Perovskite oxides like S rTiO_(3) at the nanoscale are of interest for eme rging applications,including high-k dielectrics and sensors.However,their synthesis requires long calcination at the elevated temperature,whic...Perovskite oxides like S rTiO_(3) at the nanoscale are of interest for eme rging applications,including high-k dielectrics and sensors.However,their synthesis requires long calcination at the elevated temperature,which is a barrier of their application to flexible electronics.Here,an effective laser-assisted sol-gel method to patternably produce S rTiO_(3) na noparticles(-100 nm)in selective areas on polyimide substrates(coated with ITO)is introduced.Importantly,the violet-laser power is just 1 W but sufficient to crystallize the material in a short period(a few seconds).Furthermore,developing a flexible device platform using carbon nanotubes(CNT)and SrTiO_(3) nanoparticles for detection of humidity changes at room temperature is proposed.The sensor platform has both capacitive and resistive sensing abilities.The resistive mode with a lower power usage(about 0.2μW)is suitable for long monitoring of humidity in the range of2%RH and above.The capacitive mode with higher sensitivity,faster response/recovery time(1-3 min),and lower detection limit(0.5%RH)can be used for calibration purposes.The performance of the flexible sensor is still maintained after 5000 bending cycles at 1.5-cm radius.Altogether,our synthesis method and the flexible sensor show chances for mass-producing perovskite oxides at low cost for wearable electronics.展开更多
Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage funct...Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage functions within a single transparent platform.However,significant challenges persist in achieving efficient patterning,ensuring long-term stability,and fast color-switching kinetics for these devices.In this study,heterogeneous tungsten oxide nanowires(W_(17)O_(47)/Na_(0.1)WO_(3),WNOs)are formulated into inkjet printing ink to assemble patternable ZECDs.The heterogeneous electrode structure of WNO enables a highly capacitive-controlled mechanism that promotes fast electrochromic/electrochemical behavior.Notably,by utilizing a three-dimensional MXene mesh modified substrate,the inkjet-printed ZECDs exhibit a wide optical modulation range of 69.13%,rapid color-changing kinetics(t_(c)=4.1 s,t_(b)=5.4 s),and highly reversible capacities of 70 mAh cm^(-2)over 1000 cycles.This scalable strategy develops the patterned electrodes with a wide optical modulation range and substantial energy storage properties,offering promising prospects for their application in next-generation smart electronics.展开更多
Advances in electrochemical energy storage technologies drive the need for battery safety performance and miniaturization,which calls for the easily processable polymer electrolytes suitable for on-chip microbattery t...Advances in electrochemical energy storage technologies drive the need for battery safety performance and miniaturization,which calls for the easily processable polymer electrolytes suitable for on-chip microbattery technology.However,the low ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes and poor-patternable capabilities hinder their application in microdevices.Herein,we modified SU-8,as the matrix material,by poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)with lithium salts to obtain a patternable lithium-ion polymer electrolyte.Due to the highly amorphous state and more Li-ion transport pathways through blending effect and the increase in number of epoxides,the ionic conductivity of achieved sample is increased by an order of magnitude to 2.9×10^(−4) S·cm^(−1) in comparison with the SU-8 sample at 50°C.The modified SU-8 exhibits good thermal stability(>150°C),mechanical properties(elastic modulus of 1.52 GPa),as well as an electrochemical window of 4.3 V.Half-cell and microdevice were fabricated and tested to verify the possibility of the micro-sized on-chip battery.All of these results demonstrate a promising strategy for the integration of on-chip batteries with microelectronics.展开更多
Interplay between topology and magnetism can give rise to exotic properties in topological materials.Two-dimensional bismuth has been extensively studied owing to its topological states with a strong spin-orbit coupli...Interplay between topology and magnetism can give rise to exotic properties in topological materials.Two-dimensional bismuth has been extensively studied owing to its topological states with a strong spin-orbit coupling,and 1T-VTe_(2)monolayer theoretically predicted to host an intrinsic magnetism as experimentally suggested.In this work,we successfully constructed a vertical heterostructure composed of the two-dimensional Bi(110)monolayer and 1T-VTe_(2)monolayer by using molecular beam epitaxy(MBE).Scanning tunneling microscopy(STM)measurements revealed that the growth of Bi preferably occurs along the step edges of the VTe_(2)monolayer,forming a Bi(110)monolayer on top of the VTe_(2)monolayer next to a peripheral Bi bilayer.The Bi(100)/VTe_(2)heterostructure exhibits a specific lattice registry with a well-defined moiréperiodicity.Scanning tunneling spectroscopy(STS)measurements further unveiled an universal suppression in the local density-of-states at the boundary of the Bi(110)/VTe_(2)bilayer.By examining the atomic structures of Bi(110)boundaries,we found this effect does not originate from the previously proposed atomic reconstruction at the step edge of Bi(110),but is likely related to the magnetic properties of the VTe_(2)monolayer.展开更多
Xishui National Forest Park in Heilongjiang Province hosts China's most pristine temperate forests and serves as a key site for ecotourism and forest therapy.However,the emission patterns of phytoncides(key bio ac...Xishui National Forest Park in Heilongjiang Province hosts China's most pristine temperate forests and serves as a key site for ecotourism and forest therapy.However,the emission patterns of phytoncides(key bio active compounds) remain poorly understood,limiting their therapeutic application.This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of spatiotemporal dynamics in airborne phytoncides and their synergistic interactions with environmental factors throughout the autumn-early spring seasonal transition in a temperate forest ecosystem.We analyzed the compositional dynamics of phytoncides and terpenoid content variations using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(TD-GC-MS) from September 2024 to March 2025.This period encompassed seasonal transitions from autumn to early spring,including diurnal variations in September and snowfall events in November.The method demonstrated detection limits(LODs) ranging from 1.35 to 5.33 ng m-3 and quantification limits(LOQs) from 4.09 to 16.15 ng m-3.Our results revealed pronounced seasonal fluctuations in phytoncide composition.In September,terpenoids,esters,alcohols,and alkanes displayed a diurnal "decrease-increase" trend,whereas aldehydes and ketones peaked at midday.Notably,esters and alcohols were undetectable in November and January.By January,terpenoids reached their lowest proportion(0.17±0.02%) at noon.Five terpenoids(α-pinene,myrcene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) were detected in September,four(α-pinene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) in November,two(D-limonene,p-cymene) in January,and only p-cymene in March.The total concentration and emission rate of the five terpenoids peaked in September afternoons at 1961.58±106.67 ng m^(-3) and653.86±35.56 ng m^(-3) h^(-1),respectively.Nocturnal emissions(32131.95±2522.21 ng m^(-3)) significantly surpassed daytime levels(14473.04±958.49 ng m^(-3)),with emission rates escalating from 1447.30±95.85 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(day) to 5355.33±420.37 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(night),marking a3.7-fold increase.Snowfall dramatically elevated terpenoid concentrations(pre-snowfall:158.58±14.12 ng m^(-3);post-snowfall:1080.57±57.76 ng m^(-3)) and emission rates(pre-snowfall:52.86±4.71 ng m^(-3) h^(-1);post-snowfall:360.19±19.25 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)),reflecting a 6.8-fold surge.This study underscores the profound influence of light intensity,seasonal shifts,and climatic conditions on airborne phytoncide levels,offering a scientific foundation for optimizing forest therapy and ecotourism strategies.展开更多
Dear Editor,Understanding patterns of species diversity is a primary research focus in macroecology,with its distribution patterns having been described and theoretically validated on a global scale(Peters et al.,2016...Dear Editor,Understanding patterns of species diversity is a primary research focus in macroecology,with its distribution patterns having been described and theoretically validated on a global scale(Peters et al.,2016;Sonne et al.,2025).Numerous studies have found that species richness of different taxa tends to decrease with increasing elevation and is modulated by latitudinal gradients(Peters et al.,2016;Dolson et al.,2024).This principle provides a crucial scientific basis for regional conservation planning.However,it still exhibits significant variations across different mountain ranges and taxa.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is a holistic medical system that classifies and treats diseases based on the concept of patterns.These patterns describe the pathophysiological process of a disease at a specific stag...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is a holistic medical system that classifies and treats diseases based on the concept of patterns.These patterns describe the pathophysiological process of a disease at a specific stage,reflecting both external signs and internal features.TCM patterns are central to pattern differentiation,treatment,clinical practice,and theoretical development in TCM.However,scientific explanation of TCM patterns remains limited because of subjective diagnostic criteria,the absence of a standardized experimental medical system,and unclear biological mechanisms,which restrict the modernization and globalization of TCM.Addressing challenges such as strong subjectivity in diagnosis,lack of standardized experimental systems,and unclear biological mechanisms is necessary to clarify the scientific meaning of TCM patterns and to provide technical approaches for the modernization and globalization of TCM.A strategy focused on“pathogenic factors,genetic predisposition,and disease progression stages”was adopted.This approach included the following:(Ⅰ)constructing disease-pattern integrated biological models with animal models,organoids,and multi-organ chips;(Ⅱ)applying multi-omics technologies,such as spatial omics,single-cell omics,and dynamic metabolic flux omics;(Ⅲ)using artificial intelligence(AI)and big data for data integration and prediction of pattern evolution;and(Ⅳ)validating formula–pattern associations through the“pattern differentiation through formula efficacy”approach.These strategies directly address the main obstacles in TCM pattern research by providing objective,quantifiable,and reproducible methodologies.Constructing disease-pattern integrated models enabled cross-scale research platforms.Applying multi-omics technologies allowed analysis of complex biological bases.AI and big data approaches addressed challenges related to heterogeneous data.The“formula-based pattern differentiation”approach supported precise interventions and the development of new drugs.This interdisciplinary framework advances TCM pattern research by moving from empirical description to objective quantification.By integrating innovative approaches,the study establishes a foundation for systematic,evidence-based TCM diagnosis and treatment,supporting accuracy and promoting international recognition and modernization of TCM.The study shows that combining multi-omics technologies,AI-driven data analysis,and disease-pattern models enables objective quantification of TCM patterns and clarifies their biological mechanisms.展开更多
Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in ...Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in the middle reaches has degraded water quality.Rapid urbanization has further caused habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss.Collectively,these challenges threaten human well-being and hinder sustainable development,making the construction and optimization of an ecological security pattern(ESP)urgently necessary.However,existing studies often fail to systematically integrate future landscape ecological risk(LER)assessment with ESP optimization.This study evaluated regional LER using the“ecological patches-ecological resistance surface(ERS)-ecological corridor”framework,combined with land-use predictions under three development scenarios,and optimized the ESP by adjusting the ERS and extracting ecological corridors.The results indicate that the LER in the WRB follows an“inverted N”distribution,with low-risk areas concentrated in forested mountain regions and high-risk areas mainly in cultivated land subject to intensive human activity.Across future scenarios,ESPs showed fewer ecological breakpoints and improved landscape connectivity than the 2020 baseline.Scenario-based differences emerged in the spatial configuration of ERS adjustments,with the ecological protection scenario yielding the lowest LER and most favorable ESP.This study demonstrates the deep integration of multi-scenario simulation with LER assessment,providing a new framework for ESP optimization.The findings have guiding significance for ecological protection and coordinated development in the WRB and offer a novel paradigm for sustainable development in ecologically fragile basins worldwide.展开更多
Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 s...Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.展开更多
This study presents a teaching reform for the Object-oriented Software Construction(OOSC)course by integrating outcome-based education(OBE)and the BOPPPS(bridge-In,objectives,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post...This study presents a teaching reform for the Object-oriented Software Construction(OOSC)course by integrating outcome-based education(OBE)and the BOPPPS(bridge-In,objectives,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post-assessment,summary)instructional model.The reform addresses the gap between syntax-based programming instruction and the need for higher-level skills in abstraction,modularity,and software architecture.The course is anchored in a semester-long,project-based learning platform centered on a Java-based Aircraft Battle Game,progressing through six iterative experiments.Each experiment targets specific competencies within the structured BOPPPS teaching cycle and is aligned with specific OBE learning outcomes.A case study on the Factory Pattern illustrates how the BOPPPS model fosters conceptual understanding and practical application.Evaluation results from the 2023 and 2024 spring semesters show improved outcomes:Project completion rose from 87%to 95%,37%of students implemented innovative features,and average final grades increased by 7%.The results affirm that the OBE+BOPPPS integration strengthens engagement,deepens understanding,and equips students with real-world software development competencies.展开更多
A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforat...A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforation can release part of the in-plane thermal expansion to weaken the softening effect of thermal stress.Introducing precurved components to the perforated structure will stop the decrement of the bandgap frequency in thermal environment,and even make the frequency higher with appropriate structural parameters.The bending stiffness of the heated plate is enhanced by the thermal deflection induced stiffening effect of the pre-curved components.The segmented pre-curved component presents a strong ability to resist the thermal influence on the flexural wave bandgap.A simplified model is established for the local structure of the precurved component.The theoretical calculations explain the thermally induced frequency increment of the bandgap and the discrepancy in the thermal response between the two pre-curved models.The transmittance of flexural wave validates the effectiveness of the proposed design.展开更多
The competitor,stress tolerator,and ruderal strategy(CSR)framework has been widely applied to explain ecological processes across species.However,its utility in revealing intra-specific trade-offs and genetic adaptati...The competitor,stress tolerator,and ruderal strategy(CSR)framework has been widely applied to explain ecological processes across species.However,its utility in revealing intra-specific trade-offs and genetic adaptation to climate remains unclear.In this study,we examined whether the CSR strategy estimated by leaf traits can identify adaptations to climate in the common reed Phragmites australis.For this purpose,we integrated functional trait data from field surveys and a three-year common garden experiment to compare CSR scores between two typical populations of P.australis from western and eastern China.We further assessed the associations of CSR scores with latitude,bioclimatic factors,and phylogeographical sources using a global dataset including two invaded lineages in the North America.We found that competitor scores were positively correlated with latitude,whereas stress tolerator scores were negatively correlated.Competitor scores were positively correlated with bioclimatic factors,even when controlling for phylogeny.All CSR scores displayed significant phylogenetic signals,with the invasive lineage in the higher latitudes(haplotype M)exhibiting higher stress tolerator scores than the native lineage.Differences in competitor and stress tolerator scores between western and eastern Chinese populations of P.australis were consistent across field and common garden experiments.Although intra-species variation in CSR strategy may be influenced by phylogenetic history,our finding that CSR strategy in P.australis populations is correlated with latitude suggests these plants have adapted to local climates along a latitudinal gradient.展开更多
Dear Editor,Mountain systems have long been refuges for many species,often viewed as"islands"that promote speciation due to geographic isolation(Rahbek et al.,2019).Their high environmental heterogeneity fos...Dear Editor,Mountain systems have long been refuges for many species,often viewed as"islands"that promote speciation due to geographic isolation(Rahbek et al.,2019).Their high environmental heterogeneity fosters centers of endemism,and they harbor over 85%of global species diversity(Zhao et al.,2022).Consequently,mountains are key systems for exploring biodiversity patterns along elevational gradients,where species richness often follows four recognized models:monotonic decrease,unimodal pattern(forward and backward peak patterns),and low plateau followed by a decrease along the elevational gradient(McCain et al.,2010).展开更多
Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges...Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).展开更多
Scattering obscures information carried by waves by producing speckle patterns,posing a fundamental challenge across diverse fields,from microscopy to astronomy.Although machine learning has recently shown promise in ...Scattering obscures information carried by waves by producing speckle patterns,posing a fundamental challenge across diverse fields,from microscopy to astronomy.Although machine learning has recently shown promise in speckle analysis,existing approaches are hindered by their dependence on large,labeled datasets—a significant bottleneck in many real-world applications.Here,we introduce speckle unsupervised recognition and evaluation(SURE),a groundbreaking unsupervised learning strategy for speckle recognition that eliminates the need for labeled training data.SURE's distinctive feature lies in its ability to extract invariant features through advanced clustering algorithms to enable direct classification of high-level information from speckle patterns without prior knowledge.We demonstrate the transformative potential of this approach in two key applications:(1)a noninvasive glucose monitoring system that accurately tracks glucose concentrations over time without extensive calibration and(2)a high-throughput communication system using multimode fibers,achieving improved performance in dynamic environments.In addition,we showcase SURE's unprecedented capability to classify objects hidden behind obstacles using scattered light,further broadening its scope.This versatile approach opens new frontiers in biomedical diagnostics,quantum network decoupling,and remote sensing,unlocking a transformative new paradigm for extracting information from seemingly random optical patterns.展开更多
The performance of data restore is one of the key indicators of user experience for backup storage systems.Compared to the traditional offline restore process,online restore reduces downtime during backup restoration,...The performance of data restore is one of the key indicators of user experience for backup storage systems.Compared to the traditional offline restore process,online restore reduces downtime during backup restoration,allowing users to operate on already restored files while other files are still being restored.This approach improves availability during restoration tasks but suffers from a critical limitation:inconsistencies between the access sequence and the restore sequence.In many cases,the file a user needs to access at a given moment may not yet be restored,resulting in significant delays and poor user experience.To this end,we present Histore,which builds on the user’s historical access sequence to schedule the restore sequence,in order to reduce users’access delayed time.Histore includes three restore approaches:(i)the frequency-based approach,which restores files based on historical file access frequencies and prioritizes ensuring the availability of frequently accessed files;(ii)the graph-based approach,which preferentially restores the frequently accessed files as well as their correlated files based on historical access patterns,and(iii)the trie-based approach,which restores particular files based on both users’real-time and historical access patterns to deduce and restore the files to be accessed in the near future.We implement a prototype of Histore and evaluate its performance from multiple perspectives.Trace-driven experiments on two datasets show that Histore significantly reduces users’delay time by 4-700×with only 1.0%-14.5%additional performance overhead.展开更多
Enhancing the kinetic stability of glasses typically requires deepening their thermodynamic stability,which increases structural rigidity and degrades ductility;decoupling these properties remains a major challenge.He...Enhancing the kinetic stability of glasses typically requires deepening their thermodynamic stability,which increases structural rigidity and degrades ductility;decoupling these properties remains a major challenge.Here,we demonstrate that spatial patterning in metallic glasses produces exceptional kinetic ultrastability that coexists with a thermodynamically metastable,high-energy state and excellent plasticity.Guided by atomistic simulations using replica exchange molecular dynamics and machine learning interatomic potentials,we reveal that oxygen,through reaction-diffusion-coupled pattern dynamics,self-organizes into oxygen-centered pinned structures(OPSs)that serve as localized kinetic constraints.These motifs drastically slow structural relaxation,delivering kinetic stability comparable to ultrastable glasses even as the system retains the high inherent energy of rapidly quenched states.The OPSs’topology yields a spatially uniform activation of plastic events,promoting strain delocalization under mechanical load.By geometrically tailoring oxygen patterns,we increase the glass transition onset temperature(Tonset)by about 200 K with negligible loss of deformability.Our findings establish a practicable paradigm for decoupling kinetic and thermodynamic stability and point to a scalable,additive route for designing amorphous materials that combine hyperstability with plasticity.展开更多
The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.),examinin...The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.),examining their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,gene structures,and syntenic relationships.The analysis identified 54 Ah PR10 genes,which were classified into eight groups based on phylogenetic relationships,supported by gene structure and conserved motif characterization.Analysis of chromosomal distribution and synteny demonstrated that segmental duplications played a crucial role in the expansion of the Ah PR10 gene family.The identified Ah PR10 genes exhibited both constitutive and inducible expression patterns.Significantly,Ah PR10-7,Ah PR10-33,and Ah PR10-41 demonstrated potential importance in peanut resistance to Aspergillus flavus.In vitro fungistatic experiments demonstrated that recombinant Ah PR10-33 effectively inhibited A.flavus mycelial growth.These findings provide valuable insights for future investigations into Ah PR10 functions in protecting peanut from A.flavus infection.展开更多
Fire is a fundamental ecological driver shaping natural vegetation patterns.In the semi-arid southern Espinal-Monte ecotone of Argentina,the spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence related to and modulated by clima...Fire is a fundamental ecological driver shaping natural vegetation patterns.In the semi-arid southern Espinal-Monte ecotone of Argentina,the spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence related to and modulated by climatic gradients and antecedent conditions are not well researched.This study examined fire occurrence in the semi-arid southern Espinal-Monte ecotone(southeastern La Pampa,northeastern Río Negro,and southwestern Buenos Aires with an area of 68×103 km2)of Argentina,a key environmental transition zone with pronounced climatic and vegetation gradients.The objective was to identify the spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence and their relationship with climatic variables.Thermal anomaly(TA)data from the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer;MOD14)sensor(November 2000–March 2020)with confidence levels>65.0%were analyzed.Climatic variables(rainfall isohyets and aridity indices)were obtained from the WorldClim datasets,and annual meteorological conditions(rainfall and potential evapotranspiration)were calculated using the climatic research unit(CRU)database.Monthly data and moving averages of rainfall and aridity indices from distinct periods(two and three years preceding fire events)were integrated.Spatial analysis was conducted using kernel density estimation on a 10 km×10 km grid to correlate TA with climatic gradients,while linear regression examined relationships between summer TA and meteorological variables over different periods.Results showed that the highest fire occurrence was recorded in summer,with peaks in December and January.Spatially,55.0%of TA occurred in areas with annual rainfall of 300–400 mm,and 64.5%in areas with an aridity index of 0.3–0.4,forming an arc-like distribution in the center of the ecotone.The highest TA densities were observed in southeastern La Pampa and northeastern Río Negro,decreasing toward southwestern Buenos Aires.Significant correlations(R2>0.700)were found among TA accumulation,aridity index values,and cumulative rainfall from previous two and three years,at both vegetation unit and provincial levels.Summer was the critical season for fire occurrence,with spatial distribution primarily determined by the interaction between climatic conditions and woody biomass availability.The lower fire incidence in southwestern Buenos Aires was linked to sparse woody vegetation and agricultural expansion,which reduced fuel load.These findings reinforce that fuel availability,modulated by climatic conditions from previous years,is a key limiting factor for fire dynamics in this area,and that human activities such as agriculture and grazing alter fire regimes by affecting fuel structure and continuity.展开更多
Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)g...Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Research Foundation of Korea[NRF–2019R1A2C2003804,2018H1D3A1A02074733,and 2018R1D1A1B07050008]powered by the Ministry of Science and ICT,Republic of Koreasupported by Ajou Universityresults of the study on the¨Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation+Project,supported by the Ministry of Education and National Research Foundation of Korea。
文摘Perovskite oxides like S rTiO_(3) at the nanoscale are of interest for eme rging applications,including high-k dielectrics and sensors.However,their synthesis requires long calcination at the elevated temperature,which is a barrier of their application to flexible electronics.Here,an effective laser-assisted sol-gel method to patternably produce S rTiO_(3) na noparticles(-100 nm)in selective areas on polyimide substrates(coated with ITO)is introduced.Importantly,the violet-laser power is just 1 W but sufficient to crystallize the material in a short period(a few seconds).Furthermore,developing a flexible device platform using carbon nanotubes(CNT)and SrTiO_(3) nanoparticles for detection of humidity changes at room temperature is proposed.The sensor platform has both capacitive and resistive sensing abilities.The resistive mode with a lower power usage(about 0.2μW)is suitable for long monitoring of humidity in the range of2%RH and above.The capacitive mode with higher sensitivity,faster response/recovery time(1-3 min),and lower detection limit(0.5%RH)can be used for calibration purposes.The performance of the flexible sensor is still maintained after 5000 bending cycles at 1.5-cm radius.Altogether,our synthesis method and the flexible sensor show chances for mass-producing perovskite oxides at low cost for wearable electronics.
基金funding from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210480)the grant from National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing&Finishing Technology(2022GCJJ08).
文摘Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage functions within a single transparent platform.However,significant challenges persist in achieving efficient patterning,ensuring long-term stability,and fast color-switching kinetics for these devices.In this study,heterogeneous tungsten oxide nanowires(W_(17)O_(47)/Na_(0.1)WO_(3),WNOs)are formulated into inkjet printing ink to assemble patternable ZECDs.The heterogeneous electrode structure of WNO enables a highly capacitive-controlled mechanism that promotes fast electrochromic/electrochemical behavior.Notably,by utilizing a three-dimensional MXene mesh modified substrate,the inkjet-printed ZECDs exhibit a wide optical modulation range of 69.13%,rapid color-changing kinetics(t_(c)=4.1 s,t_(b)=5.4 s),and highly reversible capacities of 70 mAh cm^(-2)over 1000 cycles.This scalable strategy develops the patterned electrodes with a wide optical modulation range and substantial energy storage properties,offering promising prospects for their application in next-generation smart electronics.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0715000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51802239,51832004)+1 种基金Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory(Nos.XHT2020-005,XHT2020-003)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of School of Materials Science and Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology(No.CY202031).
文摘Advances in electrochemical energy storage technologies drive the need for battery safety performance and miniaturization,which calls for the easily processable polymer electrolytes suitable for on-chip microbattery technology.However,the low ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes and poor-patternable capabilities hinder their application in microdevices.Herein,we modified SU-8,as the matrix material,by poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)with lithium salts to obtain a patternable lithium-ion polymer electrolyte.Due to the highly amorphous state and more Li-ion transport pathways through blending effect and the increase in number of epoxides,the ionic conductivity of achieved sample is increased by an order of magnitude to 2.9×10^(−4) S·cm^(−1) in comparison with the SU-8 sample at 50°C.The modified SU-8 exhibits good thermal stability(>150°C),mechanical properties(elastic modulus of 1.52 GPa),as well as an electrochemical window of 4.3 V.Half-cell and microdevice were fabricated and tested to verify the possibility of the micro-sized on-chip battery.All of these results demonstrate a promising strategy for the integration of on-chip batteries with microelectronics.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA1400403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12374183,92165205)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20233001)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0302800)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.020414380207).
文摘Interplay between topology and magnetism can give rise to exotic properties in topological materials.Two-dimensional bismuth has been extensively studied owing to its topological states with a strong spin-orbit coupling,and 1T-VTe_(2)monolayer theoretically predicted to host an intrinsic magnetism as experimentally suggested.In this work,we successfully constructed a vertical heterostructure composed of the two-dimensional Bi(110)monolayer and 1T-VTe_(2)monolayer by using molecular beam epitaxy(MBE).Scanning tunneling microscopy(STM)measurements revealed that the growth of Bi preferably occurs along the step edges of the VTe_(2)monolayer,forming a Bi(110)monolayer on top of the VTe_(2)monolayer next to a peripheral Bi bilayer.The Bi(100)/VTe_(2)heterostructure exhibits a specific lattice registry with a well-defined moiréperiodicity.Scanning tunneling spectroscopy(STS)measurements further unveiled an universal suppression in the local density-of-states at the boundary of the Bi(110)/VTe_(2)bilayer.By examining the atomic structures of Bi(110)boundaries,we found this effect does not originate from the previously proposed atomic reconstruction at the step edge of Bi(110),but is likely related to the magnetic properties of the VTe_(2)monolayer.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Plan Project of Heilongjiang Province (2022ZX02C13)。
文摘Xishui National Forest Park in Heilongjiang Province hosts China's most pristine temperate forests and serves as a key site for ecotourism and forest therapy.However,the emission patterns of phytoncides(key bio active compounds) remain poorly understood,limiting their therapeutic application.This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of spatiotemporal dynamics in airborne phytoncides and their synergistic interactions with environmental factors throughout the autumn-early spring seasonal transition in a temperate forest ecosystem.We analyzed the compositional dynamics of phytoncides and terpenoid content variations using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(TD-GC-MS) from September 2024 to March 2025.This period encompassed seasonal transitions from autumn to early spring,including diurnal variations in September and snowfall events in November.The method demonstrated detection limits(LODs) ranging from 1.35 to 5.33 ng m-3 and quantification limits(LOQs) from 4.09 to 16.15 ng m-3.Our results revealed pronounced seasonal fluctuations in phytoncide composition.In September,terpenoids,esters,alcohols,and alkanes displayed a diurnal "decrease-increase" trend,whereas aldehydes and ketones peaked at midday.Notably,esters and alcohols were undetectable in November and January.By January,terpenoids reached their lowest proportion(0.17±0.02%) at noon.Five terpenoids(α-pinene,myrcene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) were detected in September,four(α-pinene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) in November,two(D-limonene,p-cymene) in January,and only p-cymene in March.The total concentration and emission rate of the five terpenoids peaked in September afternoons at 1961.58±106.67 ng m^(-3) and653.86±35.56 ng m^(-3) h^(-1),respectively.Nocturnal emissions(32131.95±2522.21 ng m^(-3)) significantly surpassed daytime levels(14473.04±958.49 ng m^(-3)),with emission rates escalating from 1447.30±95.85 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(day) to 5355.33±420.37 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(night),marking a3.7-fold increase.Snowfall dramatically elevated terpenoid concentrations(pre-snowfall:158.58±14.12 ng m^(-3);post-snowfall:1080.57±57.76 ng m^(-3)) and emission rates(pre-snowfall:52.86±4.71 ng m^(-3) h^(-1);post-snowfall:360.19±19.25 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)),reflecting a 6.8-fold surge.This study underscores the profound influence of light intensity,seasonal shifts,and climatic conditions on airborne phytoncide levels,offering a scientific foundation for optimizing forest therapy and ecotourism strategies.
基金supported by the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(Grant Nos.ZK[2022]540 and[2023]099)the Survey of Amphibian and Reptile Resources in Leigongshan Nature Reserve and Literature Publishing Services(P5226002023000019).
文摘Dear Editor,Understanding patterns of species diversity is a primary research focus in macroecology,with its distribution patterns having been described and theoretically validated on a global scale(Peters et al.,2016;Sonne et al.,2025).Numerous studies have found that species richness of different taxa tends to decrease with increasing elevation and is modulated by latitudinal gradients(Peters et al.,2016;Dolson et al.,2024).This principle provides a crucial scientific basis for regional conservation planning.However,it still exhibits significant variations across different mountain ranges and taxa.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3500100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82230126 and U24A20800)+3 种基金Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0502600 and 2023ZD0502601)National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(82222075)the Incubation Program for the Science and Technology Development of Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory(HQL2024PZ045 and HQCML-C-2024003)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pattern and Formula(2022B1212010012).
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is a holistic medical system that classifies and treats diseases based on the concept of patterns.These patterns describe the pathophysiological process of a disease at a specific stage,reflecting both external signs and internal features.TCM patterns are central to pattern differentiation,treatment,clinical practice,and theoretical development in TCM.However,scientific explanation of TCM patterns remains limited because of subjective diagnostic criteria,the absence of a standardized experimental medical system,and unclear biological mechanisms,which restrict the modernization and globalization of TCM.Addressing challenges such as strong subjectivity in diagnosis,lack of standardized experimental systems,and unclear biological mechanisms is necessary to clarify the scientific meaning of TCM patterns and to provide technical approaches for the modernization and globalization of TCM.A strategy focused on“pathogenic factors,genetic predisposition,and disease progression stages”was adopted.This approach included the following:(Ⅰ)constructing disease-pattern integrated biological models with animal models,organoids,and multi-organ chips;(Ⅱ)applying multi-omics technologies,such as spatial omics,single-cell omics,and dynamic metabolic flux omics;(Ⅲ)using artificial intelligence(AI)and big data for data integration and prediction of pattern evolution;and(Ⅳ)validating formula–pattern associations through the“pattern differentiation through formula efficacy”approach.These strategies directly address the main obstacles in TCM pattern research by providing objective,quantifiable,and reproducible methodologies.Constructing disease-pattern integrated models enabled cross-scale research platforms.Applying multi-omics technologies allowed analysis of complex biological bases.AI and big data approaches addressed challenges related to heterogeneous data.The“formula-based pattern differentiation”approach supported precise interventions and the development of new drugs.This interdisciplinary framework advances TCM pattern research by moving from empirical description to objective quantification.By integrating innovative approaches,the study establishes a foundation for systematic,evidence-based TCM diagnosis and treatment,supporting accuracy and promoting international recognition and modernization of TCM.The study shows that combining multi-omics technologies,AI-driven data analysis,and disease-pattern models enables objective quantification of TCM patterns and clarifies their biological mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.42361040].
文摘Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in the middle reaches has degraded water quality.Rapid urbanization has further caused habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss.Collectively,these challenges threaten human well-being and hinder sustainable development,making the construction and optimization of an ecological security pattern(ESP)urgently necessary.However,existing studies often fail to systematically integrate future landscape ecological risk(LER)assessment with ESP optimization.This study evaluated regional LER using the“ecological patches-ecological resistance surface(ERS)-ecological corridor”framework,combined with land-use predictions under three development scenarios,and optimized the ESP by adjusting the ERS and extracting ecological corridors.The results indicate that the LER in the WRB follows an“inverted N”distribution,with low-risk areas concentrated in forested mountain regions and high-risk areas mainly in cultivated land subject to intensive human activity.Across future scenarios,ESPs showed fewer ecological breakpoints and improved landscape connectivity than the 2020 baseline.Scenario-based differences emerged in the spatial configuration of ERS adjustments,with the ecological protection scenario yielding the lowest LER and most favorable ESP.This study demonstrates the deep integration of multi-scenario simulation with LER assessment,providing a new framework for ESP optimization.The findings have guiding significance for ecological protection and coordinated development in the WRB and offer a novel paradigm for sustainable development in ecologically fragile basins worldwide.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460380,42007042)State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSSKF2023-06)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20242BAB25389)National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410410029X)Jiangxi Province Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2024-S330).
文摘Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.
基金supported in part by the Guangdong Province Education Science Planning Project(Higher Education Project,Project No.2024GXJK410)Shenzhen Education Science“14th Five-Year Plan”2023 Annual Project on Artificial Intelligence Special Project under Grant No.rgzn23001,the Guangdong Province Higher Education Research and Reform Project under Grant No.YueJiaoGaoHan(2024)No.9+1 种基金the Guangdong Province General Colleges and Universities Innovation Team Project under No.2022KCXTD038the Guangdong Provincial Hardware and System Teaching&Research Office Quality Engineering Project under No.HITSZERP22002.
文摘This study presents a teaching reform for the Object-oriented Software Construction(OOSC)course by integrating outcome-based education(OBE)and the BOPPPS(bridge-In,objectives,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post-assessment,summary)instructional model.The reform addresses the gap between syntax-based programming instruction and the need for higher-level skills in abstraction,modularity,and software architecture.The course is anchored in a semester-long,project-based learning platform centered on a Java-based Aircraft Battle Game,progressing through six iterative experiments.Each experiment targets specific competencies within the structured BOPPPS teaching cycle and is aligned with specific OBE learning outcomes.A case study on the Factory Pattern illustrates how the BOPPPS model fosters conceptual understanding and practical application.Evaluation results from the 2023 and 2024 spring semesters show improved outcomes:Project completion rose from 87%to 95%,37%of students implemented innovative features,and average final grades increased by 7%.The results affirm that the OBE+BOPPPS integration strengthens engagement,deepens understanding,and equips students with real-world software development competencies.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102321 and 52192633)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2025JCYBMS-050)。
文摘A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforation can release part of the in-plane thermal expansion to weaken the softening effect of thermal stress.Introducing precurved components to the perforated structure will stop the decrement of the bandgap frequency in thermal environment,and even make the frequency higher with appropriate structural parameters.The bending stiffness of the heated plate is enhanced by the thermal deflection induced stiffening effect of the pre-curved components.The segmented pre-curved component presents a strong ability to resist the thermal influence on the flexural wave bandgap.A simplified model is established for the local structure of the precurved component.The theoretical calculations explain the thermally induced frequency increment of the bandgap and the discrepancy in the thermal response between the two pre-curved models.The transmittance of flexural wave validates the effectiveness of the proposed design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32100304,32470388,U22A20558,32271588).
文摘The competitor,stress tolerator,and ruderal strategy(CSR)framework has been widely applied to explain ecological processes across species.However,its utility in revealing intra-specific trade-offs and genetic adaptation to climate remains unclear.In this study,we examined whether the CSR strategy estimated by leaf traits can identify adaptations to climate in the common reed Phragmites australis.For this purpose,we integrated functional trait data from field surveys and a three-year common garden experiment to compare CSR scores between two typical populations of P.australis from western and eastern China.We further assessed the associations of CSR scores with latitude,bioclimatic factors,and phylogeographical sources using a global dataset including two invaded lineages in the North America.We found that competitor scores were positively correlated with latitude,whereas stress tolerator scores were negatively correlated.Competitor scores were positively correlated with bioclimatic factors,even when controlling for phylogeny.All CSR scores displayed significant phylogenetic signals,with the invasive lineage in the higher latitudes(haplotype M)exhibiting higher stress tolerator scores than the native lineage.Differences in competitor and stress tolerator scores between western and eastern Chinese populations of P.australis were consistent across field and common garden experiments.Although intra-species variation in CSR strategy may be influenced by phylogenetic history,our finding that CSR strategy in P.australis populations is correlated with latitude suggests these plants have adapted to local climates along a latitudinal gradient.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32360333)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(Grant Nos.ZK[2022]540 and[2023]099)+1 种基金the Survey of Amphibian and Reptile Resources in Leigongshan National Nature Reserve and Literature Publishing Services(P5226002023000019)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Construction Project 2024[Qian Ke He Talent CXTD(2025)053].
文摘Dear Editor,Mountain systems have long been refuges for many species,often viewed as"islands"that promote speciation due to geographic isolation(Rahbek et al.,2019).Their high environmental heterogeneity fosters centers of endemism,and they harbor over 85%of global species diversity(Zhao et al.,2022).Consequently,mountains are key systems for exploring biodiversity patterns along elevational gradients,where species richness often follows four recognized models:monotonic decrease,unimodal pattern(forward and backward peak patterns),and low plateau followed by a decrease along the elevational gradient(McCain et al.,2010).
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia(RCEECA),the construction and joint research for the China-Tajikistan“Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use(2024YFE0214200)the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Partnership and International Technology Cooperation Plan of Science and Technology Projects(2023E01018,2025E01056)the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(2024VBC0006).
文摘Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11934011,12074339,62075194,U21A6006,62202418,and U21B2004)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2019YFA0308100,2023YFB2806000,and 2022YFA1204700)+4 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB28000000)the Leading Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team in Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2020R01001)the Open Program of the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks at Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Grant No.2023GZKF024)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the Information Technology Center and State Key Lab of CAD&CG at the Zhejiang University,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing,Communication and Networking(IPCAN)the National Institutes of Health(NIH)(Grant Nos.R01GM127696,R01GM152633,R21GM142107,and R21CA269099)。
文摘Scattering obscures information carried by waves by producing speckle patterns,posing a fundamental challenge across diverse fields,from microscopy to astronomy.Although machine learning has recently shown promise in speckle analysis,existing approaches are hindered by their dependence on large,labeled datasets—a significant bottleneck in many real-world applications.Here,we introduce speckle unsupervised recognition and evaluation(SURE),a groundbreaking unsupervised learning strategy for speckle recognition that eliminates the need for labeled training data.SURE's distinctive feature lies in its ability to extract invariant features through advanced clustering algorithms to enable direct classification of high-level information from speckle patterns without prior knowledge.We demonstrate the transformative potential of this approach in two key applications:(1)a noninvasive glucose monitoring system that accurately tracks glucose concentrations over time without extensive calibration and(2)a high-throughput communication system using multimode fibers,achieving improved performance in dynamic environments.In addition,we showcase SURE's unprecedented capability to classify objects hidden behind obstacles using scattered light,further broadening its scope.This versatile approach opens new frontiers in biomedical diagnostics,quantum network decoupling,and remote sensing,unlocking a transformative new paradigm for extracting information from seemingly random optical patterns.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4501200),National Natural Science Foundation of China(62332018)Science and Technology Program(2024NSFTD0031,2024YFHZ0339 and 2025ZNSFSC0497).
文摘The performance of data restore is one of the key indicators of user experience for backup storage systems.Compared to the traditional offline restore process,online restore reduces downtime during backup restoration,allowing users to operate on already restored files while other files are still being restored.This approach improves availability during restoration tasks but suffers from a critical limitation:inconsistencies between the access sequence and the restore sequence.In many cases,the file a user needs to access at a given moment may not yet be restored,resulting in significant delays and poor user experience.To this end,we present Histore,which builds on the user’s historical access sequence to schedule the restore sequence,in order to reduce users’access delayed time.Histore includes three restore approaches:(i)the frequency-based approach,which restores files based on historical file access frequencies and prioritizes ensuring the availability of frequently accessed files;(ii)the graph-based approach,which preferentially restores the frequently accessed files as well as their correlated files based on historical access patterns,and(iii)the trie-based approach,which restores particular files based on both users’real-time and historical access patterns to deduce and restore the files to be accessed in the near future.We implement a prototype of Histore and evaluate its performance from multiple perspectives.Trace-driven experiments on two datasets show that Histore significantly reduces users’delay time by 4-700×with only 1.0%-14.5%additional performance overhead.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.T2325004)the Advanced Materials-National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2024ZD0606900)+3 种基金the Talent Hub for‘AI+New Materials’Basic Researchsupported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDB0620103 and XDB0510301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12472112)R.S.acknowledges the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51801046).
文摘Enhancing the kinetic stability of glasses typically requires deepening their thermodynamic stability,which increases structural rigidity and degrades ductility;decoupling these properties remains a major challenge.Here,we demonstrate that spatial patterning in metallic glasses produces exceptional kinetic ultrastability that coexists with a thermodynamically metastable,high-energy state and excellent plasticity.Guided by atomistic simulations using replica exchange molecular dynamics and machine learning interatomic potentials,we reveal that oxygen,through reaction-diffusion-coupled pattern dynamics,self-organizes into oxygen-centered pinned structures(OPSs)that serve as localized kinetic constraints.These motifs drastically slow structural relaxation,delivering kinetic stability comparable to ultrastable glasses even as the system retains the high inherent energy of rapidly quenched states.The OPSs’topology yields a spatially uniform activation of plastic events,promoting strain delocalization under mechanical load.By geometrically tailoring oxygen patterns,we increase the glass transition onset temperature(Tonset)by about 200 K with negligible loss of deformability.Our findings establish a practicable paradigm for decoupling kinetic and thermodynamic stability and point to a scalable,additive route for designing amorphous materials that combine hyperstability with plasticity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1200400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301851)。
文摘The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.),examining their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,gene structures,and syntenic relationships.The analysis identified 54 Ah PR10 genes,which were classified into eight groups based on phylogenetic relationships,supported by gene structure and conserved motif characterization.Analysis of chromosomal distribution and synteny demonstrated that segmental duplications played a crucial role in the expansion of the Ah PR10 gene family.The identified Ah PR10 genes exhibited both constitutive and inducible expression patterns.Significantly,Ah PR10-7,Ah PR10-33,and Ah PR10-41 demonstrated potential importance in peanut resistance to Aspergillus flavus.In vitro fungistatic experiments demonstrated that recombinant Ah PR10-33 effectively inhibited A.flavus mycelial growth.These findings provide valuable insights for future investigations into Ah PR10 functions in protecting peanut from A.flavus infection.
基金funded by the National University of Río Negro Research Project (40-C-658)
文摘Fire is a fundamental ecological driver shaping natural vegetation patterns.In the semi-arid southern Espinal-Monte ecotone of Argentina,the spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence related to and modulated by climatic gradients and antecedent conditions are not well researched.This study examined fire occurrence in the semi-arid southern Espinal-Monte ecotone(southeastern La Pampa,northeastern Río Negro,and southwestern Buenos Aires with an area of 68×103 km2)of Argentina,a key environmental transition zone with pronounced climatic and vegetation gradients.The objective was to identify the spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence and their relationship with climatic variables.Thermal anomaly(TA)data from the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer;MOD14)sensor(November 2000–March 2020)with confidence levels>65.0%were analyzed.Climatic variables(rainfall isohyets and aridity indices)were obtained from the WorldClim datasets,and annual meteorological conditions(rainfall and potential evapotranspiration)were calculated using the climatic research unit(CRU)database.Monthly data and moving averages of rainfall and aridity indices from distinct periods(two and three years preceding fire events)were integrated.Spatial analysis was conducted using kernel density estimation on a 10 km×10 km grid to correlate TA with climatic gradients,while linear regression examined relationships between summer TA and meteorological variables over different periods.Results showed that the highest fire occurrence was recorded in summer,with peaks in December and January.Spatially,55.0%of TA occurred in areas with annual rainfall of 300–400 mm,and 64.5%in areas with an aridity index of 0.3–0.4,forming an arc-like distribution in the center of the ecotone.The highest TA densities were observed in southeastern La Pampa and northeastern Río Negro,decreasing toward southwestern Buenos Aires.Significant correlations(R2>0.700)were found among TA accumulation,aridity index values,and cumulative rainfall from previous two and three years,at both vegetation unit and provincial levels.Summer was the critical season for fire occurrence,with spatial distribution primarily determined by the interaction between climatic conditions and woody biomass availability.The lower fire incidence in southwestern Buenos Aires was linked to sparse woody vegetation and agricultural expansion,which reduced fuel load.These findings reinforce that fuel availability,modulated by climatic conditions from previous years,is a key limiting factor for fire dynamics in this area,and that human activities such as agriculture and grazing alter fire regimes by affecting fuel structure and continuity.
基金supported by 14th Five-Year Plan Key R&D Plan,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,2024YFB3409002National Natural Science Foundation of China,12302142+4 种基金HKUSTHKUST(GZ)Collaborative Research Scheme,G035Yangcheng Scholars Research Project-Leading Talent Training Project,2024312156Guangzhou-HKUST(GZ)Joint Funding Scheme,2023A03J0157Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project,2024A04J4765Shenzhen Basic Research Project,JCYJ20220530114417040。
文摘Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.
