Salvia miltiorrhiza(S.miltiorrhiza)represents a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine,demonstrating effects on blood circulation activation and stasis removal,and has been widely utilized in asthma treatme...Salvia miltiorrhiza(S.miltiorrhiza)represents a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine,demonstrating effects on blood circulation activation and stasis removal,and has been widely utilized in asthma treatment.This study isolated a novel phenolic acid(S1)from S.miltiorrhiza and investigated its anti-asthmatic activity and underlying mechanisms for the first time.An allergic asthma(AA)model was established using ovalbumin(OVA).The mechanism of S1's effects on AA was investigated using multi-factor joint analysis,flow cytometry,and co-culture systems to facilitate clinical asthma treatment.S1(10 or 20 mg·kg-1)was administered daily to mice with OVA-induced AA(OVA-AA)during days 21-25.The study examined airway responsiveness,lung damage,inflammation,and levels of immunoglobulin E(IgE),PGD2,interleukins(IL-4,5,10,13,17A),tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),GM-CSF,CXCL1,CCL11,and mMCP-1.Additionally,mast cell(MC)activation and degranulation were explored,along with T helper type 17(Th17)/Treg immune cells and TLR4 pathway biomarkers.The antagonistic activity of that specific antagonist of TLR4(TAK-242)(1μmol·L^(-1)),a specific TLR4 blocker,against S1(10μmol·L^(-1))was examined in co-cultured 16 HBE cells and bone marrow-derived cells(BMDCs)or splenic lymphocytes(SLs)induced with LPS(1μg·mL^(-1))to elucidate the TLR4 pathway's mediating role.S1 demonstrated reduced airway responsiveness,lung damage,and inflammation,with downregulation of IgE,PGD2,interleukins,TNF-α,GM-CSF,CXCL1,CCL11,and mMCP-1.It also impeded MC activation and degranulation,upregulated IL^(-1)0,and influenced Th17/Treg immune cell transformation following OVA challenge.Furthermore,S1 inhibited the TLR4 pathway in OVA-AA mice,and TLR4 antagonism enhanced S1's positive effects.Analysis using an OVA-AA mouse model demonstrated that S1 alleviates AA clinical symptoms,restores lung function,and inhibits airway response.S1's therapeutic effects occur through regulation of Th17/Treg immune cells and inflammation,attributable at least partially to the TLR4 pathway.This study provides molecular justification for S1 in AA treatment.展开更多
Advanced glycation end products(AGEs),a group of complex compounds generated by nonenzymatic interactions between amino acids,proteins and reducing sugars or lipids,accumulate in vivo and activate various signaling pa...Advanced glycation end products(AGEs),a group of complex compounds generated by nonenzymatic interactions between amino acids,proteins and reducing sugars or lipids,accumulate in vivo and activate various signaling pathways closely related to the occurrence of various chronic metabolic diseases.This study aims to explore the structure-activity relationship between phenolic acids with different structure and affecting the AGEs generation,and to provide data support for AGEs control.Phenolic acids(4-hydroxybenzoic,protocatechuic,gallic,p-coumaric,caffeic,ferulic and sinapic acids)were employed to indicate the AGEs formation condition in Maillard reaction performed in the glucose-lysine model system.Three 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds were reacted with phenolic acids and then tested by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results showed that N^(ε)-carboxy-methyl-lysine(CML),N^(ε)-carboxy-ethyl-lysine(CEL),and pyrraline formation inhibited by phenolic acids varied from(8.7±2.5)%to(33.2±2.5)%,(10.5±0.8)%to(57.1±3.2)%and(1.3±0.3)%to(23.3±0.8)%,respectively.The p-coumaric acid has no inhibitory effect on CML and CEL formation.Gallic acid shows the best inhibitory effect on CML formation due to its strong antioxidant activity.Sinapic acid showed the best glyoxal(GO)trapping rate and thus had the stronger inhibitory effect on CML formation.Ferulic acid can react with mono-,di-,and tri-methylglyoxal(MGO)to form adduct products,showing the best MGO scavenging rate and a good inhibitory effect on CEL formation.The main role of phenolic acid is an antioxidant agent to inhibit pyrraline formation.The glucose itself or ammonia-induced degradation and Amadori rearrangement products oxidation were lowered by protocatechuic,gallic and caffeic acids due to their antioxidant activities to form AGEs,while AGEs inhibited by ferulic and sinapic acids were mainly dependent on their trapping ability on 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds.展开更多
The contents of seven different phenolic acids such as gallic acid, catechinic acid, pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in the poplar leaves （Populus Simonii×Populus Pyramib...The contents of seven different phenolic acids such as gallic acid, catechinic acid, pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in the poplar leaves （Populus Simonii×Populus Pyramibalis c.v and Populus deltoids） suffocated by Methyl jasmonate （MeJA） and Methyl salicylate （MeSA） were monitored for analyzing their functions in interplant communications by using high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）.The results showed that the contents of phenolic acids had obviously difference in leaves exposed to either MeSA or MeJA.When P.deltoides leaves exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid was increased, gallic acid in leaves treated with MeJA comes to a peak at 24 h while to a peak at 12-d having leaves treated with MeSA.When P.Simonii ×P.Pyramibalis c.v leaves were exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, pyrocatechol and ferulic acid was increased; The catechinic acid and benzoic acid had a little drop; The caffeic acid and coumaric acid were undetected in both suffocated and control leaves.This changed pattern indicated that MeJA and MeSA can act as airborne signals to induce defense response of plants.展开更多
A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of five bioactive phenolic acids,yunnaneic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A...A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of five bioactive phenolic acids,yunnaneic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A in eight different samples of Salvia yunnanensis collected in Yunnan Province.For comparison,the sample of Salvia miltiorrhiza was included. All the samples were extracted for 60 min with 50%methanol in an ultrasonic bath.The optimal separation was achieved on a YMC-Pack Pro C18 column,with a gradient of 0.1%（v/v） phosphoric acid and acetonitrile,at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at a detection wavelength of 280 nm.The separation was obtained within 65 min for five bioactive phenolic acids.All calibration curves showed good linearity（r^2〉0.999） within test ranges.The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 5%for intra- and inter-day assays.The mean recovery of the method was in the range from 97%to 104%,with RSD less than 5%.This assay was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of five bioactive phenolic acids in nine resource samples. The results showed that the developed HPLC assay was suitable for the quality control of S.yunnanensis and it can be used to differentiate S.yunnanensis from S.miltiorrhiza.展开更多
A reverse-phase HPLC-DAD method was developed for simultaneous quantification of ten phenolic acids （caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-di...A reverse-phase HPLC-DAD method was developed for simultaneous quantification of ten phenolic acids （caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, and 4,5-0- dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester） in the dried flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. （Lonicerae Japonicae Flos; LJF）. An optimal sample preparation method was established as 30-min ultrasonication with 100 times 50% （v/w） ethanol aqueous solution based on the orthogonal test results. The chromatographic separation of the ten phenolic acids was achieved with an AQ-C18 column （4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 p.m） and a gradient elution of acetonitrile, methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution within 55 rain. All calibration curves showed good linearity （r2〉0.999） within test ranges. The average recoveries were in the range of 98.57%-103.22% with RSD less than 3%. The method developed was accurate, sensitive and reproducible for determination of ten phenolic acids in LJF.展开更多
Diets containing high proportions of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of onset of chronic diseases.The role of herbal medicines in improving human health is gaining popularity over the years,which also increases ...Diets containing high proportions of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of onset of chronic diseases.The role of herbal medicines in improving human health is gaining popularity over the years,which also increases the need for safety and efficiency of these products.Green leafy vegetables(GLVs)are the richest source of phenolic compounds with excellent antioxidant properties.Increased consumption of diets containing phenolic compounds may give positive and better results to human health and significantly improves the immune system.Highly selective,susceptible and versatile analytical techniques are necessary for extraction,identifica-tion,and quantification of phenolic compounds from plant extracts,which helps to utilize their important biological properties.Recent advances in the pre-treatment procedures,separation techniques and spectro-metry methods are used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds.The online coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry(LC-MS)has become a useful tool in the metabolic profiling of plant samples.In this review,the separation and identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids from GLVs by LC-MS have been discussed along with the general extraction procedures and other sources of mass spectrometer used.The review is devoted to the understanding of the structural configuration,nature and accumulation pattern of phenolic acids and flavonoids in plants and to highlighting the recent developments in the chemical investigation of these compounds by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.It concludes with the advantages of the combination of these two methods and prospects.展开更多
Four exogenous phenolic acids, including salicylic acid, fumalic acid, p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzonic acid, were used to investigate the regulatory effects on allelopathy of a wild rice accession of S37 （Oryza...Four exogenous phenolic acids, including salicylic acid, fumalic acid, p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzonic acid, were used to investigate the regulatory effects on allelopathy of a wild rice accession of S37 （Oryza Iongistaminata）, which is a known allelopathic rice. The four exogenous phenolic acids induced the enhancement of the allelopathic potential of wild rice S37 in target weeds though the weed-suppressive activities were low, and the inducible effects were dependent on the specific phenolic acid, concentration and treatment time. After foliar application of exogenous phenolic acids, the inhibition rates for plant height, root length and fresh weight of barnyard grass （Echinochioa crus-galli） were significantly higher than those of the control. Especially at the concentration of 100 mg/L, the inhibition rates for plant height and fresh weight of barnyard grass by fumalic acid were 38.12% and 26.31% higher than those of the control, showing that fumalic acid was more effective compared with other phenolic acids in inhibiting monocotyledon weed growth. Furthermore, the weedsuppressive activity of aqueous extract from the leaves of wild rice S37 treated with exogenous phenolic acids was increased, and it peaked at 48 h after the treatment with the aqueous extract, and then gradually declined.展开更多
The present study was designed to search for compounds with analgesic activity from the Schizophyllum commune(SC), which is widely consumed as edible and medicinal mushroom world. Thin layer chromatography(TLC), tosil...The present study was designed to search for compounds with analgesic activity from the Schizophyllum commune(SC), which is widely consumed as edible and medicinal mushroom world. Thin layer chromatography(TLC), tosilica gel column chromatography, sephadex LH 20, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) were used to isolate and purify compounds from SC. Structural analysis of the isolated compounds was based on nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). The effects of these compounds on voltage-gated sodium(NaV) channels were evaluated using patch clamp. The analgesic activity of these compounds was tested in two types of mouse pain models induced by noxious chemicals. Five phenolic acids identified from SC extracts in the present study included vanillic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, 3-hydroxy-5-methybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They inhibited the activity of both tetrodotoxin-resistant(TTX-r) and tetrodotoxin-sensitive(TTX-s) NaV channels. All the compounds showed low selectivity on NaV channel subtypes. After intraperitoneal injection, three compounds of these compounds exerted analgesic activity in mice. In conclusion, phenolic acids identified in SC demonstrated analgesic activity, facilitating the mechanistic studies of SC in the treatment of neurasthenia.展开更多
The declines in soil fertility and productivity in continuously cropped poplar plantations axe related to phenolic acid accumulation in the soil. Nitrogen is a vital life element for poplar and whether the accumulatio...The declines in soil fertility and productivity in continuously cropped poplar plantations axe related to phenolic acid accumulation in the soil. Nitrogen is a vital life element for poplar and whether the accumulation of phenolic acid could influence nitrogen metabolism in poplar and thereby hinder continuous cropping is not clear. In this study, poplar cuttings of Populus × euramericana ‘Neva＇ were potted in vermiculite, and phenolic acids at three concentrations （032, 0.5X and 1.0X） were added according to the actual content （1.0X） in the soil of a second-generation poplar plantation. Each treatment had eight replicates. We measured gas exchange parameters and the activities of key enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism in the leaves. Leaf photosynthetic parameters varied with the concentration of phenolic acids. The net photosynthetic rate （PN） significantly decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration, and non-stomatal factors might have been the primary limitation for PN- The activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, glutamine synthetase （GS） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT）, as well as the contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the leaves decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration. This was significantly and positively related to PN （P 〈 0.05）. The low concentration of phe- nolic acids mainly affected the transformation process of NO3- to NO2-, while the high concentration of phenolic acids affected both processes, where NO3- was transferred to NO2- and NH4＋ was transferred to glutamine （Gln）. Overall, phenolic acid had significant inhibitory effects on the photosynthetic productivity of Populus x euramericana ＇Neva＇. This was probably due to its influence on the activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes, which reduced the amount of amino acids that were translated into protein and enzymes. Improving the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by plants could help to overcome the problems caused by continuous cropping.展开更多
From the root of Salvia przewalskii Maxim.a new phenolic acid, przewalskinic acid A was isolated and the structure was established by the analysis of^(13)C-NMR,~1H-NMR and two-dimensional COSY experiments.
The virtual cocrystal screening approach based on molecular electrostatic potential surface(MEPS)maps is a fast and feasible computational method to estimate the probability of cocrystal formation by calculating the d...The virtual cocrystal screening approach based on molecular electrostatic potential surface(MEPS)maps is a fast and feasible computational method to estimate the probability of cocrystal formation by calculating the difference in the interaction site pairing energies of monomers and that of their assemblies prior to experimental screening.In this paper,we report 12 cocrystal forms of temozolomide with mono-,di-,and trihydroxy benzoic acids,namely,3-hydroxy-,2,4-dihydroxy-,2,5-dihydroxy-,2,6-dihydroxy-,3,4-dihydroxy-,and 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acids,as well as benzoic acid,as pharmaceutical coformers for the first time.10 single crystals out of the 12 cocrystal forms were obtained and unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,which clarified spatial arrangements,molecular conformations,and supramolecular synthons.MEPS further gains some insights into the sites of hydrogen bonding interactions for exploring combination patterns in these assemblies.Modulated stability of TMZ was successfully achieved by cocrystallization with these acids.展开更多
Two phenolic acids P-hydroxy benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were designated as four concentrations (0, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L) to investigate the effects of phenoic acids on the growth and the activities...Two phenolic acids P-hydroxy benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were designated as four concentrations (0, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L) to investigate the effects of phenoic acids on the growth and the activities of membrane protective enzymes of cucumber seedlings. The results showed that both phenolic acids inhibited the seedlings growth. The inhibitory effects were increased with the concentration of phenolic acids increasing and the time of treatment prolonging. Seedlings treated with A150 (P-hydroxy benzoic acid, 150 μmol/L), B50 (cinnamic acid, 50 μmol/L), B100 (cinnamic acid, 100 μmol/L), B150 (cinnamic acid, 150 μmol/L) showed significantly shorter in plant height , smaller in leaf area. and lighter in fresh weight. The inhibitory effect of cinnamic acid was comparatively stronger than that of P-hydroxy benzoic acid. For protective enzymes system, compared to control , the POD activity increased at all concentrations of P-hydroxy benzoic acid during the treatment but increased at first then decreased before increased again at last at all concentrations of cinnamic acid .In the case of CAT, its activity increased at first, then decreased, and increased again at lower concentrations of phenolic acids. However, at higher concentrations the activities decreased at first, then increased a little, decreased continuously at last. In addition, the treatments of phenolic acids led to an increase then a decreaseof SOD activity and an increase of MDA content in the seedlings. All above indicated the accumulating of free radicalsand destruction of protective enzymes at higher concentrations of phenolic acids.展开更多
It was shown that in capillary electrophoresis(CE)the addition of boric acid as a complexing agent in phosphate buffer can modulate the separation selectivity of phenolic acids.
The extraction technology of phenolic acid compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza by ethanol reflux was studied. In this experiment, salvianolic acid B standard was used to make the standard curve. Single factor experimen...The extraction technology of phenolic acid compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza by ethanol reflux was studied. In this experiment, salvianolic acid B standard was used to make the standard curve. Single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were used to study the extraction of different ethanol concentrations, reflux times and material-to-liquid ratios. The OD value of salvianolic acid compounds was measured with a spectrophotometer. The extraction rate of phenolic acid compounds under different extraction conditions was calculated through a regression equation, so as to obtain the optimal conditions for the ethanol reflux extraction process of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The experimental data can provide a reference for the ethanol reflux extraction process of salvianolic acids in the industry. According to the experiment, the extraction rate of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza was the highest when the ethanol concentration was 60%, the reflux time was 1.5 hours, and the ratio of material-to-liquid was 1:10.展开更多
Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum...Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were determined using acidified (1% HCl) solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three temperatures (20℃, 40℃ and 60℃). Also phenolic acids were separated and identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that sumac and cinnamon had the highest levels of anthocyanins, while for the acetone the cinnamon indicated the highest amount of anthocyanins when methanol and ethanol were used as extracting solvents at 20℃. At 40℃ using ethanol, sumac showed the highest level of anthocyanins whereas acetone solvent yielded the highest anthocyanin contents for cinnamon. At 60℃, cinnamon showed the highest level of anthocyanins when methanol and acetone were the solvents, while sumac had the highest anthocyanins level using ethanol as solvent. HPLC results showed ten phenolic acids found in those spices and varied in their concentrations. Gallic acid had the highest level (1642.3 mg/100g) (cloves). Gentisic acid had the lowest level (1.2 mg/100g) in ginger. Also sumac showed the highest level of chlorogenic acid (1528.7 mg/100g). Some acids were not found in some spices, for instance, benzoic acid was not found in coriander, cumin, ginger, green cardamom, cinnamon and sweet laurel.展开更多
In this study, several general y reported exogenous phenolic acids were selected as regents for potting experiments, aiming at revealing the effects of differ-ent concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids on the grow...In this study, several general y reported exogenous phenolic acids were selected as regents for potting experiments, aiming at revealing the effects of differ-ent concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids on the growth and development of soybean seedlings. The growth and development indicators of soybean seedlings treated with five different concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids, such as plant height, leaf area, root nodule number and root-shoot ratio, were determined and compared. According to the experimental results, three exogenous phenolic acids with different concentrations exhibited slight effects on plant height of potted soy-bean seedlings. The leaf area of potted soybean seedlings treated with 1.0 g/kg benzoic acid and cinnamic acid varied extremely significantly compared with the control. Root nodule number of potted soybean seedlings treated with 1.0 g/kg ben-zoic acid and vanil ic acid increased remarkably, but 1.0 g/kg cinnamic acid had lit-tle effects on root nodule number. When the concentration of phenolic acids was 1.0 g/kg, three phenolic acids exhibited the maximum effects on root-shoot ratio of potted soybean seedlings. Overal , low concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids exhibited no significant effects on the growth and development of potted soybean seedlings; high concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids inhibited the growth and development of potted soybean shoots, increased root nodule number and improved root-shoot ratio.展开更多
Phenolic acids (PAs) are widely found in many daily consumed vegetables and fruits.The inhibitory effects of PAs on Nnitrosomorpholine (NMOR) formation in vitro undersimulated gastric juice condition were studied. The...Phenolic acids (PAs) are widely found in many daily consumed vegetables and fruits.The inhibitory effects of PAs on Nnitrosomorpholine (NMOR) formation in vitro undersimulated gastric juice condition were studied. The results showed that the inhibjtoryIX)tency of thirteen varieties of PAs differed greatly, which may be related to theirchemical structures; the blocking rate (BR) of different killds of PAs were as follows:caf feic acid, 92.5%; tannic acid, 90.0%; gallic acid, 86.8%; sinaPinic acid, 86.2%; ferulicacid, 8l.l%; chlorogenic acid, 69.4%; gentisic acid, 69.2%; syringic acid, 62.1%; protocatechuic acid, 56.0%; p-coumaric acid, 52.5%; vannilic acid, 35.4%; moreover,p-hydroxybenzoic acid and m-coumaric acid had the least blocking effect or even slightcatalyzing effect. The results also demonstrated that amounts of NMOR formed werenegatively correlated with molar ratio of PAs to nitrite and that the optimum pH forinhibition was between 2 and 3.展开更多
This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of growing systems (conventional, organic and biodynamic performed with two types of manuring) on some nutritional traits of the tomato breeding line CXD271BIO (Sola...This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of growing systems (conventional, organic and biodynamic performed with two types of manuring) on some nutritional traits of the tomato breeding line CXD271BIO (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Experimental fields were in the same geographical area and the cultivations were performed over five years. The content of macronutrients, minerals (Ca, K, Mg, P, Na), trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids) was determined. The biodynamic A growing system showed the highest protein and carbohydrates content compared to the other growing systems. Data on minerals and trace elements content showed significant differences (mainly in Ca, Na, Fe and Zn content) between conventional and biodynamic tomatoes, whereas no major impact of the fertilization among organic and the two biodynamic growing systems was observed. Appreciable differences in phenolic acids biosynthesis were observed, with the year of harvest showing a marked effect especially on chlorogenic, p-cumaric and ferulic acids content. Conversely, the cultivation system did not show major influence. Principal Components Analysis (PCA), performed on mineral and phenolic acids content, substantiated the large effect of the year of harvest, also suggesting an effect of the conventional cultivation system.展开更多
Beer can be a rich source of phenolic acids in the diet. The present review summarizes the current state of work on phenolic acids in beer presented in the cited papers. In an overview, 10 hydroxybenzoic acids, three ...Beer can be a rich source of phenolic acids in the diet. The present review summarizes the current state of work on phenolic acids in beer presented in the cited papers. In an overview, 10 hydroxybenzoic acids, three related aldehydes, two phenylacetic acids and eight hydroxycinnamic acids in beer are being reported. This review compares the phenolic acids content in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beers from Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Austria and Poland, which had been examined by several authors. The quantification was achieved by HPLC with ultraviolet, diode array, coulometric array or fluorimetric detection. Ferulic acid is the main phenolic acid in all beers that had been studied, followed by p-coumaric, vanillic, caffeic, p-OH-benzoic and sinapic acids. Most of the phenolic acids in beer are present as bound forms and only a small portion can be detected as free compounds. The content of the phenolic acids in the non-alcoholic beers is lower than in the alcoholic beers mainly due to differences in the production process, yeast strains used, dealcoholization of beer etc..展开更多
The phenolic acids in free phenolic acid (FPHA), methanol-soluble phenolic ester (MSPE), and methanol-soluble phenolic glycoside (MSPG) fractions of two carob products, natural carob-pod flour (CPF) and commercial car...The phenolic acids in free phenolic acid (FPHA), methanol-soluble phenolic ester (MSPE), and methanol-soluble phenolic glycoside (MSPG) fractions of two carob products, natural carob-pod flour (CPF) and commercial carob-pod flour (CCPF), were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Six phenolic acids were identified in the carob flours (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, p- coumaric acid, and sinapic acid). Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid;and its concentrations in CCPF were substantially higher than in CPF (135 - 166 and 85.2 - 91.3 mg/g dw, respectively). The concentrations of p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were also higher in CCPF than in CPF. In contrast, the concentrations of protocatechuic acid and gentisic acid were generally lower in CCPF than in CPF, with the only exception being gentisic acid glycosides. Both carob-pod flours contained almost the same amount of sinapic acid and syringic acid. The total phenolic contents of the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CPF were found to be 44%, 38%, and 69% that of the respective fractions of CCPF. Correspondingly, the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CCPF had higher free radical-scavenging activity (28.4%, 33.1%, and 26.2%, respectively) than the corresponding fractions of CPF (9.2%, 28.0%, and 9.2%, respectively). Notably, the FPHA and MSPG fractions of each sample had very similar scavenging activity while the MSPE fraction always had higher activity. The FPHA and MSPG fractions of CPF had the lowest activities.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32200322)Henan Science and Technology Research and Development Plan Joint Fund(No.242301420082)+1 种基金Henan Province“Science and Technology Vice General”Three-Year Action Plan(2024-2026)Henan Postdoctoral Fund(No.HN2025059)。
文摘Salvia miltiorrhiza(S.miltiorrhiza)represents a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine,demonstrating effects on blood circulation activation and stasis removal,and has been widely utilized in asthma treatment.This study isolated a novel phenolic acid(S1)from S.miltiorrhiza and investigated its anti-asthmatic activity and underlying mechanisms for the first time.An allergic asthma(AA)model was established using ovalbumin(OVA).The mechanism of S1's effects on AA was investigated using multi-factor joint analysis,flow cytometry,and co-culture systems to facilitate clinical asthma treatment.S1(10 or 20 mg·kg-1)was administered daily to mice with OVA-induced AA(OVA-AA)during days 21-25.The study examined airway responsiveness,lung damage,inflammation,and levels of immunoglobulin E(IgE),PGD2,interleukins(IL-4,5,10,13,17A),tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),GM-CSF,CXCL1,CCL11,and mMCP-1.Additionally,mast cell(MC)activation and degranulation were explored,along with T helper type 17(Th17)/Treg immune cells and TLR4 pathway biomarkers.The antagonistic activity of that specific antagonist of TLR4(TAK-242)(1μmol·L^(-1)),a specific TLR4 blocker,against S1(10μmol·L^(-1))was examined in co-cultured 16 HBE cells and bone marrow-derived cells(BMDCs)or splenic lymphocytes(SLs)induced with LPS(1μg·mL^(-1))to elucidate the TLR4 pathway's mediating role.S1 demonstrated reduced airway responsiveness,lung damage,and inflammation,with downregulation of IgE,PGD2,interleukins,TNF-α,GM-CSF,CXCL1,CCL11,and mMCP-1.It also impeded MC activation and degranulation,upregulated IL^(-1)0,and influenced Th17/Treg immune cell transformation following OVA challenge.Furthermore,S1 inhibited the TLR4 pathway in OVA-AA mice,and TLR4 antagonism enhanced S1's positive effects.Analysis using an OVA-AA mouse model demonstrated that S1 alleviates AA clinical symptoms,restores lung function,and inhibits airway response.S1's therapeutic effects occur through regulation of Th17/Treg immune cells and inflammation,attributable at least partially to the TLR4 pathway.This study provides molecular justification for S1 in AA treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472468 and 32001817)the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(202303021221123)+1 种基金the Youth Project of the Shanxi Fundamental Research Program(202203021222032)the Start-up Funds forScientific Research atNorth University of China(304-1101285714).
文摘Advanced glycation end products(AGEs),a group of complex compounds generated by nonenzymatic interactions between amino acids,proteins and reducing sugars or lipids,accumulate in vivo and activate various signaling pathways closely related to the occurrence of various chronic metabolic diseases.This study aims to explore the structure-activity relationship between phenolic acids with different structure and affecting the AGEs generation,and to provide data support for AGEs control.Phenolic acids(4-hydroxybenzoic,protocatechuic,gallic,p-coumaric,caffeic,ferulic and sinapic acids)were employed to indicate the AGEs formation condition in Maillard reaction performed in the glucose-lysine model system.Three 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds were reacted with phenolic acids and then tested by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results showed that N^(ε)-carboxy-methyl-lysine(CML),N^(ε)-carboxy-ethyl-lysine(CEL),and pyrraline formation inhibited by phenolic acids varied from(8.7±2.5)%to(33.2±2.5)%,(10.5±0.8)%to(57.1±3.2)%and(1.3±0.3)%to(23.3±0.8)%,respectively.The p-coumaric acid has no inhibitory effect on CML and CEL formation.Gallic acid shows the best inhibitory effect on CML formation due to its strong antioxidant activity.Sinapic acid showed the best glyoxal(GO)trapping rate and thus had the stronger inhibitory effect on CML formation.Ferulic acid can react with mono-,di-,and tri-methylglyoxal(MGO)to form adduct products,showing the best MGO scavenging rate and a good inhibitory effect on CEL formation.The main role of phenolic acid is an antioxidant agent to inhibit pyrraline formation.The glucose itself or ammonia-induced degradation and Amadori rearrangement products oxidation were lowered by protocatechuic,gallic and caffeic acids due to their antioxidant activities to form AGEs,while AGEs inhibited by ferulic and sinapic acids were mainly dependent on their trapping ability on 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds.
基金This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30170764)
文摘The contents of seven different phenolic acids such as gallic acid, catechinic acid, pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in the poplar leaves （Populus Simonii×Populus Pyramibalis c.v and Populus deltoids） suffocated by Methyl jasmonate （MeJA） and Methyl salicylate （MeSA） were monitored for analyzing their functions in interplant communications by using high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）.The results showed that the contents of phenolic acids had obviously difference in leaves exposed to either MeSA or MeJA.When P.deltoides leaves exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid was increased, gallic acid in leaves treated with MeJA comes to a peak at 24 h while to a peak at 12-d having leaves treated with MeSA.When P.Simonii ×P.Pyramibalis c.v leaves were exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, pyrocatechol and ferulic acid was increased; The catechinic acid and benzoic acid had a little drop; The caffeic acid and coumaric acid were undetected in both suffocated and control leaves.This changed pattern indicated that MeJA and MeSA can act as airborne signals to induce defense response of plants.
基金National High-Tech R & D Program(863 Program, Grant No.2004AA2Z3342)
文摘A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of five bioactive phenolic acids,yunnaneic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A in eight different samples of Salvia yunnanensis collected in Yunnan Province.For comparison,the sample of Salvia miltiorrhiza was included. All the samples were extracted for 60 min with 50%methanol in an ultrasonic bath.The optimal separation was achieved on a YMC-Pack Pro C18 column,with a gradient of 0.1%（v/v） phosphoric acid and acetonitrile,at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at a detection wavelength of 280 nm.The separation was obtained within 65 min for five bioactive phenolic acids.All calibration curves showed good linearity（r^2〉0.999） within test ranges.The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 5%for intra- and inter-day assays.The mean recovery of the method was in the range from 97%to 104%,with RSD less than 5%.This assay was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of five bioactive phenolic acids in nine resource samples. The results showed that the developed HPLC assay was suitable for the quality control of S.yunnanensis and it can be used to differentiate S.yunnanensis from S.miltiorrhiza.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Grant No.2011BAI07B082011BAI06B01)
文摘A reverse-phase HPLC-DAD method was developed for simultaneous quantification of ten phenolic acids （caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, and 4,5-0- dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester） in the dried flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. （Lonicerae Japonicae Flos; LJF）. An optimal sample preparation method was established as 30-min ultrasonication with 100 times 50% （v/w） ethanol aqueous solution based on the orthogonal test results. The chromatographic separation of the ten phenolic acids was achieved with an AQ-C18 column （4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 p.m） and a gradient elution of acetonitrile, methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution within 55 rain. All calibration curves showed good linearity （r2〉0.999） within test ranges. The average recoveries were in the range of 98.57%-103.22% with RSD less than 3%. The method developed was accurate, sensitive and reproducible for determination of ten phenolic acids in LJF.
基金the funding support provided by Ministry of Human Resource Development(MHRD/RTV-5/2012)New Delhi,India
文摘Diets containing high proportions of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of onset of chronic diseases.The role of herbal medicines in improving human health is gaining popularity over the years,which also increases the need for safety and efficiency of these products.Green leafy vegetables(GLVs)are the richest source of phenolic compounds with excellent antioxidant properties.Increased consumption of diets containing phenolic compounds may give positive and better results to human health and significantly improves the immune system.Highly selective,susceptible and versatile analytical techniques are necessary for extraction,identifica-tion,and quantification of phenolic compounds from plant extracts,which helps to utilize their important biological properties.Recent advances in the pre-treatment procedures,separation techniques and spectro-metry methods are used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds.The online coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry(LC-MS)has become a useful tool in the metabolic profiling of plant samples.In this review,the separation and identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids from GLVs by LC-MS have been discussed along with the general extraction procedures and other sources of mass spectrometer used.The review is devoted to the understanding of the structural configuration,nature and accumulation pattern of phenolic acids and flavonoids in plants and to highlighting the recent developments in the chemical investigation of these compounds by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.It concludes with the advantages of the combination of these two methods and prospects.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province,China(Grant No.2007C238M)
文摘Four exogenous phenolic acids, including salicylic acid, fumalic acid, p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzonic acid, were used to investigate the regulatory effects on allelopathy of a wild rice accession of S37 （Oryza Iongistaminata）, which is a known allelopathic rice. The four exogenous phenolic acids induced the enhancement of the allelopathic potential of wild rice S37 in target weeds though the weed-suppressive activities were low, and the inducible effects were dependent on the specific phenolic acid, concentration and treatment time. After foliar application of exogenous phenolic acids, the inhibition rates for plant height, root length and fresh weight of barnyard grass （Echinochioa crus-galli） were significantly higher than those of the control. Especially at the concentration of 100 mg/L, the inhibition rates for plant height and fresh weight of barnyard grass by fumalic acid were 38.12% and 26.31% higher than those of the control, showing that fumalic acid was more effective compared with other phenolic acids in inhibiting monocotyledon weed growth. Furthermore, the weedsuppressive activity of aqueous extract from the leaves of wild rice S37 treated with exogenous phenolic acids was increased, and it peaked at 48 h after the treatment with the aqueous extract, and then gradually declined.
基金partly supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2013CB911300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81225024,31025025,31260208,and U1132601)
文摘The present study was designed to search for compounds with analgesic activity from the Schizophyllum commune(SC), which is widely consumed as edible and medicinal mushroom world. Thin layer chromatography(TLC), tosilica gel column chromatography, sephadex LH 20, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) were used to isolate and purify compounds from SC. Structural analysis of the isolated compounds was based on nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). The effects of these compounds on voltage-gated sodium(NaV) channels were evaluated using patch clamp. The analgesic activity of these compounds was tested in two types of mouse pain models induced by noxious chemicals. Five phenolic acids identified from SC extracts in the present study included vanillic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, 3-hydroxy-5-methybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They inhibited the activity of both tetrodotoxin-resistant(TTX-r) and tetrodotoxin-sensitive(TTX-s) NaV channels. All the compounds showed low selectivity on NaV channel subtypes. After intraperitoneal injection, three compounds of these compounds exerted analgesic activity in mice. In conclusion, phenolic acids identified in SC demonstrated analgesic activity, facilitating the mechanistic studies of SC in the treatment of neurasthenia.
基金supported by the Important National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program-2012CB416904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31700553,31500511,31600263,31370702,31500371)+1 种基金the research and demonstration on the key technology of vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the open pit of in eastern shandong hilly area(201504406)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(No.ZR2015CL044)
文摘The declines in soil fertility and productivity in continuously cropped poplar plantations axe related to phenolic acid accumulation in the soil. Nitrogen is a vital life element for poplar and whether the accumulation of phenolic acid could influence nitrogen metabolism in poplar and thereby hinder continuous cropping is not clear. In this study, poplar cuttings of Populus × euramericana ‘Neva＇ were potted in vermiculite, and phenolic acids at three concentrations （032, 0.5X and 1.0X） were added according to the actual content （1.0X） in the soil of a second-generation poplar plantation. Each treatment had eight replicates. We measured gas exchange parameters and the activities of key enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism in the leaves. Leaf photosynthetic parameters varied with the concentration of phenolic acids. The net photosynthetic rate （PN） significantly decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration, and non-stomatal factors might have been the primary limitation for PN- The activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, glutamine synthetase （GS） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT）, as well as the contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the leaves decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration. This was significantly and positively related to PN （P 〈 0.05）. The low concentration of phe- nolic acids mainly affected the transformation process of NO3- to NO2-, while the high concentration of phenolic acids affected both processes, where NO3- was transferred to NO2- and NH4＋ was transferred to glutamine （Gln）. Overall, phenolic acid had significant inhibitory effects on the photosynthetic productivity of Populus x euramericana ＇Neva＇. This was probably due to its influence on the activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes, which reduced the amount of amino acids that were translated into protein and enzymes. Improving the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by plants could help to overcome the problems caused by continuous cropping.
文摘From the root of Salvia przewalskii Maxim.a new phenolic acid, przewalskinic acid A was isolated and the structure was established by the analysis of^(13)C-NMR,~1H-NMR and two-dimensional COSY experiments.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.7222261)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Nos.2022-I2M-01-015 and 2022-I2M-JB-010)+1 种基金Key R&D Program of Shan Dong Province(No.2019JZZY020909)Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission Drug Standard Promoting Fund(No.2022Y01)。
文摘The virtual cocrystal screening approach based on molecular electrostatic potential surface(MEPS)maps is a fast and feasible computational method to estimate the probability of cocrystal formation by calculating the difference in the interaction site pairing energies of monomers and that of their assemblies prior to experimental screening.In this paper,we report 12 cocrystal forms of temozolomide with mono-,di-,and trihydroxy benzoic acids,namely,3-hydroxy-,2,4-dihydroxy-,2,5-dihydroxy-,2,6-dihydroxy-,3,4-dihydroxy-,and 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acids,as well as benzoic acid,as pharmaceutical coformers for the first time.10 single crystals out of the 12 cocrystal forms were obtained and unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,which clarified spatial arrangements,molecular conformations,and supramolecular synthons.MEPS further gains some insights into the sites of hydrogen bonding interactions for exploring combination patterns in these assemblies.Modulated stability of TMZ was successfully achieved by cocrystallization with these acids.
文摘Two phenolic acids P-hydroxy benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were designated as four concentrations (0, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L) to investigate the effects of phenoic acids on the growth and the activities of membrane protective enzymes of cucumber seedlings. The results showed that both phenolic acids inhibited the seedlings growth. The inhibitory effects were increased with the concentration of phenolic acids increasing and the time of treatment prolonging. Seedlings treated with A150 (P-hydroxy benzoic acid, 150 μmol/L), B50 (cinnamic acid, 50 μmol/L), B100 (cinnamic acid, 100 μmol/L), B150 (cinnamic acid, 150 μmol/L) showed significantly shorter in plant height , smaller in leaf area. and lighter in fresh weight. The inhibitory effect of cinnamic acid was comparatively stronger than that of P-hydroxy benzoic acid. For protective enzymes system, compared to control , the POD activity increased at all concentrations of P-hydroxy benzoic acid during the treatment but increased at first then decreased before increased again at last at all concentrations of cinnamic acid .In the case of CAT, its activity increased at first, then decreased, and increased again at lower concentrations of phenolic acids. However, at higher concentrations the activities decreased at first, then increased a little, decreased continuously at last. In addition, the treatments of phenolic acids led to an increase then a decreaseof SOD activity and an increase of MDA content in the seedlings. All above indicated the accumulating of free radicalsand destruction of protective enzymes at higher concentrations of phenolic acids.
基金The financial support of this work provided by the Doctoral Program Foundation of the State Educational Commission is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘It was shown that in capillary electrophoresis(CE)the addition of boric acid as a complexing agent in phosphate buffer can modulate the separation selectivity of phenolic acids.
文摘The extraction technology of phenolic acid compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza by ethanol reflux was studied. In this experiment, salvianolic acid B standard was used to make the standard curve. Single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were used to study the extraction of different ethanol concentrations, reflux times and material-to-liquid ratios. The OD value of salvianolic acid compounds was measured with a spectrophotometer. The extraction rate of phenolic acid compounds under different extraction conditions was calculated through a regression equation, so as to obtain the optimal conditions for the ethanol reflux extraction process of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The experimental data can provide a reference for the ethanol reflux extraction process of salvianolic acids in the industry. According to the experiment, the extraction rate of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza was the highest when the ethanol concentration was 60%, the reflux time was 1.5 hours, and the ratio of material-to-liquid was 1:10.
文摘Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were determined using acidified (1% HCl) solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three temperatures (20℃, 40℃ and 60℃). Also phenolic acids were separated and identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that sumac and cinnamon had the highest levels of anthocyanins, while for the acetone the cinnamon indicated the highest amount of anthocyanins when methanol and ethanol were used as extracting solvents at 20℃. At 40℃ using ethanol, sumac showed the highest level of anthocyanins whereas acetone solvent yielded the highest anthocyanin contents for cinnamon. At 60℃, cinnamon showed the highest level of anthocyanins when methanol and acetone were the solvents, while sumac had the highest anthocyanins level using ethanol as solvent. HPLC results showed ten phenolic acids found in those spices and varied in their concentrations. Gallic acid had the highest level (1642.3 mg/100g) (cloves). Gentisic acid had the lowest level (1.2 mg/100g) in ginger. Also sumac showed the highest level of chlorogenic acid (1528.7 mg/100g). Some acids were not found in some spices, for instance, benzoic acid was not found in coriander, cumin, ginger, green cardamom, cinnamon and sweet laurel.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Fund for Innovative Research Team of Colleges and Universities in Liaoning Province(2009T088)~~
文摘In this study, several general y reported exogenous phenolic acids were selected as regents for potting experiments, aiming at revealing the effects of differ-ent concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids on the growth and development of soybean seedlings. The growth and development indicators of soybean seedlings treated with five different concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids, such as plant height, leaf area, root nodule number and root-shoot ratio, were determined and compared. According to the experimental results, three exogenous phenolic acids with different concentrations exhibited slight effects on plant height of potted soy-bean seedlings. The leaf area of potted soybean seedlings treated with 1.0 g/kg benzoic acid and cinnamic acid varied extremely significantly compared with the control. Root nodule number of potted soybean seedlings treated with 1.0 g/kg ben-zoic acid and vanil ic acid increased remarkably, but 1.0 g/kg cinnamic acid had lit-tle effects on root nodule number. When the concentration of phenolic acids was 1.0 g/kg, three phenolic acids exhibited the maximum effects on root-shoot ratio of potted soybean seedlings. Overal , low concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids exhibited no significant effects on the growth and development of potted soybean seedlings; high concentrations of exogenous phenolic acids inhibited the growth and development of potted soybean shoots, increased root nodule number and improved root-shoot ratio.
文摘Phenolic acids (PAs) are widely found in many daily consumed vegetables and fruits.The inhibitory effects of PAs on Nnitrosomorpholine (NMOR) formation in vitro undersimulated gastric juice condition were studied. The results showed that the inhibjtoryIX)tency of thirteen varieties of PAs differed greatly, which may be related to theirchemical structures; the blocking rate (BR) of different killds of PAs were as follows:caf feic acid, 92.5%; tannic acid, 90.0%; gallic acid, 86.8%; sinaPinic acid, 86.2%; ferulicacid, 8l.l%; chlorogenic acid, 69.4%; gentisic acid, 69.2%; syringic acid, 62.1%; protocatechuic acid, 56.0%; p-coumaric acid, 52.5%; vannilic acid, 35.4%; moreover,p-hydroxybenzoic acid and m-coumaric acid had the least blocking effect or even slightcatalyzing effect. The results also demonstrated that amounts of NMOR formed werenegatively correlated with molar ratio of PAs to nitrite and that the optimum pH forinhibition was between 2 and 3.
文摘This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of growing systems (conventional, organic and biodynamic performed with two types of manuring) on some nutritional traits of the tomato breeding line CXD271BIO (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Experimental fields were in the same geographical area and the cultivations were performed over five years. The content of macronutrients, minerals (Ca, K, Mg, P, Na), trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids) was determined. The biodynamic A growing system showed the highest protein and carbohydrates content compared to the other growing systems. Data on minerals and trace elements content showed significant differences (mainly in Ca, Na, Fe and Zn content) between conventional and biodynamic tomatoes, whereas no major impact of the fertilization among organic and the two biodynamic growing systems was observed. Appreciable differences in phenolic acids biosynthesis were observed, with the year of harvest showing a marked effect especially on chlorogenic, p-cumaric and ferulic acids content. Conversely, the cultivation system did not show major influence. Principal Components Analysis (PCA), performed on mineral and phenolic acids content, substantiated the large effect of the year of harvest, also suggesting an effect of the conventional cultivation system.
文摘Beer can be a rich source of phenolic acids in the diet. The present review summarizes the current state of work on phenolic acids in beer presented in the cited papers. In an overview, 10 hydroxybenzoic acids, three related aldehydes, two phenylacetic acids and eight hydroxycinnamic acids in beer are being reported. This review compares the phenolic acids content in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beers from Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Austria and Poland, which had been examined by several authors. The quantification was achieved by HPLC with ultraviolet, diode array, coulometric array or fluorimetric detection. Ferulic acid is the main phenolic acid in all beers that had been studied, followed by p-coumaric, vanillic, caffeic, p-OH-benzoic and sinapic acids. Most of the phenolic acids in beer are present as bound forms and only a small portion can be detected as free compounds. The content of the phenolic acids in the non-alcoholic beers is lower than in the alcoholic beers mainly due to differences in the production process, yeast strains used, dealcoholization of beer etc..
基金Some of the chemicals,reagents,and instrumentation were purchased using funds awarded by the Research Fund of Karadeniz Technical University(Project Nos.2003.111.004.5 and 2005.111.004.2) the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBI-TAK+3 种基金TBAG Project No.103T152)JG and MS were supported by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Re-public(KAN 200380801)the Centre of the Region Hanáfor Biotechnological and Agricultural Research(grant No.ED0007/01/01)and by the Czech Science Founda-tion(GACR P503/12/P166).The authors gratefully ac-knowledge this support.
文摘The phenolic acids in free phenolic acid (FPHA), methanol-soluble phenolic ester (MSPE), and methanol-soluble phenolic glycoside (MSPG) fractions of two carob products, natural carob-pod flour (CPF) and commercial carob-pod flour (CCPF), were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Six phenolic acids were identified in the carob flours (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, p- coumaric acid, and sinapic acid). Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid;and its concentrations in CCPF were substantially higher than in CPF (135 - 166 and 85.2 - 91.3 mg/g dw, respectively). The concentrations of p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were also higher in CCPF than in CPF. In contrast, the concentrations of protocatechuic acid and gentisic acid were generally lower in CCPF than in CPF, with the only exception being gentisic acid glycosides. Both carob-pod flours contained almost the same amount of sinapic acid and syringic acid. The total phenolic contents of the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CPF were found to be 44%, 38%, and 69% that of the respective fractions of CCPF. Correspondingly, the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CCPF had higher free radical-scavenging activity (28.4%, 33.1%, and 26.2%, respectively) than the corresponding fractions of CPF (9.2%, 28.0%, and 9.2%, respectively). Notably, the FPHA and MSPG fractions of each sample had very similar scavenging activity while the MSPE fraction always had higher activity. The FPHA and MSPG fractions of CPF had the lowest activities.
