This article addresses the question of how the global and U.S.market sector allocations for rare earth elements compare.Accordingly,this article reports rare earth oxide(REO)market sector allocations,resolved by eleme...This article addresses the question of how the global and U.S.market sector allocations for rare earth elements compare.Accordingly,this article reports rare earth oxide(REO)market sector allocations,resolved by elemental profile for 2020 and reciprocally REO consumption resolved by end market use.Differences are calculated relative to 2008 and presented as percentages and as absolute tonnage.These differences encompass both changes in relative sector demand and growth rate.Historical trends,global and U.S.for REO usage by sector are calculated for the period of 2018-2022.End market sector demands,as percentages are presented,referenced to United States Geological Survey(USGS)values from 2008.Attention is given to permanent magnets and associated elements given the growing renewable generation and vehicle electrification.The criticality of Nd and Dy are considered given that they are the foundation of NdFeB permanent magnets,prominent in electric vehicle traction motors and direct drive wind turbine generators.Economic activity associated with REE market sectors is presented.Notably usage does not reflect economic value.A prime example are catalysts versus magnets.Last,vast reserves of light and heavy REEs exist in coal and coal-byproducts with potential high impact upon critical REEs and associated economics.展开更多
In the face of growing environmental pollution, developing a fuel-cell-driven shunting locomotive is a great challenge in China for environmental protection and energy saving, which combines the environmental advantag...In the face of growing environmental pollution, developing a fuel-cell-driven shunting locomotive is a great challenge in China for environmental protection and energy saving, which combines the environmental advantages of an electric locomotive with the lower infrastructure costs of a diesel-electric locomotive. In this paper, the investigation status and the development trend of the fuel-cell-driven shunting locomotive were introduced. Through innovation of the power system using fuel cells, an experiment prototype of a fuel-cell shunting locomotive was developed, which would reduce the effects on the environment of the existing locomotives. This was the first locomotive to use a proton exchange membrane fuel-cell （PEMFC） power plant in China. From October 2012, we started to test the fuel-cell power plant and further test runs on the test rail-line in Chengdu, Sichuan. The achieved encouraging results can provide fundamental data for the modification of the current individual fuel cell locomotives or further development of the fuel-cell hybrid ones in China.展开更多
基金Project supported by the United States Department of Energy,National Technology Laboratory through the NETL-Penn State University Coalition for Fossil Energy Research(UCFER 0007-PSU-DOE-6825,DE-FE0026285)。
文摘This article addresses the question of how the global and U.S.market sector allocations for rare earth elements compare.Accordingly,this article reports rare earth oxide(REO)market sector allocations,resolved by elemental profile for 2020 and reciprocally REO consumption resolved by end market use.Differences are calculated relative to 2008 and presented as percentages and as absolute tonnage.These differences encompass both changes in relative sector demand and growth rate.Historical trends,global and U.S.for REO usage by sector are calculated for the period of 2018-2022.End market sector demands,as percentages are presented,referenced to United States Geological Survey(USGS)values from 2008.Attention is given to permanent magnets and associated elements given the growing renewable generation and vehicle electrification.The criticality of Nd and Dy are considered given that they are the foundation of NdFeB permanent magnets,prominent in electric vehicle traction motors and direct drive wind turbine generators.Economic activity associated with REE market sectors is presented.Notably usage does not reflect economic value.A prime example are catalysts versus magnets.Last,vast reserves of light and heavy REEs exist in coal and coal-byproducts with potential high impact upon critical REEs and associated economics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51177138)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20100184110015)+3 种基金the International Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchange Research Plan of Sichuan Province (2012HH0007)the Science and Technology Development Plan of Ministry of Railways (2012J012-D)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWJTU11CX030)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20120184120011)
文摘In the face of growing environmental pollution, developing a fuel-cell-driven shunting locomotive is a great challenge in China for environmental protection and energy saving, which combines the environmental advantages of an electric locomotive with the lower infrastructure costs of a diesel-electric locomotive. In this paper, the investigation status and the development trend of the fuel-cell-driven shunting locomotive were introduced. Through innovation of the power system using fuel cells, an experiment prototype of a fuel-cell shunting locomotive was developed, which would reduce the effects on the environment of the existing locomotives. This was the first locomotive to use a proton exchange membrane fuel-cell （PEMFC） power plant in China. From October 2012, we started to test the fuel-cell power plant and further test runs on the test rail-line in Chengdu, Sichuan. The achieved encouraging results can provide fundamental data for the modification of the current individual fuel cell locomotives or further development of the fuel-cell hybrid ones in China.
