The BOF-key is the performance-based research funding system that is used in Flanders, Belgium. In this paper we describe the historical background of the system, its current design and organization, as well as its ef...The BOF-key is the performance-based research funding system that is used in Flanders, Belgium. In this paper we describe the historical background of the system, its current design and organization, as well as its effects on the Flemish higher education landscape. The BOFkey in its current form relies on three bibliometric parameters: publications in Web of Science, citations in Web of Science, and publications in a comprehensive regional database for SSH publications. Taken together, the BOF-key forms a unique variant of the Norwegian model: while the system to a large extent relies on a commercial database, it avoids the problem of inadequate coverage of the SSH. Because the bibliometric parameters of the BOF-key are reused in other funding allocation schemes, their overall importance to the Flemish universities is substantial.展开更多
Purpose: This study aims to present the key systemic changes in the Polish book evaluation model to focus on the publisher list, as inspired by the Norwegian Model. Design/methodology/approach: In this study we recons...Purpose: This study aims to present the key systemic changes in the Polish book evaluation model to focus on the publisher list, as inspired by the Norwegian Model. Design/methodology/approach: In this study we reconstruct the framework of the 2010 and 2018 models of book evaluation in Poland within the performance-based research funding system. Findings: For almost 20 years the book evaluation system in Poland has been based on the verification of various technical criteria(e.g. length of the book). The new 2018 model is based on the principle of prestige inheritance(a book is worth as much as its publisher is) and is inspired by the publisher list used in the Norwegian Model. In this paper, we argue that this solution may be a more balanced policy instrument than the previous 2010 model in which neither the quality of the publisher nor the quality of the book played any role in the evaluation.Research limitations: We work from the framework of the 2018 model of book evaluation specified in the law on higher education and science from 20 July 2018, as implementation acts are not available yet. Practical implications: This study may provide a valuable point of reference on how structural reforms in the research evaluation model were implemented on a country level. The results of this study may be interesting to policy makers, stakeholders and researchers focused on science policy. Originality/value: This is the very first study that presents the new framework of the Polish research evaluation model and policy instruments for scholarly book evaluation. We describe what motivated policy makers to change the book evaluation model, and what arguments were explicitly raised to argue for the new solution.展开更多
Purpose: The main goal of this study is to outline and analyze the Danish adoption and translation of the Norwegian Publication Indicator. Design/methodology/approach: The study takes the form of a policy analysis mai...Purpose: The main goal of this study is to outline and analyze the Danish adoption and translation of the Norwegian Publication Indicator. Design/methodology/approach: The study takes the form of a policy analysis mainly drawing on document analysis of policy papers, previously published studies and grey literature. Findings: The study highlights a number of crucial factors that relate both to the Danish process and to the final Danish result underscoring that the Danish BFI model is indeed a quite different system than its Norwegian counterpart. One consequence of these process-and design differences is the fact that the broader legitimacy of the Danish BFI today appears to be quite poor. Reasons for this include: unclear and shifting objectives throughout the process; limited willingness to take ownership of the model among stakeholders; lack of communication throughout the implementation process and an apparent underestimation of the challenges associated with the use of bibliometric indicators. Research limitation: The conclusions of the study are based on the authors’ interpretation of a long drawn and complex process with many different stakeholders involved. The format of this article does not allow for a detailed documentation of all elements, but further details can be provided upon request. Practical implications: The analysis may feed into current policy discussions on the future of the Danish BFI. Originality/value: Some elements of the present analysis have previously been published in Danish outlets, but this article represents the first publication on this issue targeting a broader international audience.展开更多
Performance-based warranties(PBWs)are widely used in industry and manufacturing.Given that PBW can impose financial burdens on manufacturers,rational maintenance decisions are essential for expanding profit margins.Th...Performance-based warranties(PBWs)are widely used in industry and manufacturing.Given that PBW can impose financial burdens on manufacturers,rational maintenance decisions are essential for expanding profit margins.This paper proposes an optimization model for PBW decisions for systems affected by Gamma degradation processes,incorporating periodic inspection.A system performance degradation model is established.Preventive maintenance probability and corrective renewal probability models are developed to calculate expected warranty costs and system availability.A benefits function,which includes incentives,is constructed to optimize the initial and subsequent inspection intervals and preventive maintenance thresholds,thereby maximizing warranty profit.An improved sparrow search algorithm is developed to optimize the model,with a case study on large steam turbine rotor shafts.The results suggest the optimal PBW strategy involves an initial inspection interval of approximately 20 months,with subsequent intervals of about four months,and a preventive maintenance threshold of approximately 37.39 mm wear.When compared to common cost-minimization-based condition maintenance strategies and PBW strategies that do not differentiate between initial and subsequent inspection intervals,the proposed PBW strategy increases the manufacturer’s profit by 1%and 18%,respectively.Sensitivity analyses provide managerial recommendations for PBW implementation.The PBW strategy proposed in this study significantly increases manufacturers’profits by optimizing inspection intervals and preventive maintenance thresholds,and manufacturers should focus on technological improvement in preventive maintenance and cost control to further enhance earnings.展开更多
Purpose:To explore how different types of research funding affect research papers,with implications for optimizing funding policies and promoting sustainable research development.Design/methodology/approach:We used so...Purpose:To explore how different types of research funding affect research papers,with implications for optimizing funding policies and promoting sustainable research development.Design/methodology/approach:We used social network analysis and citation analysis to compare the influence of funded and non-funded papers,as well as among different funding types.Multidimensional scaling and cohesive subgroup analysis revealed thematic differences.Findings:Funded papers do not always show higher academic influence than non-funded ones,but multifunded papers perform better than single-funded ones.Papers funded by international institutions and HKMT have a greater impact on the international academic community.Funded papers emphasize innovation and interdisciplinarity;non-funded papers focus more on classical theory application.Research limitations:This study used only the WoS Core Collection,potentially missing other funding sources.Practical implications:The findings inform the refinement of funding policies and support strategies that encourage impactful and innovative research.Originality/value:This study offers a multi-level empirical analysis of how funding shapes research influence and thematic trends.展开更多
To enhance the frequency stability and lower the regulation mileage payment of a multiarea integrated energy system(IES)that supports the power Internet of Things(IoT),this paper proposes a data-driven cooperative met...To enhance the frequency stability and lower the regulation mileage payment of a multiarea integrated energy system(IES)that supports the power Internet of Things(IoT),this paper proposes a data-driven cooperative method for automatic generation control(AGC).The method consists of adaptive fractional-order proportional-integral(FOPI)controllers and a novel efficient integration exploration multiagent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient(EIE-MATD3)algorithm.The FOPI controllers are designed for each area based on the performancebased frequency regulation market mechanism.The EIE-MATD3 algorithm is used to tune the coefficients of the FOPI controllers in real time using centralized training and decentralized execution.The algorithm incorporates imitation learning and efficient integration exploration to obtain a more robust coordinated control strategy.An experiment on the four-area China Southern Grid(CSG)real-time digital system shows that the proposed method can improve the control performance and reduce the regulation mileage payment of each area in the IES.展开更多
This study examines the causal relationship between financial technology startup venture capital(VC)financing and its deals with domestic credit provided by the banking sector and equity market movement.Despite the ri...This study examines the causal relationship between financial technology startup venture capital(VC)financing and its deals with domestic credit provided by the banking sector and equity market movement.Despite the rise of alternative finance,such as fintech venture capital(it is the fund that venture capital firms put into young,promising fintech companies so that they can help them expand and scale quickly),which is yet underexplored,borrowers still heavily rely on banks and the stock market for financing.We use panel data from 57 countries from 2010 to 2020 and an advanced econometric method called the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag model(CS-ARDL)to determine how the size and number of fintech equity funds dealt with by venture capital firms,banking sector credit,and stock market returns are interrelated at the global level and across regional,income,and economic levels.Our results reveal a cointegrating relationship between fintech venture capital funding and deals with bank loans and equity market returns.However,this relationship varies across the regions studied and between developed and developing economies.Our findings provide crucial guidelines for policymakers to create policies that support balanced financial development by highlighting the global interaction of equity market movements,banking credit,and fintech venture capital investment and lay the groundwork for internationally aligned policies to guarantee the optimal distribution of financial capital and improve economic stability and adaptability by illustrating how these links differ across geographical locations and economic conditions.展开更多
This study investigates the distribution and imbalances of research funding in the field of Environmental Chemistry,utilizing application and funding data fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)over...This study investigates the distribution and imbalances of research funding in the field of Environmental Chemistry,utilizing application and funding data fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)over the past decade.The findings reveal significant regional disparities,with Eastern regions receiving over 70%of the national funding,while the Northeast accounts for only 4%to 6.5%.Additionally,the analysis shows notable differences in funding allocation among various research institutions,with a substantial portion of funds concentrated in a few leading institutions,leading to inequities across different types and levels of organizations.The impact of applicant gender on funding disparities is relatively minor;although female applicants have a slightly lower funding rate,the concentration of funds is marginally higher among females.Furthermore,the study highlights that key projects and talent-oriented initiatives,due to their significant funding concentration,exacerbate the existing imbalances.Overall,this research provides valuable insights for optimizing funding policies and advocates for a more equitable distribution of resources in Environmental Chemistry research,addressing the identified disparities.展开更多
The adequacy of state funding for higher education in America is vital to cultivate the qualified workforce and help in developing the state’s economy.With the economy downturn situation,whether the current state fun...The adequacy of state funding for higher education in America is vital to cultivate the qualified workforce and help in developing the state’s economy.With the economy downturn situation,whether the current state funding is adequate to the need of institutions and students is a valuable question to be investigated.This research reviewed the whole trends of state and federal support of the higher education,having analyzed the data of higher education funding for the whole state,for the institution development,and for the students and their families.With the enrollment increasing and the inflation growing,the state fund was dropping.Although states supply a greater part of funding to public universities,most of the state funding goes to community colleges and non-research public institutions.The public research institutions and undergraduate education are important components in higher education,generating changing the development for the entire society.The state should make some adjustments in distributing funding in order to keep up with the most urgent needs of the higher education and ease pressure on the institutions,and ease the financial burden on students and their families.展开更多
This paper presents a performance-based methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability and capacity of buildings.The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the HAZUS methodology and the improved cap...This paper presents a performance-based methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability and capacity of buildings.The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the HAZUS methodology and the improved capacity-demand-diagram method.The spectral displacement(Sd)of performance points on a capacity curve is used to estimate the damage level of a building.The relationship between Sd and peak ground acceleration(PGA)is established,and then a new vulnerability function is expressed in terms of PGA.Furthermore,the expected value of the seismic capacity index(SCev)is provided to estimate the seismic capacity of buildings based on the probability distribution of damage levels and the corresponding seismic capacity index.The results indicate that the proposed vulnerability methodology is able to assess seismic damage of a large number of building stock directly and quickly following an earthquake.The SCev provides an effective index to measure the seismic capacity of buildings and illustrate the relationship between the seismic capacity of buildings and seismic action.The estimated result is compared with damage surveys of the cities of Dujiangyan and Jiangyou in the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,revealing that the methodology is acceptable for seismic risk assessment and decision making.The primary reasons for discrepancies between the estimated results and the damage surveys are discussed.展开更多
With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components ...With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.展开更多
This paper presents the theory,method,and application of performance-based pavement needs assessment at a state level,using the Pennsylvania Interstate System as an example.First,a general framework is presented for t...This paper presents the theory,method,and application of performance-based pavement needs assessment at a state level,using the Pennsylvania Interstate System as an example.First,a general framework is presented for the pavement asset management and a general optimization model is established for the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation needs assessment.Also,the bundling of pavement segments for the project implementation is discussed.Using the examples of Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan and Long Range Transportation Plan for Pennsylvania Interstate System,the application of performance-based pavement needs assessment is demonstrated.It is shown that unconstrained analysis can help decision-makers investigate the real maintenance and rehabilitation needs;financially-constrained analysis can help decision-makers select projects for implementation and examine the corresponding future pavement conditions.Trade-off analysis can help decision-makers investigate the outcomes of different investment levels on pavement maintenance and rehabilitation and make the final decision on the investment level.The proposed case study provides a good example of performance-based pavement needs assessment for developing countries.展开更多
Performance-based design in earthquake engineering is a structural optimization problem that has, as the objective, the determination of design parameters for the minimization of total costs, while at the same time sa...Performance-based design in earthquake engineering is a structural optimization problem that has, as the objective, the determination of design parameters for the minimization of total costs, while at the same time satisfying minimum reliability levels for the specifi ed performance criteria. Total costs include those for construction and structural damage repairs, those associated with non-structural components and the social costs of economic losses, injuries and fatalities. This paper presents a general framework to approach this problem, using a numerical optimization strategy and incorporating the use of neural networks for the evaluation of dynamic responses and the reliability levels achieved for a given set of design parameters. The strategy is applied to an example of a three-story offi ce building. The results show the importance of considering the social costs, and the optimum failure probabilities when minimum reliability constraints are not taken into account.展开更多
When evaluating the seismic safety and reliability of complex engineering structures,it is a critical problem to reasonably consider the randomness and multi-dimensional nature of ground motions.To this end,a proposed...When evaluating the seismic safety and reliability of complex engineering structures,it is a critical problem to reasonably consider the randomness and multi-dimensional nature of ground motions.To this end,a proposed modeling strategy of multi-dimensional stochastic earthquakes is addressed in this study.This improved seismic model has several merits that enable it to better provide seismic analyses of structures.Specifically,at first,the ground motion model is compatible with the design response spectrum.Secondly,the evolutionary power spectrum involved in the model and the design response spectrum are constructed accordingly with sufficient consideration of the correlation between different seismic components.Thirdly,the random function-based dimension-reduction representation is applied,by which seismic modeling is established,with three elementary random variables.Numerical simulations of multi-dimensional stochastic ground motions in a specific design scenario indicate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling strategy.Moreover,the multi-dimensional seismic response and the global reliability of a high-rise frame-core tube structure is discussed in detail to further illustrate the engineering applicability of the proposed method.The analytical investigations demonstrate that the suggested stochastic model of multi-dimensional ground motion is available for accurate seismic response analysis and dynamic reliability assessment of complex engineering structures for performance-based seismic resistance design.展开更多
Engineering facilities subjected to natural hazards(such as winds and earthquakes) will result in risk when any designed system(i.e.capacity) will not be able to meet the performance required(i.e.demand).Risk might be...Engineering facilities subjected to natural hazards(such as winds and earthquakes) will result in risk when any designed system(i.e.capacity) will not be able to meet the performance required(i.e.demand).Risk might be expressed either as a likelihood of damage or potential financial loss.Engineers tend to make use of the former(i.e.damage).Nevertheless,other non-technical stakeholders cannot get useful information from damage.However,if financial risk is expressed on the basis of probable monetary loss,it will be easily understood by all.Therefore,it is necessary to develop methodologies which communicate the system capacity and demand to financial risk,Incremental dynamic analysis(IDA) was applied in a performance-based earthquake engineering context to do hazard analysis,structural analysis,damage analysis and loss analysis of a reinforced concrete(RC) frame structure.And the financial implications of risk were expressed by expected annual loss(EAL).The quantitative risk analysis proposed is applicable to any engineering facilities and any natural hazards.It is shown that the results from the IDA can be used to assess the overall financial risk exposure to earthquake hazard for a given constructed facility.The computational IDA-EAL method will enable engineers to take into account the long-term financial implications in addition to the construction cost.Consequently,it will help stakeholders make decisions.展开更多
Conventional seismic evaluation of existing bridges explores the ability of a bridge to survive under significant earthquake excitations. This approach has several major drawbacks, such as only a single structural per...Conventional seismic evaluation of existing bridges explores the ability of a bridge to survive under significant earthquake excitations. This approach has several major drawbacks, such as only a single structural performance of near collapse is considered, and the simplified approach of adopting strength-based concept to indirectly estimate the nonlinear behavior of a structure lacks accuracy. As a result, performance-based concepts that include a wider variety of structural performance states of a given bridge excited by different levels of earthquake intensity is needed by the engineering community. This paper introduces an improved process for the seismic evaluation of existing bridges. The relationship between the overall structural performance and earthquakes with varying levels of peak ground acceleration （PGA） can successfully be linked. A universal perspective on the seismic evaluation of bridges over their entire life-cycle can be easily obtained to investigate multiple performance objectives. The accuracy of the proposed method, based on pushover analysis, is proven in a case study that compares the results from the proposed procedure with additional nonlinear time history analyses.展开更多
Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logi...Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logical. In this study, simple formulae to estimate the peak floor displacement patterns of eccentrically braced frames(EBFs) at different performance levels subjected to earthquake ground motions are proposed. These formulae are applicable in a PBSD and especially in direct displacement-based design(DDBD). Parametric study is conducted on a group of 30 EBFs under a set of 15 far field and near field accelerograms which they scaled to different amplitudes to adapt various performance levels. The results of thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses of EBFs have been post-processed by nonlinear regression analysis in order to recognize the major parameters that influence the peak displacement pattern of these frames. Results show that suggested displacement patterns have relatively good agreement with those acquired by an exact nonlinear dynamic analysis.展开更多
Due to its outstanding ability in processing large quantity and high-dimensional data,machine learning models have been used in many cases,such as pattern recognition,classification,spam filtering,data mining and fore...Due to its outstanding ability in processing large quantity and high-dimensional data,machine learning models have been used in many cases,such as pattern recognition,classification,spam filtering,data mining and forecasting.As an outstanding machine learning algorithm,K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)has been widely used in different situations,yet in selecting qualified applicants for winning a funding is almost new.The major problem lies in how to accurately determine the importance of attributes.In this paper,we propose a Feature-weighted Gradient Decent K-Nearest Neighbor(FGDKNN)method to classify funding applicants in to two types:approved ones or not approved ones.The FGDKNN is based on a gradient decent learning algorithm to update weight.It updates the weight of labels by minimizing error ratio iteratively,so that the importance of attributes can be described better.We investigate the performance of FGDKNN with Beijing Innofund.The results show that FGDKNN performs about 23%,20%,18%,15%better than KNN,SVM,DT and ANN,respectively.Moreover,the FGDKNN has fast convergence time under different training scales,and has good performance under different settings.展开更多
Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-202...Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.展开更多
文摘The BOF-key is the performance-based research funding system that is used in Flanders, Belgium. In this paper we describe the historical background of the system, its current design and organization, as well as its effects on the Flemish higher education landscape. The BOFkey in its current form relies on three bibliometric parameters: publications in Web of Science, citations in Web of Science, and publications in a comprehensive regional database for SSH publications. Taken together, the BOF-key forms a unique variant of the Norwegian model: while the system to a large extent relies on a commercial database, it avoids the problem of inadequate coverage of the SSH. Because the bibliometric parameters of the BOF-key are reused in other funding allocation schemes, their overall importance to the Flemish universities is substantial.
基金supported by the DIALOG Program[grant name“Research into Excellence Patterns in Science and Art”]financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland
文摘Purpose: This study aims to present the key systemic changes in the Polish book evaluation model to focus on the publisher list, as inspired by the Norwegian Model. Design/methodology/approach: In this study we reconstruct the framework of the 2010 and 2018 models of book evaluation in Poland within the performance-based research funding system. Findings: For almost 20 years the book evaluation system in Poland has been based on the verification of various technical criteria(e.g. length of the book). The new 2018 model is based on the principle of prestige inheritance(a book is worth as much as its publisher is) and is inspired by the publisher list used in the Norwegian Model. In this paper, we argue that this solution may be a more balanced policy instrument than the previous 2010 model in which neither the quality of the publisher nor the quality of the book played any role in the evaluation.Research limitations: We work from the framework of the 2018 model of book evaluation specified in the law on higher education and science from 20 July 2018, as implementation acts are not available yet. Practical implications: This study may provide a valuable point of reference on how structural reforms in the research evaluation model were implemented on a country level. The results of this study may be interesting to policy makers, stakeholders and researchers focused on science policy. Originality/value: This is the very first study that presents the new framework of the Polish research evaluation model and policy instruments for scholarly book evaluation. We describe what motivated policy makers to change the book evaluation model, and what arguments were explicitly raised to argue for the new solution.
文摘Purpose: The main goal of this study is to outline and analyze the Danish adoption and translation of the Norwegian Publication Indicator. Design/methodology/approach: The study takes the form of a policy analysis mainly drawing on document analysis of policy papers, previously published studies and grey literature. Findings: The study highlights a number of crucial factors that relate both to the Danish process and to the final Danish result underscoring that the Danish BFI model is indeed a quite different system than its Norwegian counterpart. One consequence of these process-and design differences is the fact that the broader legitimacy of the Danish BFI today appears to be quite poor. Reasons for this include: unclear and shifting objectives throughout the process; limited willingness to take ownership of the model among stakeholders; lack of communication throughout the implementation process and an apparent underestimation of the challenges associated with the use of bibliometric indicators. Research limitation: The conclusions of the study are based on the authors’ interpretation of a long drawn and complex process with many different stakeholders involved. The format of this article does not allow for a detailed documentation of all elements, but further details can be provided upon request. Practical implications: The analysis may feed into current policy discussions on the future of the Danish BFI. Originality/value: Some elements of the present analysis have previously been published in Danish outlets, but this article represents the first publication on this issue targeting a broader international audience.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71871219).
文摘Performance-based warranties(PBWs)are widely used in industry and manufacturing.Given that PBW can impose financial burdens on manufacturers,rational maintenance decisions are essential for expanding profit margins.This paper proposes an optimization model for PBW decisions for systems affected by Gamma degradation processes,incorporating periodic inspection.A system performance degradation model is established.Preventive maintenance probability and corrective renewal probability models are developed to calculate expected warranty costs and system availability.A benefits function,which includes incentives,is constructed to optimize the initial and subsequent inspection intervals and preventive maintenance thresholds,thereby maximizing warranty profit.An improved sparrow search algorithm is developed to optimize the model,with a case study on large steam turbine rotor shafts.The results suggest the optimal PBW strategy involves an initial inspection interval of approximately 20 months,with subsequent intervals of about four months,and a preventive maintenance threshold of approximately 37.39 mm wear.When compared to common cost-minimization-based condition maintenance strategies and PBW strategies that do not differentiate between initial and subsequent inspection intervals,the proposed PBW strategy increases the manufacturer’s profit by 1%and 18%,respectively.Sensitivity analyses provide managerial recommendations for PBW implementation.The PBW strategy proposed in this study significantly increases manufacturers’profits by optimizing inspection intervals and preventive maintenance thresholds,and manufacturers should focus on technological improvement in preventive maintenance and cost control to further enhance earnings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72304169)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2023QG113)+1 种基金Youth Innovation Teams in Higher Education Institutions of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023RW007)the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(Grant No.23RWZX29).
文摘Purpose:To explore how different types of research funding affect research papers,with implications for optimizing funding policies and promoting sustainable research development.Design/methodology/approach:We used social network analysis and citation analysis to compare the influence of funded and non-funded papers,as well as among different funding types.Multidimensional scaling and cohesive subgroup analysis revealed thematic differences.Findings:Funded papers do not always show higher academic influence than non-funded ones,but multifunded papers perform better than single-funded ones.Papers funded by international institutions and HKMT have a greater impact on the international academic community.Funded papers emphasize innovation and interdisciplinarity;non-funded papers focus more on classical theory application.Research limitations:This study used only the WoS Core Collection,potentially missing other funding sources.Practical implications:The findings inform the refinement of funding policies and support strategies that encourage impactful and innovative research.Originality/value:This study offers a multi-level empirical analysis of how funding shapes research influence and thematic trends.
基金upported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52307118).
文摘To enhance the frequency stability and lower the regulation mileage payment of a multiarea integrated energy system(IES)that supports the power Internet of Things(IoT),this paper proposes a data-driven cooperative method for automatic generation control(AGC).The method consists of adaptive fractional-order proportional-integral(FOPI)controllers and a novel efficient integration exploration multiagent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient(EIE-MATD3)algorithm.The FOPI controllers are designed for each area based on the performancebased frequency regulation market mechanism.The EIE-MATD3 algorithm is used to tune the coefficients of the FOPI controllers in real time using centralized training and decentralized execution.The algorithm incorporates imitation learning and efficient integration exploration to obtain a more robust coordinated control strategy.An experiment on the four-area China Southern Grid(CSG)real-time digital system shows that the proposed method can improve the control performance and reduce the regulation mileage payment of each area in the IES.
基金financially supported by Doctoral Fellowship of the University Grants Commission,Bangladesh.
文摘This study examines the causal relationship between financial technology startup venture capital(VC)financing and its deals with domestic credit provided by the banking sector and equity market movement.Despite the rise of alternative finance,such as fintech venture capital(it is the fund that venture capital firms put into young,promising fintech companies so that they can help them expand and scale quickly),which is yet underexplored,borrowers still heavily rely on banks and the stock market for financing.We use panel data from 57 countries from 2010 to 2020 and an advanced econometric method called the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag model(CS-ARDL)to determine how the size and number of fintech equity funds dealt with by venture capital firms,banking sector credit,and stock market returns are interrelated at the global level and across regional,income,and economic levels.Our results reveal a cointegrating relationship between fintech venture capital funding and deals with bank loans and equity market returns.However,this relationship varies across the regions studied and between developed and developing economies.Our findings provide crucial guidelines for policymakers to create policies that support balanced financial development by highlighting the global interaction of equity market movements,banking credit,and fintech venture capital investment and lay the groundwork for internationally aligned policies to guarantee the optimal distribution of financial capital and improve economic stability and adaptability by illustrating how these links differ across geographical locations and economic conditions.
基金supported by the Major Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research of Jiangsu(No.2019SJZDA073).
文摘This study investigates the distribution and imbalances of research funding in the field of Environmental Chemistry,utilizing application and funding data fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)over the past decade.The findings reveal significant regional disparities,with Eastern regions receiving over 70%of the national funding,while the Northeast accounts for only 4%to 6.5%.Additionally,the analysis shows notable differences in funding allocation among various research institutions,with a substantial portion of funds concentrated in a few leading institutions,leading to inequities across different types and levels of organizations.The impact of applicant gender on funding disparities is relatively minor;although female applicants have a slightly lower funding rate,the concentration of funds is marginally higher among females.Furthermore,the study highlights that key projects and talent-oriented initiatives,due to their significant funding concentration,exacerbate the existing imbalances.Overall,this research provides valuable insights for optimizing funding policies and advocates for a more equitable distribution of resources in Environmental Chemistry research,addressing the identified disparities.
文摘The adequacy of state funding for higher education in America is vital to cultivate the qualified workforce and help in developing the state’s economy.With the economy downturn situation,whether the current state funding is adequate to the need of institutions and students is a valuable question to be investigated.This research reviewed the whole trends of state and federal support of the higher education,having analyzed the data of higher education funding for the whole state,for the institution development,and for the students and their families.With the enrollment increasing and the inflation growing,the state fund was dropping.Although states supply a greater part of funding to public universities,most of the state funding goes to community colleges and non-research public institutions.The public research institutions and undergraduate education are important components in higher education,generating changing the development for the entire society.The state should make some adjustments in distributing funding in order to keep up with the most urgent needs of the higher education and ease pressure on the institutions,and ease the financial burden on students and their families.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.50908216Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.20070420878
文摘This paper presents a performance-based methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability and capacity of buildings.The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the HAZUS methodology and the improved capacity-demand-diagram method.The spectral displacement(Sd)of performance points on a capacity curve is used to estimate the damage level of a building.The relationship between Sd and peak ground acceleration(PGA)is established,and then a new vulnerability function is expressed in terms of PGA.Furthermore,the expected value of the seismic capacity index(SCev)is provided to estimate the seismic capacity of buildings based on the probability distribution of damage levels and the corresponding seismic capacity index.The results indicate that the proposed vulnerability methodology is able to assess seismic damage of a large number of building stock directly and quickly following an earthquake.The SCev provides an effective index to measure the seismic capacity of buildings and illustrate the relationship between the seismic capacity of buildings and seismic action.The estimated result is compared with damage surveys of the cities of Dujiangyan and Jiangyou in the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,revealing that the methodology is acceptable for seismic risk assessment and decision making.The primary reasons for discrepancies between the estimated results and the damage surveys are discussed.
文摘With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB1601202)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2019JM-228)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51308335)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chang’an University(No.300102218401)
文摘This paper presents the theory,method,and application of performance-based pavement needs assessment at a state level,using the Pennsylvania Interstate System as an example.First,a general framework is presented for the pavement asset management and a general optimization model is established for the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation needs assessment.Also,the bundling of pavement segments for the project implementation is discussed.Using the examples of Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan and Long Range Transportation Plan for Pennsylvania Interstate System,the application of performance-based pavement needs assessment is demonstrated.It is shown that unconstrained analysis can help decision-makers investigate the real maintenance and rehabilitation needs;financially-constrained analysis can help decision-makers select projects for implementation and examine the corresponding future pavement conditions.Trade-off analysis can help decision-makers investigate the outcomes of different investment levels on pavement maintenance and rehabilitation and make the final decision on the investment level.The proposed case study provides a good example of performance-based pavement needs assessment for developing countries.
文摘Performance-based design in earthquake engineering is a structural optimization problem that has, as the objective, the determination of design parameters for the minimization of total costs, while at the same time satisfying minimum reliability levels for the specifi ed performance criteria. Total costs include those for construction and structural damage repairs, those associated with non-structural components and the social costs of economic losses, injuries and fatalities. This paper presents a general framework to approach this problem, using a numerical optimization strategy and incorporating the use of neural networks for the evaluation of dynamic responses and the reliability levels achieved for a given set of design parameters. The strategy is applied to an example of a three-story offi ce building. The results show the importance of considering the social costs, and the optimum failure probabilities when minimum reliability constraints are not taken into account.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51978543,52108444,and 51778343Plan of Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientific and Technological Innovation Team in the Universities of Hubei Province with Project No.T2020010Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Grant No.E2021512001。
文摘When evaluating the seismic safety and reliability of complex engineering structures,it is a critical problem to reasonably consider the randomness and multi-dimensional nature of ground motions.To this end,a proposed modeling strategy of multi-dimensional stochastic earthquakes is addressed in this study.This improved seismic model has several merits that enable it to better provide seismic analyses of structures.Specifically,at first,the ground motion model is compatible with the design response spectrum.Secondly,the evolutionary power spectrum involved in the model and the design response spectrum are constructed accordingly with sufficient consideration of the correlation between different seismic components.Thirdly,the random function-based dimension-reduction representation is applied,by which seismic modeling is established,with three elementary random variables.Numerical simulations of multi-dimensional stochastic ground motions in a specific design scenario indicate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling strategy.Moreover,the multi-dimensional seismic response and the global reliability of a high-rise frame-core tube structure is discussed in detail to further illustrate the engineering applicability of the proposed method.The analytical investigations demonstrate that the suggested stochastic model of multi-dimensional ground motion is available for accurate seismic response analysis and dynamic reliability assessment of complex engineering structures for performance-based seismic resistance design.
基金Project(2011CB013804) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(50925828) supported by the National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars of China
文摘Engineering facilities subjected to natural hazards(such as winds and earthquakes) will result in risk when any designed system(i.e.capacity) will not be able to meet the performance required(i.e.demand).Risk might be expressed either as a likelihood of damage or potential financial loss.Engineers tend to make use of the former(i.e.damage).Nevertheless,other non-technical stakeholders cannot get useful information from damage.However,if financial risk is expressed on the basis of probable monetary loss,it will be easily understood by all.Therefore,it is necessary to develop methodologies which communicate the system capacity and demand to financial risk,Incremental dynamic analysis(IDA) was applied in a performance-based earthquake engineering context to do hazard analysis,structural analysis,damage analysis and loss analysis of a reinforced concrete(RC) frame structure.And the financial implications of risk were expressed by expected annual loss(EAL).The quantitative risk analysis proposed is applicable to any engineering facilities and any natural hazards.It is shown that the results from the IDA can be used to assess the overall financial risk exposure to earthquake hazard for a given constructed facility.The computational IDA-EAL method will enable engineers to take into account the long-term financial implications in addition to the construction cost.Consequently,it will help stakeholders make decisions.
基金the Science Council of Taiwan Under Grant No. NSC-96-2625-Z-027-002
文摘Conventional seismic evaluation of existing bridges explores the ability of a bridge to survive under significant earthquake excitations. This approach has several major drawbacks, such as only a single structural performance of near collapse is considered, and the simplified approach of adopting strength-based concept to indirectly estimate the nonlinear behavior of a structure lacks accuracy. As a result, performance-based concepts that include a wider variety of structural performance states of a given bridge excited by different levels of earthquake intensity is needed by the engineering community. This paper introduces an improved process for the seismic evaluation of existing bridges. The relationship between the overall structural performance and earthquakes with varying levels of peak ground acceleration （PGA） can successfully be linked. A universal perspective on the seismic evaluation of bridges over their entire life-cycle can be easily obtained to investigate multiple performance objectives. The accuracy of the proposed method, based on pushover analysis, is proven in a case study that compares the results from the proposed procedure with additional nonlinear time history analyses.
文摘Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logical. In this study, simple formulae to estimate the peak floor displacement patterns of eccentrically braced frames(EBFs) at different performance levels subjected to earthquake ground motions are proposed. These formulae are applicable in a PBSD and especially in direct displacement-based design(DDBD). Parametric study is conducted on a group of 30 EBFs under a set of 15 far field and near field accelerograms which they scaled to different amplitudes to adapt various performance levels. The results of thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses of EBFs have been post-processed by nonlinear regression analysis in order to recognize the major parameters that influence the peak displacement pattern of these frames. Results show that suggested displacement patterns have relatively good agreement with those acquired by an exact nonlinear dynamic analysis.
基金J.Yao would like to thank the support of Program of Hainan Association for Science and Technology Plans to Youth R&D Innovation[QCXM201910]Scientific Research Setup Fund of Hainan University[KYQD(ZR)1837]+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China[61802092]G.Hu would like to thank the support of Fundamental Research Project of Shenzhen Municipality[JCYJ20170817115335418].
文摘Due to its outstanding ability in processing large quantity and high-dimensional data,machine learning models have been used in many cases,such as pattern recognition,classification,spam filtering,data mining and forecasting.As an outstanding machine learning algorithm,K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)has been widely used in different situations,yet in selecting qualified applicants for winning a funding is almost new.The major problem lies in how to accurately determine the importance of attributes.In this paper,we propose a Feature-weighted Gradient Decent K-Nearest Neighbor(FGDKNN)method to classify funding applicants in to two types:approved ones or not approved ones.The FGDKNN is based on a gradient decent learning algorithm to update weight.It updates the weight of labels by minimizing error ratio iteratively,so that the importance of attributes can be described better.We investigate the performance of FGDKNN with Beijing Innofund.The results show that FGDKNN performs about 23%,20%,18%,15%better than KNN,SVM,DT and ANN,respectively.Moreover,the FGDKNN has fast convergence time under different training scales,and has good performance under different settings.
文摘Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.
