The ideology of being ready to make innovation and keeping abreast of the times is a defining feature of the Chinese civilization.IN several of his recent speeches President Xi Jinping stressed that the Chinese civili...The ideology of being ready to make innovation and keeping abreast of the times is a defining feature of the Chinese civilization.IN several of his recent speeches President Xi Jinping stressed that the Chinese civilization has the tradition of discarding the outdated in favor of the new and moving ahead with the times.In exploring a new philosophy that is suitable for governing China in the new era,China draws on its fine traditional culture to find ways of abolishing outdated ideas and making theoretical,practical,and institutional innovations,thus staying abreast of the time to create a better future.展开更多
Date palm(Phoenix dactylifera L.)seeds,often discarded as by-products during date fruit processing,represent approximately 6-20%of the fruit’s mass depending on cultivar and maturity stage.Although traditionally used...Date palm(Phoenix dactylifera L.)seeds,often discarded as by-products during date fruit processing,represent approximately 6-20%of the fruit’s mass depending on cultivar and maturity stage.Although traditionally used for producing activated charcoal and in environmental remediation,their pharmacological potential remains underexplored.This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition,biological activity,and potential commercial value of seeds from four widely consumed Saharan cultivars(Assiane,Boufegouss,Aziza,and Majhoul)collected in the Figuig region.Soxhlet extraction was employed to obtain seed extracts,which were subsequently characterized by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening.The analyses revealed the presence of polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,steroids,alkaloids,and other secondary metabolites.The Aziza and Boufegouss varieties were particularly rich in flavonoids(82.09-139.61 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g dry matter)and total polyphenols(69.81-1183.96 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry matter).Mineral profiling confirmed the occurrence of essential trace elements,including Zn,Cu,Fe,and Co.To investigate their antidiabetic potential,in vitro assays ofα-glucosidase andα-amylase inhibition were performed.Acetone extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against both enzymes,suggesting a promising role of P.dactylifera seed extracts as natural agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.展开更多
In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in...In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in real time by drawing bounding boxes around them.These bounding boxes are subsequently passed to a YOLOv11 classification model,which analyzes cropped images and assigns class labels.An additional counting module automatically tallies the detected fruits,offering a near-instantaneous estimation of quantity.The experimental results suggest high precision and recall for detection,high classification accuracy(across 15 classes),and near-perfect counting in real time.This paper presents a multi-stage pipeline for date fruit detection,classification,and automated counting,employing YOLOv11-based models to achieve high accuracy while maintaining real-time throughput.The results demonstrated that the detection precision exceeded 90%,the classification accuracy approached 92%,and the counting module correlated closely with the manual tallies.These findings confirm the potential of reducing manual labour and enhancing operational efficiency in post-harvesting processes.Future studies will include dataset expansion,user-centric interfaces,and integration with harvesting robotics.展开更多
A new stepwise dissolution scheme, involving acids with different properties, enables the selective recovery of radiogenic and common Pb from a mineral, and makes single-mineral Pb-Pb dating possible. Garnet from a gr...A new stepwise dissolution scheme, involving acids with different properties, enables the selective recovery of radiogenic and common Pb from a mineral, and makes single-mineral Pb-Pb dating possible. Garnet from a granulite sample from Huangtuling, northern Dabie Mountain yields a Pb-Pb isochron age of (1098 ± 35) Ma, which is interpreted as the timing of peak metamorphism of granulite facies.展开更多
It is revealed by CL images that there are multi-stage growth internal structures of zircons in the Huangtuling granulite, including the inherited zircons, protolith zircons, sector and planar zone zircons and retrogr...It is revealed by CL images that there are multi-stage growth internal structures of zircons in the Huangtuling granulite, including the inherited zircons, protolith zircons, sector and planar zone zircons and retrograde zircons. In-situ trace element compositions and Pb-Pb ages have been analyzed by LAM-ICP-MS. The sector and the planar zone domains show typical trace element characteristics of granulite zircon (low Th, U, Th/U, total REEs, clear negative Eu anomalies, relatively depleted HREE and small differential degree between MREE and HREE, etc.), indicating that they formed during granulite-facies metamorphism. The protolith zircons have trace element characteristics of crustal zircon (high Th, U, Th/U, total REEs and enriched HREEs, etc.). 12 analyzed spots on granulite-facies domains give a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of (2154±26) Ma (MSWD = 3.8), which is the best estimated age of granulite-facies metamorphism of this sample. The weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 5 analyzed spots on protolith zircon domains is (2714 ± 22) Ma (MSWD = 1.4), which represents the protolith forming time. The discovery of ca. 3.4 Ga inherited zircon indicates that there are Palaeoarchean continental materials in this area. The interpretation of formation conditions and the ages of zircons can be constrained by simultaneous in-situ analysis of trace elements and ages.展开更多
The samples of ductile-rheologic deformational augen granite from the Yunkai uplift area, western Guangdong province, were determined by the whole-rock Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb and Rb-Sr isotopic dating to have an Sm-Nd isochron ...The samples of ductile-rheologic deformational augen granite from the Yunkai uplift area, western Guangdong province, were determined by the whole-rock Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb and Rb-Sr isotopic dating to have an Sm-Nd isochron age of 1414±68 Ma, a Pb-Pb isochron age of 1388±90 Ma and a Rb-Sr isochron age of 490±36 Ma. The first two ages are interpreted as the formation age of this suite of granite and the last age represents the timing of the tectono-thermal event of Caledonian ductile-rheologic shear partial melting. It is indicated that in the study area not only an orogeny took place in the Caledonian, but also a more important tectono-magmatic activity occurred in the Meso-proterozoic there, which may be related to the subduction-collision between the Yangtze block and Cathaysia block.展开更多
1.Objective Three stages of Mesozoic magmatic activity have been identified in the Jiaodong area,namely early magmatic emplacement,the magmatic emplacement prior to mineralization,and magmatic activity post-mineraliza...1.Objective Three stages of Mesozoic magmatic activity have been identified in the Jiaodong area,namely early magmatic emplacement,the magmatic emplacement prior to mineralization,and magmatic activity post-mineralization,from early to late.展开更多
1.Objective,The Cretaceous succession is characteristic of the aeolian sedimentary system in the Ordos Basin,which is the major ore-bearing layer for the sandstone-type uranium deposits.Based on the research of paleon...1.Objective,The Cretaceous succession is characteristic of the aeolian sedimentary system in the Ordos Basin,which is the major ore-bearing layer for the sandstone-type uranium deposits.Based on the research of paleontology and magnetostratigraphy,formers believed it belonged to the Early Cretaceous(Huang YB,2010).However,the lack of intrusions or volcanic rocks for isotopic dating results in an unclear formation age for the Lower Cretaceous succession.Recently,tuffs were firstly discovered in the Luohandong Formation in the Zhenyuan area,Gansu Province,located in the southwestern Ordos Basin,China.The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of tuffs was carried out.The new ages can precisely constrain the depositional age of the Luohandong Formation and also provide significant indications for the study of regional volcanic activities,paleoclimate,basin evolution,and tectonic setting.展开更多
To investigate the Early Cretaceous magmatic activity and tectonic evolution in the Xiaoqinggou mining area of Jilin Province,the authors conducted petrological,geochemical,and isotopic analyses of diorite rocks.The f...To investigate the Early Cretaceous magmatic activity and tectonic evolution in the Xiaoqinggou mining area of Jilin Province,the authors conducted petrological,geochemical,and isotopic analyses of diorite rocks.The findings show that the zircons exhibit distinct magmatic growth zoning,confirming their magmatic origin.LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded an age of 128.7±2.2 Ma,corresponding to Early Cretaceous.Geochemical data reveal that the diorite rocks are high and potassium but low in sodium,classifying them within the peraluminous,high-potassium calc-alkaline series.They are enriched in large ion lithophile elements(e.g.,K,Ba and Rb)and depleted in high field strength elements(e.g.,Nb,Ta and Ti).TheδEu values range from 1.07 to 1.14,indicating weakly positive Eu anomalies.Regional comparisons and integrated studies suggest that the Xiaoqinggou diorite rocks formed in a volcanic island arc setting,associated with the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent in an extensional tectonic environment.This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of the Xiaoqinggou deposit.展开更多
Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in re...Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in relation to climatic variables across different SDs.This study examines the patterns and distribution of key climatic variables during maize growth seasons,their influence on yield and lodging,and the critical factors affecting lodging at crucial growth stages under various SD scenarios.The research evaluated climate change impacts on yield and lodging through field experiments spanning 5 years(2015,2016,2019-2021),incorporating 25 SDs in the Sichuan Basin,China.Results indicated that lodging rate significantly affected the coefficient of variation(CV,3.31-10.50%)of maize yield.Each 1%increase in lodging rate resulted in a yield reduction of 58.05 kg ha^(-1).SD modifications notably influenced solar radiation(Sr)from emergence to silking(E-R1).The study determined that Sr accounted for 34.7%of lodging rate variation in E-R1.Analysis of historical meteorological data revealed significant inter-annual Sr variations,showing a decline of-8.7763 MJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)from 1990 to 2021,particularly evident from late May to early July.Variation partitioning analysis(VPA)demonstrated that climatic variables during emergence to physiological maturity(E-R6)and E-R1 explained 43.9 and 53.2%of yield variation across SDs,respectively,while contributing 56.0 and 45.4%to lodging.Random forest(RF)analysis established that SD changes primarily influenced lodging rates through modifications in basal internode morphology,explaining 69.79%of the variation.The research identified optimal sowing dates between late March and mid-April for achieving consistent high yields,attributed to increased Sr during E-R1.This study provides critical insights into climate change effects on stalk lodging and offers practical guidance for SD adjustment to reduce maize lodging rates.展开更多
Adjustment of the sowing date is a widely used measure in rice production for adapting to high-temperature conditions.However,the impact of a delayed sowing date(DS)on rice quality may vary by variety and ecological c...Adjustment of the sowing date is a widely used measure in rice production for adapting to high-temperature conditions.However,the impact of a delayed sowing date(DS)on rice quality may vary by variety and ecological conditions.In this study,we conducted experiments using four different sowing dates,the conventional sowing date 1(CS1),CS2(10 d later than CS1),DS1(30 d later than CS1),and DS2(30 d later than CS2),and three rice varieties,i.e.,Yixiangyou 2115,Fyou 498,and Chuanyou 6203.This experiment was conducted at four sites in the Sichuan Basin in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the infuence of DS on the pasting properties of rice,which are a proxy for the eating and cooking quality(ECQ).In DS1 and DS2,the rice had a signifcantly greater amylose content(AC)but a lower protein content(PC),peak viscosity(PKV),cool paste viscosity(CPV),and hot paste viscosity(HPV)than in CS1 and CS2.Moreover,except for CS2 and DS1 in 2018,DS1 and DS2 led to 2.15-11.19%reductions in breakdown viscosity(BDV)and 23.46-108.47%increases in setback viscosity(SBV).However,the infuence of DS on rice pasting properties varied by study site and rice variety.In 2019,DS1 and DS2 led to BDV reductions of 2.35-9.33,2.61-8.61,10.03-17.78,and 2.06-8.93%,and SBV increases of 2.32-60.93,63.74-144.24,55.46-91.63,and-8.28-65.37%at the Dayi,Anzhou,Nanbu,and Shehong(except for SBV in CS2 and DS1)sites,respectively.DS resulted in greater reductions in PKV,HPV,CPV,and BDV and greater increases in the AC and SBV for Yixiangyou 2115 than for Chuanyou 6203 and Fyou 498.The correlation analysis indicated that PKV and HPV were signifcantly and positively related to the mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures after heading.These temperatures must be greater than 25.9,31.2,and 22.3℃,respectively,to increase the relative BDV and reduce the relative SBV of rice,thereby enhancing ECQ.In conclusion,DS might contribute to a signifcant deterioration in ECQ in machine-transplanted rice in the Sichuan Basin.A mean temperature above 25.9℃ after heading is required to improve the ECQ of rice.展开更多
The Ediacaran Period records a significant turning point in the evolution of life on Earth,witnessing the rise to ecological dominance of macroscopic tissue-grade organisms.The Wenghui biota from the Doushantuo Format...The Ediacaran Period records a significant turning point in the evolution of life on Earth,witnessing the rise to ecological dominance of macroscopic tissue-grade organisms.The Wenghui biota from the Doushantuo Formation of South China hosts abundant multicellular algal macrofossils and problematica,some of which might be closely related to taxa from classic Late Ediacaran assemblages from South Australia and the White Sea biota of Russia.However,a lack of well-resolved isotopic age estimates has hampered efforts to constrain the timing of appearance of the Wenghui biota,obfuscating its significance to our understanding of Ediacaran macroevolution in the aftermath of the Snowball Earth events.Here,we present the first SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating results for samples obtained from a laminated tuff ash layer at the base of the Wenghui biota in the Doushantuo Formation,Jiangkou County,Tongren City,Guizhou Province,China.Our analyses yield an age of 595.4±5.3 Ma for the first appearance of Wenghui biota,suggesting that its appearance postdated that of the Lantian and Weng'an biotas,but preceded that of the Miaohe biota.These newly obtained age proxies offer an independent test of previous isotopic estimates for the age of the Wenghui biota,providing new chronostratigraphic evidence to map the succession of Ediacaran fossil assemblages on the Yangtze Platform during the Doushantuo interval.These data suggest that the Lantian,Weng'an,Wenghui,and Miaohe biotas may record a sequence of biotic assemblages attesting to successive phases in the radiation of Ediacaran macroscopic organisms,particularly macroalgae.展开更多
The tectonic evolution of Borneo and the affiliation between Southern and Northern Borneo remains unclear.The Rajang and Crocker Fan sediments,as one of the largest ancient submarine fans in Southeast Asia have witnes...The tectonic evolution of Borneo and the affiliation between Southern and Northern Borneo remains unclear.The Rajang and Crocker Fan sediments,as one of the largest ancient submarine fans in Southeast Asia have witnessed the tectonic evolution of Borneo since at least the late Mesozoic.In this study,we present laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(LA-ICP-MS)U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic results of detrital zircons from the Trusmadi and Crocker formations within the Crocker Fan of Sabah,Northern Borneo.Our results,coupled with previous data,show that the Crocker Fan sediments in Sabah of Northern Borneo display similar age spectra to the Rajang Fan sediments in Sarawak of Central Borneo,with two major age clusters at 130-80 and 280-200 Ma.Further provenance analysis based on mineral shape with a prismatic characteristic and similar detrital zircon Hf isotopes of the two formations illustrates that the Jurassic-Cretaceous and partly Triassic detrital zircons of the Crocker and Rajang Fan sediments were derived from the erosion of contemporaneous magmatic rocks;part of Permian-Triassic ones could be the recycling of the Jurassic deposits in SW Borneo.The initial provenance of these Permian-Triassic detritus could be synchronous magmatic rocks in the Tin belt of the Malay Peninsula.Combining with previous data,we propose that the entire Borneo continent,including both Southern and Northern Borneo,developed a common Mesozoic continental magmatic arc.Moreover,we postulate that the Rajang and Crocker fans formed in a fore-arc extensional rift basin related to the retreat of the subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Northern Borneo margin.展开更多
Several quantitative trait genes(QTGs)related to rice heading date,a key factor for crop development and yield,have been identified,along with complex interactions among genes.However,a comprehensive genetic interacti...Several quantitative trait genes(QTGs)related to rice heading date,a key factor for crop development and yield,have been identified,along with complex interactions among genes.However,a comprehensive genetic interaction network for these QTGs has not yet been established.In this study,we use 18K-rice lines to identify QTGs and their epistatic interactions affecting rice heading date.We identify 264 pairs of interacting quantitative trait loci(QTL)and construct a comprehensive genetic network of these QTL.On average,the epistatic effects of QTL pairs are estimated to be approximately 12.5%of additive effects of identified QTL.Importantly,epistasis varies among different alleles of several heading date genes.Additionally,57 pairs of interacting QTGs are also significant in their epistatic effects on 12 other agronomic traits.The identified QTL genetic interactions are further validated using near-isogenic lines,yeast two-hybrid,and split-luciferase complementation assays.Overall,this study provides a genetic network of rice heading date genes,which plays a crucial role in regulating rice heading date and influencing multiple related agronomic traits.This network serves as a foundation for understanding the genetic mechanisms of rice quantitative traits and for advancing rice molecular breeding.展开更多
This study investigates the influence of date palm fibers(DPF)on the mechanical performance of bituminous mixtures using two experimental methodologies:the wet and dry processes.In the wet process,DPFs were pre-blende...This study investigates the influence of date palm fibers(DPF)on the mechanical performance of bituminous mixtures using two experimental methodologies:the wet and dry processes.In the wet process,DPFs were pre-blended with bitumen at varying contents ranging from 1%to 5%by weight,prior to mixing with aggregates.The resulting mixtures were evaluated based on several key performance indicators,including Marshall stability,creep resistance,compactness,and water sensitivity.The inclusion of fibers generally enhanced mechanical properties,with optimal improvements observed at 2%to 4%fiber content.Notably,the mixture with 3%DPF content demonstrated a 35.7%increase in Marshall stability,while the lowest compactness reduction(−1.9%)occurred at 1%fiber addition.In the dry process,the effects of both fiber length(1 cm,3 cm,and 5 cm)and fiber content(0.1%to 0.5%)were examined,focusing specifically on rutting and creep resistance.The results showed that 3 cm fibers significantly improved rutting resistance,whereas the 0.1%fiber content yielded the highest enhancement in creep resistance.However,no clear correlation was established between the two performance metrics,suggesting that the mechanical response is highly deformation-dependent.Overall,the addition of DPF contributed to improved durability,strength,and resistance to deformation in asphalt mixtures.The findings underscore the potential of date palm fibers as a sustainable,low-cost,and environmentally friendly additive in pavement engineering,particularly in regions where palm waste is readily available and underutilized.展开更多
1.Objective The Songpan-Ganze terrane is a key region for understanding the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze Craton.The Songpan-Ganzi complex comprises a thick succession of deformed Ladinian-...1.Objective The Songpan-Ganze terrane is a key region for understanding the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze Craton.The Songpan-Ganzi complex comprises a thick succession of deformed Ladinian-Norian turbidites(ca.230-203 Ma),covering about 200000 km^(2)of the eastern Tibet Plateau with a volume of approximately 2.0×10^(6)km^(3)(Fig.1a).Furthermore,this complex has over 100 Permian-Cenozoic felsic plutons.展开更多
Four Pb-Zn deposits,namely Bangpu(BP),Digei(DG),Nabuding(NB)and Cuoga(CG),are located within a 20 km distance of each other in the Gangdese porphyry copper belt(GPCB).The age and nature of the Pb-Zn mineralization,esp...Four Pb-Zn deposits,namely Bangpu(BP),Digei(DG),Nabuding(NB)and Cuoga(CG),are located within a 20 km distance of each other in the Gangdese porphyry copper belt(GPCB).The age and nature of the Pb-Zn mineralization,especially its relationship to magmatism,remain uncertain.In order to address this issue,mica from the four deposits was selected for in situ Rb-Sr dating,with sphalerite additionally being selected for in situ trace element analysis.Detailed geological research has revealed that the BP and NB deposits are primarily skarn-type Pb-Zn mineralization,while DG and CG are associated with magmatic hydrothermal breccia and are characterized by banded-type mineralization.The Rb-Sr isochron ages of syn-mineralization muscovite at the BP and CG deposits are 11±6 Ma and 19.7±0.7 Ma respectively.Fe,Cd,In,Mn and Sn occur as lattice substitutions in sphalerite from the four deposits.Cu exists as microinclusions in BP,but occurs isomorphically in the DG,NB and CG deposits.The formation temperatures of the four deposits,as calculated from sphalerite geothermometry,range from approximately 200℃to 300℃,indicating that they belong to medium temperature deposits.BP and NB are classified as skarn Pb-Zn deposits,while DG and CG are categorized as hydrothermal filled Pb-Zn deposits.These results suggest that,in addition to porphyry Cu mineralization,the GPCB also contains significant Miocene Pb-Zn mineralization.展开更多
Focusing on the geochronological issues related to the matching relationship between the strike-slip fault activity and the stages of hydrocarbon generation,reservoir formation,and hydrocarbon accumulation,this study ...Focusing on the geochronological issues related to the matching relationship between the strike-slip fault activity and the stages of hydrocarbon generation,reservoir formation,and hydrocarbon accumulation,this study aims to quantitatively constrain the tectonic-burial history,hydrocarbon generation history,reservoir porosity evolution history,and hydrocarbon accumulation history by determining the isotopic ages and temperatures of multiphase calcites(particularly the calcites which contain hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions)and quartzs filling the fractures in the Ordovician strata within the non-foreland area of Tarim Basin.Three major findings have been obtained.(1)According to the tectonic-burial history restored under the constraint of the isotopic ages and temperatures,the non-foreland area of the Tarim Basin experienced a continuous burial process during the Cambrian-Ordovician period,with only a minor uplift at the end of the Silurian.Overall,the area was characterized by continuous hydrocarbon generation and a gradual increase in vitrinite reflectance(Ro).(2)While mechanical compaction and pressure-solution during burial progressively reduced the matrix porosity,the strike-slip fault activity during the Middle Caledonian Ⅱ and Ⅲ episodes induced physical fragmentation,which created extensive interbreccia pores,fault cavities,and structural fractures as seepage pathways for surface runoff,and,in conjunction with interlayer karstification,led to the development of widespread dissolution vugs.The formation of fracture-vug system in the Ordovician limestone provided effective storage space for hydrocarbons generated during the Late Caledonian and subsequent periods.(3)The Ordovician fault-karst limestone reservoirs underwent four stages of hydrocarbon accumulation:low-medium maturity liquid hydrocarbons during the Middle-Late Caledonian,medium-high maturity liquid hydrocarbons during the Middle-Late Hercynian,high maturity liquid hydrocarbons during the Indosinian,and high-over maturity gas during the Middle Yanshanian.Variations in hydrocarbon accumulation among different strike-slip faults or different segments of the same fault are controlled by differences in source rock maturity across structural units,as well as by the timing of fault activity and fault-related connectivity to hydrocarbon sources.This research also establishes a geochronological framework for investigating strike-slip faultcontrolled reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation,facilitating a more accurate determination of the reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation stages,and providing critical insights for evaluating hydrocarbon enrichment zones in fault-controlled reservoirs.展开更多
With the aim of adapting agricultural practices to climate warming,this study projected sowing dates for summer maize in the 2030s(2031–2040)across the Huanghuaihai Plain by analyzing key photo-thermal variables deri...With the aim of adapting agricultural practices to climate warming,this study projected sowing dates for summer maize in the 2030s(2031–2040)across the Huanghuaihai Plain by analyzing key photo-thermal variables derived from field experiments and projected future climate data under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2–4.5 within a restricted planting season.Results showed that growing degree days(GDD)during the active dry matter accumulation period(AP),killing degree days(KDD)during AP,and GDD during the late dry matter accumulation period(LP)explained most yield variation and were used for determining suitable sowing windows.Thresholds of them were 571°C d,21°C d and 411°C d,respectively.In the 2030s,postponing sowing dates and shifting planting regions northward resulted in gradual declines in KDD during AP and GDD during LP.The proportion of regions limited by KDD and GDD changed from 66%to 0%and from 3%to 100%when sowing dates were postponed from June 1 to July 15.Suitable sowing dates for maize were determined as follows:June 25 to July 10 in regions south of 34°N,June 5 to June 30 between 34°N and 39°N,and before June 20 in regions north of 39°N.展开更多
文摘The ideology of being ready to make innovation and keeping abreast of the times is a defining feature of the Chinese civilization.IN several of his recent speeches President Xi Jinping stressed that the Chinese civilization has the tradition of discarding the outdated in favor of the new and moving ahead with the times.In exploring a new philosophy that is suitable for governing China in the new era,China draws on its fine traditional culture to find ways of abolishing outdated ideas and making theoretical,practical,and institutional innovations,thus staying abreast of the time to create a better future.
文摘Date palm(Phoenix dactylifera L.)seeds,often discarded as by-products during date fruit processing,represent approximately 6-20%of the fruit’s mass depending on cultivar and maturity stage.Although traditionally used for producing activated charcoal and in environmental remediation,their pharmacological potential remains underexplored.This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition,biological activity,and potential commercial value of seeds from four widely consumed Saharan cultivars(Assiane,Boufegouss,Aziza,and Majhoul)collected in the Figuig region.Soxhlet extraction was employed to obtain seed extracts,which were subsequently characterized by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening.The analyses revealed the presence of polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,steroids,alkaloids,and other secondary metabolites.The Aziza and Boufegouss varieties were particularly rich in flavonoids(82.09-139.61 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g dry matter)and total polyphenols(69.81-1183.96 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry matter).Mineral profiling confirmed the occurrence of essential trace elements,including Zn,Cu,Fe,and Co.To investigate their antidiabetic potential,in vitro assays ofα-glucosidase andα-amylase inhibition were performed.Acetone extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against both enzymes,suggesting a promising role of P.dactylifera seed extracts as natural agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,Grant No.KFU250098.
文摘In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in real time by drawing bounding boxes around them.These bounding boxes are subsequently passed to a YOLOv11 classification model,which analyzes cropped images and assigns class labels.An additional counting module automatically tallies the detected fruits,offering a near-instantaneous estimation of quantity.The experimental results suggest high precision and recall for detection,high classification accuracy(across 15 classes),and near-perfect counting in real time.This paper presents a multi-stage pipeline for date fruit detection,classification,and automated counting,employing YOLOv11-based models to achieve high accuracy while maintaining real-time throughput.The results demonstrated that the detection precision exceeded 90%,the classification accuracy approached 92%,and the counting module correlated closely with the manual tallies.These findings confirm the potential of reducing manual labour and enhancing operational efficiency in post-harvesting processes.Future studies will include dataset expansion,user-centric interfaces,and integration with harvesting robotics.
文摘A new stepwise dissolution scheme, involving acids with different properties, enables the selective recovery of radiogenic and common Pb from a mineral, and makes single-mineral Pb-Pb dating possible. Garnet from a granulite sample from Huangtuling, northern Dabie Mountain yields a Pb-Pb isochron age of (1098 ± 35) Ma, which is interpreted as the timing of peak metamorphism of granulite facies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40033010 , 40273028)the National Key Basic Research Program(Grant No.G1999075503) partly supported by the Guangzhou Association of Scientific Instruments Cooperation.
文摘It is revealed by CL images that there are multi-stage growth internal structures of zircons in the Huangtuling granulite, including the inherited zircons, protolith zircons, sector and planar zone zircons and retrograde zircons. In-situ trace element compositions and Pb-Pb ages have been analyzed by LAM-ICP-MS. The sector and the planar zone domains show typical trace element characteristics of granulite zircon (low Th, U, Th/U, total REEs, clear negative Eu anomalies, relatively depleted HREE and small differential degree between MREE and HREE, etc.), indicating that they formed during granulite-facies metamorphism. The protolith zircons have trace element characteristics of crustal zircon (high Th, U, Th/U, total REEs and enriched HREEs, etc.). 12 analyzed spots on granulite-facies domains give a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of (2154±26) Ma (MSWD = 3.8), which is the best estimated age of granulite-facies metamorphism of this sample. The weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 5 analyzed spots on protolith zircon domains is (2714 ± 22) Ma (MSWD = 1.4), which represents the protolith forming time. The discovery of ca. 3.4 Ga inherited zircon indicates that there are Palaeoarchean continental materials in this area. The interpretation of formation conditions and the ages of zircons can be constrained by simultaneous in-situ analysis of trace elements and ages.
基金This study was financially supported by the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China grant 49502036；the key project (95-02-007) of Science and Technology of the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources.
文摘The samples of ductile-rheologic deformational augen granite from the Yunkai uplift area, western Guangdong province, were determined by the whole-rock Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb and Rb-Sr isotopic dating to have an Sm-Nd isochron age of 1414±68 Ma, a Pb-Pb isochron age of 1388±90 Ma and a Rb-Sr isochron age of 490±36 Ma. The first two ages are interpreted as the formation age of this suite of granite and the last age represents the timing of the tectono-thermal event of Caledonian ductile-rheologic shear partial melting. It is indicated that in the study area not only an orogeny took place in the Caledonian, but also a more important tectono-magmatic activity occurred in the Meso-proterozoic there, which may be related to the subduction-collision between the Yangtze block and Cathaysia block.
基金This paper was supported by the geological researchprojects of the Shandong Yantai Xintai Gold Mining Co.,Ltd.under China National Gold Group Corporation(Grant Nos.XY-DZ2020081,WTDZ2022001,XY-DZ20210161,and XY-DZ2022183)。
文摘1.Objective Three stages of Mesozoic magmatic activity have been identified in the Jiaodong area,namely early magmatic emplacement,the magmatic emplacement prior to mineralization,and magmatic activity post-mineralization,from early to late.
基金supported by the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2022FY101800)the National Science Foundation of China(92162212)the International Geoscience Programme(IGCP 675).
文摘1.Objective,The Cretaceous succession is characteristic of the aeolian sedimentary system in the Ordos Basin,which is the major ore-bearing layer for the sandstone-type uranium deposits.Based on the research of paleontology and magnetostratigraphy,formers believed it belonged to the Early Cretaceous(Huang YB,2010).However,the lack of intrusions or volcanic rocks for isotopic dating results in an unclear formation age for the Lower Cretaceous succession.Recently,tuffs were firstly discovered in the Luohandong Formation in the Zhenyuan area,Gansu Province,located in the southwestern Ordos Basin,China.The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of tuffs was carried out.The new ages can precisely constrain the depositional age of the Luohandong Formation and also provide significant indications for the study of regional volcanic activities,paleoclimate,basin evolution,and tectonic setting.
文摘To investigate the Early Cretaceous magmatic activity and tectonic evolution in the Xiaoqinggou mining area of Jilin Province,the authors conducted petrological,geochemical,and isotopic analyses of diorite rocks.The findings show that the zircons exhibit distinct magmatic growth zoning,confirming their magmatic origin.LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded an age of 128.7±2.2 Ma,corresponding to Early Cretaceous.Geochemical data reveal that the diorite rocks are high and potassium but low in sodium,classifying them within the peraluminous,high-potassium calc-alkaline series.They are enriched in large ion lithophile elements(e.g.,K,Ba and Rb)and depleted in high field strength elements(e.g.,Nb,Ta and Ti).TheδEu values range from 1.07 to 1.14,indicating weakly positive Eu anomalies.Regional comparisons and integrated studies suggest that the Xiaoqinggou diorite rocks formed in a volcanic island arc setting,associated with the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent in an extensional tectonic environment.This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of the Xiaoqinggou deposit.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD190160304)the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province,China(2022NSFSC0013)+1 种基金the Sichuan Maize Innovation Team Construction Project,China(SCCXTD-2023-02)the National Science and Technology Support Projects,China(2015BAC05B05)。
文摘Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in relation to climatic variables across different SDs.This study examines the patterns and distribution of key climatic variables during maize growth seasons,their influence on yield and lodging,and the critical factors affecting lodging at crucial growth stages under various SD scenarios.The research evaluated climate change impacts on yield and lodging through field experiments spanning 5 years(2015,2016,2019-2021),incorporating 25 SDs in the Sichuan Basin,China.Results indicated that lodging rate significantly affected the coefficient of variation(CV,3.31-10.50%)of maize yield.Each 1%increase in lodging rate resulted in a yield reduction of 58.05 kg ha^(-1).SD modifications notably influenced solar radiation(Sr)from emergence to silking(E-R1).The study determined that Sr accounted for 34.7%of lodging rate variation in E-R1.Analysis of historical meteorological data revealed significant inter-annual Sr variations,showing a decline of-8.7763 MJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)from 1990 to 2021,particularly evident from late May to early July.Variation partitioning analysis(VPA)demonstrated that climatic variables during emergence to physiological maturity(E-R6)and E-R1 explained 43.9 and 53.2%of yield variation across SDs,respectively,while contributing 56.0 and 45.4%to lodging.Random forest(RF)analysis established that SD changes primarily influenced lodging rates through modifications in basal internode morphology,explaining 69.79%of the variation.The research identified optimal sowing dates between late March and mid-April for achieving consistent high yields,attributed to increased Sr during E-R1.This study provides critical insights into climate change effects on stalk lodging and offers practical guidance for SD adjustment to reduce maize lodging rates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2022 and 32372217)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300700)the Free Exploration Program of State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Sichuan Basin,China(SKL-ZY202216)。
文摘Adjustment of the sowing date is a widely used measure in rice production for adapting to high-temperature conditions.However,the impact of a delayed sowing date(DS)on rice quality may vary by variety and ecological conditions.In this study,we conducted experiments using four different sowing dates,the conventional sowing date 1(CS1),CS2(10 d later than CS1),DS1(30 d later than CS1),and DS2(30 d later than CS2),and three rice varieties,i.e.,Yixiangyou 2115,Fyou 498,and Chuanyou 6203.This experiment was conducted at four sites in the Sichuan Basin in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the infuence of DS on the pasting properties of rice,which are a proxy for the eating and cooking quality(ECQ).In DS1 and DS2,the rice had a signifcantly greater amylose content(AC)but a lower protein content(PC),peak viscosity(PKV),cool paste viscosity(CPV),and hot paste viscosity(HPV)than in CS1 and CS2.Moreover,except for CS2 and DS1 in 2018,DS1 and DS2 led to 2.15-11.19%reductions in breakdown viscosity(BDV)and 23.46-108.47%increases in setback viscosity(SBV).However,the infuence of DS on rice pasting properties varied by study site and rice variety.In 2019,DS1 and DS2 led to BDV reductions of 2.35-9.33,2.61-8.61,10.03-17.78,and 2.06-8.93%,and SBV increases of 2.32-60.93,63.74-144.24,55.46-91.63,and-8.28-65.37%at the Dayi,Anzhou,Nanbu,and Shehong(except for SBV in CS2 and DS1)sites,respectively.DS resulted in greater reductions in PKV,HPV,CPV,and BDV and greater increases in the AC and SBV for Yixiangyou 2115 than for Chuanyou 6203 and Fyou 498.The correlation analysis indicated that PKV and HPV were signifcantly and positively related to the mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures after heading.These temperatures must be greater than 25.9,31.2,and 22.3℃,respectively,to increase the relative BDV and reduce the relative SBV of rice,thereby enhancing ECQ.In conclusion,DS might contribute to a signifcant deterioration in ECQ in machine-transplanted rice in the Sichuan Basin.A mean temperature above 25.9℃ after heading is required to improve the ECQ of rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42172035 and 41572024)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Liaoning Universities(No.LJ202410166012)+1 种基金Geological Survey Project of China(No.DD20221645)Open Foundation(No.203124)of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy(Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,CAS)。
文摘The Ediacaran Period records a significant turning point in the evolution of life on Earth,witnessing the rise to ecological dominance of macroscopic tissue-grade organisms.The Wenghui biota from the Doushantuo Formation of South China hosts abundant multicellular algal macrofossils and problematica,some of which might be closely related to taxa from classic Late Ediacaran assemblages from South Australia and the White Sea biota of Russia.However,a lack of well-resolved isotopic age estimates has hampered efforts to constrain the timing of appearance of the Wenghui biota,obfuscating its significance to our understanding of Ediacaran macroevolution in the aftermath of the Snowball Earth events.Here,we present the first SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating results for samples obtained from a laminated tuff ash layer at the base of the Wenghui biota in the Doushantuo Formation,Jiangkou County,Tongren City,Guizhou Province,China.Our analyses yield an age of 595.4±5.3 Ma for the first appearance of Wenghui biota,suggesting that its appearance postdated that of the Lantian and Weng'an biotas,but preceded that of the Miaohe biota.These newly obtained age proxies offer an independent test of previous isotopic estimates for the age of the Wenghui biota,providing new chronostratigraphic evidence to map the succession of Ediacaran fossil assemblages on the Yangtze Platform during the Doushantuo interval.These data suggest that the Lantian,Weng'an,Wenghui,and Miaohe biotas may record a sequence of biotic assemblages attesting to successive phases in the radiation of Ediacaran macroscopic organisms,particularly macroalgae.
基金jointly supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources,Xiamen(No.2018002)the Guangxi Natural Science Fundation(No.2022GXNSFBA035588)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41506050,41402193)the Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Hidden Metallic Ore Deposits Exploration(No.19-185-17-09)。
文摘The tectonic evolution of Borneo and the affiliation between Southern and Northern Borneo remains unclear.The Rajang and Crocker Fan sediments,as one of the largest ancient submarine fans in Southeast Asia have witnessed the tectonic evolution of Borneo since at least the late Mesozoic.In this study,we present laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(LA-ICP-MS)U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic results of detrital zircons from the Trusmadi and Crocker formations within the Crocker Fan of Sabah,Northern Borneo.Our results,coupled with previous data,show that the Crocker Fan sediments in Sabah of Northern Borneo display similar age spectra to the Rajang Fan sediments in Sarawak of Central Borneo,with two major age clusters at 130-80 and 280-200 Ma.Further provenance analysis based on mineral shape with a prismatic characteristic and similar detrital zircon Hf isotopes of the two formations illustrates that the Jurassic-Cretaceous and partly Triassic detrital zircons of the Crocker and Rajang Fan sediments were derived from the erosion of contemporaneous magmatic rocks;part of Permian-Triassic ones could be the recycling of the Jurassic deposits in SW Borneo.The initial provenance of these Permian-Triassic detritus could be synchronous magmatic rocks in the Tin belt of the Malay Peninsula.Combining with previous data,we propose that the entire Borneo continent,including both Southern and Northern Borneo,developed a common Mesozoic continental magmatic arc.Moreover,we postulate that the Rajang and Crocker fans formed in a fore-arc extensional rift basin related to the retreat of the subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Northern Borneo margin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32222064 and 32341030)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(22ZR1445800)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ24C130008).
文摘Several quantitative trait genes(QTGs)related to rice heading date,a key factor for crop development and yield,have been identified,along with complex interactions among genes.However,a comprehensive genetic interaction network for these QTGs has not yet been established.In this study,we use 18K-rice lines to identify QTGs and their epistatic interactions affecting rice heading date.We identify 264 pairs of interacting quantitative trait loci(QTL)and construct a comprehensive genetic network of these QTL.On average,the epistatic effects of QTL pairs are estimated to be approximately 12.5%of additive effects of identified QTL.Importantly,epistasis varies among different alleles of several heading date genes.Additionally,57 pairs of interacting QTGs are also significant in their epistatic effects on 12 other agronomic traits.The identified QTL genetic interactions are further validated using near-isogenic lines,yeast two-hybrid,and split-luciferase complementation assays.Overall,this study provides a genetic network of rice heading date genes,which plays a crucial role in regulating rice heading date and influencing multiple related agronomic traits.This network serves as a foundation for understanding the genetic mechanisms of rice quantitative traits and for advancing rice molecular breeding.
文摘This study investigates the influence of date palm fibers(DPF)on the mechanical performance of bituminous mixtures using two experimental methodologies:the wet and dry processes.In the wet process,DPFs were pre-blended with bitumen at varying contents ranging from 1%to 5%by weight,prior to mixing with aggregates.The resulting mixtures were evaluated based on several key performance indicators,including Marshall stability,creep resistance,compactness,and water sensitivity.The inclusion of fibers generally enhanced mechanical properties,with optimal improvements observed at 2%to 4%fiber content.Notably,the mixture with 3%DPF content demonstrated a 35.7%increase in Marshall stability,while the lowest compactness reduction(−1.9%)occurred at 1%fiber addition.In the dry process,the effects of both fiber length(1 cm,3 cm,and 5 cm)and fiber content(0.1%to 0.5%)were examined,focusing specifically on rutting and creep resistance.The results showed that 3 cm fibers significantly improved rutting resistance,whereas the 0.1%fiber content yielded the highest enhancement in creep resistance.However,no clear correlation was established between the two performance metrics,suggesting that the mechanical response is highly deformation-dependent.Overall,the addition of DPF contributed to improved durability,strength,and resistance to deformation in asphalt mixtures.The findings underscore the potential of date palm fibers as a sustainable,low-cost,and environmentally friendly additive in pavement engineering,particularly in regions where palm waste is readily available and underutilized.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of the Sichuan Institute of Geological Survey(SCIGS-CZDXM-2023003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41603034).
文摘1.Objective The Songpan-Ganze terrane is a key region for understanding the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze Craton.The Songpan-Ganzi complex comprises a thick succession of deformed Ladinian-Norian turbidites(ca.230-203 Ma),covering about 200000 km^(2)of the eastern Tibet Plateau with a volume of approximately 2.0×10^(6)km^(3)(Fig.1a).Furthermore,this complex has over 100 Permian-Cenozoic felsic plutons.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFC2910400)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(2021QZKK0302)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472115)the Chinese Geological Survey(DD20230008 and DD20230230)。
文摘Four Pb-Zn deposits,namely Bangpu(BP),Digei(DG),Nabuding(NB)and Cuoga(CG),are located within a 20 km distance of each other in the Gangdese porphyry copper belt(GPCB).The age and nature of the Pb-Zn mineralization,especially its relationship to magmatism,remain uncertain.In order to address this issue,mica from the four deposits was selected for in situ Rb-Sr dating,with sphalerite additionally being selected for in situ trace element analysis.Detailed geological research has revealed that the BP and NB deposits are primarily skarn-type Pb-Zn mineralization,while DG and CG are associated with magmatic hydrothermal breccia and are characterized by banded-type mineralization.The Rb-Sr isochron ages of syn-mineralization muscovite at the BP and CG deposits are 11±6 Ma and 19.7±0.7 Ma respectively.Fe,Cd,In,Mn and Sn occur as lattice substitutions in sphalerite from the four deposits.Cu exists as microinclusions in BP,but occurs isomorphically in the DG,NB and CG deposits.The formation temperatures of the four deposits,as calculated from sphalerite geothermometry,range from approximately 200℃to 300℃,indicating that they belong to medium temperature deposits.BP and NB are classified as skarn Pb-Zn deposits,while DG and CG are categorized as hydrothermal filled Pb-Zn deposits.These results suggest that,in addition to porphyry Cu mineralization,the GPCB also contains significant Miocene Pb-Zn mineralization.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23B20154,42372169).
文摘Focusing on the geochronological issues related to the matching relationship between the strike-slip fault activity and the stages of hydrocarbon generation,reservoir formation,and hydrocarbon accumulation,this study aims to quantitatively constrain the tectonic-burial history,hydrocarbon generation history,reservoir porosity evolution history,and hydrocarbon accumulation history by determining the isotopic ages and temperatures of multiphase calcites(particularly the calcites which contain hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions)and quartzs filling the fractures in the Ordovician strata within the non-foreland area of Tarim Basin.Three major findings have been obtained.(1)According to the tectonic-burial history restored under the constraint of the isotopic ages and temperatures,the non-foreland area of the Tarim Basin experienced a continuous burial process during the Cambrian-Ordovician period,with only a minor uplift at the end of the Silurian.Overall,the area was characterized by continuous hydrocarbon generation and a gradual increase in vitrinite reflectance(Ro).(2)While mechanical compaction and pressure-solution during burial progressively reduced the matrix porosity,the strike-slip fault activity during the Middle Caledonian Ⅱ and Ⅲ episodes induced physical fragmentation,which created extensive interbreccia pores,fault cavities,and structural fractures as seepage pathways for surface runoff,and,in conjunction with interlayer karstification,led to the development of widespread dissolution vugs.The formation of fracture-vug system in the Ordovician limestone provided effective storage space for hydrocarbons generated during the Late Caledonian and subsequent periods.(3)The Ordovician fault-karst limestone reservoirs underwent four stages of hydrocarbon accumulation:low-medium maturity liquid hydrocarbons during the Middle-Late Caledonian,medium-high maturity liquid hydrocarbons during the Middle-Late Hercynian,high maturity liquid hydrocarbons during the Indosinian,and high-over maturity gas during the Middle Yanshanian.Variations in hydrocarbon accumulation among different strike-slip faults or different segments of the same fault are controlled by differences in source rock maturity across structural units,as well as by the timing of fault activity and fault-related connectivity to hydrocarbon sources.This research also establishes a geochronological framework for investigating strike-slip faultcontrolled reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation,facilitating a more accurate determination of the reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation stages,and providing critical insights for evaluating hydrocarbon enrichment zones in fault-controlled reservoirs.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172115)National Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System(CARS-02-21).
文摘With the aim of adapting agricultural practices to climate warming,this study projected sowing dates for summer maize in the 2030s(2031–2040)across the Huanghuaihai Plain by analyzing key photo-thermal variables derived from field experiments and projected future climate data under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2–4.5 within a restricted planting season.Results showed that growing degree days(GDD)during the active dry matter accumulation period(AP),killing degree days(KDD)during AP,and GDD during the late dry matter accumulation period(LP)explained most yield variation and were used for determining suitable sowing windows.Thresholds of them were 571°C d,21°C d and 411°C d,respectively.In the 2030s,postponing sowing dates and shifting planting regions northward resulted in gradual declines in KDD during AP and GDD during LP.The proportion of regions limited by KDD and GDD changed from 66%to 0%and from 3%to 100%when sowing dates were postponed from June 1 to July 15.Suitable sowing dates for maize were determined as follows:June 25 to July 10 in regions south of 34°N,June 5 to June 30 between 34°N and 39°N,and before June 20 in regions north of 39°N.
