The cultivation and management of different legume species and their varieties were tested in South-Western Finland at farmers＇ fields in two years, 2010 and 2011. The studied legumes were peas and lava beans, and in...The cultivation and management of different legume species and their varieties were tested in South-Western Finland at farmers＇ fields in two years, 2010 and 2011. The studied legumes were peas and lava beans, and included also such species which are seldom or not normally cultivated in Finland, namely soybeans and blue and white lupins. Seed samples were collected from legume farms. The quality of different legume species was analysed and compared to each others. The chemical qualities were analysed for crude protein, fat, fibre, ash, nitrogen-free extract and phytic acid contents, and amino acid composition. The quality of the varieties of lupins and soybeans were compared to the quality of pea and fava bean varieties, which are generally cultivated nowadays in Finland. The highest protein contents were in soybean （369 and 379 g kg^-1） and white lupin （382 g kg^-1） and the lowest in pea varieties. Amino acid composition of legumes is good, but lupins have lower lysine content （g 100 g^-1 protein） than other legumes. High fat contents were in soybeans （91 and 100 g kg^-1） and white lupin （101 g kgl）, and moderate in blue lupin （30-49 g kg^-1）. Fuego fava bean variety had lower protein content than Kontu. The highest phytic acid contents were in soybeans （18.9 and 22.6 mg kg^-1） and the lowest in white lupin （6.2 mg kg^-1）. Lupins are interesting protein crops, especially white lupin with high protein and fat and low phytic acid contents. Lupins are not day length sensitive, like soybean, and therefore valuable for long-day cultivation conditions The present research strengthens the good chemical quality of legumes for food and feed purposes.展开更多
The present research work was carried out to investigate the proximate composition and antioxidant capacities of newly invented varieties of dry peas. The proximate composition in terms of moisture （7.00-8.50%）, ash...The present research work was carried out to investigate the proximate composition and antioxidant capacities of newly invented varieties of dry peas. The proximate composition in terms of moisture （7.00-8.50%）, ash （3.85-4.97%）, fiber （3.8-12.3%） and protein （17.3-18.8%） contents varied significantly with respect to various cultivars. Total phenolic contents （TPC）, total flavonoids contents （TFC）, percentage inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid system, reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of different dry peas extracts were found in range of 0.651-0.684 g/100g of GAE, 0.021-0.041 g/100g of CE, 0.713-0.895, 40.051-84.608%, 18.097-24.591 mg/mL, respectively. The amount of TFC, and percent inhibition of per oxidation in linoleic system of different dry peas extracts varied significantly among various cultivars and solvents. From the results of present investigations it is reasonable to say that 80% methanolic extracts of dry peas have exhibited varying degree of antioxidant activity.展开更多
Rhizobium tropici-derived extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been used in soils to enhance soil structures and mitigate soil erosions. However, information on their use to improve soil health and fertility ...Rhizobium tropici-derived extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been used in soils to enhance soil structures and mitigate soil erosions. However, information on their use to improve soil health and fertility indicators, and plant growth is limited. In a greenhouse study, we investigated their effects on some soil health, soil fertility indices, and the growth of black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiculate). Results showed that soils incubated with EPS significantly increased basal soil respiration, soil microbial biomass, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POC), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). The EPS shifted microbial populations from bacteria to fungi and Gram (−ve) to Gram ( ve) bacteria. However, it had little or no effects on soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The EPS decreased soil moisture loss, increased soil aggregate stability, but delayed blacked-eyed peas germinations in the soils. At 0.1% (w/w) concentrations in soils, there was increase in plant root nodulations and vegetative growth. This study was carried out within 40 days of incubating soils with EPS or growing the black-eyed peas in a greenhouse study. The plant growth parameters were taken before flowering and fruiting. Further studies of the effects of incubating soils with the extracellular polymeric substances on plant growth. Soil microbial biomass, microbial diversities, and other soil fertility indices are deemed necessary.展开更多
Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to repla...Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to replace SBM may be feasible while maintaining broiler performance.A 3×2 full factorial designed experiment was conducted to include three levels of SBM inclusions(conventional,medium,and low/nil)and with supplementation of field peas or not(50,80,100,and 120 g/kg in the starter,grower,finisher,and withdrawal phases,respectively).The variation of SBM inclusions in the diets led to changes in NBAA inclusions and total dietary crude protein.Each diet was offered to 10 replicates of 5 birds per bioassay cage,totaling 300 straight-run,Ross 308 broilers,from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.From 0 to 10 days post-hatch,medium inclusion of SBM reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR)compared to conventional SBM inclusions(1.171 versus 1.129,P=0.044).From 0 to 24 days post-hatch,pea inclusions improved the body weight gain by 2.08%(1371 versus 1343 g/bird;P=0.038)and reduced FCR from 1.297 to 1.276(P<0.001)regardless of dietary SBM inclusion levels.Similarly,from 0 to 35 days post-hatch,pea inclusion increased body weight gain from 2632 to 2731 g/bird(P=0.001)and reduced FCR from 1.405 to 1.369(P<0.001).Overall from 0 to 42 days,field peas inclusion improved body weight gain by 2.87%(3421 versus 3519 g/bird,P=0.025),and reduced FCR by 3.1 points(1.518 versus 1.487,P=0.024)regardless of SBM inclusion levels from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.Dietary treatment did not influence carcass yield and energy utilisation(P>0.05).From 27 to 29 days,broiler chickens offered diets containing the standard SBM inclusion generated the lowest total tract nitrogen retention regardless of pea inclusion rates(P=0.001).Reducing SBM inclusions,which corresponded with a reduction in dietary crude protein,increased apparent distal jejunal and ileal protein(N)digestibility coefficients(P<0.05)and total tract nitrogen retention(P=0.001),regardless of field pea inclusion.Diets containing the least SBM had increased apparent distal ileal digestibility coefficients of valine,glycine and proline(7.07%)compared to the conventional diets(P<0.05).In conclusion,replacing SBM with 5%-12%field peas and NBAAs in wheat-based broiler diets to achieve a 20 g/kg dietary CP reduction did not compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.The mechanism by which peas enhanced growth performance is unclear,as the inclusion of peas in the present study did not alter the starch digestion rate.展开更多
With the growth of global protein demand and the development of plant-based foods,pea protein,as a low-allergenic,nutritionally balanced and environmentally friendly plant protein,has shown great potential in replacin...With the growth of global protein demand and the development of plant-based foods,pea protein,as a low-allergenic,nutritionally balanced and environmentally friendly plant protein,has shown great potential in replacing animal protein.Pea protein is mainly composed of globulin and albumin,with a protein content of 20%to 30%,and has a balanced amino acid composition,as well as being rich in minerals and dietary fiber.It also possesses good foaming,gelling,emulsifying and antioxidant functional properties.However,pea protein also has inherent defects that limit its application in the food industry.This article systematically reviews the extraction techniques,functional properties,modification methods and application fields of pea protein,and focuses on evaluating the effects of different extraction and modification strategies on protein yield and functional properties.Research shows that ultrasonic-assisted alkaline extraction can reduce solvent usage by 55%,shorten extraction time by 50%,and increase extraction rate by 12.51%;under optimized conditions,ultrafiltration membrane technology can achieve a protein purity of 91%.In terms of modification,ultrasonic treatment increases foaming capacity by 37.4%,and phenolic cross-linking increases gel strength from 3.0 kPa to 48 kPa.This article provides data support and theoretical reference for the efficient extraction and functional optimization of pea protein,and has promoting significance for its wide application in plant-based foods.展开更多
This paper attempts to analyze the kinetics involved in the drying of green peas in‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’techniques.Blanching by hot water mixed with a solution of citric acid(0.1–0.2 mg/ml)at 70...This paper attempts to analyze the kinetics involved in the drying of green peas in‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’techniques.Blanching by hot water mixed with a solution of citric acid(0.1–0.2 mg/ml)at 70C–100C is the treatment provided to the samples of green peas.Experimental analysis shows that the moisture content in green peas of three different sizes is reduced at different temperatures and demonstrates the effect of the rate of drying of the moisture content.Under different diameters and temperatures,the parameters are analyzed using‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’techniques.It is observed that‘with blanching’process plays a significant role in the reduction of moisture content under different temperatures and diameters in a lesser time as compared to‘without blanching’.The operative activation energy and moisture diffusivity are described by using Fick’s law of diffusion.The calculation of effective moisture diffusivity can be done via the utilization of slope.The drying data is subjected to two models of mathematical nature:Simple Exponential model,and Page model.The performance of these models is examined by means of comparing the coefficient of determination(R2),chi-square(v2)and root mean square error(RMSE)between the experimental and forecasted value of moisture ratio obtained‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’.The experimental data was seen to be in accordance with the Page model.The comparisons of energy consumption,energy efficiency and also the cost of the drying processes for‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’have been accomplished to optimize and reduce process condition and the cost of the process,respectively.展开更多
针对无线传感器网络探测网络环境的自适应休眠算法(Probing Environment and Adaptive Sleeping,PEAS)在节点调度过程中,存在节点能耗不均衡、网络的生命周期较短的问题,提出一种基于加权的优化覆盖算法。该算法对最小频繁项的目标所对...针对无线传感器网络探测网络环境的自适应休眠算法(Probing Environment and Adaptive Sleeping,PEAS)在节点调度过程中,存在节点能耗不均衡、网络的生命周期较短的问题,提出一种基于加权的优化覆盖算法。该算法对最小频繁项的目标所对应的传感节点按能量高低进行划分集合,使各集合能够独立覆盖最小频繁项的目标,以达到局部的优化。考虑到传感节点覆盖目标数和剩余能量对无线传感网络生存周期的影响,对边缘未覆盖的目标节点采用加权的方式进行覆盖。仿真结果表明:该算法能够均衡网络节点的能耗,有效地延长了网络的生命周期。展开更多
This study was conducted at Fafan Research Center, Golajo research site to evaluate the effect of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaf supplementation on growth performance of short-eared Somali goat breed. A total...This study was conducted at Fafan Research Center, Golajo research site to evaluate the effect of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaf supplementation on growth performance of short-eared Somali goat breed. A total of fifteen yearling indigenous short-eared Somali goat breeds with an initial weight of 15.2 ± 0.30 kg were assigned to three treatment groups using completely randomized design. Pigeon pea (Pp) and Moringa stenopetala (MS) feeds were formulated using 0%, 5%, and 10% inclusion levels of MSLM and PPLM as experimental diets, respectively. The feed of the experiment was prepared in two levels (2 kg of Moringa stenopetala and 2 kg of pigeon pea) and was supplemented to experimental animals in treatments one and two, respectively. The average e initial body weight of selected male goats was 18.82 ± 0.37, 18.8 ± 0.37 and 17.8 ± 0.37 kg under treatment groups T1, T2 and control respectively. Data was analyzed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS computer package Version 9.0 (SAS, 2002). The final weights gain (FWG) of goats on T1 and T2 of experimental group was significantly (P 0.05) the final weight gain of goat supplemented on Moringa stenopetala (T1) and pigeon pea levels (T2). The mean average weight gains (AWG) obtained from the supplemented group in this study were 7.50 ± 0.37 and 7.82 ± 0.37 kg for T1 and T2, whereas mean weight gains for un-supplemented goats were found to be 6.26 ± 0.37 kg. Feeding of dried Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves mixture improved body weights and average daily body weight gain without affecting feed intake and overall health of Somali goat breed. As Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves are rich nitrogen/protein source, they can be used effectively as substitute for conventional concentrate in the diet of growing goats at small holder farmer’s level where they can be grown in abundance. Therefore, for higher quality of forage and higher total DM yield for animal feeding, moringa should be harvested at wider harvesting intervals of at least 6th- to 8th-week intervals. Similarly, for pigeon peas, 4- to 6-week harvesting interval can result in optimum forage as well as feed quality and resulted in better growth performances for Somali short-eared goat breeds.展开更多
Laser direct imaging(LDI)machines are advantageous for the fabrication of printed circuit boards(PCBs).Before digital lithography,a vision-based measurement(VBM)system was used to calibrate PCBs.However,calibration ac...Laser direct imaging(LDI)machines are advantageous for the fabrication of printed circuit boards(PCBs).Before digital lithography,a vision-based measurement(VBM)system was used to calibrate PCBs.However,calibration accuracy and efficiency are affected by multiple disturbances.To improve the accuracy and enhance the robustness of the VBM system,we propose a piezoelectric-actuated kangaroo-inspired bionic compliant mechanism(BioCM)and a flyingfocusing VBM controller.A piezoelectric actuator(PEA)generates highly accurate motion.The CM transfers the motion without losing accuracy or producing couplings.The kangaroo-inspired bionic differential structure enlarges the magnification of the PEA-CM.A BioCM-based VBM system was also constructed.A static analysis of the BioCM was conducted using the compliance matrix approach,and dynamics results were obtained.To enhance the service performance of the PEA-BioCM,we developed a flying-focusing VBM controller.PEG-based flying,PEA-actuated focusing,and MEMF-enhanced RRHT algorithms were used.A BioCM prototype was fabricated.Several prototype tests were conducted on the statics and dynamics.The prototype test results verified the performance of the BioCM and flying-VBM controller.Service test results demonstrated the calibration accuracy and robustness of the PEA-BioCM-based flying-VBM system.The proposed BioCM and controller can contribute to the development of next-generation LDI machines for fabricating high-density PCBs.展开更多
文摘The cultivation and management of different legume species and their varieties were tested in South-Western Finland at farmers＇ fields in two years, 2010 and 2011. The studied legumes were peas and lava beans, and included also such species which are seldom or not normally cultivated in Finland, namely soybeans and blue and white lupins. Seed samples were collected from legume farms. The quality of different legume species was analysed and compared to each others. The chemical qualities were analysed for crude protein, fat, fibre, ash, nitrogen-free extract and phytic acid contents, and amino acid composition. The quality of the varieties of lupins and soybeans were compared to the quality of pea and fava bean varieties, which are generally cultivated nowadays in Finland. The highest protein contents were in soybean （369 and 379 g kg^-1） and white lupin （382 g kg^-1） and the lowest in pea varieties. Amino acid composition of legumes is good, but lupins have lower lysine content （g 100 g^-1 protein） than other legumes. High fat contents were in soybeans （91 and 100 g kg^-1） and white lupin （101 g kgl）, and moderate in blue lupin （30-49 g kg^-1）. Fuego fava bean variety had lower protein content than Kontu. The highest phytic acid contents were in soybeans （18.9 and 22.6 mg kg^-1） and the lowest in white lupin （6.2 mg kg^-1）. Lupins are interesting protein crops, especially white lupin with high protein and fat and low phytic acid contents. Lupins are not day length sensitive, like soybean, and therefore valuable for long-day cultivation conditions The present research strengthens the good chemical quality of legumes for food and feed purposes.
文摘The present research work was carried out to investigate the proximate composition and antioxidant capacities of newly invented varieties of dry peas. The proximate composition in terms of moisture （7.00-8.50%）, ash （3.85-4.97%）, fiber （3.8-12.3%） and protein （17.3-18.8%） contents varied significantly with respect to various cultivars. Total phenolic contents （TPC）, total flavonoids contents （TFC）, percentage inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid system, reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of different dry peas extracts were found in range of 0.651-0.684 g/100g of GAE, 0.021-0.041 g/100g of CE, 0.713-0.895, 40.051-84.608%, 18.097-24.591 mg/mL, respectively. The amount of TFC, and percent inhibition of per oxidation in linoleic system of different dry peas extracts varied significantly among various cultivars and solvents. From the results of present investigations it is reasonable to say that 80% methanolic extracts of dry peas have exhibited varying degree of antioxidant activity.
文摘Rhizobium tropici-derived extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been used in soils to enhance soil structures and mitigate soil erosions. However, information on their use to improve soil health and fertility indicators, and plant growth is limited. In a greenhouse study, we investigated their effects on some soil health, soil fertility indices, and the growth of black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiculate). Results showed that soils incubated with EPS significantly increased basal soil respiration, soil microbial biomass, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POC), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). The EPS shifted microbial populations from bacteria to fungi and Gram (−ve) to Gram ( ve) bacteria. However, it had little or no effects on soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The EPS decreased soil moisture loss, increased soil aggregate stability, but delayed blacked-eyed peas germinations in the soils. At 0.1% (w/w) concentrations in soils, there was increase in plant root nodulations and vegetative growth. This study was carried out within 40 days of incubating soils with EPS or growing the black-eyed peas in a greenhouse study. The plant growth parameters were taken before flowering and fruiting. Further studies of the effects of incubating soils with the extracellular polymeric substances on plant growth. Soil microbial biomass, microbial diversities, and other soil fertility indices are deemed necessary.
基金part of the Agri Futures Chicken Meat Consortium – Nutrition, Gut Health and Environment project (PRO016111) with the Agri Futures Chicken Meat ProgramThe University of Queensland+12 种基金The University of SydneyCentral Queensland Universityepartment of Agriculture and Fisheries QueenslandMassey UniversityAviagendsm-firmenichLuctaEurolysine (formally Metex Noovistago)LallemandPoultry Research FoundationWorld Poultry Science Association New Zealand Branchthe stipend scholarship provided by the Chicken Meat Consortiumthe Research Tuition Fee Scholarship provided by the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney
文摘Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to replace SBM may be feasible while maintaining broiler performance.A 3×2 full factorial designed experiment was conducted to include three levels of SBM inclusions(conventional,medium,and low/nil)and with supplementation of field peas or not(50,80,100,and 120 g/kg in the starter,grower,finisher,and withdrawal phases,respectively).The variation of SBM inclusions in the diets led to changes in NBAA inclusions and total dietary crude protein.Each diet was offered to 10 replicates of 5 birds per bioassay cage,totaling 300 straight-run,Ross 308 broilers,from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.From 0 to 10 days post-hatch,medium inclusion of SBM reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR)compared to conventional SBM inclusions(1.171 versus 1.129,P=0.044).From 0 to 24 days post-hatch,pea inclusions improved the body weight gain by 2.08%(1371 versus 1343 g/bird;P=0.038)and reduced FCR from 1.297 to 1.276(P<0.001)regardless of dietary SBM inclusion levels.Similarly,from 0 to 35 days post-hatch,pea inclusion increased body weight gain from 2632 to 2731 g/bird(P=0.001)and reduced FCR from 1.405 to 1.369(P<0.001).Overall from 0 to 42 days,field peas inclusion improved body weight gain by 2.87%(3421 versus 3519 g/bird,P=0.025),and reduced FCR by 3.1 points(1.518 versus 1.487,P=0.024)regardless of SBM inclusion levels from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.Dietary treatment did not influence carcass yield and energy utilisation(P>0.05).From 27 to 29 days,broiler chickens offered diets containing the standard SBM inclusion generated the lowest total tract nitrogen retention regardless of pea inclusion rates(P=0.001).Reducing SBM inclusions,which corresponded with a reduction in dietary crude protein,increased apparent distal jejunal and ileal protein(N)digestibility coefficients(P<0.05)and total tract nitrogen retention(P=0.001),regardless of field pea inclusion.Diets containing the least SBM had increased apparent distal ileal digestibility coefficients of valine,glycine and proline(7.07%)compared to the conventional diets(P<0.05).In conclusion,replacing SBM with 5%-12%field peas and NBAAs in wheat-based broiler diets to achieve a 20 g/kg dietary CP reduction did not compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.The mechanism by which peas enhanced growth performance is unclear,as the inclusion of peas in the present study did not alter the starch digestion rate.
文摘With the growth of global protein demand and the development of plant-based foods,pea protein,as a low-allergenic,nutritionally balanced and environmentally friendly plant protein,has shown great potential in replacing animal protein.Pea protein is mainly composed of globulin and albumin,with a protein content of 20%to 30%,and has a balanced amino acid composition,as well as being rich in minerals and dietary fiber.It also possesses good foaming,gelling,emulsifying and antioxidant functional properties.However,pea protein also has inherent defects that limit its application in the food industry.This article systematically reviews the extraction techniques,functional properties,modification methods and application fields of pea protein,and focuses on evaluating the effects of different extraction and modification strategies on protein yield and functional properties.Research shows that ultrasonic-assisted alkaline extraction can reduce solvent usage by 55%,shorten extraction time by 50%,and increase extraction rate by 12.51%;under optimized conditions,ultrafiltration membrane technology can achieve a protein purity of 91%.In terms of modification,ultrasonic treatment increases foaming capacity by 37.4%,and phenolic cross-linking increases gel strength from 3.0 kPa to 48 kPa.This article provides data support and theoretical reference for the efficient extraction and functional optimization of pea protein,and has promoting significance for its wide application in plant-based foods.
文摘This paper attempts to analyze the kinetics involved in the drying of green peas in‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’techniques.Blanching by hot water mixed with a solution of citric acid(0.1–0.2 mg/ml)at 70C–100C is the treatment provided to the samples of green peas.Experimental analysis shows that the moisture content in green peas of three different sizes is reduced at different temperatures and demonstrates the effect of the rate of drying of the moisture content.Under different diameters and temperatures,the parameters are analyzed using‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’techniques.It is observed that‘with blanching’process plays a significant role in the reduction of moisture content under different temperatures and diameters in a lesser time as compared to‘without blanching’.The operative activation energy and moisture diffusivity are described by using Fick’s law of diffusion.The calculation of effective moisture diffusivity can be done via the utilization of slope.The drying data is subjected to two models of mathematical nature:Simple Exponential model,and Page model.The performance of these models is examined by means of comparing the coefficient of determination(R2),chi-square(v2)and root mean square error(RMSE)between the experimental and forecasted value of moisture ratio obtained‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’.The experimental data was seen to be in accordance with the Page model.The comparisons of energy consumption,energy efficiency and also the cost of the drying processes for‘with blanching’and‘without blanching’have been accomplished to optimize and reduce process condition and the cost of the process,respectively.
文摘针对无线传感器网络探测网络环境的自适应休眠算法(Probing Environment and Adaptive Sleeping,PEAS)在节点调度过程中,存在节点能耗不均衡、网络的生命周期较短的问题,提出一种基于加权的优化覆盖算法。该算法对最小频繁项的目标所对应的传感节点按能量高低进行划分集合,使各集合能够独立覆盖最小频繁项的目标,以达到局部的优化。考虑到传感节点覆盖目标数和剩余能量对无线传感网络生存周期的影响,对边缘未覆盖的目标节点采用加权的方式进行覆盖。仿真结果表明:该算法能够均衡网络节点的能耗,有效地延长了网络的生命周期。
文摘This study was conducted at Fafan Research Center, Golajo research site to evaluate the effect of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaf supplementation on growth performance of short-eared Somali goat breed. A total of fifteen yearling indigenous short-eared Somali goat breeds with an initial weight of 15.2 ± 0.30 kg were assigned to three treatment groups using completely randomized design. Pigeon pea (Pp) and Moringa stenopetala (MS) feeds were formulated using 0%, 5%, and 10% inclusion levels of MSLM and PPLM as experimental diets, respectively. The feed of the experiment was prepared in two levels (2 kg of Moringa stenopetala and 2 kg of pigeon pea) and was supplemented to experimental animals in treatments one and two, respectively. The average e initial body weight of selected male goats was 18.82 ± 0.37, 18.8 ± 0.37 and 17.8 ± 0.37 kg under treatment groups T1, T2 and control respectively. Data was analyzed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS computer package Version 9.0 (SAS, 2002). The final weights gain (FWG) of goats on T1 and T2 of experimental group was significantly (P 0.05) the final weight gain of goat supplemented on Moringa stenopetala (T1) and pigeon pea levels (T2). The mean average weight gains (AWG) obtained from the supplemented group in this study were 7.50 ± 0.37 and 7.82 ± 0.37 kg for T1 and T2, whereas mean weight gains for un-supplemented goats were found to be 6.26 ± 0.37 kg. Feeding of dried Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves mixture improved body weights and average daily body weight gain without affecting feed intake and overall health of Somali goat breed. As Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves are rich nitrogen/protein source, they can be used effectively as substitute for conventional concentrate in the diet of growing goats at small holder farmer’s level where they can be grown in abundance. Therefore, for higher quality of forage and higher total DM yield for animal feeding, moringa should be harvested at wider harvesting intervals of at least 6th- to 8th-week intervals. Similarly, for pigeon peas, 4- to 6-week harvesting interval can result in optimum forage as well as feed quality and resulted in better growth performances for Somali short-eared goat breeds.
基金Supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2025A1515011189)Commissioned Project of Enterprise(Grant Nos.25HK0029,25HK0030,23HK0809)+2 种基金"Ganpo Plan"Talent Project of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.jxkjcytd2024001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U24A20108,51905106)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.202201010398)。
文摘Laser direct imaging(LDI)machines are advantageous for the fabrication of printed circuit boards(PCBs).Before digital lithography,a vision-based measurement(VBM)system was used to calibrate PCBs.However,calibration accuracy and efficiency are affected by multiple disturbances.To improve the accuracy and enhance the robustness of the VBM system,we propose a piezoelectric-actuated kangaroo-inspired bionic compliant mechanism(BioCM)and a flyingfocusing VBM controller.A piezoelectric actuator(PEA)generates highly accurate motion.The CM transfers the motion without losing accuracy or producing couplings.The kangaroo-inspired bionic differential structure enlarges the magnification of the PEA-CM.A BioCM-based VBM system was also constructed.A static analysis of the BioCM was conducted using the compliance matrix approach,and dynamics results were obtained.To enhance the service performance of the PEA-BioCM,we developed a flying-focusing VBM controller.PEG-based flying,PEA-actuated focusing,and MEMF-enhanced RRHT algorithms were used.A BioCM prototype was fabricated.Several prototype tests were conducted on the statics and dynamics.The prototype test results verified the performance of the BioCM and flying-VBM controller.Service test results demonstrated the calibration accuracy and robustness of the PEA-BioCM-based flying-VBM system.The proposed BioCM and controller can contribute to the development of next-generation LDI machines for fabricating high-density PCBs.
