[Objective] The aim was to clone the cDNA and DNA sequences of the CCR （Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase） gene which involves in lignin biosynthesis, from Pennisetum purpureum, and to make comprehensive analysis on these seq...[Objective] The aim was to clone the cDNA and DNA sequences of the CCR （Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase） gene which involves in lignin biosynthesis, from Pennisetum purpureum, and to make comprehensive analysis on these sequences. [Method] CCR sequences were cloned from P. purpureum by using conventional RT-PCR and RACE （Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends） methods; and the bioinformatic analyses of the CCR were conducted by means of NCBI, ProtParam ProtScale, TMHMM, TargetP, SignalP, Pfam20.0, Prosite, Swiss-Model, ClustalW2, DNAman, DNAstar and MEGA5. [Result] The cloned PpCCR （P. purpureum CCR） cDNA sequence was 1 316 bp, including a 1 110 bp ORF and 206 bp 3’-UTR. The cloned DNA sequence from PpCCR was 6 133 bp in full-length, containing five exons and four introns. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that PpCCR encoded a polypeptide of 369 amino acids, the secondary structure of which was primarily composed of random coil and α-helix, belonging to NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family, and its co-factor binding sites and substrate binding sites were highly conserved. [Conclusion] DNA and cDNA sequences of CCR gene were obtained from P. purpureum, which had the typical characteristics of other homologous genes. The obtained bioinformatic data provided theoretical references for the further analysis of CCR and better application of P. purpureum in the future.展开更多
To explore the feeding value of Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Guiminyin in production of geese, effects of feeding the green fodder on growth performance of geese were studied, while P. purpureum K. Scbumacb x P. typ...To explore the feeding value of Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Guiminyin in production of geese, effects of feeding the green fodder on growth performance of geese were studied, while P. purpureum K. Scbumacb x P. typhoideum Rich cv. Reyan No. 4 was used as control. The results showed that P. purpureum Schum cv. Guiminyin had high biomass and good nutritional quality, and geese intake of the forage was greater than that of the control variety. The average daily gain was （51.45 ±3.49）g/goose, which was increased by 13.36% compared with control; feed gain ratio was （4.93 ±0.35）%, and feed consumption was reduced by 19.47% compared with control （P 〈0.05）. Thus, it could be concluded that feeding geese with P. purpureum Schum ev. Guiminyin could obtain good economic benefit.展开更多
In order to contribute to the improvement of guinea pig nutrition through the use of unconventional vegetable protein sources (<em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds), experimental trials were carried out at the ...In order to contribute to the improvement of guinea pig nutrition through the use of unconventional vegetable protein sources (<em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds), experimental trials were carried out at the Animal Production and Nutrition Research Unit (URPRONAN) of the University of Dschang in April 2018.<em> Moringa oleifera</em> seeds from North Cameroon were divided into three treatments: the first consisted of whole <em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds (MO-whole), the second of Moringa oleifera seeds soaked in cold water for 24 hours (MO-water) and the third of peeled <em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds (MO-peeled). The seeds belonging to these three treatments were analyzed for the determination of the chemical composition before being incorporated into the different concentrates. Each concentrate was then granulated and combined with <em>Pennisetum purpureum</em> to make up the different rations. 40 English Guinea pigs with an average weight of 350 ± 50 g were used to evaluate the ingestion and digestibility of each ration. During the digestibility test which lasted 17 days (10 days of adaptation and 07 days of data collection), each ration was repeated on 10 Guinea pigs. The main results showed that the total tannin and phenol contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in M. oleifera seeds soaked for 24 hours (8.2% DM;2884 mg/100gMS) and pulped (13.6% DM;3156 mg/100gMS). The intake of crude cellulose (10.26 gMS/d) and crude protein (3.21 gMS/d) in rations containing whole M. oleifera seeds was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in other rations. Similarly, crude protein digestibility (77.04%) of rations containing whole M. oleifera seeds was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than other rations. This study shows that <em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds soaked for 24 hours or pulped can be used in guinea pig feed as an alternative source of protein.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to study the cutting propagation technique of Pennisetum purpureum Schum and to provide a technical reference for establishing an efficient cutting propagation method.[Methods]Six treatments ...[Objectives]The paper was to study the cutting propagation technique of Pennisetum purpureum Schum and to provide a technical reference for establishing an efficient cutting propagation method.[Methods]Six treatments were set up using P.purpureum cv.Guiminyin and P.purpureum cv.Guimu-1 as test materials,including 1-node oblique insertion,1-node oblique insertion+rooting powder,1-node transverse burial,2-node oblique insertion,2-node oblique insertion+rooting powder and 2-node transverse burial.The following indices were observed and determined for P.purpureum cuttings:emergence rate,rooting rate,root number,longest root length,fresh root weight,plant height,number of tillers,number of leaves,and fresh stem and leaf weight.[Results]In the 2-node cutting+rooting powder treatment,Guiminyin and Guimu-1 exhibited the highest survival rate,root growth indices,and stem and leaf growth indices,with the emergence rates of 94.29%and 90.26%,respectively.The 2-node cutting treatment followed closely behind,while the 1-node cutting treatment had the lowest indices.Under the same treatment,Guimuyin exhibited higher mean values for plant height,number of leaves,fresh stem and leaf weight,longest root length,and fresh root weight compared to Guimu-1.However,it had lower mean number of tillers,and emergence rate and rooting rate of the 1-node cutting treatment compared to Guimu-1.[Conclusions]The P.purpureum cuttings thrived in the 2-node cutting+rooting powder treatment,and the overall cutting effect of Guiminyin was superior to that of Guimu-1.展开更多
The study aimed to research the forage value of Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin in dairy industry and then provide scientific support for feeding jersey cattle with P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin.Totally 20 je...The study aimed to research the forage value of Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin in dairy industry and then provide scientific support for feeding jersey cattle with P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin.Totally 20 jersey cattle at lactation stage were selected and divided into two groups randomly,10 cattle each group.The cattle were fed with P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin and P.purpureum cv.Mott×（P.americanum×P.purureum）cv.Guimu No.1,respectively.The results showed that P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin performed well in both nutritional value and palatability,and received remarkable effects on jersey cattle.The milk yield was 5.4%higher than that of before test,and the average daily milk yield was（11.65±0.07）kg/cattle.Compared with control group,milk fat percentage,lactoprotein content and overall milk-solid content were improved somewhat.Feeding jersey cattle with P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin at lactation stage could increase their milk yield and milk quality.展开更多
Napier grass, an important forage crop with potentials in multi-purpose applications, is widely grown throughout the tropics and subtropics. Low temperature severely limits its productivity and geographical distributi...Napier grass, an important forage crop with potentials in multi-purpose applications, is widely grown throughout the tropics and subtropics. Low temperature severely limits its productivity and geographical distribution in temperate regions of the world. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous abscisic Acid(ABA) on chilling tolerance of napier grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) seedlings. Seven-day-old napier grass seedlings were cultured in dd H_2O or ABA solution at different concentrations and exposed to 1 ℃ for different time durations. The chilling injury, membrane stability index(MSI) and proline content were estimated from leaf samples. The results showed that there was obvious morphological injury of leaf blighting and restrained growth for the seedlings under chilling stress, but this damage can be largely reduced(by 2/3) when the seedlings were treated by 100 μmol/L ABA in the culture solution, and that the application of exogenous ABA can help to maintain a good stability of leaf cell membrane as expressed by a high MSI value and a low level of proline in leaf cells. These results suggested that exogenous ABA can significantly alleviate chilling injury in napier grass seedlings by maintaining the stability of leaf cell membrane during chilling stress, and that the chilling tolerance was not ensured by a proline accumulation although a passive accumulation of proline was observed in the seedlings under chilling stress. Our results lay a preliminary foundation for future investigations on the molecular mechanisms of ABA induced chilling or freezing tolerance in napier grass.展开更多
Eight cultivars of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), namely Dwarf, Muaklek, Bana, Taiwan A148, Common, Wruk wona, Tifton and Kampheng San, were grown in central Thailand in 2008-2009 and biomass yield, che...Eight cultivars of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), namely Dwarf, Muaklek, Bana, Taiwan A148, Common, Wruk wona, Tifton and Kampheng San, were grown in central Thailand in 2008-2009 and biomass yield, chemical composition and theoretical ethanol yield were measured. Harvests were made every 3 months. Biomass yield and cell wall compositions differed significantly (P 0.05) among cultivars. Tifton produced the highest annual biomass yield at 58.3 t/ha followed by Wruk wona (52.1 t/ha), while the lowest yield of 27.1 t/ha was in Dwarf. Biomass yield varied with season with highest yields in May and lowest in February during the dry season. Cell wall concentrations were higher in the tall cultivars than in the short ones (Dwarf and Muaklek) (P 0.05). Theoretical ethanol conversion efficiency ranged from 350 to 460 L/t DM among the cultivars following pretreatment with steam explosion. While a number of cultivars showed significant potential for use as biofuels in central Thailand, Tifton seemed to be the most promising.展开更多
Pennisetum purpureum is one of the most invasive perennial grasses of the Poaceae family,which are abundant in south-east Asia including Brunei Darussalam.The pyrolysis process at a slow heating rate proved to be high...Pennisetum purpureum is one of the most invasive perennial grasses of the Poaceae family,which are abundant in south-east Asia including Brunei Darussalam.The pyrolysis process at a slow heating rate proved to be highly promising for biochar production.The production and characterization of different Pennisetum purpureum biochars have been investigated at the pyrolysis temperatures of 400℃,500℃and 600℃with a heating and nitrogen flow rate of 5℃/min and 0.5 L/min,respec-tively.The observed higher heating values were 22.18 MJ/kg,23.02 MJ/kg,23.75 MJ/kg,and the alkaline pH were 9.10,9.86,10.17 for the biochar at 400℃,500℃,600℃temperatures,respectively.The water holding capacity was one hundred percent for all biochars and continued to increase for higher pyrolysis temperature.SEM images show that the porosity of the biochars has been enhanced with increased temperatures due to the rearrangement of crystallinity and aromaticity.On the other hand,the yields of biochar have been decreased from 35.13%to 23.02%for the increase of pyrolysis temperature from 400℃to 600℃.Energy dispersive X-ray analysis shows that the O/C atomic ratios were 0.15,0.08 and 0.06 for the biochar of 400,500 and 600℃which validates the improvement in heating values.FT-IR analysis revealed that the available functional groups in the biochars were C-O,C=C,and C-H.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)under pyrolysis condi-tion showed residue of 46.56%,51.13%and 55.67%from the biochar at 400,500,and 600℃,respectively.The derivative thermogravimetry(DTG)graph indicates that the degradation rate is higher for 400℃biochar than the 600℃biochar.展开更多
A total of 30 Nubian adult goats were randomly divided into three groups, with 10 goats in each group. The goats in different groups were fed with penn- isetum, purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan, [P. Purpureum. cv. Mort x （...A total of 30 Nubian adult goats were randomly divided into three groups, with 10 goats in each group. The goats in different groups were fed with penn- isetum, purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan, [P. Purpureum. cv. Mort x （P. americanum x P. purureum） cv. Guimu No. 1] and P. purpureum cv. Southern China respectively. In the 60-days-test, the nutritional value of the forages, the intake, growth and economic benefits of the goats were determined and analyzed. The resuits showed that, the weight gain of the goats feeding with P. purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan was remarkable, with the daily weight gain reaching （144.44 ± 17.80） g, which were 32.37% and 88.48% higher than the control groups. The feed reward in P. purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan group was the highest, with feed conversion rate of 19. 10：1 and the significant economic benefits. On the whole, P. purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan with a high nutritional value and a good palatability was a kind of excellent forages for goats.展开更多
Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth...Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth operation of the process, as hydrodynamic constraints require a coarse particle size, whereas wastewater treatment recommends a fine particle size. This study investigates the suitability of laterite and shale as substrates of different sizes (1 - 3, 3 - 5 and 5 - 8 mm) in CWs for domestic wastewater treatment. The study was carried out in an experimental pilot plant consisting of 12 parallelepiped beds (C × C = 0.4 × 0.4 m2;H = 0.6 m) filled from bottom to top with 0.1 m of gravel and 0.4 m of shale or laterite of different grain sizes with two replications. During the six months of operation, plant biomass and stem diameter of Pennisetum purpureum used as vegetation in the CWs were determined. Raw and treated water were also sampled and analyzed for pollutants, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS), using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) analytical methods. P. purpureum developed much better in the CW beds lined with shale;plant biomass ranged from 13.8 to 14.7 kg/m2 and from 11.2 to 12.5 kg/m2 in the beds lined with shale and laterite, respectively, as did stump diameter, which ranged from 15.5 to 16.1 cm and from 11.10 to 12.7 cm, respectively. However, the highest values for biomass and stump diameter for each material were obtained in the beds lined with 1 - 3 mm geomaterials. Pollutant removal efficiencies were highest in the CWs lined with laterite and shale of 1 - 3 mm grain size (76.9% - 83% COD, 78% - 84.7% BOD5, 55.5% - 72.2% TKN, 58.4% - 72.4% TP, 78.1% - 80.2% TSS), with the highest values recorded in the shale-lined beds. However, the 3 - 5 mm grain size of both materials provided quality filtrates (140 - 174 mg/L COD, 78.5 - 94.8 mg/L BOD5, 4.6 - 5.7 mg/L TP) in line with local wastewater discharge levels. This size of geomaterials appears to be suitable for optimization purposes, although further work with these materials, such as increasing the depth of the wetland, is required to improve the level of NTK and TSS discharge.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30972138)the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(9451064201003804)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to clone the cDNA and DNA sequences of the CCR （Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase） gene which involves in lignin biosynthesis, from Pennisetum purpureum, and to make comprehensive analysis on these sequences. [Method] CCR sequences were cloned from P. purpureum by using conventional RT-PCR and RACE （Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends） methods; and the bioinformatic analyses of the CCR were conducted by means of NCBI, ProtParam ProtScale, TMHMM, TargetP, SignalP, Pfam20.0, Prosite, Swiss-Model, ClustalW2, DNAman, DNAstar and MEGA5. [Result] The cloned PpCCR （P. purpureum CCR） cDNA sequence was 1 316 bp, including a 1 110 bp ORF and 206 bp 3’-UTR. The cloned DNA sequence from PpCCR was 6 133 bp in full-length, containing five exons and four introns. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that PpCCR encoded a polypeptide of 369 amino acids, the secondary structure of which was primarily composed of random coil and α-helix, belonging to NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family, and its co-factor binding sites and substrate binding sites were highly conserved. [Conclusion] DNA and cDNA sequences of CCR gene were obtained from P. purpureum, which had the typical characteristics of other homologous genes. The obtained bioinformatic data provided theoretical references for the further analysis of CCR and better application of P. purpureum in the future.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Project(2011BAD17B00)Science and Technology Project of Guangxi Provincial Bureau(GYMK201633019)+1 种基金Fund of Distinguished Experts in Guangxi Province&Guangxi Engineering Technology Center of Grassland Science(2015GCZX014)National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of Guangxi Beef Cattle,Mutton Sheep Industry Innovation Team(nycytxgxcxtd-09-04)
文摘To explore the feeding value of Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Guiminyin in production of geese, effects of feeding the green fodder on growth performance of geese were studied, while P. purpureum K. Scbumacb x P. typhoideum Rich cv. Reyan No. 4 was used as control. The results showed that P. purpureum Schum cv. Guiminyin had high biomass and good nutritional quality, and geese intake of the forage was greater than that of the control variety. The average daily gain was （51.45 ±3.49）g/goose, which was increased by 13.36% compared with control; feed gain ratio was （4.93 ±0.35）%, and feed consumption was reduced by 19.47% compared with control （P 〈0.05）. Thus, it could be concluded that feeding geese with P. purpureum Schum ev. Guiminyin could obtain good economic benefit.
文摘In order to contribute to the improvement of guinea pig nutrition through the use of unconventional vegetable protein sources (<em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds), experimental trials were carried out at the Animal Production and Nutrition Research Unit (URPRONAN) of the University of Dschang in April 2018.<em> Moringa oleifera</em> seeds from North Cameroon were divided into three treatments: the first consisted of whole <em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds (MO-whole), the second of Moringa oleifera seeds soaked in cold water for 24 hours (MO-water) and the third of peeled <em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds (MO-peeled). The seeds belonging to these three treatments were analyzed for the determination of the chemical composition before being incorporated into the different concentrates. Each concentrate was then granulated and combined with <em>Pennisetum purpureum</em> to make up the different rations. 40 English Guinea pigs with an average weight of 350 ± 50 g were used to evaluate the ingestion and digestibility of each ration. During the digestibility test which lasted 17 days (10 days of adaptation and 07 days of data collection), each ration was repeated on 10 Guinea pigs. The main results showed that the total tannin and phenol contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in M. oleifera seeds soaked for 24 hours (8.2% DM;2884 mg/100gMS) and pulped (13.6% DM;3156 mg/100gMS). The intake of crude cellulose (10.26 gMS/d) and crude protein (3.21 gMS/d) in rations containing whole M. oleifera seeds was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in other rations. Similarly, crude protein digestibility (77.04%) of rations containing whole M. oleifera seeds was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than other rations. This study shows that <em>Moringa oleifera</em> seeds soaked for 24 hours or pulped can be used in guinea pig feed as an alternative source of protein.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Sichuan Animal Science Academy(SASA202106)the Modern Agricultural Industry System Sichuan Mutton Sheep Innov Team(sccxtd-2023-14)Sichuan Province Breeding Research Grant(2021YFYZ0013).
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to study the cutting propagation technique of Pennisetum purpureum Schum and to provide a technical reference for establishing an efficient cutting propagation method.[Methods]Six treatments were set up using P.purpureum cv.Guiminyin and P.purpureum cv.Guimu-1 as test materials,including 1-node oblique insertion,1-node oblique insertion+rooting powder,1-node transverse burial,2-node oblique insertion,2-node oblique insertion+rooting powder and 2-node transverse burial.The following indices were observed and determined for P.purpureum cuttings:emergence rate,rooting rate,root number,longest root length,fresh root weight,plant height,number of tillers,number of leaves,and fresh stem and leaf weight.[Results]In the 2-node cutting+rooting powder treatment,Guiminyin and Guimu-1 exhibited the highest survival rate,root growth indices,and stem and leaf growth indices,with the emergence rates of 94.29%and 90.26%,respectively.The 2-node cutting treatment followed closely behind,while the 1-node cutting treatment had the lowest indices.Under the same treatment,Guimuyin exhibited higher mean values for plant height,number of leaves,fresh stem and leaf weight,longest root length,and fresh root weight compared to Guimu-1.However,it had lower mean number of tillers,and emergence rate and rooting rate of the 1-node cutting treatment compared to Guimu-1.[Conclusions]The P.purpureum cuttings thrived in the 2-node cutting+rooting powder treatment,and the overall cutting effect of Guiminyin was superior to that of Guimu-1.
文摘The study aimed to research the forage value of Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin in dairy industry and then provide scientific support for feeding jersey cattle with P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin.Totally 20 jersey cattle at lactation stage were selected and divided into two groups randomly,10 cattle each group.The cattle were fed with P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin and P.purpureum cv.Mott×（P.americanum×P.purureum）cv.Guimu No.1,respectively.The results showed that P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin performed well in both nutritional value and palatability,and received remarkable effects on jersey cattle.The milk yield was 5.4%higher than that of before test,and the average daily milk yield was（11.65±0.07）kg/cattle.Compared with control group,milk fat percentage,lactoprotein content and overall milk-solid content were improved somewhat.Feeding jersey cattle with P.purpureum Schum cv.Guiminyin at lactation stage could increase their milk yield and milk quality.
基金Supported by an R&D Program of the China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology(JCGG14010)
文摘Napier grass, an important forage crop with potentials in multi-purpose applications, is widely grown throughout the tropics and subtropics. Low temperature severely limits its productivity and geographical distribution in temperate regions of the world. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous abscisic Acid(ABA) on chilling tolerance of napier grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) seedlings. Seven-day-old napier grass seedlings were cultured in dd H_2O or ABA solution at different concentrations and exposed to 1 ℃ for different time durations. The chilling injury, membrane stability index(MSI) and proline content were estimated from leaf samples. The results showed that there was obvious morphological injury of leaf blighting and restrained growth for the seedlings under chilling stress, but this damage can be largely reduced(by 2/3) when the seedlings were treated by 100 μmol/L ABA in the culture solution, and that the application of exogenous ABA can help to maintain a good stability of leaf cell membrane as expressed by a high MSI value and a low level of proline in leaf cells. These results suggested that exogenous ABA can significantly alleviate chilling injury in napier grass seedlings by maintaining the stability of leaf cell membrane during chilling stress, and that the chilling tolerance was not ensured by a proline accumulation although a passive accumulation of proline was observed in the seedlings under chilling stress. Our results lay a preliminary foundation for future investigations on the molecular mechanisms of ABA induced chilling or freezing tolerance in napier grass.
文摘Eight cultivars of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), namely Dwarf, Muaklek, Bana, Taiwan A148, Common, Wruk wona, Tifton and Kampheng San, were grown in central Thailand in 2008-2009 and biomass yield, chemical composition and theoretical ethanol yield were measured. Harvests were made every 3 months. Biomass yield and cell wall compositions differed significantly (P 0.05) among cultivars. Tifton produced the highest annual biomass yield at 58.3 t/ha followed by Wruk wona (52.1 t/ha), while the lowest yield of 27.1 t/ha was in Dwarf. Biomass yield varied with season with highest yields in May and lowest in February during the dry season. Cell wall concentrations were higher in the tall cultivars than in the short ones (Dwarf and Muaklek) (P 0.05). Theoretical ethanol conversion efficiency ranged from 350 to 460 L/t DM among the cultivars following pretreatment with steam explosion. While a number of cultivars showed significant potential for use as biofuels in central Thailand, Tifton seemed to be the most promising.
基金Md Sumon Reza is highly acknowledged in the University Graduate Scholarship from UBD.The author is also grateful to Dr.Nikdalila Radenahmad for supporting this work.This project was funded by a UBD competitive research grant:UBD/OVACRI/CRGWG(006)/161201.
文摘Pennisetum purpureum is one of the most invasive perennial grasses of the Poaceae family,which are abundant in south-east Asia including Brunei Darussalam.The pyrolysis process at a slow heating rate proved to be highly promising for biochar production.The production and characterization of different Pennisetum purpureum biochars have been investigated at the pyrolysis temperatures of 400℃,500℃and 600℃with a heating and nitrogen flow rate of 5℃/min and 0.5 L/min,respec-tively.The observed higher heating values were 22.18 MJ/kg,23.02 MJ/kg,23.75 MJ/kg,and the alkaline pH were 9.10,9.86,10.17 for the biochar at 400℃,500℃,600℃temperatures,respectively.The water holding capacity was one hundred percent for all biochars and continued to increase for higher pyrolysis temperature.SEM images show that the porosity of the biochars has been enhanced with increased temperatures due to the rearrangement of crystallinity and aromaticity.On the other hand,the yields of biochar have been decreased from 35.13%to 23.02%for the increase of pyrolysis temperature from 400℃to 600℃.Energy dispersive X-ray analysis shows that the O/C atomic ratios were 0.15,0.08 and 0.06 for the biochar of 400,500 and 600℃which validates the improvement in heating values.FT-IR analysis revealed that the available functional groups in the biochars were C-O,C=C,and C-H.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)under pyrolysis condi-tion showed residue of 46.56%,51.13%and 55.67%from the biochar at 400,500,and 600℃,respectively.The derivative thermogravimetry(DTG)graph indicates that the degradation rate is higher for 400℃biochar than the 600℃biochar.
基金Supported by Provincial Bureau of Science and Technology Project(2010001)Province agricultural science and technology achievements transformation projects(1346004-4)
文摘A total of 30 Nubian adult goats were randomly divided into three groups, with 10 goats in each group. The goats in different groups were fed with penn- isetum, purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan, [P. Purpureum. cv. Mort x （P. americanum x P. purureum） cv. Guimu No. 1] and P. purpureum cv. Southern China respectively. In the 60-days-test, the nutritional value of the forages, the intake, growth and economic benefits of the goats were determined and analyzed. The resuits showed that, the weight gain of the goats feeding with P. purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan was remarkable, with the daily weight gain reaching （144.44 ± 17.80） g, which were 32.37% and 88.48% higher than the control groups. The feed reward in P. purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan group was the highest, with feed conversion rate of 19. 10：1 and the significant economic benefits. On the whole, P. purpureum Schum cv. Taiwan with a high nutritional value and a good palatability was a kind of excellent forages for goats.
文摘Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth operation of the process, as hydrodynamic constraints require a coarse particle size, whereas wastewater treatment recommends a fine particle size. This study investigates the suitability of laterite and shale as substrates of different sizes (1 - 3, 3 - 5 and 5 - 8 mm) in CWs for domestic wastewater treatment. The study was carried out in an experimental pilot plant consisting of 12 parallelepiped beds (C × C = 0.4 × 0.4 m2;H = 0.6 m) filled from bottom to top with 0.1 m of gravel and 0.4 m of shale or laterite of different grain sizes with two replications. During the six months of operation, plant biomass and stem diameter of Pennisetum purpureum used as vegetation in the CWs were determined. Raw and treated water were also sampled and analyzed for pollutants, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS), using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) analytical methods. P. purpureum developed much better in the CW beds lined with shale;plant biomass ranged from 13.8 to 14.7 kg/m2 and from 11.2 to 12.5 kg/m2 in the beds lined with shale and laterite, respectively, as did stump diameter, which ranged from 15.5 to 16.1 cm and from 11.10 to 12.7 cm, respectively. However, the highest values for biomass and stump diameter for each material were obtained in the beds lined with 1 - 3 mm geomaterials. Pollutant removal efficiencies were highest in the CWs lined with laterite and shale of 1 - 3 mm grain size (76.9% - 83% COD, 78% - 84.7% BOD5, 55.5% - 72.2% TKN, 58.4% - 72.4% TP, 78.1% - 80.2% TSS), with the highest values recorded in the shale-lined beds. However, the 3 - 5 mm grain size of both materials provided quality filtrates (140 - 174 mg/L COD, 78.5 - 94.8 mg/L BOD5, 4.6 - 5.7 mg/L TP) in line with local wastewater discharge levels. This size of geomaterials appears to be suitable for optimization purposes, although further work with these materials, such as increasing the depth of the wetland, is required to improve the level of NTK and TSS discharge.
