Perovskite oxides like S rTiO_(3) at the nanoscale are of interest for eme rging applications,including high-k dielectrics and sensors.However,their synthesis requires long calcination at the elevated temperature,whic...Perovskite oxides like S rTiO_(3) at the nanoscale are of interest for eme rging applications,including high-k dielectrics and sensors.However,their synthesis requires long calcination at the elevated temperature,which is a barrier of their application to flexible electronics.Here,an effective laser-assisted sol-gel method to patternably produce S rTiO_(3) na noparticles(-100 nm)in selective areas on polyimide substrates(coated with ITO)is introduced.Importantly,the violet-laser power is just 1 W but sufficient to crystallize the material in a short period(a few seconds).Furthermore,developing a flexible device platform using carbon nanotubes(CNT)and SrTiO_(3) nanoparticles for detection of humidity changes at room temperature is proposed.The sensor platform has both capacitive and resistive sensing abilities.The resistive mode with a lower power usage(about 0.2μW)is suitable for long monitoring of humidity in the range of2%RH and above.The capacitive mode with higher sensitivity,faster response/recovery time(1-3 min),and lower detection limit(0.5%RH)can be used for calibration purposes.The performance of the flexible sensor is still maintained after 5000 bending cycles at 1.5-cm radius.Altogether,our synthesis method and the flexible sensor show chances for mass-producing perovskite oxides at low cost for wearable electronics.展开更多
Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage funct...Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage functions within a single transparent platform.However,significant challenges persist in achieving efficient patterning,ensuring long-term stability,and fast color-switching kinetics for these devices.In this study,heterogeneous tungsten oxide nanowires(W_(17)O_(47)/Na_(0.1)WO_(3),WNOs)are formulated into inkjet printing ink to assemble patternable ZECDs.The heterogeneous electrode structure of WNO enables a highly capacitive-controlled mechanism that promotes fast electrochromic/electrochemical behavior.Notably,by utilizing a three-dimensional MXene mesh modified substrate,the inkjet-printed ZECDs exhibit a wide optical modulation range of 69.13%,rapid color-changing kinetics(t_(c)=4.1 s,t_(b)=5.4 s),and highly reversible capacities of 70 mAh cm^(-2)over 1000 cycles.This scalable strategy develops the patterned electrodes with a wide optical modulation range and substantial energy storage properties,offering promising prospects for their application in next-generation smart electronics.展开更多
Advances in electrochemical energy storage technologies drive the need for battery safety performance and miniaturization,which calls for the easily processable polymer electrolytes suitable for on-chip microbattery t...Advances in electrochemical energy storage technologies drive the need for battery safety performance and miniaturization,which calls for the easily processable polymer electrolytes suitable for on-chip microbattery technology.However,the low ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes and poor-patternable capabilities hinder their application in microdevices.Herein,we modified SU-8,as the matrix material,by poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)with lithium salts to obtain a patternable lithium-ion polymer electrolyte.Due to the highly amorphous state and more Li-ion transport pathways through blending effect and the increase in number of epoxides,the ionic conductivity of achieved sample is increased by an order of magnitude to 2.9×10^(−4) S·cm^(−1) in comparison with the SU-8 sample at 50°C.The modified SU-8 exhibits good thermal stability(>150°C),mechanical properties(elastic modulus of 1.52 GPa),as well as an electrochemical window of 4.3 V.Half-cell and microdevice were fabricated and tested to verify the possibility of the micro-sized on-chip battery.All of these results demonstrate a promising strategy for the integration of on-chip batteries with microelectronics.展开更多
Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges...Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).展开更多
BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Resear...BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a major global health challenge,with high recurrence and mortality despite advances in surgery,chemotherapy,and immunotherapy.The study by He et al identifies a novel mechanism by which p...Colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a major global health challenge,with high recurrence and mortality despite advances in surgery,chemotherapy,and immunotherapy.The study by He et al identifies a novel mechanism by which peroxiredoxin 1(Prdx1)inhibits CRC progression through induction of pyroptosis,a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death.Traditionally viewed as an intracellular antioxidant that protects tumors from oxidative stress,Prdx1 assu-mes a paradoxical immunogenic role when released extracellularly as a damageassociated molecular pattern.Using patient samples,recombinant protein assays,and murine xenograft models,the authors demonstrate that Prdx1 activates the NOD-,LRR-and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome/caspase-1/gasdermin D pathway,triggering membrane pore formation,tumor cell lysis,and release of interleukin-1β/interleukin-18.This cascade not only halts tumor proliferation,invasion,and migration but may also enhance anti-tumor immune surveillance.The study’s strengths include rigorous mechanistic validation,clinical cohort data,inhibitor-based causal proof,and in vivo confirmation.However,questions remain regarding the upstream receptor for Prdx1,heterogeneity across CRC subtypes,and the balance between therapeutic benefit and inflammatory toxicity.By establishing Prdx1-induced pyroptosis as a driver of tumor suppression,this work advances a promising paradigm in CRC therapy,linking cell death to immune activation and pointing toward future biomarker-driven,pyroptosis-based interventions.展开更多
Effective conservation relies on robust assessments;however,the lack of waterbird data in the Yellow River Basin(YRB)has led to an underestimation of key habitat significance.This study addressed this gap by evaluatin...Effective conservation relies on robust assessments;however,the lack of waterbird data in the Yellow River Basin(YRB)has led to an underestimation of key habitat significance.This study addressed this gap by evaluating YRB wetland conservation importance using waterbirds as indicators and applying Ramsar,Important Bird Areas(IBA),and East Asian-Australasian Flyway(EAAF)criteria.We integrated coordinated surveys with citizen science data,creating a framework that tackles data deficiencies along the under-monitored Central Asian Flyway(CAF).Our analysis identified 75 priority wetlands,supporting 15 threatened species and 49 exceeding global/flyway 1%thresholds,highlighting the basin's biodiversity.We observed strong seasonal habitat use,with high-altitude wetlands vital for breeding and migration,and the Yellow River Delta providing year-round refuge.This research also provided data to refine Baer's Pochard population estimates.Alarmingly,one-third of the identified priority areas,primarily rivers and lakes,remain unprotected.To address this,we recommend systematic surveys,enhanced protected areas,OECMs,and targeted wetland restoration.This study underscores the YRB's role in regional conservation and provides essential data for adaptive management,particularly emphasizing the CAF's importance.展开更多
Wing design is a critical factor in the aerodynamic performance of flapping-wing(FW)robots.Inspired by the natural wing structures of insects,bats,and birds,we explored how bio-mimetic wing vein morphologies,combined ...Wing design is a critical factor in the aerodynamic performance of flapping-wing(FW)robots.Inspired by the natural wing structures of insects,bats,and birds,we explored how bio-mimetic wing vein morphologies,combined with a bio-inspired double wing clap-and-fling mechanism,affect thrust generation.This study focused on increasing vertical force and payload capacity.Through systematic experimentation with various vein configurations and structural designs,we developed innovative wings optimized for thrust production.Comprehensive tests were conducted to measure aerodynamic forces,power consumption,and wing kinematics across a range of flapping frequencies.Additionally,wings with different aspect ratios,a key factor in wing design,were fabricated and extensively evaluated.The study also examined the role of bio-inspired vein layouts on wing flexibility,a critical component in improving flight efficiency.Our findings demonstrate that the newly developed wing design led to a 20%increase in thrust,achieving up to 30 g-force(gf).This research sheds light on the clap-and-fling effect and establishes a promising framework for bio-inspired wing design,offering significant improvements in both performance and payload capacity for FW robots.展开更多
Global warming induced by increased CO_(2) has caused marked changes in the ocean.Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity,largely attributable to the diver...Global warming induced by increased CO_(2) has caused marked changes in the ocean.Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity,largely attributable to the diverse sensitivities of surface fluxes.This study utilizes data from the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project to investigate how ocean salinity responds to perturbations of surface fluxes.The findings indicate the emergence of a sea surface salinity(SSS)dipole pattern predominantly in the North Atlantic and Pacific fresh pools,driven by surface flux perturbations.This results in an intensification of the“salty gets saltier and fresh gets fresher”SSS pattern across the global ocean.The spatial pattern amplification(PA)of SSS under global warming is estimated to be approximately 11.5%,with surface water flux perturbations being the most significant contributor to salinity PA,accounting for 8.1% of the change after 70 years in experiments since pre-industrial control(piControl).Notably,the zonal-depth distribution of salinity in the upper ocean exhibits lighter seawater above the denser water,with bowed isopycnals in the upper 400 m.This stable stratification inhibits vertical mixing of salinity and temperature.In response to the flux perturbations,there is a strong positive feedback due to consequent freshening.It is hypothesized that under global warming,an SSS amplification of 7.2%/℃ and a mixed-layer depth amplification of 12.5%/℃ will occur in the global ocean.It suggests that the salinity effect can exert a more stable ocean to hinder the downward transfer of heat,which provides positive feedback to future global warming.展开更多
Over the past ten years,numerous papers have been published on the use of indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence in liver surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).There are many different applications.The first involves ...Over the past ten years,numerous papers have been published on the use of indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence in liver surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).There are many different applications.The first involves targeting superficial tumors in patients with macronodular cirrhosis and an irregular liver surface.In a minimally invasive setting,the lack of tactile feedback on the hepatic surface makes detecting subcapsular HCC with ultrasound alone challenging.ICG fusion images can mimic the tactile feedback of the hand and act as an ultrasound booster.ICG fluorescence can be used to evaluate tumor residues after minimally invasive thermal ablation.ICG fluorescence imaging can also be used to identify the grade of HCC early on and evaluate the microinvasive component.展开更多
Ecoflex is widely used in bioelectronics due to its outstanding properties of low modulus and large stretchability.For its use as an encapsulation layer in multi-channel wearable devices,a patterning procedure is esse...Ecoflex is widely used in bioelectronics due to its outstanding properties of low modulus and large stretchability.For its use as an encapsulation layer in multi-channel wearable devices,a patterning procedure is essential.However,conventional patterning strategies for Ecoflex,such as soft lithography,punching,and laser ablation,lack sufficient quality and process compatibility.To address this,we propose a process-compatible method of patterning Ecoflex by developing Photo-patternable Ecoflex(PPE).The PPE layer,used as an encapsulation layer,effectively dissipates strain energy at homogeneous interfaces,resulting in a 50%increase in electrical conductance under 250%strain.Using PPE,we fabricated intrinsically stretchable multi-sensors that monitor bio-signals like glucose,lactate,pH,and humidity in sweat.These sensors maintain durable sensitivity under strain up to 50%and for 1000 cycles at 20%strain.Finally,we mounted these stretchable multi-chemical sensors on an arm to monitor glucose and lactate levels in sweat.展开更多
Objective weather classification methods have been extensively applied to identify dominant ozone-favorable synoptic weather patterns(SWPs),however,the consistency of different classification methods is rarely examine...Objective weather classification methods have been extensively applied to identify dominant ozone-favorable synoptic weather patterns(SWPs),however,the consistency of different classification methods is rarely examined.In this study,we apply two widely-used objective methods,the self-organizing map(SOM)and K-means clustering analysis,to derive ozone-favorable SWPs at four Chinese megacities in 2015-2022.We find that the two algorithms are largely consistent in recognizing dominant ozone-favorable SWPs for four Chinese megacities.In the case of classifying six SWPs,the derived circulation fields are highly similar with a spatial correlation of 0.99 between the two methods,and the difference in themean frequency of each SWP is less than 7%.The six dominant ozone-favorable SWPs in Guangzhou are all characterized by anomaly higher radiation and temperature,lower cloud cover,relative humidity,and wind speed,and stronger subsidence compared to climatology mean.We find that during 2015-2022,the occurrence of ozone-favorable SWPs days increases significantly at a rate of 3.2 days/year,faster than the increases in the ozone exceedance days(3.0 days/year).The interannual variability between the occurrence of ozone-favorable SWPs and ozone exceedance days are generally consistent with a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.6.In particular,the significant increase in ozone-favorable SWPs in 2022,especially the Subtropical High type which typically occurs in September,is consistent with a long-lasting ozone pollution episode in Guangzhou during September 2022.Our results thus reveal that enhanced frequency of ozone-favorable SWPs plays an important role in the observed 2015-2022 ozone increase in Guangzhou.展开更多
Clarifying the mechanisms that control the evolution of territorial space patterns is essential for regulating and optimizing the geographical structure and processes related to sustainable development.Using the Guang...Clarifying the mechanisms that control the evolution of territorial space patterns is essential for regulating and optimizing the geographical structure and processes related to sustainable development.Using the Guangdong and Guangxi sections of the Pearl River Basin as examples,the transfer-matrix method and standard deviation ellipse model were applied to characterize the evolution of territorial space patterns from 1990 to 2020.A trend surface analysis and the Theil index were used to analyze regional differences in the evolution process,and geodetectors were used to identify the underlying mechanisms of the changes.There were three key results.(1)In these critical areas of the Pearl River Basin,agricultural and ecological spaces have rapidly declined due to urban expansion,with transfers between these spaces dominating the evolution of territorial space patterns.Spatial pattern changes in the Guangdong section were more intense than in the Guangxi section.(2)Regional differences in urban space have decreased,whereas differences in agricultural and ecological spaces have intensified.Driven by socio-economic growth,the cross-regional transfers of territorial space have created a“high in the east,while low in the west”inter-regional difference,and a“high in the south,while low in the north”intra-regional difference shaped by natural conditions.The regional differences in space patterns were greater in Guangdong than in Guangxi.(3)The evolution of watershed territorial space patterns resulted from scale changes,locational shifts,structural reorganizations,and directional changes driven by multiple factors.Natural environment,social life,economic development,and policy factors played foundational,leading,key driving,and guiding roles,respectively.Additionally,the regional differences in the evolution of watershed territorial space patterns originated from the differential transmission of the influence of various factors affecting spatial evolution.Enhancing urban space efficiency,restructuring agricultural space,and optimizing ecological space are key strategies for building a complementary and synergistic territorial space pattern in the basin.展开更多
Permanent-magnet(PM)machines are the important driving components of various mechanical equipment and industrial applications,such as robot joints,aerospace equipment,electric vehicles,actuators,wind generators and el...Permanent-magnet(PM)machines are the important driving components of various mechanical equipment and industrial applications,such as robot joints,aerospace equipment,electric vehicles,actuators,wind generators and electric traction systems.The PM machines are usually expected to have high torque/power density,low torque ripple,reduced rotor mass,a large constant power speed range or strong anti-magnetization capability to match different requirements of industrial applications.The structural topology of the electric machines,including stator/rotor arrangements and magnet patterns of rotor,is one major concern to improve their electromagnetic performance.However,systematic reviews of structural topology are seldom found in literature.Therefore,the objective of this paper is to summarize the stator/rotor arrangements and magnet patterns of the permanent-magnet brushless machines,in depth.Specifically,the stator/rotor arrangements of the PM machines including radial-flux,axialflux and emerging hybrid axial-radial flux configurations are presented,and pros and cons of these topologies are discussed regarding their electromagnetic performance.The magnet patterns including various surface-mounted and interior magnet patterns,such as parallel magnetization pole pattern,Halbach arrays,spoke-type designs and their variants are summarized,and the characteristics of those magnet patterns in terms of flux-focusing effect,magnetic self-shielding effect,torque ripple,reluctance torque,magnet utilization ratio,and anti-demagnetization capability are compared.This paper can provide guidance and suggestion for the structure selection and design of PM brushless machines for high-performance industrial applications.展开更多
The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and...The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and mixed reality applications.Alongside the controlled synthesis of high-performance QDs,a reliable QD patterning technology is crucial in overcoming this challenge.Among the various methods available,photolithography-based patterning technologies show great potentials in producing ultra-fine QD patterns at micron scale.This review article presents the recent advancements in the field of QD patterning using photolithography techniques and explores their applications in micro-display technology.Firstly,we discuss QD patterning through photolithography techniques employing photoresist(PR),which falls into two categories:PRassisted photolithography and photolithography of QDPR.Subsequently,direct photolithography techniques based on photo-induced crosslinking of photosensitive groups and photo-induced ligand cleavage mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed.Meanwhile,we assess the performance of QD arrays fabricated using these photolithography techniques and their integration into QD light emitting diode display devices as well as color conversionbased micro light emitting diode display devices.Lastly,we summarize the most recent developments in this field and outline future prospects.展开更多
The Hengduan Mountains,situated on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,are the longest and widest north-south-oriented mountain range in China,exerting a significant influence on the ecological and geog...The Hengduan Mountains,situated on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,are the longest and widest north-south-oriented mountain range in China,exerting a significant influence on the ecological and geographical pattern.Understanding the topographic and geomorphological characteristics of the Hengduan Mountains is fundamental and crucial for research in related fields such as ecology,geography,and sustainability.In this study,Digital Elevation Model(DEM)data were utilized to extract and analyze the topography and geomorphology(TG)pattern.TG maps have been developed to quantitatively classify the TG types in the Hengduan Mountains by combining the five factors of elevation,slope,aspect,relief and landform.The spatial distribution and quantitative characteristics of these factors were mapped and investigated using geographic information systems.The results revealed that:(1)The Hengduan Mountains exhibit an elongated north-south distribution,with an average elevation of approximately 3746 m,an average slope of around 25°,and an average relief of about 266 m.(2)The Hengduan Mountains display significant elevation differences,with an overall high elevation,characterized by a trend of lower elevation in the east and higher elevation in the west,as well as irregular orientations of various aspects.(3)The 19 landform types were identified,the landform types of the Hengduan Mountains are primarily composed of low-relief high-mountains(42.0618%),low-relief mid-mountains(22.4624%),and high-elevation hills(20.5839%).The results of the study can provide data and information support for the ecology,environmental protection and sustainable development of the Hengduan Mountains.展开更多
Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing p...Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing plants to resist recurrent severe drought stress.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we subjected wheat plants to drought priming during the vegetative growth stage and to severe drought stress at 10 days after anthesis.We then collected leaf samples at the ends of the drought priming and recovery periods,and at the end of drought stress for transcriptome sequencing in combination with phenotypic and physiological analyses.The drought-primed wheat plants maintained a lower plant temperature,with higher stomatal openness and photosynthesis,thereby resulting in much lower 1,000-grain weight and grain yield losses under the later drought stress than the non-primed plants.Interestingly,416 genes,including 27 transcription factors(e.g.,MYB,NAC,HSF),seemed to be closely related to the improved drought tolerance as indicated by the dynamic transcriptome analysis.Moreover,the candidate genes showed six temporal expression patterns and were significantly enriched in several stress response related pathways,such as plant hormone signal transduction,starch and sucrose metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,inositol phosphate metabolism,and wax synthesis.These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the long-term effects of early drought priming that can effectively improve drought tolerance in wheat,and may provide potential approaches for addressing the challenges of increasing abiotic stresses and securing food safety under global warming scenarios.展开更多
Rock fractures or faults could be reactivated by the thermal stress generated during the decay process of the high-level radioactive waste in deep geological repositories(DGRs).Understanding thermoshearing behavior an...Rock fractures or faults could be reactivated by the thermal stress generated during the decay process of the high-level radioactive waste in deep geological repositories(DGRs).Understanding thermoshearing behavior and its influencing factors are important for the long-term performance assessment of DGRs.We designed multistage mechanical(M)shear tests and thermomechanical(TM)shear tests on three 100 mm-cubic granite specimens,each containing a single inclined sawcut fracture with distinct microroughness of 8-15μm.M test results have shown that the static friction coefficient of the granite fracture decreases in proportion to the increase in the logarithm of the loading rate within the range of 1-15 kPa/s.For the given heating and boundary conditions,thermal loading rate,i.e.,thermal stress increment with heating time,is measured to be around 1 kPa/s in the fractured granite.Thermoshearing can be well predicted by the linear Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope deduced from M shear tests employing a loading rate that is comparable with the thermal loading rate.The granite fractures exhibited two distinct slip patterns during the mechanical shearing,i.e.,stick-slip observed in the smooth fracture and stable sliding in the relatively rough surface.In contrast,the mechanical loading rate(1-15 kPa/s)investigated in this study appears to not influence the slip pattern.Unlike those in M shear tests,thermoshearing in both smooth and relatively rough fractures show stable sliding with a very slow peak velocity of around 0.002μm/s.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Research Foundation of Korea[NRF–2019R1A2C2003804,2018H1D3A1A02074733,and 2018R1D1A1B07050008]powered by the Ministry of Science and ICT,Republic of Koreasupported by Ajou Universityresults of the study on the¨Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation+Project,supported by the Ministry of Education and National Research Foundation of Korea。
文摘Perovskite oxides like S rTiO_(3) at the nanoscale are of interest for eme rging applications,including high-k dielectrics and sensors.However,their synthesis requires long calcination at the elevated temperature,which is a barrier of their application to flexible electronics.Here,an effective laser-assisted sol-gel method to patternably produce S rTiO_(3) na noparticles(-100 nm)in selective areas on polyimide substrates(coated with ITO)is introduced.Importantly,the violet-laser power is just 1 W but sufficient to crystallize the material in a short period(a few seconds).Furthermore,developing a flexible device platform using carbon nanotubes(CNT)and SrTiO_(3) nanoparticles for detection of humidity changes at room temperature is proposed.The sensor platform has both capacitive and resistive sensing abilities.The resistive mode with a lower power usage(about 0.2μW)is suitable for long monitoring of humidity in the range of2%RH and above.The capacitive mode with higher sensitivity,faster response/recovery time(1-3 min),and lower detection limit(0.5%RH)can be used for calibration purposes.The performance of the flexible sensor is still maintained after 5000 bending cycles at 1.5-cm radius.Altogether,our synthesis method and the flexible sensor show chances for mass-producing perovskite oxides at low cost for wearable electronics.
基金funding from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210480)the grant from National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing&Finishing Technology(2022GCJJ08).
文摘Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage functions within a single transparent platform.However,significant challenges persist in achieving efficient patterning,ensuring long-term stability,and fast color-switching kinetics for these devices.In this study,heterogeneous tungsten oxide nanowires(W_(17)O_(47)/Na_(0.1)WO_(3),WNOs)are formulated into inkjet printing ink to assemble patternable ZECDs.The heterogeneous electrode structure of WNO enables a highly capacitive-controlled mechanism that promotes fast electrochromic/electrochemical behavior.Notably,by utilizing a three-dimensional MXene mesh modified substrate,the inkjet-printed ZECDs exhibit a wide optical modulation range of 69.13%,rapid color-changing kinetics(t_(c)=4.1 s,t_(b)=5.4 s),and highly reversible capacities of 70 mAh cm^(-2)over 1000 cycles.This scalable strategy develops the patterned electrodes with a wide optical modulation range and substantial energy storage properties,offering promising prospects for their application in next-generation smart electronics.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0715000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51802239,51832004)+1 种基金Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory(Nos.XHT2020-005,XHT2020-003)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of School of Materials Science and Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology(No.CY202031).
文摘Advances in electrochemical energy storage technologies drive the need for battery safety performance and miniaturization,which calls for the easily processable polymer electrolytes suitable for on-chip microbattery technology.However,the low ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes and poor-patternable capabilities hinder their application in microdevices.Herein,we modified SU-8,as the matrix material,by poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)with lithium salts to obtain a patternable lithium-ion polymer electrolyte.Due to the highly amorphous state and more Li-ion transport pathways through blending effect and the increase in number of epoxides,the ionic conductivity of achieved sample is increased by an order of magnitude to 2.9×10^(−4) S·cm^(−1) in comparison with the SU-8 sample at 50°C.The modified SU-8 exhibits good thermal stability(>150°C),mechanical properties(elastic modulus of 1.52 GPa),as well as an electrochemical window of 4.3 V.Half-cell and microdevice were fabricated and tested to verify the possibility of the micro-sized on-chip battery.All of these results demonstrate a promising strategy for the integration of on-chip batteries with microelectronics.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia(RCEECA),the construction and joint research for the China-Tajikistan“Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use(2024YFE0214200)the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Partnership and International Technology Cooperation Plan of Science and Technology Projects(2023E01018,2025E01056)the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(2024VBC0006).
文摘Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).
文摘BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a major global health challenge,with high recurrence and mortality despite advances in surgery,chemotherapy,and immunotherapy.The study by He et al identifies a novel mechanism by which peroxiredoxin 1(Prdx1)inhibits CRC progression through induction of pyroptosis,a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death.Traditionally viewed as an intracellular antioxidant that protects tumors from oxidative stress,Prdx1 assu-mes a paradoxical immunogenic role when released extracellularly as a damageassociated molecular pattern.Using patient samples,recombinant protein assays,and murine xenograft models,the authors demonstrate that Prdx1 activates the NOD-,LRR-and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome/caspase-1/gasdermin D pathway,triggering membrane pore formation,tumor cell lysis,and release of interleukin-1β/interleukin-18.This cascade not only halts tumor proliferation,invasion,and migration but may also enhance anti-tumor immune surveillance.The study’s strengths include rigorous mechanistic validation,clinical cohort data,inhibitor-based causal proof,and in vivo confirmation.However,questions remain regarding the upstream receptor for Prdx1,heterogeneity across CRC subtypes,and the balance between therapeutic benefit and inflammatory toxicity.By establishing Prdx1-induced pyroptosis as a driver of tumor suppression,this work advances a promising paradigm in CRC therapy,linking cell death to immune activation and pointing toward future biomarker-driven,pyroptosis-based interventions.
基金The Science and Technology Basic Resources Survey Project,No.2021FY101002Wetland Protection and Restoration in China Funded by the Palson Institute and Laoniu Foundation,UNDP-GEF Flyway Project,No.PIMS ID:6110。
文摘Effective conservation relies on robust assessments;however,the lack of waterbird data in the Yellow River Basin(YRB)has led to an underestimation of key habitat significance.This study addressed this gap by evaluating YRB wetland conservation importance using waterbirds as indicators and applying Ramsar,Important Bird Areas(IBA),and East Asian-Australasian Flyway(EAAF)criteria.We integrated coordinated surveys with citizen science data,creating a framework that tackles data deficiencies along the under-monitored Central Asian Flyway(CAF).Our analysis identified 75 priority wetlands,supporting 15 threatened species and 49 exceeding global/flyway 1%thresholds,highlighting the basin's biodiversity.We observed strong seasonal habitat use,with high-altitude wetlands vital for breeding and migration,and the Yellow River Delta providing year-round refuge.This research also provided data to refine Baer's Pochard population estimates.Alarmingly,one-third of the identified priority areas,primarily rivers and lakes,remain unprotected.To address this,we recommend systematic surveys,enhanced protected areas,OECMs,and targeted wetland restoration.This study underscores the YRB's role in regional conservation and provides essential data for adaptive management,particularly emphasizing the CAF's importance.
基金Nguyen Tat Thanh University,Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam for supporting this study。
文摘Wing design is a critical factor in the aerodynamic performance of flapping-wing(FW)robots.Inspired by the natural wing structures of insects,bats,and birds,we explored how bio-mimetic wing vein morphologies,combined with a bio-inspired double wing clap-and-fling mechanism,affect thrust generation.This study focused on increasing vertical force and payload capacity.Through systematic experimentation with various vein configurations and structural designs,we developed innovative wings optimized for thrust production.Comprehensive tests were conducted to measure aerodynamic forces,power consumption,and wing kinematics across a range of flapping frequencies.Additionally,wings with different aspect ratios,a key factor in wing design,were fabricated and extensively evaluated.The study also examined the role of bio-inspired vein layouts on wing flexibility,a critical component in improving flight efficiency.Our findings demonstrate that the newly developed wing design led to a 20%increase in thrust,achieving up to 30 g-force(gf).This research sheds light on the clap-and-fling effect and establishes a promising framework for bio-inspired wing design,offering significant improvements in both performance and payload capacity for FW robots.
基金supported by the Laoshan Laboratory[grant number LSKJ202202403]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42030410]+1 种基金additionally supported by the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUISTJiangsu Innovation Research Group[grant number JSSCTD202346]。
文摘Global warming induced by increased CO_(2) has caused marked changes in the ocean.Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity,largely attributable to the diverse sensitivities of surface fluxes.This study utilizes data from the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project to investigate how ocean salinity responds to perturbations of surface fluxes.The findings indicate the emergence of a sea surface salinity(SSS)dipole pattern predominantly in the North Atlantic and Pacific fresh pools,driven by surface flux perturbations.This results in an intensification of the“salty gets saltier and fresh gets fresher”SSS pattern across the global ocean.The spatial pattern amplification(PA)of SSS under global warming is estimated to be approximately 11.5%,with surface water flux perturbations being the most significant contributor to salinity PA,accounting for 8.1% of the change after 70 years in experiments since pre-industrial control(piControl).Notably,the zonal-depth distribution of salinity in the upper ocean exhibits lighter seawater above the denser water,with bowed isopycnals in the upper 400 m.This stable stratification inhibits vertical mixing of salinity and temperature.In response to the flux perturbations,there is a strong positive feedback due to consequent freshening.It is hypothesized that under global warming,an SSS amplification of 7.2%/℃ and a mixed-layer depth amplification of 12.5%/℃ will occur in the global ocean.It suggests that the salinity effect can exert a more stable ocean to hinder the downward transfer of heat,which provides positive feedback to future global warming.
文摘Over the past ten years,numerous papers have been published on the use of indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence in liver surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).There are many different applications.The first involves targeting superficial tumors in patients with macronodular cirrhosis and an irregular liver surface.In a minimally invasive setting,the lack of tactile feedback on the hepatic surface makes detecting subcapsular HCC with ultrasound alone challenging.ICG fusion images can mimic the tactile feedback of the hand and act as an ultrasound booster.ICG fluorescence can be used to evaluate tumor residues after minimally invasive thermal ablation.ICG fluorescence imaging can also be used to identify the grade of HCC early on and evaluate the microinvasive component.
基金supported by the Wearable Platform Materials Technology Center(WMC)funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant by the Korea Government(MSIT)(NRF-2022R1A5A6000846,NRF-2021M3D1A2049869,NRF-2020M3H4A3106405)supported by Nano Material Technology Development Program(2021M3H4A1A04092879)through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT.
文摘Ecoflex is widely used in bioelectronics due to its outstanding properties of low modulus and large stretchability.For its use as an encapsulation layer in multi-channel wearable devices,a patterning procedure is essential.However,conventional patterning strategies for Ecoflex,such as soft lithography,punching,and laser ablation,lack sufficient quality and process compatibility.To address this,we propose a process-compatible method of patterning Ecoflex by developing Photo-patternable Ecoflex(PPE).The PPE layer,used as an encapsulation layer,effectively dissipates strain energy at homogeneous interfaces,resulting in a 50%increase in electrical conductance under 250%strain.Using PPE,we fabricated intrinsically stretchable multi-sensors that monitor bio-signals like glucose,lactate,pH,and humidity in sweat.These sensors maintain durable sensitivity under strain up to 50%and for 1000 cycles at 20%strain.Finally,we mounted these stretchable multi-chemical sensors on an arm to monitor glucose and lactate levels in sweat.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research project (No.2020B0301030004)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (No.2020B1111360003)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42105103)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No.2022A1515011554).
文摘Objective weather classification methods have been extensively applied to identify dominant ozone-favorable synoptic weather patterns(SWPs),however,the consistency of different classification methods is rarely examined.In this study,we apply two widely-used objective methods,the self-organizing map(SOM)and K-means clustering analysis,to derive ozone-favorable SWPs at four Chinese megacities in 2015-2022.We find that the two algorithms are largely consistent in recognizing dominant ozone-favorable SWPs for four Chinese megacities.In the case of classifying six SWPs,the derived circulation fields are highly similar with a spatial correlation of 0.99 between the two methods,and the difference in themean frequency of each SWP is less than 7%.The six dominant ozone-favorable SWPs in Guangzhou are all characterized by anomaly higher radiation and temperature,lower cloud cover,relative humidity,and wind speed,and stronger subsidence compared to climatology mean.We find that during 2015-2022,the occurrence of ozone-favorable SWPs days increases significantly at a rate of 3.2 days/year,faster than the increases in the ozone exceedance days(3.0 days/year).The interannual variability between the occurrence of ozone-favorable SWPs and ozone exceedance days are generally consistent with a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.6.In particular,the significant increase in ozone-favorable SWPs in 2022,especially the Subtropical High type which typically occurs in September,is consistent with a long-lasting ozone pollution episode in Guangzhou during September 2022.Our results thus reveal that enhanced frequency of ozone-favorable SWPs plays an important role in the observed 2015-2022 ozone increase in Guangzhou.
基金National Social Science Foundation Program,No.22VRC163National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42061043+1 种基金Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,No.KYCX24_1008Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education,No.YCSW2024473。
文摘Clarifying the mechanisms that control the evolution of territorial space patterns is essential for regulating and optimizing the geographical structure and processes related to sustainable development.Using the Guangdong and Guangxi sections of the Pearl River Basin as examples,the transfer-matrix method and standard deviation ellipse model were applied to characterize the evolution of territorial space patterns from 1990 to 2020.A trend surface analysis and the Theil index were used to analyze regional differences in the evolution process,and geodetectors were used to identify the underlying mechanisms of the changes.There were three key results.(1)In these critical areas of the Pearl River Basin,agricultural and ecological spaces have rapidly declined due to urban expansion,with transfers between these spaces dominating the evolution of territorial space patterns.Spatial pattern changes in the Guangdong section were more intense than in the Guangxi section.(2)Regional differences in urban space have decreased,whereas differences in agricultural and ecological spaces have intensified.Driven by socio-economic growth,the cross-regional transfers of territorial space have created a“high in the east,while low in the west”inter-regional difference,and a“high in the south,while low in the north”intra-regional difference shaped by natural conditions.The regional differences in space patterns were greater in Guangdong than in Guangxi.(3)The evolution of watershed territorial space patterns resulted from scale changes,locational shifts,structural reorganizations,and directional changes driven by multiple factors.Natural environment,social life,economic development,and policy factors played foundational,leading,key driving,and guiding roles,respectively.Additionally,the regional differences in the evolution of watershed territorial space patterns originated from the differential transmission of the influence of various factors affecting spatial evolution.Enhancing urban space efficiency,restructuring agricultural space,and optimizing ecological space are key strategies for building a complementary and synergistic territorial space pattern in the basin.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.52130505)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LD24E050005)+1 种基金Ningbo Key Scientific and Technological Project of China(Grant No.2022Z040)Academic Excellence Foundation of BUAA for PhD Students.
文摘Permanent-magnet(PM)machines are the important driving components of various mechanical equipment and industrial applications,such as robot joints,aerospace equipment,electric vehicles,actuators,wind generators and electric traction systems.The PM machines are usually expected to have high torque/power density,low torque ripple,reduced rotor mass,a large constant power speed range or strong anti-magnetization capability to match different requirements of industrial applications.The structural topology of the electric machines,including stator/rotor arrangements and magnet patterns of rotor,is one major concern to improve their electromagnetic performance.However,systematic reviews of structural topology are seldom found in literature.Therefore,the objective of this paper is to summarize the stator/rotor arrangements and magnet patterns of the permanent-magnet brushless machines,in depth.Specifically,the stator/rotor arrangements of the PM machines including radial-flux,axialflux and emerging hybrid axial-radial flux configurations are presented,and pros and cons of these topologies are discussed regarding their electromagnetic performance.The magnet patterns including various surface-mounted and interior magnet patterns,such as parallel magnetization pole pattern,Halbach arrays,spoke-type designs and their variants are summarized,and the characteristics of those magnet patterns in terms of flux-focusing effect,magnetic self-shielding effect,torque ripple,reluctance torque,magnet utilization ratio,and anti-demagnetization capability are compared.This paper can provide guidance and suggestion for the structure selection and design of PM brushless machines for high-performance industrial applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62374142,12175189 and 11904302)External Cooperation Program of Fujian(2022I0004)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720190005 and 20720220085)Major Science and Technology Project of Xiamen in China(3502Z20191015).
文摘The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and mixed reality applications.Alongside the controlled synthesis of high-performance QDs,a reliable QD patterning technology is crucial in overcoming this challenge.Among the various methods available,photolithography-based patterning technologies show great potentials in producing ultra-fine QD patterns at micron scale.This review article presents the recent advancements in the field of QD patterning using photolithography techniques and explores their applications in micro-display technology.Firstly,we discuss QD patterning through photolithography techniques employing photoresist(PR),which falls into two categories:PRassisted photolithography and photolithography of QDPR.Subsequently,direct photolithography techniques based on photo-induced crosslinking of photosensitive groups and photo-induced ligand cleavage mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed.Meanwhile,we assess the performance of QD arrays fabricated using these photolithography techniques and their integration into QD light emitting diode display devices as well as color conversionbased micro light emitting diode display devices.Lastly,we summarize the most recent developments in this field and outline future prospects.
基金funded by the Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Joint Special Fund Project(2019FH001(-052))Cangshan Mountain Synthetic Scientific Expeditions Fund.
文摘The Hengduan Mountains,situated on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,are the longest and widest north-south-oriented mountain range in China,exerting a significant influence on the ecological and geographical pattern.Understanding the topographic and geomorphological characteristics of the Hengduan Mountains is fundamental and crucial for research in related fields such as ecology,geography,and sustainability.In this study,Digital Elevation Model(DEM)data were utilized to extract and analyze the topography and geomorphology(TG)pattern.TG maps have been developed to quantitatively classify the TG types in the Hengduan Mountains by combining the five factors of elevation,slope,aspect,relief and landform.The spatial distribution and quantitative characteristics of these factors were mapped and investigated using geographic information systems.The results revealed that:(1)The Hengduan Mountains exhibit an elongated north-south distribution,with an average elevation of approximately 3746 m,an average slope of around 25°,and an average relief of about 266 m.(2)The Hengduan Mountains display significant elevation differences,with an overall high elevation,characterized by a trend of lower elevation in the east and higher elevation in the west,as well as irregular orientations of various aspects.(3)The 19 landform types were identified,the landform types of the Hengduan Mountains are primarily composed of low-relief high-mountains(42.0618%),low-relief mid-mountains(22.4624%),and high-elevation hills(20.5839%).The results of the study can provide data and information support for the ecology,environmental protection and sustainable development of the Hengduan Mountains.
基金supported by the projects of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2300202)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20241543)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272213,32030076,U1803235,and 32021004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(XUEKEN2023013)the Jiangsu Innovation Support Program for International Science and Technology Cooperation Project,China(BZ2023049)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(22)1006)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China(JCIC-MCP)。
文摘Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing plants to resist recurrent severe drought stress.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we subjected wheat plants to drought priming during the vegetative growth stage and to severe drought stress at 10 days after anthesis.We then collected leaf samples at the ends of the drought priming and recovery periods,and at the end of drought stress for transcriptome sequencing in combination with phenotypic and physiological analyses.The drought-primed wheat plants maintained a lower plant temperature,with higher stomatal openness and photosynthesis,thereby resulting in much lower 1,000-grain weight and grain yield losses under the later drought stress than the non-primed plants.Interestingly,416 genes,including 27 transcription factors(e.g.,MYB,NAC,HSF),seemed to be closely related to the improved drought tolerance as indicated by the dynamic transcriptome analysis.Moreover,the candidate genes showed six temporal expression patterns and were significantly enriched in several stress response related pathways,such as plant hormone signal transduction,starch and sucrose metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,inositol phosphate metabolism,and wax synthesis.These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the long-term effects of early drought priming that can effectively improve drought tolerance in wheat,and may provide potential approaches for addressing the challenges of increasing abiotic stresses and securing food safety under global warming scenarios.
基金supported by the International Collaborative Research Program(fundamental research,2021-2023)funded by Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology(KICT).
文摘Rock fractures or faults could be reactivated by the thermal stress generated during the decay process of the high-level radioactive waste in deep geological repositories(DGRs).Understanding thermoshearing behavior and its influencing factors are important for the long-term performance assessment of DGRs.We designed multistage mechanical(M)shear tests and thermomechanical(TM)shear tests on three 100 mm-cubic granite specimens,each containing a single inclined sawcut fracture with distinct microroughness of 8-15μm.M test results have shown that the static friction coefficient of the granite fracture decreases in proportion to the increase in the logarithm of the loading rate within the range of 1-15 kPa/s.For the given heating and boundary conditions,thermal loading rate,i.e.,thermal stress increment with heating time,is measured to be around 1 kPa/s in the fractured granite.Thermoshearing can be well predicted by the linear Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope deduced from M shear tests employing a loading rate that is comparable with the thermal loading rate.The granite fractures exhibited two distinct slip patterns during the mechanical shearing,i.e.,stick-slip observed in the smooth fracture and stable sliding in the relatively rough surface.In contrast,the mechanical loading rate(1-15 kPa/s)investigated in this study appears to not influence the slip pattern.Unlike those in M shear tests,thermoshearing in both smooth and relatively rough fractures show stable sliding with a very slow peak velocity of around 0.002μm/s.
