Retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ (RIG-Ⅰ) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) sense viral RNA and activate antiviral immune responses.Herein we investigate their functions in human epithelial cells...Retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ (RIG-Ⅰ) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) sense viral RNA and activate antiviral immune responses.Herein we investigate their functions in human epithelial cells,the primary and initial target of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).A deficiency in MDA5,RIG-Ⅰ or mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) enhanced viral replication.The expression of the type I/III interferon(IFN) during infection was impaired in MDA5;and MAVS;,but not in RIG-Ⅰ;,when compared to wild type (WT) cells.The mRNA level of full-length angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),the cellular entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2,was approximately 2.5-fold higher in RIG-Ⅰ;than WT cells.These data demonstrate MDA5 as the predominant SARS-CoV-2 sensor,IFN-independent induction of ACE2 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 role of RIG-Ⅰ in epithelial cells.展开更多
Plants deploy sophisticated immune surveillance systems to safeguard themselves against pathogen infection,including plasma membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate Pattern-Triggered Immun...Plants deploy sophisticated immune surveillance systems to safeguard themselves against pathogen infection,including plasma membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI)upon detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that induce Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) upon direct/indirect pathogen effector recognition. Effector-Triggered Immunity is often accompanied by a hypersensitive response (HR), which is known as rapid localized cell death at infection sites to restrict pathogen growth (Contreras et al., 2023;Jones et al., 2024). Nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors are classified by their N-terminal domains:TIR-NLRs (TNLs), CC-NLRs (CNLs), and RPW8-NLRs (RNLs). TNLs and CNLs typically function as sensor NLRs (sNLRs) that detect pathogen effectors, while RNLs serve as helper NLRs (hNLRs) that transmit immune signals from diverse sNLRs to ultimately execute downstream resistance and trigger cell death—though some RNLs can themselves be direct targets of pathogen effectors (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023). The hNLRs mainly include Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), which is conserved in both dicots and monocots, and N REQUIRED GENE 1 (NRG1),which has not been identified in monocots, as well as Solanaceae-specific NLR required for cell death (NRC)-type NLRs, which are required for HR-related cell death (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023).展开更多
Dear Editor,To combat pathogen invasion,plants use immune receptors that detect immunogenic molecules to trigger immune responses and confer resistance.Cell-surface-resident pattern recognition receptors activate patt...Dear Editor,To combat pathogen invasion,plants use immune receptors that detect immunogenic molecules to trigger immune responses and confer resistance.Cell-surface-resident pattern recognition receptors activate pattern-triggered immunity through the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),damage-associated molecular patterns,and phytocytokines(PCKs)(Zhou and Zhang,2020;Jones et al.,2024).展开更多
Plants can be infected by diverse pathogens,which can cause severe diseases and reduce crop productivity.Receptors located on the plant cell surface allow plants to detect external cues.In the presence of pathogens,pl...Plants can be infected by diverse pathogens,which can cause severe diseases and reduce crop productivity.Receptors located on the plant cell surface allow plants to detect external cues.In the presence of pathogens,plants recognize distinctive molecu-lar signatures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)through pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs),thereby activating PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)(Boller and Felix,2009).展开更多
Pathogen-driven crop losses pose a significant threat to global food security.Plants deploy two primary branches of innate immunity:pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered i...Pathogen-driven crop losses pose a significant threat to global food security.Plants deploy two primary branches of innate immunity:pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI)(Yu et al.,2024).While PTI relies on surface-localized pattern recognition receptors,ETI is mediated by intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors,often triggering hypersensitive cell death and systemic resistance(Yu et al.,2024).展开更多
基金supported by a National Institutes of Health grant (No. R01AI132526)a UConn Health Startup fund to Wang P。
文摘Retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ (RIG-Ⅰ) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) sense viral RNA and activate antiviral immune responses.Herein we investigate their functions in human epithelial cells,the primary and initial target of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).A deficiency in MDA5,RIG-Ⅰ or mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) enhanced viral replication.The expression of the type I/III interferon(IFN) during infection was impaired in MDA5;and MAVS;,but not in RIG-Ⅰ;,when compared to wild type (WT) cells.The mRNA level of full-length angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),the cellular entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2,was approximately 2.5-fold higher in RIG-Ⅰ;than WT cells.These data demonstrate MDA5 as the predominant SARS-CoV-2 sensor,IFN-independent induction of ACE2 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 role of RIG-Ⅰ in epithelial cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472527 and 32260653)the Guizhou Provincial General Project of the Science Foundation(ZK[2024]Key 011)+1 种基金the Guizhou Plant Bacteria and Biological Control Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Development(Qian Ke He Talent-BQW[2025]003)the Research and Innovation Team of Guizhou University([2024]05)。
文摘Plants deploy sophisticated immune surveillance systems to safeguard themselves against pathogen infection,including plasma membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI)upon detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that induce Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) upon direct/indirect pathogen effector recognition. Effector-Triggered Immunity is often accompanied by a hypersensitive response (HR), which is known as rapid localized cell death at infection sites to restrict pathogen growth (Contreras et al., 2023;Jones et al., 2024). Nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors are classified by their N-terminal domains:TIR-NLRs (TNLs), CC-NLRs (CNLs), and RPW8-NLRs (RNLs). TNLs and CNLs typically function as sensor NLRs (sNLRs) that detect pathogen effectors, while RNLs serve as helper NLRs (hNLRs) that transmit immune signals from diverse sNLRs to ultimately execute downstream resistance and trigger cell death—though some RNLs can themselves be direct targets of pathogen effectors (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023). The hNLRs mainly include Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), which is conserved in both dicots and monocots, and N REQUIRED GENE 1 (NRG1),which has not been identified in monocots, as well as Solanaceae-specific NLR required for cell death (NRC)-type NLRs, which are required for HR-related cell death (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472567)the Major Basic Research Project of the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2024ZD07)+1 种基金and the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2024CXPT072)to S.H.by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation Youth Program,China(ZR2024MC065)to C.Y.
文摘Dear Editor,To combat pathogen invasion,plants use immune receptors that detect immunogenic molecules to trigger immune responses and confer resistance.Cell-surface-resident pattern recognition receptors activate pattern-triggered immunity through the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),damage-associated molecular patterns,and phytocytokines(PCKs)(Zhou and Zhang,2020;Jones et al.,2024).
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(IOS-2207677)to Z.Q.F.the Project of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding(NKLTCB-HZ04)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(1630052025021)to Y.Q.
文摘Plants can be infected by diverse pathogens,which can cause severe diseases and reduce crop productivity.Receptors located on the plant cell surface allow plants to detect external cues.In the presence of pathogens,plants recognize distinctive molecu-lar signatures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)through pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs),thereby activating PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)(Boller and Felix,2009).
基金supported by the Beijing Life Science Academy(Key Laboratory)Project(2024400CB0120)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1400400 and 2022YFD1400800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32130086,32430085,and 32300123).
文摘Pathogen-driven crop losses pose a significant threat to global food security.Plants deploy two primary branches of innate immunity:pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI)(Yu et al.,2024).While PTI relies on surface-localized pattern recognition receptors,ETI is mediated by intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors,often triggering hypersensitive cell death and systemic resistance(Yu et al.,2024).
