This study investigated whether liposomes could enhance the permeation and penetration of diclofenac diethylammonium. For this, a 1.16% diclofenac diethylammonium liposome gel formulation was developed (Grupo Leti, S....This study investigated whether liposomes could enhance the permeation and penetration of diclofenac diethylammonium. For this, a 1.16% diclofenac diethylammonium liposome gel formulation was developed (Grupo Leti, S.A.V.). In vitro and ex vivo tests were conducted to analyze the diffusion and penetration profiles of the formulation. The profiles obtained were compared with a commercially available product, DiAnalper gel (Pharmetique Labs). The in vitro test was assessed in a Franz diffusion cell system using a dialysis membrane. The cumulative amount of drug permeated after 24 h demonstrated a significantly (p 2, whereas the commercial formulation yielded values of 371.00 ± 3.54 μg/cm2. These findings were further supported by consistent results in the percentage of drug release, flux, and permeability coefficient, all indicating a notable improvement in diffusion associated with the liposomal gel formulation. The tape stripping assay performed on pig ear skin demonstrates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the penetration transport of the diclofenac from liposome gel formulation (1413.95 ± 250.51 μg) and the conventional product (202.36 ± 18.07 μg) the liposomal formulation was able to cross de stratum corneum and deliver a high amount of drug to the skin. These findings demonstrated that incorporating diclofenac into a liposomal system significantly improved the drug delivery, which could confer an advantage for clinical uses.展开更多
Distribution of plant roots in a red soil derived from granite was investigated to study the effect of plantroots on intensifying soil penetrability and anti-scouribility by the double-cutting-ring and the undisturbed...Distribution of plant roots in a red soil derived from granite was investigated to study the effect of plantroots on intensifying soil penetrability and anti-scouribility by the double-cutting-ring and the undisturbedsoil-flume methods, respectively. The plant roots system consisting mostly of fibrils, < 1 mm in diameter,was mainly distributed in the upper surface soil 30 cm in depth. It can remarhably increase the penetrabilityand anti-scouribility of the red soil derived from granite. When the root density was > 0.35 root cm-2, theintensifying effect of roots on both the penetrability and the anti-scouribility could be described by exponentequations, △ Ks = 0.0021RD1.4826 (R2 = 0.9313) and △ As = 0.0003RD1.8478 (R2 = O.9619), where △ Ks isthe value of intensified soil penetrability, a As the value of intensified soil anti-scouribility and RD the rootdensity, especially in the top soils within 30 cm in depth where plant roots were conceotrated.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Hypericin,a powerful naturally photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy(PDT),is suitable for treating skin diseases involving excess capillary proliferation.In the present study,we aimed to evaluate the skin ...OBJECTIVE Hypericin,a powerful naturally photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy(PDT),is suitable for treating skin diseases involving excess capillary proliferation.In the present study,we aimed to evaluate the skin penetrability of a topically applied hypericin,expecting reducing the risk of prolonged skin photosensitivity,which often occurs after systemic administration.METHODS The Franz diffusion cell assay was performed to evaluate different penetration enhancers.In vivo studies,fluorescence microscopy was performed to examine the distribution of hypericin in the skin,macroscopic and microscopic analyses were also carried out to detect pathological changes in the skin after topical hypericin-PDT treatment.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of PECAM-1 in the treated skin.RESULTS 5% menthol facilitated hypericin penetrate the skin of nude mice most.The results of in vivo assays revealed that hypericin penetrated nude mice skin,spread to the dermis,and resulted in obvious photosensitivity reaction on the dermal capillaries.Moreover,skin injured by the photosensitive reaction induced by hypericin was replaced by normal skin 7 d after hypericin-PDT treatment.CONCLUSION Topical hypericin could penetrate nude mouse skin well and be great potential in PDT treatment of skin diseases.展开更多
Four kinds of polymer coated urea(PCU)were put in distilled water at 30℃ to determine the variation of coating penetrability and give a precise description of the urea release kinetics. The urea release from PCU coul...Four kinds of polymer coated urea(PCU)were put in distilled water at 30℃ to determine the variation of coating penetrability and give a precise description of the urea release kinetics. The urea release from PCU could be divided into four stages: lag stage, swell stage, steady stage and decay stage. The release rate coefficient K, a measure of coating penetrability, was linearly increased at swell stage, but almost not variable at steady stage. At decay stage, the relation of X to time t could be described by the equation K= mtn-1where m and n are the coefficients). When n>1, the coating penetrability was gradually increased, and the urea release from PCU was accelerated; when n=1, the coating penetrability was steady, and the urea release from PCU obeyed the first-order kinetics; and when n<1.the coating penetrability was gradually decreased, and the urea release from PCU was delayed, resulting in a significant 'tailing effect'.展开更多
We develop a new fully quantum method for determination of widths for nuclear decay by proton emission where multiple internal reflections of wave packet describing tunneling process inside proton-nucleus radial barri...We develop a new fully quantum method for determination of widths for nuclear decay by proton emission where multiple internal reflections of wave packet describing tunneling process inside proton-nucleus radial barrier are taken into account. Exact solutions for amplitudes of wave function, penetrability T and reflection R (estimated for the first time for decay problem) are found for n -step barrier (at arbitrary n) which approximates the realistic barrier. In contrast to semiclassical approach and two-potential approach, we establish by this method essential dependence of the penetrability on the starting point Rform in the internal well where proton starts to move outside (for example, for Ta the penetrability is changed up to 200 times;accuracy is T+R-1|-15 ). We impose a new condition: in the beginning of the proton decay the proton starts to move outside from minimum of the well. Such a condition provides minimal calculated half-life and gives stable basis for predictions. However, the half-lives calculated by such an approach turn out to be a little closer to experimental data in comparison with the semiclassical half-lives. Estimated influence of the external barrier region is up to 1.5 times for changed penetrability.展开更多
This article details how forest soil moisture content (MC) and subsequent resistances to cone penetration (referred below as Cone Index, CI) vary by daily weather, season, topography, site and soil properties across e...This article details how forest soil moisture content (MC) and subsequent resistances to cone penetration (referred below as Cone Index, CI) vary by daily weather, season, topography, site and soil properties across eleven harvest blocks in northwestern New Brunswick. The MC- and CI-affecting soil variables refer to density, texture, organic matter content, coarse fragment content, and topographic position (i.e., elevation, and the seasonally affected cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) pattern). The harvest blocks were transect-sampled inside and outside their wood-forwarding tracks at varying times throughout the year. In detail, 61% of the pore-filled moisture content (MCPS) determinations inside and outside the tracks could be related to topographic position, coarse fragments, bulk density, and forest cover type specifications. In addition, 40% of the CI variations could be related to soil depth, MCPS, and block-specific cover type. Actual versus model-projected uncertainties amounted to ΔMCPS ≤ ± 15% and ΔCI ≤ ± 0.5 MPa, 8 times out of 10. Block-centered MC and CI projections were obtained through: 1) daily hydrological modelling using daily precipitation and air temperature weather-station records nearest each block, and 2) digitally mapped variations in soil properties, elevation, DTW and forest cover type, done at 10 m resolution.展开更多
Rubbery waste at the end of the cycle often constitutes a threat for the environment because of their encumbrance and low biodeterioration.The purpose of the research presented is to develop the rubber fine powder as ...Rubbery waste at the end of the cycle often constitutes a threat for the environment because of their encumbrance and low biodeterioration.The purpose of the research presented is to develop the rubber fine powder as a pavement.It is interested primarily in the behavior of two types of bitumen 40/50 modified by the addition of two varieties of rubber fine powders of different grading,resulting from the crushing of the rubbery products intended for the clothes industry of soles of shoes.The objective of the experimentation is to study the influence of the added polymer on the physical properties of the ordinary road bitumen with the incorporation of the fine powder.The experimental approach is carried out using the two tests of characterization of the bitumen i.e.the softening point test and the penetration test which remain the most used to define and classify the road bitumen.It will be noted however,that the experimental investigation which is based on several tests according to the type and the content of fine powders,leads on a whole of interesting correlations.展开更多
Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength,strong corrosion resistance,excellent high and low temperature mechanical properties,etc.,and is widely used in aerospace,shipbuilding,weapons and equipment,and other...Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength,strong corrosion resistance,excellent high and low temperature mechanical properties,etc.,and is widely used in aerospace,shipbuilding,weapons and equipment,and other fields.In recent years,with the continuous increase in demand for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,corresponding welding technologies have also continued to develop.Therefore,this article reviews the research progress of deep penetration welding technology for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,mainly covering traditional arc welding,high-energy beam welding,and other welding technologies.Among many methods,narrow gap welding,hybrid welding,and external energy field assistance welding all contribute to improving the welding efficiency and quality of medium-thick plate titanium alloys.Finally,the development trend of deep penetration welding technology for mediumthick plate titanium alloys is prospected.展开更多
The penetration-deflagration coupling damage performance of rod-like reactive shaped charge pene-trator(RRSCP)impacting thick steel plates is investigated by theoretical analysis and experiments.A penetration-deflagra...The penetration-deflagration coupling damage performance of rod-like reactive shaped charge pene-trator(RRSCP)impacting thick steel plates is investigated by theoretical analysis and experiments.A penetration-deflagration coupling damage model is developed to predict the penetration depth and cratering diameter.Four type of aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene-copper(Al-PTFE-Cu)reactive liners with densities of 2.3,2.7,3.5,and 4.5 g·cm^(-3) are selected to conduct the penetration experiments.The comparison results show that model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.By comparing the penetration depth and cratering diameter in the inert penetration mode and the penetration-deflagration coupling mode,the influence mechanism that the penetration-induced chemical response is unfavorable to penetration but has an enhanced cratering effect is revealed.From the formation characteristics,penetration effect and penetration-induced chemical reaction be-haviors,the influence of reactive liner density on the penetration-deflagration performance is further analyzed.The results show that increasing the density of reactive liner significantly increases both the kinetic energy and length of the reactive penetrator,meanwhile effectively reduces the weakened effect of penetration-induced chemical response,resulting in an enhanced penetration capability.However,due to the decreased diameter and potential energy content of reactive penetrator,the cratering capa-bility is weakened significantly.展开更多
Shaped charge has been widely used for penetrating concrete.However,due to the obvious difference between the propagation of shock waves and explosion products in water and air,the theory governing the formation of sh...Shaped charge has been widely used for penetrating concrete.However,due to the obvious difference between the propagation of shock waves and explosion products in water and air,the theory governing the formation of shaped charge jets in water as well as the underwater penetration effect of concrete need to be studied.In this paper,we introduced a modified forming theory of an underwater hemispherical shaped charge,and investigated the behavior of jet formation and concrete penetration in both air and water experimentally and numerically.The results show that the modified jet forming theory predicts the jet velocity of the hemispherical liner with an error of less than 10%.The underwater jets exhibit at least 3%faster and 11%longer than those in air.Concrete shows different failure modes after penetration in air and water.The depth of penetration deepens at least 18.75%after underwater penetration,accompanied by deeper crater with 65%smaller radius.Moreover,cracks throughout the entire target are formed,whereas cracks exist only near the penetration hole in air.This comprehensive study provides guidance for optimizing the structure of shaped charge and improves the understanding of the permeability effect of concrete in water.展开更多
The chloride penetration resistance of cement-based grout materials was improved by nano-silica emulsion.Specimens of mixtures containing different nano-silica particles or emulsions were exposed in sodium chloride so...The chloride penetration resistance of cement-based grout materials was improved by nano-silica emulsion.Specimens of mixtures containing different nano-silica particles or emulsions were exposed in sodium chloride solutions of specific concentrations with different test ages.Hardened properties of the mixes were assessed in terms of weight loss and compressive strength.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of mixes were performed to analysis the phase evolution and microstructure.The results demonstrated that the introduction of nano-SiO_(2) emulsion significantly decreased the compressive strength loss and calcium hydroxide(CH)crystal content of hydration production,and then enhanced the resistance of cement-based grouting materials to chloride ion penetration.This improvement derives from the filling and pozzolanic effects of nano-SiO_(2) particles,which were incorporated via an emulsion and attributed to a well dispersion in grouting matrix.展开更多
In this paper,the failure caused by HRAM loads which were generated by high-speed projectile penetration,and protection technology of the fluid-filled structure were explored.A bubble was preset on the projectile traj...In this paper,the failure caused by HRAM loads which were generated by high-speed projectile penetration,and protection technology of the fluid-filled structure were explored.A bubble was preset on the projectile trajectory in a fluid-filled structure.Based on the reflection and transmission phenomena of pressure waves at the gas-liquid interface and the compressibility characteristics of gases,a numerical analysis was conducted on the influence of preset bubble on projectile penetration and structural failure characteristics.The results indicate that the secondary water-entry impact phenomenon occurs when a preset bubble exists on the projectile trajectory,leading to the secondary water entry impact loads.The rarefaction waves reflected on the surface of the preset bubble cause the attenuation ratio of the initial impact pressure peak to reach 68.8%and the total specific impulse attenuation ratio to reach 48.6%.Furthermore,the larger the bubble,the faster the projectile,and the more obvious the attenuation effect.Moreover,due to the compressibility of the bubble,the global deformation attenuation ratio of the front and rear walls can reach over 80%.However,the larger the bubble size,the faster the projectile velocity,the smaller the local deformation attenuation effect of the rear wall,and the more severe the failure at the perforation of the rear wall.展开更多
Numerous former military sites worldwide require environmental cleanup from buried unexploded ordnance(UxO)that pose hazards such as leaching toxic chemicals and explosion risks.However,selecting the appropriate mitig...Numerous former military sites worldwide require environmental cleanup from buried unexploded ordnance(UxO)that pose hazards such as leaching toxic chemicals and explosion risks.However,selecting the appropriate mitigation technology relies on prior knowledge of UxO depth of burial(DoB)at specific sites.This study utilizes numerical simulations,employing large deformation explicit finite element(LDEFE)analysis and the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL)approach,to model the penetration of ordnances into clay targets.A modified Tresca constitutive model is implemented in ABAQUS software to capture key features of clay behavior under high strain rate(HSR)loading.The role of various parameters on DoB is investigated,including undrained shear strength,stiffness,and density of the soil.The findings highlight the paramount importance of undrained shear strength in clayey soil penetrability,in addition to the role of soil stiffness,and density.The simulations were employed to calibrate model parameters for Young's empirical penetration model,as well as the Poncelet phenomenological penetration model,demonstrating the efficacy of the numerical simulations in extrapolating its findings within the relevant parameter space.In particular,the calibrated parameters of Young's and Poncelet's models can be identified as a direct function of the various discussed soil properties,which was previously unavailable.展开更多
Geotechnical parameters derived from an intrusive cone penetration test(CPT)are used to asses mechanical properties to inform the design phase of infrastructure projects.However,local,in situ 1D measurements can fail ...Geotechnical parameters derived from an intrusive cone penetration test(CPT)are used to asses mechanical properties to inform the design phase of infrastructure projects.However,local,in situ 1D measurements can fail to capture 3D subsurface variations,which could mean less than optimal design decisions for foundation engineering.By coupling the localised measurements from CPTs with more global 3D measurements derived from geophysical methods,a higher fidelity 3D overview of the subsurface can be obtained.Machine Learning(ML)may offer an effective means to capture all types of geophysical information associated with CPT data at a site scale to build a 2D or 3D ground model.In this paper,we present an ML approach to build a 3D ground model of cone resistance and sleeve friction by combining several CPT measurements with Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves(MASW)and Electrical Resistivity Tomography(ERT)data on a land site characterisation project in the United Arab Emirates(UAE).To avoid a potential overfitting problem inherent to the use of machine learning and a lack of data at certain locations,we explore the possibility of using a prior Geo-Statistical(GS)approach that attempts to constrain the overfitting process by“artificially”increasing the amount of input data.A sensitivity study is also performed on input features used to train the ML algorithm to better define the optimal combination of input features for the prediction.Our results showed that ERT data were not useful in capturing 3D variations of geotechnical properties compared to Vs due to the geographical location of the site(200 m east from the Oman Gulf)and the possible effect of saline water intrusion.Additionally,we demonstrate that the use of a prior GS phase could be a promising and interesting means to make the prediction of ground properties more robust,especially for this specific case study described in this paper.Looking ahead,better representation of the subsurface can lead to a number of benefits for stakeholders involved in developing assets.Better ground/geotechnical models mean better site calibration of design methods and fewer design assumptions for reliability-based design,creating an opportunity for value engineering in the form of lighter construction without compromising safety,shorter construction timelines,and reduced resource requirements.展开更多
A group optimal penetration strategy in complex attack and defense confrontation situation is proposed in this paper to solve the coordinated penetration decision-making problem of endo-atmospheric gliding simultaneou...A group optimal penetration strategy in complex attack and defense confrontation situation is proposed in this paper to solve the coordinated penetration decision-making problem of endo-atmospheric gliding simultaneous multi-missile penetration of interceptors.First,the problem of large search space of multi-missile coordinated penetration maneuvers is fully considered,and the flight corridor of multi-missile coordinated penetration is designed to constrain search space of multi-agent coordinated strategy,comprehensively considering path constraints and anticollision constraints of gliding multi-missile flight.Then,a multi-missile hierarchical coordinated decision-making mechanism based on confrontation situation is proposed,and the swarm penetration strategy is optimized with the goal of maximizing swarm penetration effectiveness.The upper layer plans the swarm penetration formation according to confrontation situation,and generates the swarm coordinated penetration trajectory based on Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(MADDPG)method.The lower layer interpolates and smooths penetration trajectory,and generates the penetration guidance command based on Soft Actor-Critic and Extended Proportional Guidance(SAC-EPG)method.Simulation results verify that the proposed multi-missile cooperative penetration method based on hierarchical reinforcement learning converges faster than the penetration method based on MADDPG,and can quickly learn multi-missile cooperative penetration skills.In addition,multi-missile coordination can give full play to the group's detection and maneuverability,and occupy favorable penetration time and space through coordinated ballistic maneuvers.Thus the success rate of group penetration can be improved.展开更多
An experimental and finite element simulation investigation are conducted to study the deformation patterns of steel targets during the penetration process of tungsten alloy long rods,as well as the influence of stren...An experimental and finite element simulation investigation are conducted to study the deformation patterns of steel targets during the penetration process of tungsten alloy long rods,as well as the influence of strength of the target on the deformation patterns.The experimental results revealed slight mass loss in the first layer of the steel target during the transient entrance phase,with an extremely negligible loss in target mass during the quasi-steady penetration phase.The results of macro-analysis,micro-analysis and simulation show that the eroded target material migrated towards the periphery of the crater,causing an increase in the target's thickness,remained within the target,instead of flowing out of the crater.Therefore,the process of long rods penetrating the metal target is considered as a process of backward extrusion.By combining the backward extrusion theory with energy conservation,a penetration depth model for long rods penetrating a metal target,taking into account both the diameter of the crater and the friction coefficient between the rod and the target,has been established.Although the model is not yet perfect,it innovatively applies the principles of solid mechanics to the study of long rod penetration.Additionally,it takes into account the friction coefficient between the rod and the target during the penetration process.Therefore,this model provides a new research direction for future studies on long rod penetration.展开更多
The motion characteristics of projectile during oblique penetration into concrete were studied using a three-dimensional meso-scale model.The finite element model validation and parameter chosen were conducted by comp...The motion characteristics of projectile during oblique penetration into concrete were studied using a three-dimensional meso-scale model.The finite element model validation and parameter chosen were conducted by comparing the experimental data,with computational efficiency enhanced through improved mesh refinement.Penetration simulations involving deformable projectiles at various incident angles analyzed the effects of aggregate volume fraction and particle size on ballistic trajectory and terminal deflection.Sensitivity analysis reveals a strong power-law relationship between aggregate content and the projectile's deflection angle.The increase in aggregate content will enhance the confinement effect,shorten the intrusion distance of the projectile,and lead to a decrease in the deflection angle of the projectile.The effect of aggregate particle size on the projectile deflection angle follows a Gaussian distribution.The maximum deflection angle occurs when the aggregate particle size is between 2.7 and 3.1 times the projectile diameter.An increase in particle size reduces the number of aggregate-mortar interfaces at the same aggregate volume fraction,leading to an enlargement of the damage zone in concrete,a decrease in the number of cracks,and an increase in crack length.These findings enhance the understanding of concrete penetration mechanisms and offers valuable insights for engineering structure protection.展开更多
The study aims to explore the damage characteristics and protection technologies of liquid-filled structures under high-speed projectile impact.A series of penetration impact experiments were conducted by focusing on ...The study aims to explore the damage characteristics and protection technologies of liquid-filled structures under high-speed projectile impact.A series of penetration impact experiments were conducted by focusing on different air layer configurations.By using high-speed camera and dynamic measurement systems,the effects of air layers on the projectile penetration,pressure wave propagation,cavitation evolution,and structural dynamic responses were analyzed.The results showed that the rarefaction wave reflected from the air-liquid interface significantly reduced the peak and specific impulse of the initial pressure wave,thereby diminishing the impact load on the structure.Additionally,the compressibility of air layers also attenuated the cavitation extrusion load.Both front and rear plates exhibited superimposed deformation modes,i.e.,local deformation or petal fracture with global deformation.Air layers effectively mitigated global deformation.However,when the air layer was positioned on the projectile's trajectory,it split the water-entry process and velocity attenuation of the projectile into two relatively independent phases.And the secondary water entry pressure wave caused more severe local deformation and petal fractures on the rear plate.展开更多
The fracture surfaces of coal-rock masses formed under mining-induced stress generally exhibit complex geometries, and the fracture geometry is one of the primary factors affecting the seepage characteristics of coal-...The fracture surfaces of coal-rock masses formed under mining-induced stress generally exhibit complex geometries, and the fracture geometry is one of the primary factors affecting the seepage characteristics of coal-rock penetrating fracture. This paper investigates the seepage characteristics of 5 groups of coal penetrating fracture(CPF) with different joint roughness coefficients(JRCs). Based on 3D morphology scanner tests and hydraulic coupling tests, a characterization method of effective geometric parameters in fracture surfaces under various confining pressures was improved, and a relationship between effective geometric parameters and the confining pressure is established. The results indicate that the nonlinear flow behavior in a CPF primarily includes three types: non-Newtonian fluid seepage under high confining pressure and low JRC, non-Darcy seepage under low confining pressure and high JRC, and the whole process of seepage characteristics between these two conditions. Among them, nonNewtonian fluid seepage is caused by significant fracture expansion, while non-Darcy seepage can be attributed to turbulence effects. During the seepage process, the geometric parameters with different JRC fracture samples all exhibit exponential changes with the increase of confining pressure. In addition,under high confining pressure, the effective contact ratio, effective fracture aperture, and void deviation ratio with high JRC fracture samples under high confining pressure increase by 93.5%, 67.4%, and 24.9%,respectively, compared with those of low JRC fracture samples. According to the variation of geometric parameters in a CPF with external stress, a seepage model considering geometric parameters in a CPF is proposed. By introducing the root mean square error(RMSE) and coefficient of determination(R2) to evaluate the error and goodness of fit between model curves and experimental data, it is found that the theoretical curves of model in this paper have the best matching with the experimental data. The average values of RMSE and R2for model in this paper are 0.002 and 0.70, respectively, which are better than models in the existing literature.展开更多
Penetration testing plays a critical role in ensuring security in an increasingly interconnected world. Despite advancements in technology leading to smaller, more portable devices, penetration testing remains reliant...Penetration testing plays a critical role in ensuring security in an increasingly interconnected world. Despite advancements in technology leading to smaller, more portable devices, penetration testing remains reliant on traditional laptops and computers, which, while portable, lack true ultra-portability. This paper explores the potential impact of developing a dedicated, ultra-portable, low-cost device for on-the-go penetration testing. Such a device could replicate the core functionalities of advanced penetration testing tools, including those found in Kali Linux, within a compact form factor that fits easily into a pocket. By offering the convenience and portability akin to a smartphone, this innovative device could redefine the way penetration testers operate, enabling them to carry essential tools wherever they go and ensuring they are always prepared to conduct security assessments efficiently. This approach aims to revolutionize penetration testing by merging high functionality with unparalleled portability.展开更多
文摘This study investigated whether liposomes could enhance the permeation and penetration of diclofenac diethylammonium. For this, a 1.16% diclofenac diethylammonium liposome gel formulation was developed (Grupo Leti, S.A.V.). In vitro and ex vivo tests were conducted to analyze the diffusion and penetration profiles of the formulation. The profiles obtained were compared with a commercially available product, DiAnalper gel (Pharmetique Labs). The in vitro test was assessed in a Franz diffusion cell system using a dialysis membrane. The cumulative amount of drug permeated after 24 h demonstrated a significantly (p 2, whereas the commercial formulation yielded values of 371.00 ± 3.54 μg/cm2. These findings were further supported by consistent results in the percentage of drug release, flux, and permeability coefficient, all indicating a notable improvement in diffusion associated with the liposomal gel formulation. The tape stripping assay performed on pig ear skin demonstrates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the penetration transport of the diclofenac from liposome gel formulation (1413.95 ± 250.51 μg) and the conventional product (202.36 ± 18.07 μg) the liposomal formulation was able to cross de stratum corneum and deliver a high amount of drug to the skin. These findings demonstrated that incorporating diclofenac into a liposomal system significantly improved the drug delivery, which could confer an advantage for clinical uses.
文摘Distribution of plant roots in a red soil derived from granite was investigated to study the effect of plantroots on intensifying soil penetrability and anti-scouribility by the double-cutting-ring and the undisturbedsoil-flume methods, respectively. The plant roots system consisting mostly of fibrils, < 1 mm in diameter,was mainly distributed in the upper surface soil 30 cm in depth. It can remarhably increase the penetrabilityand anti-scouribility of the red soil derived from granite. When the root density was > 0.35 root cm-2, theintensifying effect of roots on both the penetrability and the anti-scouribility could be described by exponentequations, △ Ks = 0.0021RD1.4826 (R2 = 0.9313) and △ As = 0.0003RD1.8478 (R2 = O.9619), where △ Ks isthe value of intensified soil penetrability, a As the value of intensified soil anti-scouribility and RD the rootdensity, especially in the top soils within 30 cm in depth where plant roots were conceotrated.
文摘OBJECTIVE Hypericin,a powerful naturally photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy(PDT),is suitable for treating skin diseases involving excess capillary proliferation.In the present study,we aimed to evaluate the skin penetrability of a topically applied hypericin,expecting reducing the risk of prolonged skin photosensitivity,which often occurs after systemic administration.METHODS The Franz diffusion cell assay was performed to evaluate different penetration enhancers.In vivo studies,fluorescence microscopy was performed to examine the distribution of hypericin in the skin,macroscopic and microscopic analyses were also carried out to detect pathological changes in the skin after topical hypericin-PDT treatment.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of PECAM-1 in the treated skin.RESULTS 5% menthol facilitated hypericin penetrate the skin of nude mice most.The results of in vivo assays revealed that hypericin penetrated nude mice skin,spread to the dermis,and resulted in obvious photosensitivity reaction on the dermal capillaries.Moreover,skin injured by the photosensitive reaction induced by hypericin was replaced by normal skin 7 d after hypericin-PDT treatment.CONCLUSION Topical hypericin could penetrate nude mouse skin well and be great potential in PDT treatment of skin diseases.
基金supported by the National 863 Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2001AA246021)the Knowledge Innovation Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-402).
文摘Four kinds of polymer coated urea(PCU)were put in distilled water at 30℃ to determine the variation of coating penetrability and give a precise description of the urea release kinetics. The urea release from PCU could be divided into four stages: lag stage, swell stage, steady stage and decay stage. The release rate coefficient K, a measure of coating penetrability, was linearly increased at swell stage, but almost not variable at steady stage. At decay stage, the relation of X to time t could be described by the equation K= mtn-1where m and n are the coefficients). When n>1, the coating penetrability was gradually increased, and the urea release from PCU was accelerated; when n=1, the coating penetrability was steady, and the urea release from PCU obeyed the first-order kinetics; and when n<1.the coating penetrability was gradually decreased, and the urea release from PCU was delayed, resulting in a significant 'tailing effect'.
文摘We develop a new fully quantum method for determination of widths for nuclear decay by proton emission where multiple internal reflections of wave packet describing tunneling process inside proton-nucleus radial barrier are taken into account. Exact solutions for amplitudes of wave function, penetrability T and reflection R (estimated for the first time for decay problem) are found for n -step barrier (at arbitrary n) which approximates the realistic barrier. In contrast to semiclassical approach and two-potential approach, we establish by this method essential dependence of the penetrability on the starting point Rform in the internal well where proton starts to move outside (for example, for Ta the penetrability is changed up to 200 times;accuracy is T+R-1|-15 ). We impose a new condition: in the beginning of the proton decay the proton starts to move outside from minimum of the well. Such a condition provides minimal calculated half-life and gives stable basis for predictions. However, the half-lives calculated by such an approach turn out to be a little closer to experimental data in comparison with the semiclassical half-lives. Estimated influence of the external barrier region is up to 1.5 times for changed penetrability.
文摘This article details how forest soil moisture content (MC) and subsequent resistances to cone penetration (referred below as Cone Index, CI) vary by daily weather, season, topography, site and soil properties across eleven harvest blocks in northwestern New Brunswick. The MC- and CI-affecting soil variables refer to density, texture, organic matter content, coarse fragment content, and topographic position (i.e., elevation, and the seasonally affected cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) pattern). The harvest blocks were transect-sampled inside and outside their wood-forwarding tracks at varying times throughout the year. In detail, 61% of the pore-filled moisture content (MCPS) determinations inside and outside the tracks could be related to topographic position, coarse fragments, bulk density, and forest cover type specifications. In addition, 40% of the CI variations could be related to soil depth, MCPS, and block-specific cover type. Actual versus model-projected uncertainties amounted to ΔMCPS ≤ ± 15% and ΔCI ≤ ± 0.5 MPa, 8 times out of 10. Block-centered MC and CI projections were obtained through: 1) daily hydrological modelling using daily precipitation and air temperature weather-station records nearest each block, and 2) digitally mapped variations in soil properties, elevation, DTW and forest cover type, done at 10 m resolution.
文摘Rubbery waste at the end of the cycle often constitutes a threat for the environment because of their encumbrance and low biodeterioration.The purpose of the research presented is to develop the rubber fine powder as a pavement.It is interested primarily in the behavior of two types of bitumen 40/50 modified by the addition of two varieties of rubber fine powders of different grading,resulting from the crushing of the rubbery products intended for the clothes industry of soles of shoes.The objective of the experimentation is to study the influence of the added polymer on the physical properties of the ordinary road bitumen with the incorporation of the fine powder.The experimental approach is carried out using the two tests of characterization of the bitumen i.e.the softening point test and the penetration test which remain the most used to define and classify the road bitumen.It will be noted however,that the experimental investigation which is based on several tests according to the type and the content of fine powders,leads on a whole of interesting correlations.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(Grant No.2023Z098)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(Grant No.2023MS05040)+1 种基金Shenyang Collaborative Innovation Center Project for Multiple Energy Fields Composite Processing of Special Materials(Grant No.JG210027)Shenyang Key Technology Special Project of The Open Competition Mechanism to Select the Best Solution(Grant Nos.2022210101000827,2022-0-43-048).
文摘Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength,strong corrosion resistance,excellent high and low temperature mechanical properties,etc.,and is widely used in aerospace,shipbuilding,weapons and equipment,and other fields.In recent years,with the continuous increase in demand for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,corresponding welding technologies have also continued to develop.Therefore,this article reviews the research progress of deep penetration welding technology for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,mainly covering traditional arc welding,high-energy beam welding,and other welding technologies.Among many methods,narrow gap welding,hybrid welding,and external energy field assistance welding all contribute to improving the welding efficiency and quality of medium-thick plate titanium alloys.Finally,the development trend of deep penetration welding technology for mediumthick plate titanium alloys is prospected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12172052)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.QKKT24-02).
文摘The penetration-deflagration coupling damage performance of rod-like reactive shaped charge pene-trator(RRSCP)impacting thick steel plates is investigated by theoretical analysis and experiments.A penetration-deflagration coupling damage model is developed to predict the penetration depth and cratering diameter.Four type of aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene-copper(Al-PTFE-Cu)reactive liners with densities of 2.3,2.7,3.5,and 4.5 g·cm^(-3) are selected to conduct the penetration experiments.The comparison results show that model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.By comparing the penetration depth and cratering diameter in the inert penetration mode and the penetration-deflagration coupling mode,the influence mechanism that the penetration-induced chemical response is unfavorable to penetration but has an enhanced cratering effect is revealed.From the formation characteristics,penetration effect and penetration-induced chemical reaction be-haviors,the influence of reactive liner density on the penetration-deflagration performance is further analyzed.The results show that increasing the density of reactive liner significantly increases both the kinetic energy and length of the reactive penetrator,meanwhile effectively reduces the weakened effect of penetration-induced chemical response,resulting in an enhanced penetration capability.However,due to the decreased diameter and potential energy content of reactive penetrator,the cratering capa-bility is weakened significantly.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12372361,12102427,12372335 and 12102202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30923010908)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX23_0520).
文摘Shaped charge has been widely used for penetrating concrete.However,due to the obvious difference between the propagation of shock waves and explosion products in water and air,the theory governing the formation of shaped charge jets in water as well as the underwater penetration effect of concrete need to be studied.In this paper,we introduced a modified forming theory of an underwater hemispherical shaped charge,and investigated the behavior of jet formation and concrete penetration in both air and water experimentally and numerically.The results show that the modified jet forming theory predicts the jet velocity of the hemispherical liner with an error of less than 10%.The underwater jets exhibit at least 3%faster and 11%longer than those in air.Concrete shows different failure modes after penetration in air and water.The depth of penetration deepens at least 18.75%after underwater penetration,accompanied by deeper crater with 65%smaller radius.Moreover,cracks throughout the entire target are formed,whereas cracks exist only near the penetration hole in air.This comprehensive study provides guidance for optimizing the structure of shaped charge and improves the understanding of the permeability effect of concrete in water.
基金Funded by a Science and Technology Project from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China(No.2019-K-047)Yangzhou Government-Yangzhou University Cooperative Platform Project for Science and Technology Innovation(No.YZ2020262)。
文摘The chloride penetration resistance of cement-based grout materials was improved by nano-silica emulsion.Specimens of mixtures containing different nano-silica particles or emulsions were exposed in sodium chloride solutions of specific concentrations with different test ages.Hardened properties of the mixes were assessed in terms of weight loss and compressive strength.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of mixes were performed to analysis the phase evolution and microstructure.The results demonstrated that the introduction of nano-SiO_(2) emulsion significantly decreased the compressive strength loss and calcium hydroxide(CH)crystal content of hydration production,and then enhanced the resistance of cement-based grouting materials to chloride ion penetration.This improvement derives from the filling and pozzolanic effects of nano-SiO_(2) particles,which were incorporated via an emulsion and attributed to a well dispersion in grouting matrix.
文摘In this paper,the failure caused by HRAM loads which were generated by high-speed projectile penetration,and protection technology of the fluid-filled structure were explored.A bubble was preset on the projectile trajectory in a fluid-filled structure.Based on the reflection and transmission phenomena of pressure waves at the gas-liquid interface and the compressibility characteristics of gases,a numerical analysis was conducted on the influence of preset bubble on projectile penetration and structural failure characteristics.The results indicate that the secondary water-entry impact phenomenon occurs when a preset bubble exists on the projectile trajectory,leading to the secondary water entry impact loads.The rarefaction waves reflected on the surface of the preset bubble cause the attenuation ratio of the initial impact pressure peak to reach 68.8%and the total specific impulse attenuation ratio to reach 48.6%.Furthermore,the larger the bubble,the faster the projectile,and the more obvious the attenuation effect.Moreover,due to the compressibility of the bubble,the global deformation attenuation ratio of the front and rear walls can reach over 80%.However,the larger the bubble size,the faster the projectile velocity,the smaller the local deformation attenuation effect of the rear wall,and the more severe the failure at the perforation of the rear wall.
基金the support of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program(SERDP)of the United States of America(Grant No.MR23-3855).
文摘Numerous former military sites worldwide require environmental cleanup from buried unexploded ordnance(UxO)that pose hazards such as leaching toxic chemicals and explosion risks.However,selecting the appropriate mitigation technology relies on prior knowledge of UxO depth of burial(DoB)at specific sites.This study utilizes numerical simulations,employing large deformation explicit finite element(LDEFE)analysis and the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL)approach,to model the penetration of ordnances into clay targets.A modified Tresca constitutive model is implemented in ABAQUS software to capture key features of clay behavior under high strain rate(HSR)loading.The role of various parameters on DoB is investigated,including undrained shear strength,stiffness,and density of the soil.The findings highlight the paramount importance of undrained shear strength in clayey soil penetrability,in addition to the role of soil stiffness,and density.The simulations were employed to calibrate model parameters for Young's empirical penetration model,as well as the Poncelet phenomenological penetration model,demonstrating the efficacy of the numerical simulations in extrapolating its findings within the relevant parameter space.In particular,the calibrated parameters of Young's and Poncelet's models can be identified as a direct function of the various discussed soil properties,which was previously unavailable.
文摘Geotechnical parameters derived from an intrusive cone penetration test(CPT)are used to asses mechanical properties to inform the design phase of infrastructure projects.However,local,in situ 1D measurements can fail to capture 3D subsurface variations,which could mean less than optimal design decisions for foundation engineering.By coupling the localised measurements from CPTs with more global 3D measurements derived from geophysical methods,a higher fidelity 3D overview of the subsurface can be obtained.Machine Learning(ML)may offer an effective means to capture all types of geophysical information associated with CPT data at a site scale to build a 2D or 3D ground model.In this paper,we present an ML approach to build a 3D ground model of cone resistance and sleeve friction by combining several CPT measurements with Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves(MASW)and Electrical Resistivity Tomography(ERT)data on a land site characterisation project in the United Arab Emirates(UAE).To avoid a potential overfitting problem inherent to the use of machine learning and a lack of data at certain locations,we explore the possibility of using a prior Geo-Statistical(GS)approach that attempts to constrain the overfitting process by“artificially”increasing the amount of input data.A sensitivity study is also performed on input features used to train the ML algorithm to better define the optimal combination of input features for the prediction.Our results showed that ERT data were not useful in capturing 3D variations of geotechnical properties compared to Vs due to the geographical location of the site(200 m east from the Oman Gulf)and the possible effect of saline water intrusion.Additionally,we demonstrate that the use of a prior GS phase could be a promising and interesting means to make the prediction of ground properties more robust,especially for this specific case study described in this paper.Looking ahead,better representation of the subsurface can lead to a number of benefits for stakeholders involved in developing assets.Better ground/geotechnical models mean better site calibration of design methods and fewer design assumptions for reliability-based design,creating an opportunity for value engineering in the form of lighter construction without compromising safety,shorter construction timelines,and reduced resource requirements.
文摘A group optimal penetration strategy in complex attack and defense confrontation situation is proposed in this paper to solve the coordinated penetration decision-making problem of endo-atmospheric gliding simultaneous multi-missile penetration of interceptors.First,the problem of large search space of multi-missile coordinated penetration maneuvers is fully considered,and the flight corridor of multi-missile coordinated penetration is designed to constrain search space of multi-agent coordinated strategy,comprehensively considering path constraints and anticollision constraints of gliding multi-missile flight.Then,a multi-missile hierarchical coordinated decision-making mechanism based on confrontation situation is proposed,and the swarm penetration strategy is optimized with the goal of maximizing swarm penetration effectiveness.The upper layer plans the swarm penetration formation according to confrontation situation,and generates the swarm coordinated penetration trajectory based on Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(MADDPG)method.The lower layer interpolates and smooths penetration trajectory,and generates the penetration guidance command based on Soft Actor-Critic and Extended Proportional Guidance(SAC-EPG)method.Simulation results verify that the proposed multi-missile cooperative penetration method based on hierarchical reinforcement learning converges faster than the penetration method based on MADDPG,and can quickly learn multi-missile cooperative penetration skills.In addition,multi-missile coordination can give full play to the group's detection and maneuverability,and occupy favorable penetration time and space through coordinated ballistic maneuvers.Thus the success rate of group penetration can be improved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12102201,U2341244).
文摘An experimental and finite element simulation investigation are conducted to study the deformation patterns of steel targets during the penetration process of tungsten alloy long rods,as well as the influence of strength of the target on the deformation patterns.The experimental results revealed slight mass loss in the first layer of the steel target during the transient entrance phase,with an extremely negligible loss in target mass during the quasi-steady penetration phase.The results of macro-analysis,micro-analysis and simulation show that the eroded target material migrated towards the periphery of the crater,causing an increase in the target's thickness,remained within the target,instead of flowing out of the crater.Therefore,the process of long rods penetrating the metal target is considered as a process of backward extrusion.By combining the backward extrusion theory with energy conservation,a penetration depth model for long rods penetrating a metal target,taking into account both the diameter of the crater and the friction coefficient between the rod and the target,has been established.Although the model is not yet perfect,it innovatively applies the principles of solid mechanics to the study of long rod penetration.Additionally,it takes into account the friction coefficient between the rod and the target during the penetration process.Therefore,this model provides a new research direction for future studies on long rod penetration.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12472390 and 12102292)the special fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202204051002006)。
文摘The motion characteristics of projectile during oblique penetration into concrete were studied using a three-dimensional meso-scale model.The finite element model validation and parameter chosen were conducted by comparing the experimental data,with computational efficiency enhanced through improved mesh refinement.Penetration simulations involving deformable projectiles at various incident angles analyzed the effects of aggregate volume fraction and particle size on ballistic trajectory and terminal deflection.Sensitivity analysis reveals a strong power-law relationship between aggregate content and the projectile's deflection angle.The increase in aggregate content will enhance the confinement effect,shorten the intrusion distance of the projectile,and lead to a decrease in the deflection angle of the projectile.The effect of aggregate particle size on the projectile deflection angle follows a Gaussian distribution.The maximum deflection angle occurs when the aggregate particle size is between 2.7 and 3.1 times the projectile diameter.An increase in particle size reduces the number of aggregate-mortar interfaces at the same aggregate volume fraction,leading to an enlargement of the damage zone in concrete,a decrease in the number of cracks,and an increase in crack length.These findings enhance the understanding of concrete penetration mechanisms and offers valuable insights for engineering structure protection.
基金the financial support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52271338,52371342 and 51979277).
文摘The study aims to explore the damage characteristics and protection technologies of liquid-filled structures under high-speed projectile impact.A series of penetration impact experiments were conducted by focusing on different air layer configurations.By using high-speed camera and dynamic measurement systems,the effects of air layers on the projectile penetration,pressure wave propagation,cavitation evolution,and structural dynamic responses were analyzed.The results showed that the rarefaction wave reflected from the air-liquid interface significantly reduced the peak and specific impulse of the initial pressure wave,thereby diminishing the impact load on the structure.Additionally,the compressibility of air layers also attenuated the cavitation extrusion load.Both front and rear plates exhibited superimposed deformation modes,i.e.,local deformation or petal fracture with global deformation.Air layers effectively mitigated global deformation.However,when the air layer was positioned on the projectile's trajectory,it split the water-entry process and velocity attenuation of the projectile into two relatively independent phases.And the secondary water entry pressure wave caused more severe local deformation and petal fractures on the rear plate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52474161, and 52404093)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province (Nos. 202303021222168 and 202203021221143)+1 种基金Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding (No. 20242103)the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(No. 2023M733778)。
文摘The fracture surfaces of coal-rock masses formed under mining-induced stress generally exhibit complex geometries, and the fracture geometry is one of the primary factors affecting the seepage characteristics of coal-rock penetrating fracture. This paper investigates the seepage characteristics of 5 groups of coal penetrating fracture(CPF) with different joint roughness coefficients(JRCs). Based on 3D morphology scanner tests and hydraulic coupling tests, a characterization method of effective geometric parameters in fracture surfaces under various confining pressures was improved, and a relationship between effective geometric parameters and the confining pressure is established. The results indicate that the nonlinear flow behavior in a CPF primarily includes three types: non-Newtonian fluid seepage under high confining pressure and low JRC, non-Darcy seepage under low confining pressure and high JRC, and the whole process of seepage characteristics between these two conditions. Among them, nonNewtonian fluid seepage is caused by significant fracture expansion, while non-Darcy seepage can be attributed to turbulence effects. During the seepage process, the geometric parameters with different JRC fracture samples all exhibit exponential changes with the increase of confining pressure. In addition,under high confining pressure, the effective contact ratio, effective fracture aperture, and void deviation ratio with high JRC fracture samples under high confining pressure increase by 93.5%, 67.4%, and 24.9%,respectively, compared with those of low JRC fracture samples. According to the variation of geometric parameters in a CPF with external stress, a seepage model considering geometric parameters in a CPF is proposed. By introducing the root mean square error(RMSE) and coefficient of determination(R2) to evaluate the error and goodness of fit between model curves and experimental data, it is found that the theoretical curves of model in this paper have the best matching with the experimental data. The average values of RMSE and R2for model in this paper are 0.002 and 0.70, respectively, which are better than models in the existing literature.
文摘Penetration testing plays a critical role in ensuring security in an increasingly interconnected world. Despite advancements in technology leading to smaller, more portable devices, penetration testing remains reliant on traditional laptops and computers, which, while portable, lack true ultra-portability. This paper explores the potential impact of developing a dedicated, ultra-portable, low-cost device for on-the-go penetration testing. Such a device could replicate the core functionalities of advanced penetration testing tools, including those found in Kali Linux, within a compact form factor that fits easily into a pocket. By offering the convenience and portability akin to a smartphone, this innovative device could redefine the way penetration testers operate, enabling them to carry essential tools wherever they go and ensuring they are always prepared to conduct security assessments efficiently. This approach aims to revolutionize penetration testing by merging high functionality with unparalleled portability.
