Hydropower,an immaculate carbon-neutral source of renewable energy,ranks as China's third largest energy sector.The hydropower development presents both positive and negative environmental externalities.The exploi...Hydropower,an immaculate carbon-neutral source of renewable energy,ranks as China's third largest energy sector.The hydropower development presents both positive and negative environmental externalities.The exploitation of water resources yields adverse implications on the hydrological environment,aquatic ecology,terrestrial ecology,and local climate fluctuations.The transformation of the river basin water environment reflects not merely the direct impact and environmental degradation ensuing from hydropower exploitation,but also the environmental precipitators and triggers of aquatic ecological imbalance,terrestrial ecological destruction,and local climate alterations.China's prevailing constitution and fundamental laws anchor a legal bedrock for China's economic progression and ecological preservation,culminating in a nascent water legal standard system underpinned by the“four water laws”.Guided by the legislative rationale of comprehensive watershed management,watershed laws such as the Yangtze River Protection Law and the Yellow River Protection Law orchestrate the design and cooperative governance of paramount rivers like the Yellow River and the Yangtze River,infusing the essence of judicious laws and chartering pathways for prudent governance geared towards watershed conservation.The formulation of critical legislation to protect the environmental integrity of key river basins that are undergoing hydropower development,the enhancement of the environmental impact assessment infrastructure for hydropower development,and the scientific orchestration of river basin ecological flow arrangements and river basin ecological environment partition control systems all serve to circumvent and respond to the impacts on the ecological environment in river basins,thereby offering robust legal fortification for the ecological environment in river basins.展开更多
The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the ...The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy （e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015）. At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled ＇The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China： Appraisal of the POA＇. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA： its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei Matsuda is Professor of English and Director of Second Language Writing at Arizona State University, the writed states. He responds to POA from the perspective of an expert researcher and teacher of L2 writing. Charlene Polio is Professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Linguistics ＆ Germanic, Slavic, Asian ＆ African Languages atMichigan State University, the writed states. She conceptualises POA as a useful method to address some issues in pre-service teacher development. Overall, the articles in this section are insightful and reader-friendly. They are not only useful for the development of POA in particular, but may also be valuable to a broad range of researchers as they touch upon pertaining issues, as well as emerging topics, in the field of applied linguistics. We therefore find it necessary to make them accessible to a wide readership.展开更多
文摘Hydropower,an immaculate carbon-neutral source of renewable energy,ranks as China's third largest energy sector.The hydropower development presents both positive and negative environmental externalities.The exploitation of water resources yields adverse implications on the hydrological environment,aquatic ecology,terrestrial ecology,and local climate fluctuations.The transformation of the river basin water environment reflects not merely the direct impact and environmental degradation ensuing from hydropower exploitation,but also the environmental precipitators and triggers of aquatic ecological imbalance,terrestrial ecological destruction,and local climate alterations.China's prevailing constitution and fundamental laws anchor a legal bedrock for China's economic progression and ecological preservation,culminating in a nascent water legal standard system underpinned by the“four water laws”.Guided by the legislative rationale of comprehensive watershed management,watershed laws such as the Yangtze River Protection Law and the Yellow River Protection Law orchestrate the design and cooperative governance of paramount rivers like the Yellow River and the Yangtze River,infusing the essence of judicious laws and chartering pathways for prudent governance geared towards watershed conservation.The formulation of critical legislation to protect the environmental integrity of key river basins that are undergoing hydropower development,the enhancement of the environmental impact assessment infrastructure for hydropower development,and the scientific orchestration of river basin ecological flow arrangements and river basin ecological environment partition control systems all serve to circumvent and respond to the impacts on the ecological environment in river basins,thereby offering robust legal fortification for the ecological environment in river basins.
文摘The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy （e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015）. At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled ＇The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China： Appraisal of the POA＇. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA： its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei Matsuda is Professor of English and Director of Second Language Writing at Arizona State University, the writed states. He responds to POA from the perspective of an expert researcher and teacher of L2 writing. Charlene Polio is Professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Linguistics ＆ Germanic, Slavic, Asian ＆ African Languages atMichigan State University, the writed states. She conceptualises POA as a useful method to address some issues in pre-service teacher development. Overall, the articles in this section are insightful and reader-friendly. They are not only useful for the development of POA in particular, but may also be valuable to a broad range of researchers as they touch upon pertaining issues, as well as emerging topics, in the field of applied linguistics. We therefore find it necessary to make them accessible to a wide readership.
