally after electron-beam treatment of the material surface. The thermal influence of the electron-beam irradiation on the surface layer microstructure of the composite fine-grained material was mathematically analyzed. Quantitative estimations of the depth of the zone in microstructural phase transformations were carried out. The microstructure and concentration profile of Ti distribution in the metallic binder over the cross section of the surface layer with microstructural phase transformations after electron-pulse treatment of the hard metal surface were experimentally investigated.
基金the financial support of Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(No. B502)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University
文摘A new kind of polytriazoleimide containing bisphenyl-l,2,3-triazole （BPT） was synthesized by copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes （CuAAC） and polycondensation. The thermal stability and degradation mechanism of the polytriazoleimide were investigated. The results show that the structure of BPT in polytriazoleimide transforms to phenylindole after thermal treatment, accompanying the release of NE.
基金the financial support from the National Natual Science Foundation of China(No.51375491)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(Project No.2011JJA90020)the Science Foundation for Young Teachers of Logistical Engineering University
文摘The oxidation behavior of three biodiesels of different origins,viz.rapeseed oil derived biodiesel,soybean oil derived biodiesel and waste oil based biodiesel,were tested on an oxidation tester.The chemical compositions of the biodiesels were characterized by gas chromatography.Thereafter,the structural transformation of fatty acid methyl ester(FAME)of the biodiesels was analyzed by an infrared spectrometer and an ultraviolet absorption spectrometer.The results demonstrated that the oxidation behavior of biodiesels of different origins was closely related to the composition and distribution of FAMEs.Higher concentration of unsaturated FAME with multi-double bonds exhibited poorer oxidation resistance.Furthermore,cis-trans isomerization transformation occurred in the unsaturated FAME molecules and conjugated double-bond produced during the oxidation process of biodiesel.Greater cis-trans variations corresponded to deeper oxidation degree.The higher the content of unsaturated FAME with multi-double bonds in a biodiesel,the more the conjugated double bonds was formed.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Chongqing Committee of Education of China (Grant No. KJ111206)the Fund of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences (Grant No. Z2011RCYJ05)
文摘The synergy effect of alloy elements in bimetallic clusters can be used to tune the chemical and physical properties. Research on the influences of alloy concentration and distribution on the frozen structure of bimetallic clusters plays a key rolc in exploring new structural materials. In this paper, we study the influence of Ag concentration on the frozen structure of the （AgCo）561 cluster by using molecular dynamics simulation with a general embedded atom method. The results indicate that tt^e structure and chemical ordering of the （AgCo）561 cluster are strongly related to Ag concentration. Hcp-icosahedron structural transformation in the frozen （CoAg）561 cluster can be induced by changing Ag concentration. The chemical ordering also transforms to Janus-like Co Ag from core-shell Co-Ag.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22105060)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2020205004)+1 种基金Funding from the Science Foundation of Hebei Normal University(L2020B13)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(BJ2021028)。
文摘A mixture of Ni and Fe oxides is among the most commonly active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)during the water oxidation process.In particular,Ni oxide incorporated with even a small amount of Fe leads to substantively enhanced OER activity.However,the critical role of Fe species during the electrocatalytic process is still under evaluation.Herein,we report nickel(oxy)hydroxide incorporated with Fe through the surface reconstruction of a bimetallic metal-organic framework(NiFe-MOF)during the water oxidation process.The spectroscopic investigations with theoretical calculations reveal the critical role of Fe in promoting the formation of highly oxidized Ni^(4+),which directly correlates with an enhanced OER activity.Both the geometric and electronic structu res of the as-reconstructed Ni_(1-x)Fe_(x)OOH electrocatalysts can be delicately tuned by the Ni-Fe ratio of the bimetallic NiFe-MOF,further affecting the catalytic activity.As a result,the Ni_(1-x)Fe_(x)OOH derived from Ni_(0.9)Fe_(0.1)-MOF delivers low overpotentials of 260 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)and 400 mV at 300 mA cm^(-2).
文摘In this paper,we performed an empirical study on the TFP effect of structural transformation based on panel data of economic growth in 169 countries across the world.Our findings are threefold:First,structural transformation has an inverted U-shaped effect on TFP.When the degree of structural transformation is on the left side of the inflection point,structural transformation is conducive to softening industrial structure and inducing TFP;when the degree of structural transformation is on the right side of the inflection point,structural transformation will induce industrial hollowing out and inhibit TFP.Second,since the reform and opening up program was launched in 1978,China’s structural transformation has evolved from the stage of adaptation to the stage of strategic adjustment with an increasingly evident trend towards a service-based economy,but structural transformation remains on the left side of the inflection point of the inverted U-shaped curve,i.e.the TFP effect of structural transformation is positive.Third,TFP improvement lies at the heart of high-quality development.In pursuing high-quality development,China should lower growth rate expectations,attach greater importance to supply-side structural reforms,and accelerate structural transformation to promote TFP improvement.
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51161003,51561031)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi,China(No.2018GXNSFAA138150)。
文摘An energy model for the structure transformation of pile-ups of grain boundary dislocations(GBD)at the triple-junction of the grain boundary of ultrafine-grain materials was proposed.The energy of the pile-up of the GBD in the system was calculated by the energy model,the critical geometric and mechanical conditions for the structure transformation of head dislocation of the pile-up were analyzed,and the influence of the number density of the dislocations and the angle between Burgers vectors of two decomposed dislocations on the transformation mode of head dislocation was discussed.The results show when the GBD is accumulated at triple junction,the head dislocation of the GBD is decomposed into two Burgers vectors of these dislocations unless the angle between the two vectors is less than 90°,and the increase of applied external stress can reduce the energy barrier of the dislocation decomposition.The mechanism that the ultrafine-grained metal material has both high strength and plasticity owing to the structure transformation of the pile-up of the GBD at the triple junction of the grain boundary is revealed.
文摘The prolongation structure methodologies of Wahlquist-Estabrook [H.D. Wahlquist and F.B. Estabrook, J. Math. Phys. 16 （1975） 1] for nonlinear differential equations are applied to a more general set of coupled integrable dispersionless system. Based on the obtained prolongation structure, a Lie-Algebra valued connection of a closed ideal of exterior differential forms related to the above system is constructed. A Lie-Algebra representation of some hidden structural symmetries of the previous system, its Biicklund transformation using the Riccati form of the linear eigenvalue problem and their general corresponding Lax-representation are derived. In the wake of the previous results, we extend the above prolongation scheme to higher-dimensional systems from which a new （2 ＋ 1）-dimensional coupled integrable dispersionless system is unveiled along with its inverse scattering formulation, which applications are straightforward in nonlinear optics where additional propagating dimension deserves some attention.
基金supported by the NKRD Program of China(No.2021YFA1500401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21821003,21890380)the LIRTP of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2017BT01C161)。
文摘The intimate host-anion interactions will regulate thermodynamics and kinetics in the self-assembly of cationic cages mimicking biological counterparts.Herein,we report construction and transformation of three Pd(Ⅱ)-based metal-organic cages(MOCs)depending on different anions.Stoichiometric conversions of the lantern-shaped MOC-34 into either octahedral MOC-35 or tricapped trigonal prism MOC-36 are induced by BF_(4)^(–)or NO_(3)^(–),respectively.MOC-36 is kinetically favored and can undergo quantitative conversion to the thermodynamically preferred MOC-35 upon heating,accelerated by excess BF_(4)^(–)to motivate dissociative dynamics of Pd-vertices and lower activation barrier of cage transformation.The vip encapsulation behaviors of MOC-35 and MOC-36 have also been tested.These results manifest a significance of host-anion dynamics beyond complementary anion template,shedding light on the understanding of intricate anion recognition in nature.
