Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the...Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the evaluation results of global NGH resource are greatly different.This paper establishes a quantitative relationship between NGH resource potential and conventional oil and gas resource and a NGH resource evaluation model based on the whole petroleum system(WPS)and through the analysis of dynamic field controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.The global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are inverted through the Monte Carlo simulation,and verified by using the volume analogy method based on drilling results and the trend analysis method of previous evaluation results.The proposed evaluation model considers two genetic mechanisms of natural gas(biological degradation and thermal degradation),surface volume conversion factor difference between conventional natural gas and NGH,and the impacts of differences in favorable distribution area and thickness and in other aspects on the results of NGH resource evaluation.The study shows that the global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are 99×10^(12) m^(3) and 30×10^(12) m3,with averages of 214×10^(12) m^(3) and 68×10^(12) m^(3),respectively,less than 5% of the total conventional oil and gas resources,and they can be used as a supplement for the future energy of the world.The proposed NGH resource evaluation model creates a new option of evaluation method and technology,and generates reliable data of NGH resource according to the reliability comprehensive analysis and test,providing a parameter basis for subsequent NGH exploration and development.展开更多
Based on the data of regional geology,seismic,drilling,logging and production performance obtained from 94 major petroliferous basins worldwide,the global coal resources were screened and statistically analyzed.Then,u...Based on the data of regional geology,seismic,drilling,logging and production performance obtained from 94 major petroliferous basins worldwide,the global coal resources were screened and statistically analyzed.Then,using established definition methods and evaluation criteria for coal-rock gas in China,and by analogy with the tectono-sedimentary and burial-thermal evolution conditions of coal rocks in sedimentary basins within China,the geological resource potential of global coal-rock gas was estimated mainly by the volume method,partly by the volumetric method in selected regions.According to the evaluation indicator system comprising 14 parameters under 5 categories and the associated scoring criteria,the target basins were ranked,and the future research targets for these basins were proposed.The results reveal that,globally,coal rocks are primarily formed in four types of swamp environments within four categories of prototype basins,and distributed across five major coal-forming periods and eight coal-accumulation belts.The total geological coal resources are estimated at approximately 42×10^(12)t,including 22×10^(12)t in the strata deeper than 1500 m.The global geological coal-rock gas resources in deep strata are roughly 232×10^(12)m^(3),of which over 90%are endowed in Russia,Canada,the United States,China and Australia,with China contributing 24%.The top 10 basins by coal-rock gas resource endowment,i.e.Alberta,Kuznetsk,Ordos,East Siberian,Bowen,West Siberian,Sichuan,South Turgay,Lena-Vilyuy and Tarim,collectively hold 75%of the global total.The Permian,Cretaceous,Carboniferous,Jurassic,and Paleogene-Neogene account for 32%,30%,18%,10%,and 7%of total coal-rock gas resources,respectively.The 10 most practical basins for future coal-rock gas exploration and development are identified as Alberta,Ordos,Kuznetsk,San Juan,Sichuan,East Siberian,Rocky Mountain,Bowen,Junggar and Qinshui.Propelled by successful development practices in China,coal-rock gas is now entering a phase of theoretical breakthrough,technological innovation,and rapid production growth,positioning it to spearhead the next wave of the global unconventional oil and gas revolution.展开更多
A review on the geology and petroleum potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin is done to identify potential petroleum systems in the basins. The tectonic, stratigraphic and organic geochemical evalua...A review on the geology and petroleum potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin is done to identify potential petroleum systems in the basins. The tectonic, stratigraphic and organic geochemical evaluations of these basins suggest the similarity with the contiguous basins of Chad and Niger Republics and Sudan, where commercial oil discovery have been made. At least two potential petroleum systems may be presented in the basins: the Lower Cretaceous petroleum system likely capable of both oil and gas generation and the Upper Cretaceous petroleum system that could be mainly gas-generating. These systems are closely correlative in temporal disposition, structures, source and reservoir rocks and perhaps generation mechanism to what obtains in the Muglad Basin of Sudan and Termit Basin of Niger and Chad Republics. They are very effective in planning future exploration campaigns in the basins.展开更多
1 Introduction Shale formations bear abundant mineral resource and*unconventional petroleum resource,and the unconventional petroleum resource that contain in the shale formation should be integrated and researched.
The paper presented an assessment of the resource potentials of composting organic waste materials arising from the municipal solid waste stream from cities in Nigeria. Through a review of quantitative data, the compo...The paper presented an assessment of the resource potentials of composting organic waste materials arising from the municipal solid waste stream from cities in Nigeria. Through a review of quantitative data, the composition of municipal solid waste arising within cities in Nigeria was examined in order to identify the potentials for composting organic materials from the waste stream composition. The data showed that the average majority of the waste stream was organic materials which implied high potentials for composting organic waste materials from Nigerian cities. The review also identified further potentials for composting was associated with the large population and the majority of them engaged in agriculture, as a high potential market for compost manure in Nigeria. There were more potentials derivable from the current policies of importing and supplying chemical fertilizer with huge subsidies for domestic agriculture in the country. The need to substitute these policies of chemical fertilizer with the use of compost manure implied high potentials for composting in the country. The paper also identified numerous benefits of composting in general and with particular reference to the Nigerian situation which includes, among others a reduction of the vast quantity of solid waste for final disposal, reducing air pollution and ground water leachate and also employment generation and increased income. Therefore, the paper recommended a deliberate government policy to promote composting of organic solid wastes material and marketing of compost manure to substitute the current policies of importing chemical fertilizer with subsidy for domestic agriculture as a strategy to achieve sustainable waste management in Nigeria.展开更多
A map layer integration model for automatic mapping of mineral resource potentials,called evidence theory model,was proposed.This model can be applied to automatically generate mineral resource potential map in GIS.Ac...A map layer integration model for automatic mapping of mineral resource potentials,called evidence theory model,was proposed.This model can be applied to automatically generate mineral resource potential map in GIS.According to the geological data of the district from Duolanasayi to Ashele in northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,the author applied evidence theory model and combined ore-forming belief model to mineral resource target selection.展开更多
By reviewing the research progress and exploration practices of shale gas geology in China,analyzing and summarizing the geological characteristics,enrichment laws,and resource potential of different types of shale ga...By reviewing the research progress and exploration practices of shale gas geology in China,analyzing and summarizing the geological characteristics,enrichment laws,and resource potential of different types of shale gas,the following understandings have been obtained:(1)Marine,transitional,and lacustrine shales in China are distributed from old to new in geological age,and the complexity of tectonic reworking and hydrocarbon generation evolution processes gradually decreases.(2)The sedimentary environment controls the type of source-reservoir configuration,which is the basis of“hydrocarbon generation and reservoir formation”.The types of source-reservoir configuration in marine and lacustrine shales are mainly source-reservoir integration,with occasional source-reservoir separation.The configuration types of transitional shale are mainly source-reservoir integration and source-reservoir symbiosis.(3)The resistance of rigid minerals to compression for pore preservation and the overpressure facilitate the enrichment of source-reservoir integrated shale gas.Good source reservoir coupling and preservation conditions are crucial for the shale gas enrichment of source-reservoir symbiosis and source-reservoir separation types.(4)Marine shale remains the main battlefield for increasing shale gas reserves and production in China,while transitional and lacustrine shales are expected to become important replacement areas.It is recommended to carry out the shale gas exploration at three levels:Accelerate the exploration of Silurian,Cambrian,and Permian marine shales in the Upper-Middle Yangtze region;make key exploration breakthroughs in ultra-deep marine shales of the Upper-Middle Yangtze region,the new Ordovician marine shale strata in the North China region,the transitional shales of the Carboniferous and Permian,as well as the Mesozoic lacustrine shale gas in basins such as Sichuan,Ordos and Songliao;explore and prepare for new shale gas exploration areas such as South China and Northwest China,providing technology and resource reserves for the sustainable development of shale gas in China.展开更多
The bidding blocks are distributed in different regions of China,There are seven blocks in W est China,and seven blocks in Northeast China,the other twelve blocks are from North and Central China.All the blocks are lo...The bidding blocks are distributed in different regions of China,There are seven blocks in W est China,and seven blocks in Northeast China,the other twelve blocks are from North and Central China.All the blocks are located in prospective sedimentary basins with different geological condi-tions,some are from oil produced basin such as Bohai Bay Basin which is a prolific basin,it's production accounts for 50%in total prodcuction of China.Based on estimation,the total potential resource of oil is 3.55 billion tons and gas is 800 billion cubic meters in bidding areas.As far as the exploratory objectives are concerned,there are Paleozoic.Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata,as well as continental clastic and marine一carbonate re-servoir.These provide more choices for foreign companies.In addition,most of bidding blocks are adjacent to transport lines,so communication and petroleum transportation are very convenient.展开更多
China’s energy resource endowment is characterized by being“poor in oil,scarce in gas,and rich in coal”,a fundamental national condition that determines the uniqueness of China’s energy strategy.At the beginning o...China’s energy resource endowment is characterized by being“poor in oil,scarce in gas,and rich in coal”,a fundamental national condition that determines the uniqueness of China’s energy strategy.At the beginning of the 20th century,foreign experts and scholars generally concluded and claimed that China was an“oil-poor country”lacking the geological conditions for hydrocarbon formation.展开更多
With the rapid development of Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),many new applications for Intelligent Connected Vehicles(ICVs)have sprung up.In order to tackle the conflict between delay-sensitive applications a...With the rapid development of Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),many new applications for Intelligent Connected Vehicles(ICVs)have sprung up.In order to tackle the conflict between delay-sensitive applications and resource-constrained vehicles,computation offloading paradigm that transfers computation tasks from ICVs to edge computing nodes has received extensive attention.However,the dynamic network conditions caused by the mobility of vehicles and the unbalanced computing load of edge nodes make ITS face challenges.In this paper,we propose a heterogeneous Vehicular Edge Computing(VEC)architecture with Task Vehicles(TaVs),Service Vehicles(SeVs)and Roadside Units(RSUs),and propose a distributed algorithm,namely PG-MRL,which jointly optimizes offloading decision and resource allocation.In the first stage,the offloading decisions of TaVs are obtained through a potential game.In the second stage,a multi-agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG),one of deep reinforcement learning algorithms,with centralized training and distributed execution is proposed to optimize the real-time transmission power and subchannel selection.The simulation results show that the proposed PG-MRL algorithm has significant improvements over baseline algorithms in terms of system delay.展开更多
基金Supported by the Major Consultation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019-ZW11-Z-035)Technology Development Project of PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development(2021DJ0101)。
文摘Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the evaluation results of global NGH resource are greatly different.This paper establishes a quantitative relationship between NGH resource potential and conventional oil and gas resource and a NGH resource evaluation model based on the whole petroleum system(WPS)and through the analysis of dynamic field controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.The global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are inverted through the Monte Carlo simulation,and verified by using the volume analogy method based on drilling results and the trend analysis method of previous evaluation results.The proposed evaluation model considers two genetic mechanisms of natural gas(biological degradation and thermal degradation),surface volume conversion factor difference between conventional natural gas and NGH,and the impacts of differences in favorable distribution area and thickness and in other aspects on the results of NGH resource evaluation.The study shows that the global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are 99×10^(12) m^(3) and 30×10^(12) m3,with averages of 214×10^(12) m^(3) and 68×10^(12) m^(3),respectively,less than 5% of the total conventional oil and gas resources,and they can be used as a supplement for the future energy of the world.The proposed NGH resource evaluation model creates a new option of evaluation method and technology,and generates reliable data of NGH resource according to the reliability comprehensive analysis and test,providing a parameter basis for subsequent NGH exploration and development.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project on New-Type Oil and Gas Exploration and Development(2025ZD1404200,2025ZD1400800)PetroChina Science and Technology Project(2023ZZ07)。
文摘Based on the data of regional geology,seismic,drilling,logging and production performance obtained from 94 major petroliferous basins worldwide,the global coal resources were screened and statistically analyzed.Then,using established definition methods and evaluation criteria for coal-rock gas in China,and by analogy with the tectono-sedimentary and burial-thermal evolution conditions of coal rocks in sedimentary basins within China,the geological resource potential of global coal-rock gas was estimated mainly by the volume method,partly by the volumetric method in selected regions.According to the evaluation indicator system comprising 14 parameters under 5 categories and the associated scoring criteria,the target basins were ranked,and the future research targets for these basins were proposed.The results reveal that,globally,coal rocks are primarily formed in four types of swamp environments within four categories of prototype basins,and distributed across five major coal-forming periods and eight coal-accumulation belts.The total geological coal resources are estimated at approximately 42×10^(12)t,including 22×10^(12)t in the strata deeper than 1500 m.The global geological coal-rock gas resources in deep strata are roughly 232×10^(12)m^(3),of which over 90%are endowed in Russia,Canada,the United States,China and Australia,with China contributing 24%.The top 10 basins by coal-rock gas resource endowment,i.e.Alberta,Kuznetsk,Ordos,East Siberian,Bowen,West Siberian,Sichuan,South Turgay,Lena-Vilyuy and Tarim,collectively hold 75%of the global total.The Permian,Cretaceous,Carboniferous,Jurassic,and Paleogene-Neogene account for 32%,30%,18%,10%,and 7%of total coal-rock gas resources,respectively.The 10 most practical basins for future coal-rock gas exploration and development are identified as Alberta,Ordos,Kuznetsk,San Juan,Sichuan,East Siberian,Rocky Mountain,Bowen,Junggar and Qinshui.Propelled by successful development practices in China,coal-rock gas is now entering a phase of theoretical breakthrough,technological innovation,and rapid production growth,positioning it to spearhead the next wave of the global unconventional oil and gas revolution.
文摘A review on the geology and petroleum potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin is done to identify potential petroleum systems in the basins. The tectonic, stratigraphic and organic geochemical evaluations of these basins suggest the similarity with the contiguous basins of Chad and Niger Republics and Sudan, where commercial oil discovery have been made. At least two potential petroleum systems may be presented in the basins: the Lower Cretaceous petroleum system likely capable of both oil and gas generation and the Upper Cretaceous petroleum system that could be mainly gas-generating. These systems are closely correlative in temporal disposition, structures, source and reservoir rocks and perhaps generation mechanism to what obtains in the Muglad Basin of Sudan and Termit Basin of Niger and Chad Republics. They are very effective in planning future exploration campaigns in the basins.
基金supported by funding the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) and the grant number is 2014CB239000
文摘1 Introduction Shale formations bear abundant mineral resource and*unconventional petroleum resource,and the unconventional petroleum resource that contain in the shale formation should be integrated and researched.
文摘The paper presented an assessment of the resource potentials of composting organic waste materials arising from the municipal solid waste stream from cities in Nigeria. Through a review of quantitative data, the composition of municipal solid waste arising within cities in Nigeria was examined in order to identify the potentials for composting organic materials from the waste stream composition. The data showed that the average majority of the waste stream was organic materials which implied high potentials for composting organic waste materials from Nigerian cities. The review also identified further potentials for composting was associated with the large population and the majority of them engaged in agriculture, as a high potential market for compost manure in Nigeria. There were more potentials derivable from the current policies of importing and supplying chemical fertilizer with huge subsidies for domestic agriculture in the country. The need to substitute these policies of chemical fertilizer with the use of compost manure implied high potentials for composting in the country. The paper also identified numerous benefits of composting in general and with particular reference to the Nigerian situation which includes, among others a reduction of the vast quantity of solid waste for final disposal, reducing air pollution and ground water leachate and also employment generation and increased income. Therefore, the paper recommended a deliberate government policy to promote composting of organic solid wastes material and marketing of compost manure to substitute the current policies of importing chemical fertilizer with subsidy for domestic agriculture as a strategy to achieve sustainable waste management in Nigeria.
基金Project(G19990436-06)supported by the National Basic Research Programof Chinaproject(6032003)supported by the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Beijing
文摘A map layer integration model for automatic mapping of mineral resource potentials,called evidence theory model,was proposed.This model can be applied to automatically generate mineral resource potential map in GIS.According to the geological data of the district from Duolanasayi to Ashele in northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,the author applied evidence theory model and combined ore-forming belief model to mineral resource target selection.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172165,42272143)Project of SINOPEC Science and Technology Department(P24181,KLP24017).
文摘By reviewing the research progress and exploration practices of shale gas geology in China,analyzing and summarizing the geological characteristics,enrichment laws,and resource potential of different types of shale gas,the following understandings have been obtained:(1)Marine,transitional,and lacustrine shales in China are distributed from old to new in geological age,and the complexity of tectonic reworking and hydrocarbon generation evolution processes gradually decreases.(2)The sedimentary environment controls the type of source-reservoir configuration,which is the basis of“hydrocarbon generation and reservoir formation”.The types of source-reservoir configuration in marine and lacustrine shales are mainly source-reservoir integration,with occasional source-reservoir separation.The configuration types of transitional shale are mainly source-reservoir integration and source-reservoir symbiosis.(3)The resistance of rigid minerals to compression for pore preservation and the overpressure facilitate the enrichment of source-reservoir integrated shale gas.Good source reservoir coupling and preservation conditions are crucial for the shale gas enrichment of source-reservoir symbiosis and source-reservoir separation types.(4)Marine shale remains the main battlefield for increasing shale gas reserves and production in China,while transitional and lacustrine shales are expected to become important replacement areas.It is recommended to carry out the shale gas exploration at three levels:Accelerate the exploration of Silurian,Cambrian,and Permian marine shales in the Upper-Middle Yangtze region;make key exploration breakthroughs in ultra-deep marine shales of the Upper-Middle Yangtze region,the new Ordovician marine shale strata in the North China region,the transitional shales of the Carboniferous and Permian,as well as the Mesozoic lacustrine shale gas in basins such as Sichuan,Ordos and Songliao;explore and prepare for new shale gas exploration areas such as South China and Northwest China,providing technology and resource reserves for the sustainable development of shale gas in China.
文摘The bidding blocks are distributed in different regions of China,There are seven blocks in W est China,and seven blocks in Northeast China,the other twelve blocks are from North and Central China.All the blocks are located in prospective sedimentary basins with different geological condi-tions,some are from oil produced basin such as Bohai Bay Basin which is a prolific basin,it's production accounts for 50%in total prodcuction of China.Based on estimation,the total potential resource of oil is 3.55 billion tons and gas is 800 billion cubic meters in bidding areas.As far as the exploratory objectives are concerned,there are Paleozoic.Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata,as well as continental clastic and marine一carbonate re-servoir.These provide more choices for foreign companies.In addition,most of bidding blocks are adjacent to transport lines,so communication and petroleum transportation are very convenient.
文摘China’s energy resource endowment is characterized by being“poor in oil,scarce in gas,and rich in coal”,a fundamental national condition that determines the uniqueness of China’s energy strategy.At the beginning of the 20th century,foreign experts and scholars generally concluded and claimed that China was an“oil-poor country”lacking the geological conditions for hydrocarbon formation.
基金supported by Future Network Scientific Research Fund Project (FNSRFP-2021-ZD-4)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61991404,61902182)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2020YFB1600104Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangsu Province under Grant BE2020084-2。
文摘With the rapid development of Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),many new applications for Intelligent Connected Vehicles(ICVs)have sprung up.In order to tackle the conflict between delay-sensitive applications and resource-constrained vehicles,computation offloading paradigm that transfers computation tasks from ICVs to edge computing nodes has received extensive attention.However,the dynamic network conditions caused by the mobility of vehicles and the unbalanced computing load of edge nodes make ITS face challenges.In this paper,we propose a heterogeneous Vehicular Edge Computing(VEC)architecture with Task Vehicles(TaVs),Service Vehicles(SeVs)and Roadside Units(RSUs),and propose a distributed algorithm,namely PG-MRL,which jointly optimizes offloading decision and resource allocation.In the first stage,the offloading decisions of TaVs are obtained through a potential game.In the second stage,a multi-agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG),one of deep reinforcement learning algorithms,with centralized training and distributed execution is proposed to optimize the real-time transmission power and subchannel selection.The simulation results show that the proposed PG-MRL algorithm has significant improvements over baseline algorithms in terms of system delay.
