The purpose of this study was to determine average penile length and to investigate the relationship between penile length and somatometric parameters in a group of young, healthy Turkish men. A total of 1132 men were...The purpose of this study was to determine average penile length and to investigate the relationship between penile length and somatometric parameters in a group of young, healthy Turkish men. A total of 1132 men were included in the study. The age, height and weight of the subjects were recorded. Penile length was measured in both flaccid and stretched states. The correlation between penile length and somatometric parameters was analysed. The mean age of the subjects was 20.3±.0.9 years. The mean penile length in flaccid and stretched states was 9.3± 1.3 and 13.7± 1.6 cm, respectively （P〈0.001）. There was a positive correlation between flaccid and stretched penile length （r=0.800, P〈0.001）. The mean testicular volume was 22.0±2.8 cm3. A weak positive correlation was detected between penile length and mean testicular volume （r=0.143 for flaccid penile length and r=-0. 140 for stretched penile length, P〈0.001 for both）. Similarly, weak positive correlations were found between penile length （both flaccid and stretched） and height, weight and body mass index, respectively （P〈0.001, for all）. These results demonstrate that somatometric parameters are correlated with penile length. We believe that further studies would provide more information about the causal relationship.展开更多
Penile length shortening and erectile dysfunction are common complications after radical prostatectomy.Various methods have been used to maintain erectile function,but less attention has been paid to preserving penis ...Penile length shortening and erectile dysfunction are common complications after radical prostatectomy.Various methods have been used to maintain erectile function,but less attention has been paid to preserving penis length.N-acetylcysteine(NAC)has the effect of antioxidation and antifibrotic,which may be beneficial to improve those postoperative complications.This study investigated the effect of NAC on maintaining the penile length and the erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve crush(BCNC)and its underlying mechanism.Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group,BCNC group,and BCNC+NAC group.NAC or equal volume of saline was daily administrated by intragastric gavage for 4 weeks.The initial and end penile lengths were measured.Intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure(ICP/MAP)ratio was calculated to assess erectile function.Hematoxylin-eosin staining,Masson's trichrome staining,immunohistochemistry,and Western blot were performed to explore cellular and molecular changes of the penis.Compared to the BCNC group,the penile length,ICP/MAP ratio and smooth muscle/collagen ratio in the BCNC+NAC group were improved significantly(all P<0.05),and the expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase,α-smooth muscle actin,glutathione,and glutathione peroxidase 1 were significantly increased after NAC treated(all P<0.05),along with the decreased expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,transforming growth factor-β1,collagen I,collagen III,collagen IV,malonaldehyde,and lysine oxidase(all P<0.05).This study demonstrated that NAC could maintain penile length and partly improve erectile function.Possible mechanism is directly and/or indirectly related to antihypoxic and antifibrosis.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the correlations among androgen receptor （AR） CAG repeat polymorphism, sex hormones and penile length in healthy Chinese young adult men. Two hundred and fifty-three healthy men （age...This study aimed to investigate the correlations among androgen receptor （AR） CAG repeat polymorphism, sex hormones and penile length in healthy Chinese young adult men. Two hundred and fifty-three healthy men （aged 22.8 ± 3.1years） were enrolled. The individuals were grouped as CAG short （CAGs） if they harbored repeat length of 〈20 or as CAG long （CAGL） if their CAG repeat length was 〉20. Body height/weight, penile length and other parameters were examined and recorded by the specified physicians; CAG repeat polymorphism was determined by the polymerase chain reaction （PCR） method; and the serum levels of the sex hormones were detected by radioimmunoassay. Student＇s t-test or linear regression analysis was used to assess the associations among AR CAG repeat polymorphism, sex hormones and penile length. This investigation showed that the serum total testosterone （T） level was positively associated with the AR CAG repeat length （P = 0.01）; whereas, no significant correlation of T or AR CAG repeat polymorphism with the penile length was found （P = 0.593）. Interestingly, an inverse association was observed between serum prolactin （PRL） levels and penile length by linear regression analyses （β = -0.024, P = 0.039, 95% confidence interval （CI）： -0.047, 0）. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that serum PRL, but not T or AR CAG repeat polymorphism, is correlated with penile length in the Han adult population from northwestern China.展开更多
The second to fourth digit ratio （2D：4D） has been proposed as a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone and covaries with the sensitivity of the androgen receptor （AR）. Both prenatal testosterone and the AR ...The second to fourth digit ratio （2D：4D） has been proposed as a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone and covaries with the sensitivity of the androgen receptor （AR）. Both prenatal testosterone and the AR play a central role in penile growth. In this study, we investigated the relationship between digit ratio and penile length. Korean men who were hospitalized for urological surgery at a single tertiary academic centre were examined in this study, and 144 men aged 20 years or older who gave informed consent were prospectively enrolled. Right-hand second- and fourth-digit lengths were measured by a single investigator prior to measurement of penile length. Under anaesthesia, flaccid and stretched penile lengths were measured by another investigator who did not measure nor have any the information regarding the digit lengths. Univariate and multivariate analysis using linear regression models showed that only height was a significant predictive factor for flaccid penile length （univariate analysis： r=0. 185, P=-0.026; multivariate analysis： r=-0.172, P=0.038） and that only digit ratio was a significant predictive factor for stretched penile length （univariate analysis： r=-0.216, P=0.009; multivariate analysis： r=-0.201, P=0.024; stretched penile length=-9.201 xdigit ratio ＋ 20.577）. Based on this evidence, we suggest that the digit ratio can predict adult penile size and that the effects of prenatal testosterone may in part explain the differences in adult penile length.展开更多
Aim: To investigate the flaccid and stretched penile sizes of young Korean men and their complexes or pride about their penile size. Methods: After an explanation and agreement to the purpose and methods of this study...Aim: To investigate the flaccid and stretched penile sizes of young Korean men and their complexes or pride about their penile size. Methods: After an explanation and agreement to the purpose and methods of this study, 123 Korean men in their early 20's visiting the Jinhae Military General Hospital were included in the study. The flaccid penile length, flaccid mid-shaft circumference, stretched length and pre-pubic bone fat pad depth were measured in a warm comfortable environment. The accuracy the subjects assessed their penile size was investigated by asking them to rate their penile size, as 'very small', 'small', 'normal', 'large' or 'very large'. All subjects were asked to complete the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) test. Results: The mean flaccid length, flaccid circumference, stretched length and fat pad depth of the 123 subjects were (6.9 ± 0.8) cm, (8.5 ±1.1) cm, (9.6 ± 0.8) cm and (1.1 ± 0.4) cm, respectively. The answer distribution on penile size was 1 (0.8 %) 'very small', 29 (23.6 %) 'small', 86 (69.9 %) 'normal', 6 (4.9 %) 'large' and 1 (0.8 %) 'very large'. Subjects who underestimated their penile size showed significantly higher scores on the hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D) and psychasthenia (Pt) subscales of the MMPI than those in the Unbiased Group (P<0.05). Conclusion: In consultation, with a patient requesting penile augmentation, the urologist should consider the psychologic attitude of the patient to his penile size.展开更多
Anogenital distance （AGD） is used to define degree of virilization of genital development, with shorter length being associated with feminization and male infertility. The first exon of the androgen receptor （AR） ...Anogenital distance （AGD） is used to define degree of virilization of genital development, with shorter length being associated with feminization and male infertility. The first exon of the androgen receptor （AR） consists of a polymorphic sequence of cytosine-adenineguanine （CAG） repeats, with longer CAG repeat lengths being associated with decreased receptor function. We sought to determine if there is an association between AGD and AR CAG repeat length. A cross-sectional, prospective cohort of men evaluated at a urology clinic at a single institution was recruited. AGD （the distance from the posterior scrotum to the anal verge） and penile length （PL） were measured. Sanger DNA sequence analysis was used to define CAG repeat length. AGD and CAG repeat lengths in 195 men were determined. On unadjusted analysis, there was no linear relationship between CAG repeat length and PL （P=0.17） or AGD （P=-0.31）. However, on sub-population analyses, those men with longer CAG repeat lengths （〉26） had significantly shorter AGDs compared to men with shorter CAG repeat lengths. For example, the mean AGD was 41.9 vs. 32.4 mm with a CAG repeat length ≤26 vs. 〉26 （P=0.01）. In addition, when stratifying the cohort based on AGD, those with AGD less than the median （i.e. 40 mm） had a longer CAG repeat length compared to men with an AGD 〉40 mm （P=-0.02）. In summary, no linear relationship was found between AGD and AR CAG repeat length overall.展开更多
Over the past decades,penile prosthesis surgery has evolved from a final-line treatment for severe erectile dysfunction into a refined,reliable,and highly individualized procedure that restores both function and quali...Over the past decades,penile prosthesis surgery has evolved from a final-line treatment for severe erectile dysfunction into a refined,reliable,and highly individualized procedure that restores both function and quality of life.Technological innovation,improved surgical strategies,and a better understanding of patient expectations have reshaped the field.Yet,as this progress unfolds,new challenges and questions continue to emerge:how can we further improve penile length and esthetics,minimize infection,and extend devicelongevity?展开更多
Cavernous nerve injury is an important cause of erectile dysfunction(ED).Although protective nerve technology has been widely used in nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy(nsRP),the incidence of ED is still very high af...Cavernous nerve injury is an important cause of erectile dysfunction(ED).Although protective nerve technology has been widely used in nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy(nsRP),the incidence of ED is still very high after surgery.The purpose of our study was to evaluate erectile function(EF)and penile length in the non-erectile state(PLNES)following scheduled phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor(PDE5i),vacuum erectile device(VED)treatment,and combination therapy after nsRP.One hundred patients with localized prostate cancer and normal EF were randomized to scheduled PDE5i group,VED treatment group,a combined treatment group,and the control group without any intervention.The International Index of Erectile Function-5(IIEF-5)scores and PLNES were evaluated after 6 months and 12 months of treatment.Sexual Encounter Profile(SEP-Question 2 and SEP-Question 3)were evaluated after 12 months of treatment.Ninety-one of the 100 randomized patients completed the study.We found that the 5 mg tadalafil once a day(OaD)combined with VED can help improve IIEF-5 scores in nsRP patients after both 6 months and 12 months.VED alone or combined with tadalafil OaD can help patients maintain PLNES.VED combined with tadalafil OaD can improve the rate of successful penetration(SEP-Question 2)after 12 months.There were no significant differences in the return to target EF after 12 months among the groups.No significant correlation was noted between the variables and return to target EF(IIEF≥17),and between the variables and effective shortening of the patient’s penis(shortening≥1 cm)after 12 months of intervention.展开更多
Background:In this study,we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dorsal plication(DP)in correcting mild-to-moderate ventral penile cur-vature(VPC)during primary hypospadias repair with urethral plate preservation.Materia...Background:In this study,we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dorsal plication(DP)in correcting mild-to-moderate ventral penile cur-vature(VPC)during primary hypospadias repair with urethral plate preservation.Materials and methods:We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who underwent DP during primary hypospadias re-pair with urethral plate preservation between January 2018 and December 2021.Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the degree of curvature following degloving:<30°(group 1)and 30°to 40°(group 2).Recurrent VPC,urethral complications,and pediatric penile perception scores were analyzed.Results:Seventy-six patients met the inclusion criteria:59 in group 1 and 17 in group 2.The incidences of recurrent VPC(1.7%vs.5.9%;p=0.928)and urethral complications(32.2%vs.29.4%;p=0.827)were comparable between groups.A total of 29 completed pediatric penile perception scores questionnaires were collected.No significant difference was observed in dissatisfaction with penile length(13.6%vs.14.3%;p=0.692).Conclusions:Dorsal plication did not increase the rates of VPC recurrence,urethral complications,or dissatisfaction with penile length in cases with 30°to 40°VPC after degloving.Long-term follow-up with larger sample sizes is warranted to further assess the efficacy of DP.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this study was to determine average penile length and to investigate the relationship between penile length and somatometric parameters in a group of young, healthy Turkish men. A total of 1132 men were included in the study. The age, height and weight of the subjects were recorded. Penile length was measured in both flaccid and stretched states. The correlation between penile length and somatometric parameters was analysed. The mean age of the subjects was 20.3±.0.9 years. The mean penile length in flaccid and stretched states was 9.3± 1.3 and 13.7± 1.6 cm, respectively （P〈0.001）. There was a positive correlation between flaccid and stretched penile length （r=0.800, P〈0.001）. The mean testicular volume was 22.0±2.8 cm3. A weak positive correlation was detected between penile length and mean testicular volume （r=0.143 for flaccid penile length and r=-0. 140 for stretched penile length, P〈0.001 for both）. Similarly, weak positive correlations were found between penile length （both flaccid and stretched） and height, weight and body mass index, respectively （P〈0.001, for all）. These results demonstrate that somatometric parameters are correlated with penile length. We believe that further studies would provide more information about the causal relationship.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81671453 and No.81871147)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2018SZ0019 and No.2018TJPT0018)。
文摘Penile length shortening and erectile dysfunction are common complications after radical prostatectomy.Various methods have been used to maintain erectile function,but less attention has been paid to preserving penis length.N-acetylcysteine(NAC)has the effect of antioxidation and antifibrotic,which may be beneficial to improve those postoperative complications.This study investigated the effect of NAC on maintaining the penile length and the erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve crush(BCNC)and its underlying mechanism.Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group,BCNC group,and BCNC+NAC group.NAC or equal volume of saline was daily administrated by intragastric gavage for 4 weeks.The initial and end penile lengths were measured.Intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure(ICP/MAP)ratio was calculated to assess erectile function.Hematoxylin-eosin staining,Masson's trichrome staining,immunohistochemistry,and Western blot were performed to explore cellular and molecular changes of the penis.Compared to the BCNC group,the penile length,ICP/MAP ratio and smooth muscle/collagen ratio in the BCNC+NAC group were improved significantly(all P<0.05),and the expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase,α-smooth muscle actin,glutathione,and glutathione peroxidase 1 were significantly increased after NAC treated(all P<0.05),along with the decreased expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,transforming growth factor-β1,collagen I,collagen III,collagen IV,malonaldehyde,and lysine oxidase(all P<0.05).This study demonstrated that NAC could maintain penile length and partly improve erectile function.Possible mechanism is directly and/or indirectly related to antihypoxic and antifibrosis.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the correlations among androgen receptor （AR） CAG repeat polymorphism, sex hormones and penile length in healthy Chinese young adult men. Two hundred and fifty-three healthy men （aged 22.8 ± 3.1years） were enrolled. The individuals were grouped as CAG short （CAGs） if they harbored repeat length of 〈20 or as CAG long （CAGL） if their CAG repeat length was 〉20. Body height/weight, penile length and other parameters were examined and recorded by the specified physicians; CAG repeat polymorphism was determined by the polymerase chain reaction （PCR） method; and the serum levels of the sex hormones were detected by radioimmunoassay. Student＇s t-test or linear regression analysis was used to assess the associations among AR CAG repeat polymorphism, sex hormones and penile length. This investigation showed that the serum total testosterone （T） level was positively associated with the AR CAG repeat length （P = 0.01）; whereas, no significant correlation of T or AR CAG repeat polymorphism with the penile length was found （P = 0.593）. Interestingly, an inverse association was observed between serum prolactin （PRL） levels and penile length by linear regression analyses （β = -0.024, P = 0.039, 95% confidence interval （CI）： -0.047, 0）. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that serum PRL, but not T or AR CAG repeat polymorphism, is correlated with penile length in the Han adult population from northwestern China.
文摘The second to fourth digit ratio （2D：4D） has been proposed as a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone and covaries with the sensitivity of the androgen receptor （AR）. Both prenatal testosterone and the AR play a central role in penile growth. In this study, we investigated the relationship between digit ratio and penile length. Korean men who were hospitalized for urological surgery at a single tertiary academic centre were examined in this study, and 144 men aged 20 years or older who gave informed consent were prospectively enrolled. Right-hand second- and fourth-digit lengths were measured by a single investigator prior to measurement of penile length. Under anaesthesia, flaccid and stretched penile lengths were measured by another investigator who did not measure nor have any the information regarding the digit lengths. Univariate and multivariate analysis using linear regression models showed that only height was a significant predictive factor for flaccid penile length （univariate analysis： r=0. 185, P=-0.026; multivariate analysis： r=-0.172, P=0.038） and that only digit ratio was a significant predictive factor for stretched penile length （univariate analysis： r=-0.216, P=0.009; multivariate analysis： r=-0.201, P=0.024; stretched penile length=-9.201 xdigit ratio ＋ 20.577）. Based on this evidence, we suggest that the digit ratio can predict adult penile size and that the effects of prenatal testosterone may in part explain the differences in adult penile length.
文摘Aim: To investigate the flaccid and stretched penile sizes of young Korean men and their complexes or pride about their penile size. Methods: After an explanation and agreement to the purpose and methods of this study, 123 Korean men in their early 20's visiting the Jinhae Military General Hospital were included in the study. The flaccid penile length, flaccid mid-shaft circumference, stretched length and pre-pubic bone fat pad depth were measured in a warm comfortable environment. The accuracy the subjects assessed their penile size was investigated by asking them to rate their penile size, as 'very small', 'small', 'normal', 'large' or 'very large'. All subjects were asked to complete the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) test. Results: The mean flaccid length, flaccid circumference, stretched length and fat pad depth of the 123 subjects were (6.9 ± 0.8) cm, (8.5 ±1.1) cm, (9.6 ± 0.8) cm and (1.1 ± 0.4) cm, respectively. The answer distribution on penile size was 1 (0.8 %) 'very small', 29 (23.6 %) 'small', 86 (69.9 %) 'normal', 6 (4.9 %) 'large' and 1 (0.8 %) 'very large'. Subjects who underestimated their penile size showed significantly higher scores on the hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D) and psychasthenia (Pt) subscales of the MMPI than those in the Unbiased Group (P<0.05). Conclusion: In consultation, with a patient requesting penile augmentation, the urologist should consider the psychologic attitude of the patient to his penile size.
文摘Anogenital distance （AGD） is used to define degree of virilization of genital development, with shorter length being associated with feminization and male infertility. The first exon of the androgen receptor （AR） consists of a polymorphic sequence of cytosine-adenineguanine （CAG） repeats, with longer CAG repeat lengths being associated with decreased receptor function. We sought to determine if there is an association between AGD and AR CAG repeat length. A cross-sectional, prospective cohort of men evaluated at a urology clinic at a single institution was recruited. AGD （the distance from the posterior scrotum to the anal verge） and penile length （PL） were measured. Sanger DNA sequence analysis was used to define CAG repeat length. AGD and CAG repeat lengths in 195 men were determined. On unadjusted analysis, there was no linear relationship between CAG repeat length and PL （P=0.17） or AGD （P=-0.31）. However, on sub-population analyses, those men with longer CAG repeat lengths （〉26） had significantly shorter AGDs compared to men with shorter CAG repeat lengths. For example, the mean AGD was 41.9 vs. 32.4 mm with a CAG repeat length ≤26 vs. 〉26 （P=0.01）. In addition, when stratifying the cohort based on AGD, those with AGD less than the median （i.e. 40 mm） had a longer CAG repeat length compared to men with an AGD 〉40 mm （P=-0.02）. In summary, no linear relationship was found between AGD and AR CAG repeat length overall.
文摘Over the past decades,penile prosthesis surgery has evolved from a final-line treatment for severe erectile dysfunction into a refined,reliable,and highly individualized procedure that restores both function and quality of life.Technological innovation,improved surgical strategies,and a better understanding of patient expectations have reshaped the field.Yet,as this progress unfolds,new challenges and questions continue to emerge:how can we further improve penile length and esthetics,minimize infection,and extend devicelongevity?
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81971376 and No.81800591)the 3-year action plan to promote clinical skills and clinical innovation in municipal hospitals in Shanghai(No.16CR3067B)Shanghai Sailing Program(No.18YF1412800).
文摘Cavernous nerve injury is an important cause of erectile dysfunction(ED).Although protective nerve technology has been widely used in nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy(nsRP),the incidence of ED is still very high after surgery.The purpose of our study was to evaluate erectile function(EF)and penile length in the non-erectile state(PLNES)following scheduled phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor(PDE5i),vacuum erectile device(VED)treatment,and combination therapy after nsRP.One hundred patients with localized prostate cancer and normal EF were randomized to scheduled PDE5i group,VED treatment group,a combined treatment group,and the control group without any intervention.The International Index of Erectile Function-5(IIEF-5)scores and PLNES were evaluated after 6 months and 12 months of treatment.Sexual Encounter Profile(SEP-Question 2 and SEP-Question 3)were evaluated after 12 months of treatment.Ninety-one of the 100 randomized patients completed the study.We found that the 5 mg tadalafil once a day(OaD)combined with VED can help improve IIEF-5 scores in nsRP patients after both 6 months and 12 months.VED alone or combined with tadalafil OaD can help patients maintain PLNES.VED combined with tadalafil OaD can improve the rate of successful penetration(SEP-Question 2)after 12 months.There were no significant differences in the return to target EF after 12 months among the groups.No significant correlation was noted between the variables and return to target EF(IIEF≥17),and between the variables and effective shortening of the patient’s penis(shortening≥1 cm)after 12 months of intervention.
文摘Background:In this study,we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dorsal plication(DP)in correcting mild-to-moderate ventral penile cur-vature(VPC)during primary hypospadias repair with urethral plate preservation.Materials and methods:We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who underwent DP during primary hypospadias re-pair with urethral plate preservation between January 2018 and December 2021.Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the degree of curvature following degloving:<30°(group 1)and 30°to 40°(group 2).Recurrent VPC,urethral complications,and pediatric penile perception scores were analyzed.Results:Seventy-six patients met the inclusion criteria:59 in group 1 and 17 in group 2.The incidences of recurrent VPC(1.7%vs.5.9%;p=0.928)and urethral complications(32.2%vs.29.4%;p=0.827)were comparable between groups.A total of 29 completed pediatric penile perception scores questionnaires were collected.No significant difference was observed in dissatisfaction with penile length(13.6%vs.14.3%;p=0.692).Conclusions:Dorsal plication did not increase the rates of VPC recurrence,urethral complications,or dissatisfaction with penile length in cases with 30°to 40°VPC after degloving.Long-term follow-up with larger sample sizes is warranted to further assess the efficacy of DP.
