Protective structures, built in the 1980＇s in order to reduce or stop coastal erosion in Rufisque, involved a modification of the coastal morpho-sedimentary landscape and have intensified the coastal dynamics. The di...Protective structures, built in the 1980＇s in order to reduce or stop coastal erosion in Rufisque, involved a modification of the coastal morpho-sedimentary landscape and have intensified the coastal dynamics. The diachronic study of beach profiles, before and after the seawalls construction showed that these protective structures accentuated the coastal erosion, with more important sedimentary deficits at the ends of the structures. Today, the Rufisque coast is characterized by a set of sedimentary cells whose morphological evolution and annual sedimentary dynamics are controlled by seasonal forcing： sedimentary deposits in dry season and erosion in wet season. However, this alternation of deposits and erosion phase shows spatiotemporal disparities. These disparities are very marked between a northwestern area characterized by concave profiles and a southeastern area （the bay of Rufisque） characterized by convex profiles and a much more important sedimentary deficit. The results also showed that these methods of shoreline protection are not durable measurements （degradation of the structures） and have exacerbated the vulnerability to coastal erosion as well as those of the coastal populations.展开更多
La Belgique est un petit paradis pour les gourmands de tout genre.Bien sr,c’est le pays de la bière:elle en fabrique plus de 400 types.Et puis,il y a les frites.Mais sur le podium des spécialités bel...La Belgique est un petit paradis pour les gourmands de tout genre.Bien sr,c’est le pays de la bière:elle en fabrique plus de 400 types.Et puis,il y a les frites.Mais sur le podium des spécialités belges,le chocolat mérite la palme展开更多
[提示]此类比赛在我国尚未出现:吃。看谁吃得多吃得快。在刚刚过去的感恩节的比吃邀请赛上,身材娇小的Thomas在12秒内吃下了7-3／4磅的holidayfood,从而击败了体重达400磅的对手。由此可见,食量之大小,下咽速度之快慢,跟人的身胚无关:Be...[提示]此类比赛在我国尚未出现:吃。看谁吃得多吃得快。在刚刚过去的感恩节的比吃邀请赛上,身材娇小的Thomas在12秒内吃下了7-3／4磅的holidayfood,从而击败了体重达400磅的对手。由此可见,食量之大小,下咽速度之快慢,跟人的身胚无关:Being big is no requisite(必不可少的)for success。本文出现了一个nonce word(临时造字):turducken本文作者随即对此新词作了说明,因此,读者对其含义马上能够猜出:a turkey stuffed with duck,chicken…展开更多
A15-month-long design endeavor has finally been unveiled in form of La Petite Fontaine.This seventh and final restaurant by the same people who created the Secret Garden1 series of cafes dotted around Shanghai,is a go...A15-month-long design endeavor has finally been unveiled in form of La Petite Fontaine.This seventh and final restaurant by the same people who created the Secret Garden1 series of cafes dotted around Shanghai,is a gorgeous space.Restaurant Owner Dang Dang is a talented interior designer and has taken special care to make her last spot especially unique.Everything from furniture arrangement,down to little details like picture frames,comes together in a feast for the eyes.展开更多
Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in Sudan. Presently, control measures for PPR are primarily reliant on vaccination using an attenua...Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in Sudan. Presently, control measures for PPR are primarily reliant on vaccination using an attenuated PPR strain Nigeria 75/1 that has been produced in monolayers of Vero cells grown in static flasks. This study investigates the potential for scaling up PPR vaccine production using roller bottle technology, a more advanced method. A live, homologous vaccine against PPR in sheep and goats was successfully produced on a large scale in roller culture bottles, with DMEM supplemented with ten percent fetal bovine serum serving as the growth medium. The cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, and the vaccine was harvested when the cytopathic effect reached 80%. The vaccine was then freeze-dried to preserve its stability. A series of tests were conducted to ensure the safety and quality of the vaccine. Using PCR, the identity of vaccine was confirmed. It was found to be safe in both single and 100-times dose inoculations in sheep, with the produced batches showing a high titre of 6.4 ± 0.11 log10 TCID50/ml. All batches met the criteria of sterility, passing tests for bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma. Furthermore, the vaccine proved effective in small ruminants, with antibodies persisting for over a year post-vaccination. The residual moisture content remained below 2.5%, and the vaccine successfully passed vacuum testing. Stability tests indicated that the vaccine has a shelf-life of at least one year when stored at temperatures of 2˚C - 8˚C and −20˚C. These results demonstrate the potential for applying roller bottle culture technology to PPR vaccine production, significantly streamlining the existing process and enhancing its efficiency. Further research is warranted to address the economic analyses of adopting roller bottle technology with existing PPR control program.展开更多
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies were studied in Sudanese sheep and goats (n = 855) before and after vaccination with a locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine using a commercial competitive ELISA (cEL...Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies were studied in Sudanese sheep and goats (n = 855) before and after vaccination with a locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine using a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA) kit. Animals were kept healthy under field conditions, in four states: Blue Nile (n = 250), North Kordofan (n = 189), South Darfur (n = 225) and the Northern State (n = 191). Before vaccination, the overall sero-prevalence of PPRV antibodies was 54.6% (53.2% - 56%, 95% CI);high (64.8% - 76.4%, 95% CI) in Blue Nile State, medium (50.5% - 61.9%, 95% CI) in North Kordofan State and South Darfur State and low (28.6% - 35.2% 95%, CI) in Northern State. In high-risk areas (high sero-prevalence), Blue Nile (70.4%) and North Kordofan (57.7%), middle age groups (7 - 12 and 13 - 18 months) were identified as high-risk age. Middle age groups showed lower sero-prevalence than preceding (3 - 6 months) and subsequent (>18 months) age groups while the risk of exposure increased with age. Current and previous findings suggested a transmission pathway of PPRV involving the South Eastern border (Blue Nile) and neighbouring Central Sudan to North Kordofan. One month after vaccination 88.4% (343/388) of sero-negative animals were sero-converted suggesting the efficacy of the locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine. Even if only individuals in the high-risk age group (7 - 18 months) were vaccinated, the overall population immunity (OPI) in high-risk areas (the Blue Nile and North Kordofan) would have surpassed the threshold of 70%, which is indicated for blocking PPRV transmission. However, lower vaccination coverage is expected in wider vaccination programmes. These findings primarily justified the targeting of PPR control in Sudan through the vaccination of high-risk age groups in high-risk areas.展开更多
In 2013,peste des petits ruminants(PPR)re-emerged in China and spread to the majority of provinces across the country.The disease was effectively controlled through a vaccination campaign employing live attenuated vac...In 2013,peste des petits ruminants(PPR)re-emerged in China and spread to the majority of provinces across the country.The disease was effectively controlled through a vaccination campaign employing live attenuated vaccines,although sporadic cases still occurred.However,limited information is currently available regarding the peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV)endemic in China.Here,a PPRV strain(HLJ/13)was isolated from a field sample in China using Vero cells expressing goat signalling lymphocyte activation molecule.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HLJ/13 belonged to lineage IV.Subsequent intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation of goats with a dose of 2×10~6 TCID50of HLJ/13 resulted in the development of typical clinical symptoms of PPR,including pyrexia,ocular and nasal discharges,stomatitis,and diarrhea.All infected goats succumbed to the disease by day 8.To gain further insight,viral loading,pathological examination and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted,elucidating the main targets of HLJ/13 as the respiratory system,digestive tract and lymphoid organs.Employing the goat infection model established above,the goat poxvirus-vectored PPR vaccine,which was previously developed and could be used as DIVA(differentiating infected from vaccinated animals)vaccine,provided complete protection against the challenge of HLJ/13.It is important to note that this study represents the first comprehensive report delineating the biology and pathogenicity characterization,and infection model of PPRV isolated in China.展开更多
The search for mechanical properties of materials reached a highly acclaimed level, when indentations could be analysed on the basis of elastic theory for hardness and elastic modulus. The mathematical formulas proved...The search for mechanical properties of materials reached a highly acclaimed level, when indentations could be analysed on the basis of elastic theory for hardness and elastic modulus. The mathematical formulas proved to be very complicated, and various trials were published between the 1900s and 2000s. The development of indentation instruments and the wish to make the application in numerous steps easier, led in 1992 to trials with iterations by using relative values instead of absolute ones. Excessive iterations of computers with 3 + 8 free parameters of the loading and unloading curves became possible and were implemented into the instruments and worldwide standards. The physical formula for hardness was defined as force over area. For the conical, pyramidal, and spherical indenters, one simply took the projected area for the calculation of the indentation depth from the projected area, adjusted it later by the iterations with respect to fused quartz or aluminium as standard materials, and called it “contact height”. Continuously measured indentation loading curves were formulated as loading force over depth square. The unloading curves after release of the indenter used the initial steepness of the pressure relief for the calculation of what was (and is) incorrectly called “Young’s modulus”. But it is not unidirectional. And for the spherical indentations’ loading curve, they defined the indentation force over depth raised to 3/2 (but without R/h correction). They till now (2025) violate the energy law, because they use all applied force for the indenter depth and ignore the obvious sidewise force upon indentation (cf. e.g. the wood cleaving). The various refinements led to more and more complicated formulas that could not be reasonably calculated with them. One decided to use 3 + 8 free-parameter iterations for fitting to the (poor) standards of fused quartz or aluminium. The mechanical values of these were considered to be “true”. This is till now the worldwide standard of DIN-ISO-ASTM-14577, avoiding overcomplicated formulas with their complexity. Some of these are shown in the Introduction Section. By doing so, one avoided the understanding of indentation results on a physical basis. However, we open a simple way to obtain absolute values (though still on the blackbox instrument’s unsuitable force calibration). We do not iterate but calculate algebraically on the basis of the correct, physically deduced exponent of the loading force parabolas with h3/2 instead of false “h2” (for the spherical indentation, there is a calotte-radius over depth correction), and we reveal the physical errors taken up in the official worldwide “14577-Standard”. Importantly, we reveal the hitherto fully overlooked phase transitions under load that are not detectable with the false exponent. Phase-transition twinning is even present and falsifies the iteration standards. Instead of elasticity theory, we use the well-defined geometry of these indentations. By doing so, we reach simple algebraically calculable formulas and find the physical indentation hardness of materials with their onset depth, onset force and energy, as well as their phase-transition energy (temperature dependent also its activation energy). The most important phase transitions are our absolute algebraically calculated results. The now most easily obtained phase transitions under load are very dangerous because they produce polymorph interfaces between the changed and the unchanged material. It was found and published by high-enlargement microscopy (5000-fold) that these trouble spots are the sites for the development of stable, 1 to 2 µm long, micro-cracks (stable for months). If however, a force higher than the one of their formation occurs to them, these grow to catastrophic crash. That works equally with turbulences at the pickle fork of airliners. After the publication of these facts and after three fatal crashing had occurred in a short sequence, FAA (Federal Aviation Agency) reacted by rechecking all airplanes for such micro cracks. These were now found in a new fleet of airliners from where the three crashed ones came. These were previously overlooked. FAA became aware of that risk and grounded 290 (certainly all) of them, because the material of these did not have higher phase-transition onset and energy than other airplanes with better material. They did so despite the 14577-Standard that does not find (and thus formally forbids) phase transitions under indenter load with the false exponent on the indentation parabola. However, this “Standard” will, despite the present author’s well-founded petition, not be corrected for the next 5 years.展开更多
Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease with a severe socio-economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in poor countries where it is endemic. Full understanding...Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease with a severe socio-economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in poor countries where it is endemic. Full understanding of PPR virus(PPRV)pathobiology and molecular biology is critical for effective control and eradication of the disease. To achieve these goals,establishment of stable reverse genetics systems for PPRV would play a key role. Unfortunately, this powerful technology remains less accessible and poorly documented for PPRV. In this review, we discussed the current status of PPRV reverse genetics as well as the recent innovations and advances in the reverse genetics of other non-segmented negative-sense RNA viruses that could be applicable to PPRV. These strategies may contribute to the improvement of existing techniques and/or the development of new reverse genetics systems for PPRV.展开更多
文摘Protective structures, built in the 1980＇s in order to reduce or stop coastal erosion in Rufisque, involved a modification of the coastal morpho-sedimentary landscape and have intensified the coastal dynamics. The diachronic study of beach profiles, before and after the seawalls construction showed that these protective structures accentuated the coastal erosion, with more important sedimentary deficits at the ends of the structures. Today, the Rufisque coast is characterized by a set of sedimentary cells whose morphological evolution and annual sedimentary dynamics are controlled by seasonal forcing： sedimentary deposits in dry season and erosion in wet season. However, this alternation of deposits and erosion phase shows spatiotemporal disparities. These disparities are very marked between a northwestern area characterized by concave profiles and a southeastern area （the bay of Rufisque） characterized by convex profiles and a much more important sedimentary deficit. The results also showed that these methods of shoreline protection are not durable measurements （degradation of the structures） and have exacerbated the vulnerability to coastal erosion as well as those of the coastal populations.
文摘La Belgique est un petit paradis pour les gourmands de tout genre.Bien sr,c’est le pays de la bière:elle en fabrique plus de 400 types.Et puis,il y a les frites.Mais sur le podium des spécialités belges,le chocolat mérite la palme
文摘[提示]此类比赛在我国尚未出现:吃。看谁吃得多吃得快。在刚刚过去的感恩节的比吃邀请赛上,身材娇小的Thomas在12秒内吃下了7-3／4磅的holidayfood,从而击败了体重达400磅的对手。由此可见,食量之大小,下咽速度之快慢,跟人的身胚无关:Being big is no requisite(必不可少的)for success。本文出现了一个nonce word(临时造字):turducken本文作者随即对此新词作了说明,因此,读者对其含义马上能够猜出:a turkey stuffed with duck,chicken…
文摘A15-month-long design endeavor has finally been unveiled in form of La Petite Fontaine.This seventh and final restaurant by the same people who created the Secret Garden1 series of cafes dotted around Shanghai,is a gorgeous space.Restaurant Owner Dang Dang is a talented interior designer and has taken special care to make her last spot especially unique.Everything from furniture arrangement,down to little details like picture frames,comes together in a feast for the eyes.
文摘Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in Sudan. Presently, control measures for PPR are primarily reliant on vaccination using an attenuated PPR strain Nigeria 75/1 that has been produced in monolayers of Vero cells grown in static flasks. This study investigates the potential for scaling up PPR vaccine production using roller bottle technology, a more advanced method. A live, homologous vaccine against PPR in sheep and goats was successfully produced on a large scale in roller culture bottles, with DMEM supplemented with ten percent fetal bovine serum serving as the growth medium. The cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, and the vaccine was harvested when the cytopathic effect reached 80%. The vaccine was then freeze-dried to preserve its stability. A series of tests were conducted to ensure the safety and quality of the vaccine. Using PCR, the identity of vaccine was confirmed. It was found to be safe in both single and 100-times dose inoculations in sheep, with the produced batches showing a high titre of 6.4 ± 0.11 log10 TCID50/ml. All batches met the criteria of sterility, passing tests for bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma. Furthermore, the vaccine proved effective in small ruminants, with antibodies persisting for over a year post-vaccination. The residual moisture content remained below 2.5%, and the vaccine successfully passed vacuum testing. Stability tests indicated that the vaccine has a shelf-life of at least one year when stored at temperatures of 2˚C - 8˚C and −20˚C. These results demonstrate the potential for applying roller bottle culture technology to PPR vaccine production, significantly streamlining the existing process and enhancing its efficiency. Further research is warranted to address the economic analyses of adopting roller bottle technology with existing PPR control program.
文摘Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies were studied in Sudanese sheep and goats (n = 855) before and after vaccination with a locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine using a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA) kit. Animals were kept healthy under field conditions, in four states: Blue Nile (n = 250), North Kordofan (n = 189), South Darfur (n = 225) and the Northern State (n = 191). Before vaccination, the overall sero-prevalence of PPRV antibodies was 54.6% (53.2% - 56%, 95% CI);high (64.8% - 76.4%, 95% CI) in Blue Nile State, medium (50.5% - 61.9%, 95% CI) in North Kordofan State and South Darfur State and low (28.6% - 35.2% 95%, CI) in Northern State. In high-risk areas (high sero-prevalence), Blue Nile (70.4%) and North Kordofan (57.7%), middle age groups (7 - 12 and 13 - 18 months) were identified as high-risk age. Middle age groups showed lower sero-prevalence than preceding (3 - 6 months) and subsequent (>18 months) age groups while the risk of exposure increased with age. Current and previous findings suggested a transmission pathway of PPRV involving the South Eastern border (Blue Nile) and neighbouring Central Sudan to North Kordofan. One month after vaccination 88.4% (343/388) of sero-negative animals were sero-converted suggesting the efficacy of the locally produced Nigeria 75/1 vaccine. Even if only individuals in the high-risk age group (7 - 18 months) were vaccinated, the overall population immunity (OPI) in high-risk areas (the Blue Nile and North Kordofan) would have surpassed the threshold of 70%, which is indicated for blocking PPRV transmission. However, lower vaccination coverage is expected in wider vaccination programmes. These findings primarily justified the targeting of PPR control in Sudan through the vaccination of high-risk age groups in high-risk areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500108)the International S&T Cooperation Program of China(ISTCP)(2015DFA31300)。
文摘In 2013,peste des petits ruminants(PPR)re-emerged in China and spread to the majority of provinces across the country.The disease was effectively controlled through a vaccination campaign employing live attenuated vaccines,although sporadic cases still occurred.However,limited information is currently available regarding the peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV)endemic in China.Here,a PPRV strain(HLJ/13)was isolated from a field sample in China using Vero cells expressing goat signalling lymphocyte activation molecule.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HLJ/13 belonged to lineage IV.Subsequent intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation of goats with a dose of 2×10~6 TCID50of HLJ/13 resulted in the development of typical clinical symptoms of PPR,including pyrexia,ocular and nasal discharges,stomatitis,and diarrhea.All infected goats succumbed to the disease by day 8.To gain further insight,viral loading,pathological examination and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted,elucidating the main targets of HLJ/13 as the respiratory system,digestive tract and lymphoid organs.Employing the goat infection model established above,the goat poxvirus-vectored PPR vaccine,which was previously developed and could be used as DIVA(differentiating infected from vaccinated animals)vaccine,provided complete protection against the challenge of HLJ/13.It is important to note that this study represents the first comprehensive report delineating the biology and pathogenicity characterization,and infection model of PPRV isolated in China.
文摘The search for mechanical properties of materials reached a highly acclaimed level, when indentations could be analysed on the basis of elastic theory for hardness and elastic modulus. The mathematical formulas proved to be very complicated, and various trials were published between the 1900s and 2000s. The development of indentation instruments and the wish to make the application in numerous steps easier, led in 1992 to trials with iterations by using relative values instead of absolute ones. Excessive iterations of computers with 3 + 8 free parameters of the loading and unloading curves became possible and were implemented into the instruments and worldwide standards. The physical formula for hardness was defined as force over area. For the conical, pyramidal, and spherical indenters, one simply took the projected area for the calculation of the indentation depth from the projected area, adjusted it later by the iterations with respect to fused quartz or aluminium as standard materials, and called it “contact height”. Continuously measured indentation loading curves were formulated as loading force over depth square. The unloading curves after release of the indenter used the initial steepness of the pressure relief for the calculation of what was (and is) incorrectly called “Young’s modulus”. But it is not unidirectional. And for the spherical indentations’ loading curve, they defined the indentation force over depth raised to 3/2 (but without R/h correction). They till now (2025) violate the energy law, because they use all applied force for the indenter depth and ignore the obvious sidewise force upon indentation (cf. e.g. the wood cleaving). The various refinements led to more and more complicated formulas that could not be reasonably calculated with them. One decided to use 3 + 8 free-parameter iterations for fitting to the (poor) standards of fused quartz or aluminium. The mechanical values of these were considered to be “true”. This is till now the worldwide standard of DIN-ISO-ASTM-14577, avoiding overcomplicated formulas with their complexity. Some of these are shown in the Introduction Section. By doing so, one avoided the understanding of indentation results on a physical basis. However, we open a simple way to obtain absolute values (though still on the blackbox instrument’s unsuitable force calibration). We do not iterate but calculate algebraically on the basis of the correct, physically deduced exponent of the loading force parabolas with h3/2 instead of false “h2” (for the spherical indentation, there is a calotte-radius over depth correction), and we reveal the physical errors taken up in the official worldwide “14577-Standard”. Importantly, we reveal the hitherto fully overlooked phase transitions under load that are not detectable with the false exponent. Phase-transition twinning is even present and falsifies the iteration standards. Instead of elasticity theory, we use the well-defined geometry of these indentations. By doing so, we reach simple algebraically calculable formulas and find the physical indentation hardness of materials with their onset depth, onset force and energy, as well as their phase-transition energy (temperature dependent also its activation energy). The most important phase transitions are our absolute algebraically calculated results. The now most easily obtained phase transitions under load are very dangerous because they produce polymorph interfaces between the changed and the unchanged material. It was found and published by high-enlargement microscopy (5000-fold) that these trouble spots are the sites for the development of stable, 1 to 2 µm long, micro-cracks (stable for months). If however, a force higher than the one of their formation occurs to them, these grow to catastrophic crash. That works equally with turbulences at the pickle fork of airliners. After the publication of these facts and after three fatal crashing had occurred in a short sequence, FAA (Federal Aviation Agency) reacted by rechecking all airplanes for such micro cracks. These were now found in a new fleet of airliners from where the three crashed ones came. These were previously overlooked. FAA became aware of that risk and grounded 290 (certainly all) of them, because the material of these did not have higher phase-transition onset and energy than other airplanes with better material. They did so despite the 14577-Standard that does not find (and thus formally forbids) phase transitions under indenter load with the false exponent on the indentation parabola. However, this “Standard” will, despite the present author’s well-founded petition, not be corrected for the next 5 years.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0500108 and 2016YFE0204100)the International Cooperation Project of CAAS Innovation Program (CAAS-GJHZ201700X)
文摘Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease with a severe socio-economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in poor countries where it is endemic. Full understanding of PPR virus(PPRV)pathobiology and molecular biology is critical for effective control and eradication of the disease. To achieve these goals,establishment of stable reverse genetics systems for PPRV would play a key role. Unfortunately, this powerful technology remains less accessible and poorly documented for PPRV. In this review, we discussed the current status of PPRV reverse genetics as well as the recent innovations and advances in the reverse genetics of other non-segmented negative-sense RNA viruses that could be applicable to PPRV. These strategies may contribute to the improvement of existing techniques and/or the development of new reverse genetics systems for PPRV.
