Pectinex XXL,a commercially prepared pectinase,was investigated for its potential application in the fruit juice industry.Polygalacturonic acid was used as the substrate for determining the enzymatic properties of Pec...Pectinex XXL,a commercially prepared pectinase,was investigated for its potential application in the fruit juice industry.Polygalacturonic acid was used as the substrate for determining the enzymatic properties of Pectinex XXL using the DNS method.According to the results,the optimal pH for Pectinex XXL activity was 4.5,and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 3.0~4.5.The optimal pH and pH stability range are consistent with those of some tropical and subtropical fruits.The optimal temperature for Pectinex XXL activity was 60℃,and the enzyme remained stable after one hour in a water bath set at 40℃.Additionally,the enzymatic activity was not inhibited in the presence of 1 mmol/L of Na^(+),Mg^(2+),Ba^(2+),Co^(2+),Zn^(2+),and Fe^(2+),whereas it was slightly inhibited in the presence of 2 mmol/L of K^(+)and Fe^(2+)and partially inhibited in the presence of 1 and 2 mmol/L of Ca^(2+)and Mn^(2+),demonstrating its good stability in acids and excellent thermal catalytic performance.Based on the above experimental results,depectinization experiments were performed on plantain and cherry tomato juices using different amounts of Pectinex XXL.After one hour reaction with 16 U/mL of the enzyme,the yields of the plantain and cherry tomato juices were substantially increased by 119.03%and 15.97%,respectively,while their light transmittance was remarkably enhanced by 37.65%and 12.35%,respectively.Furthermore,the enzyme reduced the viscosity of the plantain and cherry tomato juices by 88.29%and 29.50%,respectively.The juice production experiments confirmed that this enzyme can significantly improve the yield and light transmittance of plantain juice,while effectively reducing its viscosity.These findings indicate the potential of Pectinex XXL in the industrial production of plantain juice.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to reduce the content of cell wall materials in tobacco stems and improve their internal quality. [Method] Pectinase was used to decompose cell wall materials in tobacco stems, followed by...[Objective] This study aimed to reduce the content of cell wall materials in tobacco stems and improve their internal quality. [Method] Pectinase was used to decompose cell wall materials in tobacco stems, followed by determination of the contents of four cell wall materials, six routine chemical components, as well as aroma constituents. [Result] Pectinase could effectively reduce the contents of cell wall materials in tobacco stems, with the largest decrease of 6.84%; after pectinase treatment,the content of reducing sugar in tobacco stems increased obviously, and the contents of total sugar, potassium ion, chloride ion and total nitrogen increased to varying degrees, of which the contents of potassium ion and reducing sugar displayed upward trends with the increase of pectinase concentration. Pectinase treatment significantly increased the contents of Maillard reaction products, with the most increase of 67.2%;the contents of carotenoid degradation products, phenylalanine degradation products and neophytadiene all increased to varying extents, and the contents of both Maillard reaction products and phenylalanine degradation products revealed ascending trends with the increase of pectinase concentration. [Conclusion] Pectinase treatment can effectively decompose cell wall materials in tobacco stems, improve routine chemical constituents, and increase the contents of aroma constituents.展开更多
[Objective]The aim was to induce and screen the high producing pectinase Aspergillus niger Strain based on the original preservation strains.[Method]The original strain was induced by ultraviolet,and the highst enzyme...[Objective]The aim was to induce and screen the high producing pectinase Aspergillus niger Strain based on the original preservation strains.[Method]The original strain was induced by ultraviolet,and the highst enzyme activity and cultivated time were detected through the inspection of transparent circle and enzyme activity determination of flask fermentation.[Result] The enzyme activity of strain D1-4 achieved its highest after cultivated for 96 h in suitable conditions,which was 141.13 U/ml.[Conclusion] The induced strain D1-4 had the strong ability of producing pectinase.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the impact of agitation speed on pectinase production and morphological changing of Aspergillus niger(A. niger) HFD5A-1 in submerged fermentation. METHODS: A. niger HFM5A-1 was isolated from a rott...AIM: To investigate the impact of agitation speed on pectinase production and morphological changing of Aspergillus niger(A. niger) HFD5A-1 in submerged fermentation. METHODS: A. niger HFM5A-1 was isolated from a rotted pomelo. The inoculum preparation was performed by adding 5.0 m L of sterile distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 80 to a sporulated culture. Cultivation was carried out with inoculated 1 × 107 spores/m L suspension and incubated at 30 ℃ with different agitation speed for 6 d. The samples were withdrawn after 6 d cultivation time and were assayed for pectinase activity and fungal growth determination. The culture broth was filtered through filter paper(Whatman No. 1, London) to separate the fungal mycelium. The cell-free culture filtrate containing the crude enzyme was then assayed for pectinase activity. The biomass was dried at 80 ℃ until constant weight. The fungal cell dry weight was then expressed as g/L. The 6 d old fungal mycelia were harvested from various agitation speed, 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm. The morphological changing of samples was then viewed under the light microscope and scanning electron microscope.RESULTS: In the present study, agitation speed was found to influence pectinase production in a batch cultivation system. However, higher agitation speeds than the optimal speed(150 rpm) reduced pectinase production which due to shear forces and also collision among the suspended fungal cells in the cultivation medium. Enzyme activity increased with the increasing of agitation speed up to 150 rpm, where it achieved its maximal pectinase activity of 1.559 U/m L. There were significant different(Duncan, P < 0.05) of the pectinase production with the agitation speed at static, 50, 100, 200 and 250 rpm. At the static condition, a well growth mycelial mat was observed on the surface of the cultivation medium and sporulation occurred all over the fungal mycelial mat. However with the increased in agitation speed, the mycelial mat turned slowly to become a single circular pellet. Thus, it was found that agitation speed affected the morphological characteristics of the fungal hyphae/mycelia of A. niger HFD5A-1 by altering their external as well as internal cell structures.CONCLUSION: Exposure to higher shear stress with an increasing agitation speed could result in lower biomass yields as well as pectinase production by A. niger HFD5A-1.展开更多
Pectinase is a group of enzymes that can decompose complex pectin into small molecules such as galacturonic acid. It is mainly produced by microorganisms by liquid and solid fermentation and immobilized cell method. I...Pectinase is a group of enzymes that can decompose complex pectin into small molecules such as galacturonic acid. It is mainly produced by microorganisms by liquid and solid fermentation and immobilized cell method. Its representative strain is Aspergillus niger,and yeast and actinomycete are also high-yield strains for screening pectinase. Pectinase can be used in many fields of life and production,such as clarification of fruit juice and wine,pulping of paper making industry,degumming of textile,extracting of traditional Chinese medicine components,animal feed and other industries,which is economic,green,and efficient and pollution-free. Moreover,pectinase is one of the four major enzymes in the world,and its practical application has very important significance,and the prospect of pectinase application is also important.展开更多
The diameter of the colony of Fusarium oxysporum in solid medium, and the mycelium growth, pectinase activity, and mycelium permeability of Fusarium oxysporum in liquid medium under varying concentrations of Nd^3＋ （...The diameter of the colony of Fusarium oxysporum in solid medium, and the mycelium growth, pectinase activity, and mycelium permeability of Fusarium oxysporum in liquid medium under varying concentrations of Nd^3＋ （0, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 300, and 400 mg·L^-1） were measured. The results indicated that the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was stimulated in solid medium when the concentration of Nd^3＋ ranges from 2 to 180 mg·L^-1, whereas it was inhibited when Nd^3 ＋ concentration was greater than 200 mg· L^-1. The colonies were fewer and smaller when Nd^3 ＋ was used in the solid medium. The growth of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited in liquid medium when Nd^3＋ was used. The inhibition rate showed by the dry weight of mycelium ranged from 4.83% to 52.18% and inereased with Nd^3 ＋ concentration. The pectinase activity decreased compared with that of controls. When the concentration of Nd^3 ＋ was 10 and 400 mg· L^- 1, the pectinase activity decreased by 95 % at both concentrations. Mycelium cell membrane permeability increased when Nd^3 ＋ concentrations ranged from 10 to 400 mg· L^-1 but decreased when Nd^3＋ concentration was 2 mg· L^-1.展开更多
In order to improve the pectin-degrading efficiency in wet processing of Arabica coffee in Yunnan, Box-Behnken design and single factor experiment were used to optimize the fermentation conditions of five pectinolytic...In order to improve the pectin-degrading efficiency in wet processing of Arabica coffee in Yunnan, Box-Behnken design and single factor experiment were used to optimize the fermentation conditions of five pectinolytic Wickerhamomyces anomalus strains from the fermentation broth of Arabica coffee in Baoshan, Yunnan during wet processing with pectase activity as an indicator. The results showed that the five strains all synthesized pectin lyase(PL), polygalacturonase(PG), and pectin methylesterase(PM).Among them, strain CAP5 had strong ability to produce PG and PL,while strain CAP4 secreted a large amount of PM. Under optimized conditions, the activity of PG, PL, and PM of the five strains came in at 250.17~411.20 U/mL, 12.98~16.55 U/mL, and 208.52~322.83 U/mL,respectively. The four factors of nitrogen source concentration,fermentation time, Mn2+ concentration, and pH value were optimized and the optimal pectinase-producing fermentation conditions for five strains were as follows: peptone 2.2 g/L, fermentation time 30 h, Mn2+ 1.5 mmol/L, and pH 4.3. After fermentation under the optimized conditions, the maximum PG activity of CAP5 amounted to 411.20 U/mL, 114.03% higher than that before optimization.Meanwhile, the PG activity of strains CAP3, CAP4, CAP8, and CAP10 increased by 86.74%, 114.55%, 65.79%, and 66.07%,respectively, and the activity of PL and PM of the five strains rose 150.35%~218.56% and 341.07%~418.52%, respectively. These findings suggested that W. anomalus strains could be used as coffee starter and had great potential for the lysis of pectin.展开更多
Initiation and development of resin ducts were studied in cortex of stem of Pinus massoniana Lamb.by thin section.It is shown that the development of resin ducts can be divided into four stages:the initial stage,the i...Initiation and development of resin ducts were studied in cortex of stem of Pinus massoniana Lamb.by thin section.It is shown that the development of resin ducts can be divided into four stages:the initial stage,the intercellular space forming stage,the lumen expanding stage and the mature stage.To further investigate the original mode of resin ducts,cytochemical localization of pectinase with a transmission electron microscope(TEM)was conducted.Results showed that the pectinase was active during resin duct development.At the initial stage,reaction products of pectinase first appeared in the corner of swollen cell wall among the future epithelial cells and later along the walls.At the intercellular space forming stage,reaction products occurred in the cell wall/intercellular space interface and its density decreased while the intercellular space enlarged.At the mature stage,no reaction products were found in the walls of the epithelial cells.These results indicate that pectinase catalyzes the degradation of the middle lamella of the epithelial cells during the resin ducts development.The cytochemical evidence supports that the resin ducts are formed by schizogeny.This report represents the first direct evidence for the involvement of pectinase in resin ducts formation.展开更多
Pectinases, the enzymes which break down pectic substances, have a wide range of applications in food, agriculture and environmental sectors. In the present study, attempts were made to isolate highly efficient pectin...Pectinases, the enzymes which break down pectic substances, have a wide range of applications in food, agriculture and environmental sectors. In the present study, attempts were made to isolate highly efficient pectinase producer from the rhizosphere of a medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata Nees, known as the “King of bitters”. The total heterotrophic bacterial count of the rhizosphere soil of A. paniculata Nees ranged from 1.53 × 109 to 2.52 × 109 cfu/g. A total of 65 bacterial colonies were randomly selected from the nutrient agar plates, purified and assessed for pectinase activity. Out of the 65 isolates, 62 (95.38%) showed varying degree of pectinase activity in plate assay using pectin as a sole source of carbon. Among the pectinase producing strains, JBST36 showed best pectinase activity which is followed by the JBST22 and JBST27. Morphological characterization, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to identify the three most potential strains. Based on the morphological, biochemical and molecular data, JBST22 was identified as Bacillus flexus and the other two were identified as Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of these 3 strains were compared and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The study reveals that there are at least 66 base differences in the 16S rRNA gene sequences of B. flexus JBST22 and the B. subtilis JBST36.展开更多
Jujube contains abundant cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)and the ultrasonic-assisted pectinase extraction(UAPE)conditions for obtaining the maximum cAMP yield from jujube were optimized.Orthogonal array design was...Jujube contains abundant cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)and the ultrasonic-assisted pectinase extraction(UAPE)conditions for obtaining the maximum cAMP yield from jujube were optimized.Orthogonal array design was applied to evaluate the effects of 4 variables by UAPE on cAMP yield.The results showed that the optimal cAMP yield(783.0μg/g)was derived at ratio of liquid to solid 5 mL/g,ratio of pectinase to raw material 1.5%,time 60 min and temperature 40℃.Moreover,the effect of cAMP on the anti-allergic function of action induced by immunoglobulin E(IgE)and its meschanism was investigated through establishing the sensitized cell model in rat basophilic leukemia(RBL-2 H3)cells using dinitrophenylated(DNP)-bovine serum albumin(BSA)-IgE.The results showed that cAMP interfered with sensitized cells,effectively inhibited the occurrence of basophil degranulation in dose dependence,and significantly reduced the activity ofβ-hexosamindase(β-hex),at the optimal concentration of 50μg/mL.The level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10(IL-10)was promoted and the content of pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)was suppressed by cAMP.In addition,influx of intracellular Ca^(2+) was repressed effectively.Our results demonstrate that jujube cAMP regulated the cytokine balance in the allergy pathway through blocking the influx of extracellular Ca^(2+),with the prevention of allergy symptoms.展开更多
Pectinase activity was localized at the ultrastructural level in pollen mother cells of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)during meiotic prophase I to elucidate its role in the biogenesis of secondary plasmodesma(sPD)and c...Pectinase activity was localized at the ultrastructural level in pollen mother cells of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)during meiotic prophase I to elucidate its role in the biogenesis of secondary plasmodesma(sPD)and cytoplasmic channel(CC).At the leptotene stage the enzyme was mainly present in the cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)and their derived vesicles,but absent in the Golgi body and Golgi vesicles.Later at the zygotene stage,when sPDs and CCs were actively formed,strong pectinase activity was observed not only in the SER cisternae and their derived vesicles but also in the cell wall,especially in the vicinity of or within both simple and branched plasmodesmata,notably along the middle lamellae,which also characterized the sites of CCs being formed.The presence of exocytotic vesicles containing reaction products suggests that pectinase shares the same excretive pathway as that used by cellulase for its delivery into the wall,i.e.in active form via smooth endoplasmic reticulum(ER)and its derived vesicles by exocytosis.In combination with cellulase,pectinase also promotes the secondaryformation of plasmodesmata and CCs by specifically digesting the pectin in middle lamella.展开更多
Pectinases are used in Enology for some different utilities. Enzymatic preparations from moulds are a mixed of different enzymes with strong and unspe-cific activities. Some Saccharomyces cerevisiae pro-duce pectinase...Pectinases are used in Enology for some different utilities. Enzymatic preparations from moulds are a mixed of different enzymes with strong and unspe-cific activities. Some Saccharomyces cerevisiae pro-duce pectinases which can be used instead of com-mercial preparations. The objectives of this work were to study the enzyme secretion by one Saccharo-myces cerevisiae (CECT 11783) for growing on grape skin (industry oenological by-product) as carbon source. Preliminary experiments showed that the strain produced pectinases for growing on grape skin without any other carbon source. Statistical treat-ment (factorial design 25) was applied to evaluate the influences of related factors (agitation, temperature, presence of peptone and detergent in the medium and time of growth) Variables with the most significant interactions for pectinase production were agitation and nitrogen source concentration. Response surface methodology showed that a first order model was not adequate for results. Nevertheless, the built of a sec-ond order model offered a polynomial equation which surface predicted a maximum of activity (52.68 enzymatic units) for specific values of the studied variables (147.8 rpm of agitation and 15.9 g of pep-tone/ L culture medium).展开更多
The peel of Citrus changshan-huyou, coupled with wheat bran, could be utilized by Aspergillus niger P-6021 in slurry-state fermentation to produce pectinase with suitable enzyme composition for application in apple ju...The peel of Citrus changshan-huyou, coupled with wheat bran, could be utilized by Aspergillus niger P-6021 in slurry-state fermentation to produce pectinase with suitable enzyme composition for application in apple juice processing. The production of pectinase is improved by additional nitrogen source substances and mineral supplements. The ratio of carbon source substances to nitrogen source substances in the medium also has significant effect on the pectinase production by A. niger P-6021 in slurry-state fermentation. In the optimized medium composition, the maximal enzyme activity could reach 42 U.L^- 1 （polymethylgalacturonase）, 6.7 U.L^- 1 （polymethygalacturatesterase）, and 4.3 U.L^-1 （polymethylgalacturonate lyase）, respectively, after 3 days at 180 r.min^- 1 and 30℃. The crude pectinase shows significant effect to improve the yield and clarification of apple juice. Keywords Aspergillus niger, slurry-state fermentation, pectinase, Citrus changshan-huyou, apple juice展开更多
Poplar wood,which was used as the absorption material for the solar-driven interfacial evaporation,was treated for 3 days,6 days and 9 days with the pectinase,and then was simulated for photothermal evaporation test a...Poplar wood,which was used as the absorption material for the solar-driven interfacial evaporation,was treated for 3 days,6 days and 9 days with the pectinase,and then was simulated for photothermal evaporation test at one standard solar radiation intensity(1 kW⋅m^(−2)).The effects of pectinase treatment on cell passage and water migration capacity of poplars were analyzed by the mercury intrusion porosimetry,the scanning electron microscope and fractal theory.It was found that the pit membrane and the ray parenchyma cells of poplar wood were degraded and destroyed after pectinase treatment.Compared with the untreated poplar wood,the evaporation rate of three sections of the specimen was changed.Especially the evaporation rate of radial and tangential direction was significantly increased.At the same time,based on the experimental data and fractal dimension deduction,fractal characteristics could be found in that the structure of poplars treated with pectinase.The porosity decreased with the increase of the fractal dimension in a certain range.It was shown that it is feasible to evaluate solar-driven water migration capacity by using fractal theory.展开更多
A pectinase produced by Bacillus subtilis WSHB04-02 isolated from soil with lyase activity operating at alkaline pH was studied. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters of this newly isolated pectinase on different su...A pectinase produced by Bacillus subtilis WSHB04-02 isolated from soil with lyase activity operating at alkaline pH was studied. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters of this newly isolated pectinase on different substrates, such as citrus pectin and polygalacturonic acid (PGA), were determined, and pectin proved to be the most suitable substrate. The effects of temperature and pH on pectinase activity and stability were also investigated. The optimal temperature for pectinase was 55℃ with a stable range of 45℃-55℃. In general, pectinase was pH insensitive and the stable pH ranged from 8.6 to 10.0. Ultimately the bioscouring effects of cotton fabrics using this pectinase were evaluated and some promising results were obtained.展开更多
Significant increasing in cellulase and pectinase activity were observed in response to infection with Hendersonula toruloidea and Phiaoacremonium aleophillium in apricot trees comparing with uninfected trees. Pectina...Significant increasing in cellulase and pectinase activity were observed in response to infection with Hendersonula toruloidea and Phiaoacremonium aleophillium in apricot trees comparing with uninfected trees. Pectinase highest activity was recorded at the first week after inoculation with H. toruloidea （1.76 unit/g f.w.）, while cellulase highest activity was recorded after two weeks of inoculation with P. aleophillium （6.49 unit/g f.w.）. Peroxidase and polypolyphenol oxidase activity were significantly increased after inoculation with H. toruloidea and P. aleophillium, Peroxidase highest activity was recorded after 48 h of inoculation with H. toruloidea （1.77 unit/g f.w.）, while polypolyphenol oxidase highest activity was recorded after two weeks of inoculation with P. aleophillium （3.33 unit/g f.w.）. The result also showed that total phenol contents was significantly increased as a result to inoculation with H. toruloidea and P. aleophillium, highest total phenol contents was recorded after 48 h of inoculation with H. toruloidea （ 1.61 mg/g f.w. ）.展开更多
Sulphur dyes are invariably applied on cotton to produce deep shades at cheaper cost possessing all-round fastness properties except against chlorine. Being water insoluble, these dyes are reduced and solubilised with...Sulphur dyes are invariably applied on cotton to produce deep shades at cheaper cost possessing all-round fastness properties except against chlorine. Being water insoluble, these dyes are reduced and solubilised with sodium sulphide at boil to develop affinity for cotton. Application of sulphide has generated global debate because of its eco-unfriendly technology of dyeing. In this work, attempts were made to substitute sodium sulphide with alkaline pectinase. Obtained results suggested the ability of the latter to cause effective reduction and solubilisation of sulphur dyes. Stability of reduction baths as well as colour fastness was also reported to be in line with those obtained using sodium sulphide.展开更多
Pectinase was immobilized onto chitosan support itsing glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent to obtain high activity and stability of pectinase.x A maximum residual activity of 55% was obtained with 0.4 mg proteirdg chit...Pectinase was immobilized onto chitosan support itsing glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent to obtain high activity and stability of pectinase.x A maximum residual activity of 55% was obtained with 0.4 mg proteirdg chitosan （w/w）, 5% （v/v） g/utara/dehyde, and 4℃ for the crosslinking reaction. The optimal pH and temperature for pectinase activity changed from 3.0 and 40℃ to 3.5 and 50℃, respectively, after immobilization The immobilized enzyme exhibited higher stability under varying conditions of pH and temperature and better reusability than the free enzyme.展开更多
Production of high titers of an alkaline, extracellular and thermo-tolerant pectinase by a newly isolated yeast Pseudozyma sp. SPJ was carried out under solid state fermentation. Citrus peel, the inexpensive agro-indu...Production of high titers of an alkaline, extracellular and thermo-tolerant pectinase by a newly isolated yeast Pseudozyma sp. SPJ was carried out under solid state fermentation. Citrus peel, the inexpensive agro-industrial residue used as substrate, was experienced to be unsurpassed. Response surface methodology was conducted to optimize the culture conditions for Pseudozyma sp. SPJ for hyper production of pectinase. Plackett Burman design was applied to identify the most effective culture variables. Out of nine variables studied, incubation time, moisture content and ammonium sulfate were detected as most important. A full factorial Central Composite Design was used to optimize the levels of these variables, which resulted in 17-fold increase （71.19 IU/g to 1215.66 IU/g dry substrate） in the enzyme yield. The results of analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis implies that the effect of incubation time （p 〈 0.000） and moisture content （p 〈 0.018） is more than ammonium sulfate. And also the interaction of moisture content with ammonium sulfate （p 〈 0.002） is more significant.展开更多
In this study,the effect of yeast strains(X16 and RMS2),fruit seed,and pectinase on the quality of apple distilled spirits were investigated with apple as material.The results showed that pectinase shortened the ferme...In this study,the effect of yeast strains(X16 and RMS2),fruit seed,and pectinase on the quality of apple distilled spirits were investigated with apple as material.The results showed that pectinase shortened the fermentation period.The strain X16,fruit seed remaining,and pectinase addition groups had higher yields of crude distilled spirits than the strain RMS2,fruit seed removal,and without pectinase groups,respectively.Regarding the first-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher content of total acids,total esters,higher alcohols,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group with fruit seeds had higher total acids but lower alcohol content and total esters than the group with fruit seed removal;the group with pectinase addition had higher total acids and alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.Regarding the second-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher total acids,total esters,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group without fruit seeds had higher alcohol content than the group with fruit seeds;the group with pectinase addition showcased higher total acids but lower alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.In summary,yeast strains and pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits,and strain X16 was more suitable for brewing apple distilled spirits.Pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits by affecting fermentation rate and temperature.展开更多
文摘Pectinex XXL,a commercially prepared pectinase,was investigated for its potential application in the fruit juice industry.Polygalacturonic acid was used as the substrate for determining the enzymatic properties of Pectinex XXL using the DNS method.According to the results,the optimal pH for Pectinex XXL activity was 4.5,and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 3.0~4.5.The optimal pH and pH stability range are consistent with those of some tropical and subtropical fruits.The optimal temperature for Pectinex XXL activity was 60℃,and the enzyme remained stable after one hour in a water bath set at 40℃.Additionally,the enzymatic activity was not inhibited in the presence of 1 mmol/L of Na^(+),Mg^(2+),Ba^(2+),Co^(2+),Zn^(2+),and Fe^(2+),whereas it was slightly inhibited in the presence of 2 mmol/L of K^(+)and Fe^(2+)and partially inhibited in the presence of 1 and 2 mmol/L of Ca^(2+)and Mn^(2+),demonstrating its good stability in acids and excellent thermal catalytic performance.Based on the above experimental results,depectinization experiments were performed on plantain and cherry tomato juices using different amounts of Pectinex XXL.After one hour reaction with 16 U/mL of the enzyme,the yields of the plantain and cherry tomato juices were substantially increased by 119.03%and 15.97%,respectively,while their light transmittance was remarkably enhanced by 37.65%and 12.35%,respectively.Furthermore,the enzyme reduced the viscosity of the plantain and cherry tomato juices by 88.29%and 29.50%,respectively.The juice production experiments confirmed that this enzyme can significantly improve the yield and light transmittance of plantain juice,while effectively reducing its viscosity.These findings indicate the potential of Pectinex XXL in the industrial production of plantain juice.
基金Supported by the Special Fund of Hongyun Honghe Tobacco(Group)Co.,Ltd~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to reduce the content of cell wall materials in tobacco stems and improve their internal quality. [Method] Pectinase was used to decompose cell wall materials in tobacco stems, followed by determination of the contents of four cell wall materials, six routine chemical components, as well as aroma constituents. [Result] Pectinase could effectively reduce the contents of cell wall materials in tobacco stems, with the largest decrease of 6.84%; after pectinase treatment,the content of reducing sugar in tobacco stems increased obviously, and the contents of total sugar, potassium ion, chloride ion and total nitrogen increased to varying degrees, of which the contents of potassium ion and reducing sugar displayed upward trends with the increase of pectinase concentration. Pectinase treatment significantly increased the contents of Maillard reaction products, with the most increase of 67.2%;the contents of carotenoid degradation products, phenylalanine degradation products and neophytadiene all increased to varying extents, and the contents of both Maillard reaction products and phenylalanine degradation products revealed ascending trends with the increase of pectinase concentration. [Conclusion] Pectinase treatment can effectively decompose cell wall materials in tobacco stems, improve routine chemical constituents, and increase the contents of aroma constituents.
文摘[Objective]The aim was to induce and screen the high producing pectinase Aspergillus niger Strain based on the original preservation strains.[Method]The original strain was induced by ultraviolet,and the highst enzyme activity and cultivated time were detected through the inspection of transparent circle and enzyme activity determination of flask fermentation.[Result] The enzyme activity of strain D1-4 achieved its highest after cultivated for 96 h in suitable conditions,which was 141.13 U/ml.[Conclusion] The induced strain D1-4 had the strong ability of producing pectinase.
基金Supported by Universiti Sains Malaysia Scientific Research Fund
文摘AIM: To investigate the impact of agitation speed on pectinase production and morphological changing of Aspergillus niger(A. niger) HFD5A-1 in submerged fermentation. METHODS: A. niger HFM5A-1 was isolated from a rotted pomelo. The inoculum preparation was performed by adding 5.0 m L of sterile distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 80 to a sporulated culture. Cultivation was carried out with inoculated 1 × 107 spores/m L suspension and incubated at 30 ℃ with different agitation speed for 6 d. The samples were withdrawn after 6 d cultivation time and were assayed for pectinase activity and fungal growth determination. The culture broth was filtered through filter paper(Whatman No. 1, London) to separate the fungal mycelium. The cell-free culture filtrate containing the crude enzyme was then assayed for pectinase activity. The biomass was dried at 80 ℃ until constant weight. The fungal cell dry weight was then expressed as g/L. The 6 d old fungal mycelia were harvested from various agitation speed, 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm. The morphological changing of samples was then viewed under the light microscope and scanning electron microscope.RESULTS: In the present study, agitation speed was found to influence pectinase production in a batch cultivation system. However, higher agitation speeds than the optimal speed(150 rpm) reduced pectinase production which due to shear forces and also collision among the suspended fungal cells in the cultivation medium. Enzyme activity increased with the increasing of agitation speed up to 150 rpm, where it achieved its maximal pectinase activity of 1.559 U/m L. There were significant different(Duncan, P < 0.05) of the pectinase production with the agitation speed at static, 50, 100, 200 and 250 rpm. At the static condition, a well growth mycelial mat was observed on the surface of the cultivation medium and sporulation occurred all over the fungal mycelial mat. However with the increased in agitation speed, the mycelial mat turned slowly to become a single circular pellet. Thus, it was found that agitation speed affected the morphological characteristics of the fungal hyphae/mycelia of A. niger HFD5A-1 by altering their external as well as internal cell structures.CONCLUSION: Exposure to higher shear stress with an increasing agitation speed could result in lower biomass yields as well as pectinase production by A. niger HFD5A-1.
文摘Pectinase is a group of enzymes that can decompose complex pectin into small molecules such as galacturonic acid. It is mainly produced by microorganisms by liquid and solid fermentation and immobilized cell method. Its representative strain is Aspergillus niger,and yeast and actinomycete are also high-yield strains for screening pectinase. Pectinase can be used in many fields of life and production,such as clarification of fruit juice and wine,pulping of paper making industry,degumming of textile,extracting of traditional Chinese medicine components,animal feed and other industries,which is economic,green,and efficient and pollution-free. Moreover,pectinase is one of the four major enzymes in the world,and its practical application has very important significance,and the prospect of pectinase application is also important.
基金Project supported by the High Technology Research and Development Programof China (2002AA244031) China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and Young Foundation of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science
文摘The diameter of the colony of Fusarium oxysporum in solid medium, and the mycelium growth, pectinase activity, and mycelium permeability of Fusarium oxysporum in liquid medium under varying concentrations of Nd^3＋ （0, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 300, and 400 mg·L^-1） were measured. The results indicated that the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was stimulated in solid medium when the concentration of Nd^3＋ ranges from 2 to 180 mg·L^-1, whereas it was inhibited when Nd^3 ＋ concentration was greater than 200 mg· L^-1. The colonies were fewer and smaller when Nd^3 ＋ was used in the solid medium. The growth of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited in liquid medium when Nd^3＋ was used. The inhibition rate showed by the dry weight of mycelium ranged from 4.83% to 52.18% and inereased with Nd^3 ＋ concentration. The pectinase activity decreased compared with that of controls. When the concentration of Nd^3 ＋ was 10 and 400 mg· L^- 1, the pectinase activity decreased by 95 % at both concentrations. Mycelium cell membrane permeability increased when Nd^3 ＋ concentrations ranged from 10 to 400 mg· L^-1 but decreased when Nd^3＋ concentration was 2 mg· L^-1.
文摘In order to improve the pectin-degrading efficiency in wet processing of Arabica coffee in Yunnan, Box-Behnken design and single factor experiment were used to optimize the fermentation conditions of five pectinolytic Wickerhamomyces anomalus strains from the fermentation broth of Arabica coffee in Baoshan, Yunnan during wet processing with pectase activity as an indicator. The results showed that the five strains all synthesized pectin lyase(PL), polygalacturonase(PG), and pectin methylesterase(PM).Among them, strain CAP5 had strong ability to produce PG and PL,while strain CAP4 secreted a large amount of PM. Under optimized conditions, the activity of PG, PL, and PM of the five strains came in at 250.17~411.20 U/mL, 12.98~16.55 U/mL, and 208.52~322.83 U/mL,respectively. The four factors of nitrogen source concentration,fermentation time, Mn2+ concentration, and pH value were optimized and the optimal pectinase-producing fermentation conditions for five strains were as follows: peptone 2.2 g/L, fermentation time 30 h, Mn2+ 1.5 mmol/L, and pH 4.3. After fermentation under the optimized conditions, the maximum PG activity of CAP5 amounted to 411.20 U/mL, 114.03% higher than that before optimization.Meanwhile, the PG activity of strains CAP3, CAP4, CAP8, and CAP10 increased by 86.74%, 114.55%, 65.79%, and 66.07%,respectively, and the activity of PL and PM of the five strains rose 150.35%~218.56% and 341.07%~418.52%, respectively. These findings suggested that W. anomalus strains could be used as coffee starter and had great potential for the lysis of pectin.
文摘Initiation and development of resin ducts were studied in cortex of stem of Pinus massoniana Lamb.by thin section.It is shown that the development of resin ducts can be divided into four stages:the initial stage,the intercellular space forming stage,the lumen expanding stage and the mature stage.To further investigate the original mode of resin ducts,cytochemical localization of pectinase with a transmission electron microscope(TEM)was conducted.Results showed that the pectinase was active during resin duct development.At the initial stage,reaction products of pectinase first appeared in the corner of swollen cell wall among the future epithelial cells and later along the walls.At the intercellular space forming stage,reaction products occurred in the cell wall/intercellular space interface and its density decreased while the intercellular space enlarged.At the mature stage,no reaction products were found in the walls of the epithelial cells.These results indicate that pectinase catalyzes the degradation of the middle lamella of the epithelial cells during the resin ducts development.The cytochemical evidence supports that the resin ducts are formed by schizogeny.This report represents the first direct evidence for the involvement of pectinase in resin ducts formation.
文摘Pectinases, the enzymes which break down pectic substances, have a wide range of applications in food, agriculture and environmental sectors. In the present study, attempts were made to isolate highly efficient pectinase producer from the rhizosphere of a medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata Nees, known as the “King of bitters”. The total heterotrophic bacterial count of the rhizosphere soil of A. paniculata Nees ranged from 1.53 × 109 to 2.52 × 109 cfu/g. A total of 65 bacterial colonies were randomly selected from the nutrient agar plates, purified and assessed for pectinase activity. Out of the 65 isolates, 62 (95.38%) showed varying degree of pectinase activity in plate assay using pectin as a sole source of carbon. Among the pectinase producing strains, JBST36 showed best pectinase activity which is followed by the JBST22 and JBST27. Morphological characterization, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to identify the three most potential strains. Based on the morphological, biochemical and molecular data, JBST22 was identified as Bacillus flexus and the other two were identified as Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of these 3 strains were compared and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The study reveals that there are at least 66 base differences in the 16S rRNA gene sequences of B. flexus JBST22 and the B. subtilis JBST36.
基金supported by grant from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1602201)the Open Research Fund Program of Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development,Beijing Technology and Business University(PRRD-2021-YB8)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Fund(31601395)the Key Program for Shaanxi Science and Technology(2020NY-146)。
文摘Jujube contains abundant cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)and the ultrasonic-assisted pectinase extraction(UAPE)conditions for obtaining the maximum cAMP yield from jujube were optimized.Orthogonal array design was applied to evaluate the effects of 4 variables by UAPE on cAMP yield.The results showed that the optimal cAMP yield(783.0μg/g)was derived at ratio of liquid to solid 5 mL/g,ratio of pectinase to raw material 1.5%,time 60 min and temperature 40℃.Moreover,the effect of cAMP on the anti-allergic function of action induced by immunoglobulin E(IgE)and its meschanism was investigated through establishing the sensitized cell model in rat basophilic leukemia(RBL-2 H3)cells using dinitrophenylated(DNP)-bovine serum albumin(BSA)-IgE.The results showed that cAMP interfered with sensitized cells,effectively inhibited the occurrence of basophil degranulation in dose dependence,and significantly reduced the activity ofβ-hexosamindase(β-hex),at the optimal concentration of 50μg/mL.The level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10(IL-10)was promoted and the content of pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)was suppressed by cAMP.In addition,influx of intracellular Ca^(2+) was repressed effectively.Our results demonstrate that jujube cAMP regulated the cytokine balance in the allergy pathway through blocking the influx of extracellular Ca^(2+),with the prevention of allergy symptoms.
文摘Pectinase activity was localized at the ultrastructural level in pollen mother cells of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)during meiotic prophase I to elucidate its role in the biogenesis of secondary plasmodesma(sPD)and cytoplasmic channel(CC).At the leptotene stage the enzyme was mainly present in the cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)and their derived vesicles,but absent in the Golgi body and Golgi vesicles.Later at the zygotene stage,when sPDs and CCs were actively formed,strong pectinase activity was observed not only in the SER cisternae and their derived vesicles but also in the cell wall,especially in the vicinity of or within both simple and branched plasmodesmata,notably along the middle lamellae,which also characterized the sites of CCs being formed.The presence of exocytotic vesicles containing reaction products suggests that pectinase shares the same excretive pathway as that used by cellulase for its delivery into the wall,i.e.in active form via smooth endoplasmic reticulum(ER)and its derived vesicles by exocytosis.In combination with cellulase,pectinase also promotes the secondaryformation of plasmodesmata and CCs by specifically digesting the pectin in middle lamella.
文摘Pectinases are used in Enology for some different utilities. Enzymatic preparations from moulds are a mixed of different enzymes with strong and unspe-cific activities. Some Saccharomyces cerevisiae pro-duce pectinases which can be used instead of com-mercial preparations. The objectives of this work were to study the enzyme secretion by one Saccharo-myces cerevisiae (CECT 11783) for growing on grape skin (industry oenological by-product) as carbon source. Preliminary experiments showed that the strain produced pectinases for growing on grape skin without any other carbon source. Statistical treat-ment (factorial design 25) was applied to evaluate the influences of related factors (agitation, temperature, presence of peptone and detergent in the medium and time of growth) Variables with the most significant interactions for pectinase production were agitation and nitrogen source concentration. Response surface methodology showed that a first order model was not adequate for results. Nevertheless, the built of a sec-ond order model offered a polynomial equation which surface predicted a maximum of activity (52.68 enzymatic units) for specific values of the studied variables (147.8 rpm of agitation and 15.9 g of pep-tone/ L culture medium).
文摘The peel of Citrus changshan-huyou, coupled with wheat bran, could be utilized by Aspergillus niger P-6021 in slurry-state fermentation to produce pectinase with suitable enzyme composition for application in apple juice processing. The production of pectinase is improved by additional nitrogen source substances and mineral supplements. The ratio of carbon source substances to nitrogen source substances in the medium also has significant effect on the pectinase production by A. niger P-6021 in slurry-state fermentation. In the optimized medium composition, the maximal enzyme activity could reach 42 U.L^- 1 （polymethylgalacturonase）, 6.7 U.L^- 1 （polymethygalacturatesterase）, and 4.3 U.L^-1 （polymethylgalacturonate lyase）, respectively, after 3 days at 180 r.min^- 1 and 30℃. The crude pectinase shows significant effect to improve the yield and clarification of apple juice. Keywords Aspergillus niger, slurry-state fermentation, pectinase, Citrus changshan-huyou, apple juice
基金The authors’funding is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry(2021KJ20).
文摘Poplar wood,which was used as the absorption material for the solar-driven interfacial evaporation,was treated for 3 days,6 days and 9 days with the pectinase,and then was simulated for photothermal evaporation test at one standard solar radiation intensity(1 kW⋅m^(−2)).The effects of pectinase treatment on cell passage and water migration capacity of poplars were analyzed by the mercury intrusion porosimetry,the scanning electron microscope and fractal theory.It was found that the pit membrane and the ray parenchyma cells of poplar wood were degraded and destroyed after pectinase treatment.Compared with the untreated poplar wood,the evaporation rate of three sections of the specimen was changed.Especially the evaporation rate of radial and tangential direction was significantly increased.At the same time,based on the experimental data and fractal dimension deduction,fractal characteristics could be found in that the structure of poplars treated with pectinase.The porosity decreased with the increase of the fractal dimension in a certain range.It was shown that it is feasible to evaluate solar-driven water migration capacity by using fractal theory.
基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2003AA322050)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.BK2006020)+1 种基金Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles(Southern Yangtze University)Ministry of Education,China(No.KLET0609)
文摘A pectinase produced by Bacillus subtilis WSHB04-02 isolated from soil with lyase activity operating at alkaline pH was studied. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters of this newly isolated pectinase on different substrates, such as citrus pectin and polygalacturonic acid (PGA), were determined, and pectin proved to be the most suitable substrate. The effects of temperature and pH on pectinase activity and stability were also investigated. The optimal temperature for pectinase was 55℃ with a stable range of 45℃-55℃. In general, pectinase was pH insensitive and the stable pH ranged from 8.6 to 10.0. Ultimately the bioscouring effects of cotton fabrics using this pectinase were evaluated and some promising results were obtained.
文摘Significant increasing in cellulase and pectinase activity were observed in response to infection with Hendersonula toruloidea and Phiaoacremonium aleophillium in apricot trees comparing with uninfected trees. Pectinase highest activity was recorded at the first week after inoculation with H. toruloidea （1.76 unit/g f.w.）, while cellulase highest activity was recorded after two weeks of inoculation with P. aleophillium （6.49 unit/g f.w.）. Peroxidase and polypolyphenol oxidase activity were significantly increased after inoculation with H. toruloidea and P. aleophillium, Peroxidase highest activity was recorded after 48 h of inoculation with H. toruloidea （1.77 unit/g f.w.）, while polypolyphenol oxidase highest activity was recorded after two weeks of inoculation with P. aleophillium （3.33 unit/g f.w.）. The result also showed that total phenol contents was significantly increased as a result to inoculation with H. toruloidea and P. aleophillium, highest total phenol contents was recorded after 48 h of inoculation with H. toruloidea （ 1.61 mg/g f.w. ）.
文摘Sulphur dyes are invariably applied on cotton to produce deep shades at cheaper cost possessing all-round fastness properties except against chlorine. Being water insoluble, these dyes are reduced and solubilised with sodium sulphide at boil to develop affinity for cotton. Application of sulphide has generated global debate because of its eco-unfriendly technology of dyeing. In this work, attempts were made to substitute sodium sulphide with alkaline pectinase. Obtained results suggested the ability of the latter to cause effective reduction and solubilisation of sulphur dyes. Stability of reduction baths as well as colour fastness was also reported to be in line with those obtained using sodium sulphide.
文摘Pectinase was immobilized onto chitosan support itsing glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent to obtain high activity and stability of pectinase.x A maximum residual activity of 55% was obtained with 0.4 mg proteirdg chitosan （w/w）, 5% （v/v） g/utara/dehyde, and 4℃ for the crosslinking reaction. The optimal pH and temperature for pectinase activity changed from 3.0 and 40℃ to 3.5 and 50℃, respectively, after immobilization The immobilized enzyme exhibited higher stability under varying conditions of pH and temperature and better reusability than the free enzyme.
文摘Production of high titers of an alkaline, extracellular and thermo-tolerant pectinase by a newly isolated yeast Pseudozyma sp. SPJ was carried out under solid state fermentation. Citrus peel, the inexpensive agro-industrial residue used as substrate, was experienced to be unsurpassed. Response surface methodology was conducted to optimize the culture conditions for Pseudozyma sp. SPJ for hyper production of pectinase. Plackett Burman design was applied to identify the most effective culture variables. Out of nine variables studied, incubation time, moisture content and ammonium sulfate were detected as most important. A full factorial Central Composite Design was used to optimize the levels of these variables, which resulted in 17-fold increase （71.19 IU/g to 1215.66 IU/g dry substrate） in the enzyme yield. The results of analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis implies that the effect of incubation time （p 〈 0.000） and moisture content （p 〈 0.018） is more than ammonium sulfate. And also the interaction of moisture content with ammonium sulfate （p 〈 0.002） is more significant.
文摘In this study,the effect of yeast strains(X16 and RMS2),fruit seed,and pectinase on the quality of apple distilled spirits were investigated with apple as material.The results showed that pectinase shortened the fermentation period.The strain X16,fruit seed remaining,and pectinase addition groups had higher yields of crude distilled spirits than the strain RMS2,fruit seed removal,and without pectinase groups,respectively.Regarding the first-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher content of total acids,total esters,higher alcohols,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group with fruit seeds had higher total acids but lower alcohol content and total esters than the group with fruit seed removal;the group with pectinase addition had higher total acids and alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.Regarding the second-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher total acids,total esters,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group without fruit seeds had higher alcohol content than the group with fruit seeds;the group with pectinase addition showcased higher total acids but lower alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.In summary,yeast strains and pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits,and strain X16 was more suitable for brewing apple distilled spirits.Pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits by affecting fermentation rate and temperature.
