The patenting process of three hot-rolled steels with carbon mass contents of 0.70%-0. 90% was studied. The effect of the quenching temperature on the cementite lamellar distance in the steel was evaluated on the basi...The patenting process of three hot-rolled steels with carbon mass contents of 0.70%-0. 90% was studied. The effect of the quenching temperature on the cementite lamellar distance in the steel was evaluated on the basis of microstructural characterization and mechanical property tests. The patenting treatment of high-carbon hot- rolled strip and its application in springs were discussed.展开更多
Purpose: This work presents a study on the female involvement in patent applications in all 23 Ibero-American countries that are WIPO members, in order to measure gender inequalities in institutional collaborations an...Purpose: This work presents a study on the female involvement in patent applications in all 23 Ibero-American countries that are WIPO members, in order to measure gender inequalities in institutional collaborations and technological fields, across time.Design/methodology/approach: The data used in this paper come from EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database(PATSTAT). PATSTAT contains bibliographical data relating to more than 100 million patent documents from leading industrialized and developing countries, as well as legal event data from more than 40 patent authorities contained in the EPO worldwide legal event data(INPADOC). The extracted subset is composed of 150,863 patent applications with priority years between 2007 and 2016.Findings: Our observations indicate that even in more dynamic economies such as Portugal and Spain, the participation of women per patent applications does not exceed 30%. Additionally, the distribution of female participation among institutional sectors and technological fields is consistent with previous studies in other regions and indicate a socio-cultural divide.Research limitations: Unisex names were not considered and were counted as gender unknown, and patent applications for which no inventor information was available were discarded, but further effort of data analysis may provide more information about gender inequalities.Practical implications: While patents are imperfect variables of inventive step and therefore should be considered as a variable proxy of innovation, our findings may help to guide the implementation of policies for balancing gender participation in innovative activities, as well as instigating research into the issues causing divisive participation along gender lines.Originality/value: While there is a widespread effort into evaluating and improving the participation of groups recognized as minorities within state-of-the-art activities, research about women participation in the innovation sector is fragmented due to differing regional characteristics: industrial and academic segmentation, socio-economic disparities, and cultural factors. Thus, localized studies present an opportunity of filling the gaps of knowledge on societal participation in innovation activities.展开更多
The recent increase in patent granted in China prompts for an analysis of the various strategies which are certainly developed by Chinese applicants in that field. An analysis （APA Automatic Patent Analysis） has bee...The recent increase in patent granted in China prompts for an analysis of the various strategies which are certainly developed by Chinese applicants in that field. An analysis （APA Automatic Patent Analysis） has been done in several fields which have different impacts on the Chinese economy. We chose four different subjects： solar panels; photovoltaic panels; fireworks; and honeysuckle. These areas go from deep international concern to only Chinese interest. We analyzed in the different ratios between Chinese priority patents, Chinese patents extended to other countries, Patent extended from other countries to China and Chinese utility models. The results show clearly that various directions are followed depending on the economic importance of the field and also the pressure of the competition inside and outside China. In this context the strategic dependence （number of patents extended to China by other countries） was examined for each of the fields. We also show that in the domain where the man power is important such as fireworks the number of utility models is important. This suggests that utility models are used to spread in that field minor innovations. In the fields such as honeysuckle many applicants are the same that the inventors and the involvement of universities larger than in other fields. These two fields more or less centered on Chinese domestic aspects only a few patents （not for Honeysuckle） are extended to other countries. The impact of foreign patents in these two fields is quasi nil. In other domains such as photovoltaic panel the triadic patents （extension to US JP EP） are examined its show that if some Chinese patents are extended to other countries there are also an important numbers of foreign patents extended to China. This also suggests that in these most critical subjects, China develops a sort of technological protection barrier from domestic patents. This underlines a strategy on attack and defense in that field.展开更多
Packaging is one of the most important methods of keeping the quality of food products for storage, transportation and end-use. The price of materials employed for packaging food has traditionally been high and used t...Packaging is one of the most important methods of keeping the quality of food products for storage, transportation and end-use. The price of materials employed for packaging food has traditionally been high and used to be more expensive than the food itself. Technological innovations made possible to produce packaging materials cheaply. One of these processes is known as co-extrusion. This technique makes a film with two or more layers with different plastics not laminating the layers together with an adhesive, eliminating the use of solvents and producing a film in just one step instead multiple steps. In this background, our paper relates to the evolution on packaging for foods by using patenting documents. A search for patent documents was performed on free patent databases using keywords and International Patent Classification （IPC） codes related to this technology. As results： （a） 17% of the 21,472 documents found are focused on multilayer packaging for food; （b） 12 countries hold more than 90% of patents （38% Japan; 23% The United States of America; 7% Canada and 6% Germany）; and, （c） two peaks were perceived in the period of 1992-1994 and 2003, and matches, respectively, the Persian Gulf （1990-1991） and Iraq Wars （2003-invasion of Iraq）, so the historical tendency is confirmed： ＂wars also generate scientific and technological innovations＂.展开更多
BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration has approved percutaneous atrial septal defect(ASD)and patent foramen ovale(PFO)closure devices for hemodynamically significant interatrial shunts,paradoxical emboli includi...BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration has approved percutaneous atrial septal defect(ASD)and patent foramen ovale(PFO)closure devices for hemodynamically significant interatrial shunts,paradoxical emboli including stroke,and decompression sickness.We aimed to study the trends in utilization and reimbursements of transcatheter ASD/PFO closure devices.AIM To analyze trends in utilization and Medicare reimbursements for transcatheter ASD/PFO closure procedures from 2013 to 2022.METHODS A query of administrative data on United States Medicare beneficiaries undergoing transcatheter ASD/PFO was conducted from 2013 to 2022 using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Part B National Summary Data File.Inflation adjustments were made using the 2023 Consumer Price Index.Trend analysis was quantified using growth rate and simple linear regression calculations.All analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 16.77.1(2023).RESULTS The annual number of transcatheter ASD/PFO closure procedures increased by 81%since 2013,with an average yearly growth rate of 44%cases per year(P<0.001).Annual Medicare reimbursements for transcatheter ASD/PFO therapies mirrored the annual procedure trends.The per-case reimbursements decreased by 18%,i.e.,$1128.80 in 2013 and$770.21 in 2022(P<0.001).There was a significant drop in the number of procedures in the year 2020,which correlates to the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,followed by a sharp uptick in the number of cases in 2021 and 2022.CONCLUSION Medicare utilization of transcatheter ASD/PFO closure therapies has grown significantly in procedural volume from 2013 to 2022.However,this has been accompanied by a decrease in per-case reimbursements.展开更多
As the world transitions to a more environment-friendly and sustainable global economy,innovations in green technology are playing a crucial role.Recognizing this,China,along with many other nations,is adapting its pa...As the world transitions to a more environment-friendly and sustainable global economy,innovations in green technology are playing a crucial role.Recognizing this,China,along with many other nations,is adapting its pat⁃ent system to better support green innovations,establishing what is known as a green patent regime.While extensive empirical research highlights the significance of China's green patent regime in achieving environmental sustainabil⁃ity,there is a noticeable lack of normative studies on enhancing its efficacy.This work aims to fill this gap by conduct⁃ing a normative study using doctrinal analysis and proposing that transparency and accessibility are key factors in evaluating the effectiveness of a green patent regime.Through a doctrinal analysis of China's green patent legislation and regulations,this work assesses the legal rights conferred by this regime and identifies how these rights are con⁃strained by substantive and procedural norms.The findings reveal significant limitations to the transparency and acces⁃sibility of China's green patent regime and propose improvements.These recommendations offer insights for policymak⁃ers in China and other countries.The doctrinal analysis conducted in this research could stimulate further theoretical discussion in the field of sustainable development and intellectual property law.Moreover,it might enlighten more hy⁃potheses for future empirical studies.展开更多
While the significant role of technological innovation in promoting renewable energy has been extensively explored in the literature,limited attention has been paid to the impact of energy patents,particularly clean e...While the significant role of technological innovation in promoting renewable energy has been extensively explored in the literature,limited attention has been paid to the impact of energy patents,particularly clean energy patents and fossil fuel patents.This study pioneers an investigation into the effects of energy patents and energy prices on renewable energy consumption.The study utilizes data from 2000Q1 to 2023Q4 and,due to the nonlinear nature of the series,applies wavelet quantile-based methods.Specifically,it introduces the wavelet quantile cointegration approach to evaluate cointegration across different quantiles and time horizons,along with the wavelet quantile-on-quantile regression method.The results confirm cointegration across different periods and quantiles,highlighting the significant relationships between energy patents,economic factors,and renewable energy consumption.Furthermore,we found that fossil energy patents negatively affect renewable energy consumption,while clean energy patents have a similar but weaker effect,especially in the short term.In addition,higher energy prices promote renewable energy adoption while economic growth positively influences renewable energy consumption,particularly in the short term.The study formulates specific policies based on these findings.展开更多
Purpose:Currently,different research conclusions exist about the relationship between relational capital and corporate innovation.The research aims to(1)reveal the actual relationship between executive alumni relation...Purpose:Currently,different research conclusions exist about the relationship between relational capital and corporate innovation.The research aims to(1)reveal the actual relationship between executive alumni relations and firm innovation performance,(2)examine the moderating role of executive academic backgrounds,(3)analyze the paths for firms to leverage knowledge spillovers from regional universities to promote firm innovation by their geographic location.Design/methodology/approach:A social network approach is used to construct alumni relationship networks of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen,China.A two-way fixed effects model is used to assess the impact of firms’structural position in executive alumni networks on firms’innovation performance.In addition,the research also delves into the interactions between knowledge spillovers from geographic locations and executives’alumni networks,aiming to elucidate their combined effects on firms’innovation performance.Findings:This paper explores the curvilinear relationship between executive alumni networks’centrality and firm innovation within the Chinese context.It also finds that in the positive effect interval on the right side of the“U-shaped,”the industry with the highest number of occurrences is the high-tech industry.Moreover,it elucidates the moderating influence of executives’academic experience on the alumni networks-innovation nexus,offering a nuanced understanding of these dynamics.Lastly,we provide novel insights into optimizing resource allocation to leverage geographic knowledge spillovers for innovation.Research limitations:The study may not fully represent the broader population of firms,particularly small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)or unlisted companies.Future research could expand the sample to include a more diverse range of firms to enhance the generalizability of the findings.Practical implications:Firstly,companies can give due consideration to the alumni resources of executives in their personnel decisions,but they should pay attention to the rational use of resources.Secondly,universities should actively work with companies to promote knowledge transfer and collaboration.Originality/value:The findings help clarify the influence mechanism of firms’innovation performance,providing theoretical support and empirical evidence for firms to drive innovation at the executive alumni relationship network level.展开更多
A"verdict"on the economic value of the patent system by the US economist Fritz Machlup published in 1958 still has an important impact on assessing the effects of the patent system on economic development by...A"verdict"on the economic value of the patent system by the US economist Fritz Machlup published in 1958 still has an important impact on assessing the effects of the patent system on economic development by intellec-tual property scholars worldwide.This contribution analyses Machlup's study as is and in the light of subsequent US and global legal and economic developments.Machlup's assessment was examined based on empirical data generated by the US Bayh-Dole type legislation as regards the translation of basic research into innovative products and pro-cesses.Moreover,it analyses the impact of the new world economic order instituted in the framework of the World Trade Organization(WTO)mandatorily requiring effective patent protection in all WTO Member States on the eco-nomic development of developing and emerging economies.The case of China,which adopted its first Patent Law in 1984,is addressed in the context of Machlup's verdict and in light of the subsequent economic,scientific and techno-logical development of that country.Concluding thoughts consider today's value of Machlup's"verdict".展开更多
Embodied intelligence represents a new paradigm for the cross-integration development of artificial intelli⁃gence.By endowing AI with a"physical body",it enables interaction with the real world,allowing AI t...Embodied intelligence represents a new paradigm for the cross-integration development of artificial intelli⁃gence.By endowing AI with a"physical body",it enables interaction with the real world,allowing AI to move beyond digital environments into the physical realm and demonstrate intelligence that simulates or even surpasses human capa⁃bilities.Although embodied artificial intelligence demonstrates substantial potential in the realm of invention and cre⁃ation,there remain challenges in obtaining patent authorization for its generated technical solutions,specifically con⁃cerning subject,object,and market aspects.To address these issues,the feasibility of the subject should be demon⁃strated from the perspective of embodied cognition theory,while the object should be justified from a techno-centric standpoint.Subsequently,a regulatory framework for the patentability of technical solutions generated by embodied in⁃telligence should be proposed.First,a more inclusive subject framework should be established,recognizing embodied artificial intelligence as an inventor alongside humans,thereby affirming a coexistent"inventor"identity.Second,pat⁃ent rights should be assigned to developers of embodied artificial intelligence,referencing the rights distribution para⁃digm under employment relationships.Third,the criteria for patent eligibility and the"three-aspect"examination stan⁃dards should be refined.Finally,mechanisms for optimizing the implementation of rights and risk prevention should be developed.展开更多
Rapid and accurate identification of high-quality patents can accelerate the transformation process of scientific and technological achievements, optimize the management of intellectual property rights and enhance the...Rapid and accurate identification of high-quality patents can accelerate the transformation process of scientific and technological achievements, optimize the management of intellectual property rights and enhance the vitality of innovation. Aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional high-value patent assessment method, which is relatively simple and seldom considers the influence of patentees, this paper proposes a high-quality patent method HMFM (High-Value Patent Multi-Feature Fusion Method) that fuses multi-dimensional features. A weighted node importance assessment method in complex network called GLE (Glob-Local-struEntropy) based on improved structural entropy is designed to calculate the influence of the patentee to form the patentee’s features, and the patent text features are extracted by BERT-DPCNN deep learning model, which is supplemented to the basic patent indicator system. Finally a machine learning algorithm is used to assess the value of patents. Experiment results show that our method can identify high-value patents more effectively and accurately.展开更多
Rhizoma Atractylodis has a long history of medicinal use,a broad spectrum of applications,and diverse clinical utility.This review provides a comprehensive overview of Rhizoma Atractylodis,focusing on its processing,c...Rhizoma Atractylodis has a long history of medicinal use,a broad spectrum of applications,and diverse clinical utility.This review provides a comprehensive overview of Rhizoma Atractylodis,focusing on its processing,chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and product development.Processing methods include stir-frying with bran,stir-frying until cooked,and rinsing with rice-washed water.The chemical composition includes terpenes,alkynes,sugars and their glycosides,organic acids and their esters,coumarins,and other compounds.Its pharmacological effects include the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases,arthritis,liver diseases,lung diseases,cancer,cardiovascular conditions,etc.Finally,product development prospects include decoction-ready products,Chinese patent medicines,health products and daily necessities,epidemic prevention,and veterinary medicine.Notably,this review simultaneously discusses,analyzes,and explores the quality control and industrial development of Rhizoma Atractylodis,offering guidance for advancing related industries,enhancing production quality control,and exploring innovative strategies for the clinical application and development of new Rhizoma Atractylodis-based products.展开更多
Objective To explore the current state of biopharmaceutical innovation in Africa by analyzing patent data related to biopharmaceutical products in African countries.Methods Based on patent data,simple descriptive stat...Objective To explore the current state of biopharmaceutical innovation in Africa by analyzing patent data related to biopharmaceutical products in African countries.Methods Based on patent data,simple descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the trend of patent applications,the geographical distribution of patents,and the distribution of applicants in the pharmaceutical field in Africa.Besides,Excel software was used to draw charts to visualize statistical information.Results and Conclusion According to the result,a large number of patents has been granted in these countries and the number is steadily rising each year.From the figure below,we can see that the largest number of patents was granted to Morocco in 2014 with a total number of 613 patents followed by Tunisia with 315 patents,the African Intellectual Property Organization(OAPI)with 124 patents,South Africa with 106 and Mozambique with 1 patent based on data availability(IncoPat Global Patent Search Database).It was observed that,as patents were granted,the number of applications filed on this continent increased.The largest number of patents has been recorded by Morocco,Tunisia and South Africa.Patent applications in Morocco increased fast with an average annual growth of 7.3%.The increase in patent applications is due to improved research infrastructure and enhanced research activities,which shows the importance of biopharmaceutical innovation in the continent.展开更多
The pitch bearing is a component in wind turbine units used to adjust the angle of the fan blades to adapt to the wind direction,so as to maximize the utilization of wind energy.Due to the different working mode of th...The pitch bearing is a component in wind turbine units used to adjust the angle of the fan blades to adapt to the wind direction,so as to maximize the utilization of wind energy.Due to the different working mode of the pitch bearing itself compared with ordinary small bearings and the harsh working environment,the pitch bearing is prone to faults such as cracking and deformation.In severe cases,it will lead to overall damage to the pitch bearing,causing the blade to fall from a high altitude and even injuring personnel.Therefore,this paper conducts a patent analysis and technical decomposition of the deformation monitoring device for pitch bearings,analyzes and summarizes the development process of existing deformation monitoring devices for pitch bearings.Combined with the TRIZ evolution theory and based on the S-curve,it is concluded that the current deformation monitoring device for pitch bearings is in the transitional stage between the infant period and the growth period,and discusses the possible subsequent evolution directions.Through reviewing relevant literature,it is found that inner ring cracks first appear near the upper and lower surfaces of the bolt holes in the inner ring of the pitch bearing.To this end,a new type of deformation monitoring device for pitch bearings is designed.The fiber optic displacement sensor is used for qualitative monitoring of initial cracks near the surface of the bolt holes in the inner ring of the pitch bearing.After cracks are detected,the eddy current sensor is used for quantitative monitoring of whether there are extended cracks between the cracked bolt holes and adjacent bolt holes.Finally,the work done in this paper is summarized and prospected.展开更多
Background:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide.This study aims to explore the impact of national volume-based procurement(NVBP)on Chinese patent medicines and provide ev...Background:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide.This study aims to explore the impact of national volume-based procurement(NVBP)on Chinese patent medicines and provide evidence for improving policies and promoting rational drug use.Methods:The study was based on data from the China National Health Insurance Agency that spanned January 2019 to December 2020.Descriptive analysis was conducted using volume and expenditure as variables.Interrupted time series analysis was applied to further analyze Chinese patent medicines.Results:The unit prices of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin decreased by 25%-96%,whereas the prices of Zhibitai and Xuezhikang fluctuated slightly.The affordability is measured as the monthly expenditure on treatment divided by the daily wage.After policy implementation,the affordability of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin improved from 0.242 to 0.014 and from 0.247 to 0.019,respectively.The defined daily doses(DDDs)for atorvastatin and rosuvastatin also increased,whereas total expenditures decreased in hospitals of all levels.Both at the national level and at all levels of hospital,the policy had no significant impact on expenditures for Zhibitai and Xuezhikang and their defined daily doses.Conclusions:The NVBP saved costs in the short term by incorporating high-quality,widely used lipid-lowering drugs.Notably,the policy impacted lipid-lowering chemical drugs,whereas Chinese patent medicines remained largely unaffected.Doctors'use of Chinese patent medicines did not decline,highlighting the clinical specificity of these medicines.展开更多
Compared with traditional nickel-titanium alloy patent foramen ovale occluders,which are widely used in clinical practice,biodegradable patent foramen ovale occluders have obvious differences in material characteristi...Compared with traditional nickel-titanium alloy patent foramen ovale occluders,which are widely used in clinical practice,biodegradable patent foramen ovale occluders have obvious differences in material characteristics,interventional operation mode and postoperative management strategy.This article gives expert consensus on the selection of clinical indications and standardized operating procedures,so as to standardize the clinical application of biodegradable patent foramen ovale occluders.展开更多
Background:Qi pi pill(QPP),which contains Renshen,Baizhu,Fuling,Gancao,Chenpi,Shanyao,Lianzi,Shanzha,Liushenqu,Maiya,and Zexie,was recommended for preventing and treating COVID-19 in Shandong Province(China).However,t...Background:Qi pi pill(QPP),which contains Renshen,Baizhu,Fuling,Gancao,Chenpi,Shanyao,Lianzi,Shanzha,Liushenqu,Maiya,and Zexie,was recommended for preventing and treating COVID-19 in Shandong Province(China).However,the mechanism by which QPP treats infectious diseases remains unclear.This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of QPP in vitro and on acute influenza infection in mice,exploring its mechanism of action against influenza A virus(IAV).Methods:The in vitro activity of QPP was assessed using dose–response curve analysis and titer reduction assay,and its antiviral mechanism was identified in vitro by realtime polymerase chain reaction(PCR),time-of-addition,and enzymatic assays.The antiviral efficacy of QPP was further evaluated in vivo using BALB/c mice infected with IAV.At the same time,each single Chinese herbal medicine in QPP was evaluated to preliminarily identify those with antiviral effects.Results:In vitro results showed that QPP exhibited a higher potency antiviral effect against both influenza A and B viruses,inhibiting viral RNA replication and release by targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and neuraminidase.Additionally,QPP significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells.In vivo study revealed that QPP significantly reduced the lung index and viral load in lung tissue of mice infected with IAV.Renshen,Gancao,Zexie,and Lianzi were the Chinese herbal medicines from QPP that showed anti-IAV activity.Conclusion:The antiviral activity of QPP targets IAV replication and release,cytokine modulation in host cells,and provides protection in mice with acute influenza infection.展开更多
Nucleic acid drugs represent the third wave of innovation in drug research and development,succeeding small-molecule and antibody drugs.These drugs,particularly RNA interference(RNAi)therapies,have become a pivotal fo...Nucleic acid drugs represent the third wave of innovation in drug research and development,succeeding small-molecule and antibody drugs.These drugs,particularly RNA interference(RNAi)therapies,have become a pivotal focus in the pharmaceutical industry.RNAi drugs are extensively utilized in the treatment of chronic and rare diseases due to their exceptional gene-silencing efficiency,manageable side effects,and straightforward synthesis process.This study undertook a thorough analysis of the global landscape of RNAi drug patents,highlighting the latest technological advancements and trends.We meticulously identified and cataloged the key technologies that dominated this patent landscape.The goal was to provide valuable insights and references for researchers involved in the development of RNAi drugs within the domestic pharmaceutical sector.展开更多
文摘The patenting process of three hot-rolled steels with carbon mass contents of 0.70%-0. 90% was studied. The effect of the quenching temperature on the cementite lamellar distance in the steel was evaluated on the basis of microstructural characterization and mechanical property tests. The patenting treatment of high-carbon hot- rolled strip and its application in springs were discussed.
基金supported by CAPES/Brazil-FIOCRUZ scholarshipwithin the cooperation of the project co-financed by the European Union under the Erasmus+ Program, New Quality in Education for Gender Equality Strategic Partnership for the Development of Master’s Study Program LAW AND GENDER, (LAWGEM), 2019-1-RS01-KA203-000880。
文摘Purpose: This work presents a study on the female involvement in patent applications in all 23 Ibero-American countries that are WIPO members, in order to measure gender inequalities in institutional collaborations and technological fields, across time.Design/methodology/approach: The data used in this paper come from EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database(PATSTAT). PATSTAT contains bibliographical data relating to more than 100 million patent documents from leading industrialized and developing countries, as well as legal event data from more than 40 patent authorities contained in the EPO worldwide legal event data(INPADOC). The extracted subset is composed of 150,863 patent applications with priority years between 2007 and 2016.Findings: Our observations indicate that even in more dynamic economies such as Portugal and Spain, the participation of women per patent applications does not exceed 30%. Additionally, the distribution of female participation among institutional sectors and technological fields is consistent with previous studies in other regions and indicate a socio-cultural divide.Research limitations: Unisex names were not considered and were counted as gender unknown, and patent applications for which no inventor information was available were discarded, but further effort of data analysis may provide more information about gender inequalities.Practical implications: While patents are imperfect variables of inventive step and therefore should be considered as a variable proxy of innovation, our findings may help to guide the implementation of policies for balancing gender participation in innovative activities, as well as instigating research into the issues causing divisive participation along gender lines.Originality/value: While there is a widespread effort into evaluating and improving the participation of groups recognized as minorities within state-of-the-art activities, research about women participation in the innovation sector is fragmented due to differing regional characteristics: industrial and academic segmentation, socio-economic disparities, and cultural factors. Thus, localized studies present an opportunity of filling the gaps of knowledge on societal participation in innovation activities.
文摘The recent increase in patent granted in China prompts for an analysis of the various strategies which are certainly developed by Chinese applicants in that field. An analysis （APA Automatic Patent Analysis） has been done in several fields which have different impacts on the Chinese economy. We chose four different subjects： solar panels; photovoltaic panels; fireworks; and honeysuckle. These areas go from deep international concern to only Chinese interest. We analyzed in the different ratios between Chinese priority patents, Chinese patents extended to other countries, Patent extended from other countries to China and Chinese utility models. The results show clearly that various directions are followed depending on the economic importance of the field and also the pressure of the competition inside and outside China. In this context the strategic dependence （number of patents extended to China by other countries） was examined for each of the fields. We also show that in the domain where the man power is important such as fireworks the number of utility models is important. This suggests that utility models are used to spread in that field minor innovations. In the fields such as honeysuckle many applicants are the same that the inventors and the involvement of universities larger than in other fields. These two fields more or less centered on Chinese domestic aspects only a few patents （not for Honeysuckle） are extended to other countries. The impact of foreign patents in these two fields is quasi nil. In other domains such as photovoltaic panel the triadic patents （extension to US JP EP） are examined its show that if some Chinese patents are extended to other countries there are also an important numbers of foreign patents extended to China. This also suggests that in these most critical subjects, China develops a sort of technological protection barrier from domestic patents. This underlines a strategy on attack and defense in that field.
文摘Packaging is one of the most important methods of keeping the quality of food products for storage, transportation and end-use. The price of materials employed for packaging food has traditionally been high and used to be more expensive than the food itself. Technological innovations made possible to produce packaging materials cheaply. One of these processes is known as co-extrusion. This technique makes a film with two or more layers with different plastics not laminating the layers together with an adhesive, eliminating the use of solvents and producing a film in just one step instead multiple steps. In this background, our paper relates to the evolution on packaging for foods by using patenting documents. A search for patent documents was performed on free patent databases using keywords and International Patent Classification （IPC） codes related to this technology. As results： （a） 17% of the 21,472 documents found are focused on multilayer packaging for food; （b） 12 countries hold more than 90% of patents （38% Japan; 23% The United States of America; 7% Canada and 6% Germany）; and, （c） two peaks were perceived in the period of 1992-1994 and 2003, and matches, respectively, the Persian Gulf （1990-1991） and Iraq Wars （2003-invasion of Iraq）, so the historical tendency is confirmed： ＂wars also generate scientific and technological innovations＂.
文摘BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration has approved percutaneous atrial septal defect(ASD)and patent foramen ovale(PFO)closure devices for hemodynamically significant interatrial shunts,paradoxical emboli including stroke,and decompression sickness.We aimed to study the trends in utilization and reimbursements of transcatheter ASD/PFO closure devices.AIM To analyze trends in utilization and Medicare reimbursements for transcatheter ASD/PFO closure procedures from 2013 to 2022.METHODS A query of administrative data on United States Medicare beneficiaries undergoing transcatheter ASD/PFO was conducted from 2013 to 2022 using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Part B National Summary Data File.Inflation adjustments were made using the 2023 Consumer Price Index.Trend analysis was quantified using growth rate and simple linear regression calculations.All analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 16.77.1(2023).RESULTS The annual number of transcatheter ASD/PFO closure procedures increased by 81%since 2013,with an average yearly growth rate of 44%cases per year(P<0.001).Annual Medicare reimbursements for transcatheter ASD/PFO therapies mirrored the annual procedure trends.The per-case reimbursements decreased by 18%,i.e.,$1128.80 in 2013 and$770.21 in 2022(P<0.001).There was a significant drop in the number of procedures in the year 2020,which correlates to the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,followed by a sharp uptick in the number of cases in 2021 and 2022.CONCLUSION Medicare utilization of transcatheter ASD/PFO closure therapies has grown significantly in procedural volume from 2013 to 2022.However,this has been accompanied by a decrease in per-case reimbursements.
基金Funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No:2022YFC3303000)。
文摘As the world transitions to a more environment-friendly and sustainable global economy,innovations in green technology are playing a crucial role.Recognizing this,China,along with many other nations,is adapting its pat⁃ent system to better support green innovations,establishing what is known as a green patent regime.While extensive empirical research highlights the significance of China's green patent regime in achieving environmental sustainabil⁃ity,there is a noticeable lack of normative studies on enhancing its efficacy.This work aims to fill this gap by conduct⁃ing a normative study using doctrinal analysis and proposing that transparency and accessibility are key factors in evaluating the effectiveness of a green patent regime.Through a doctrinal analysis of China's green patent legislation and regulations,this work assesses the legal rights conferred by this regime and identifies how these rights are con⁃strained by substantive and procedural norms.The findings reveal significant limitations to the transparency and acces⁃sibility of China's green patent regime and propose improvements.These recommendations offer insights for policymak⁃ers in China and other countries.The doctrinal analysis conducted in this research could stimulate further theoretical discussion in the field of sustainable development and intellectual property law.Moreover,it might enlighten more hy⁃potheses for future empirical studies.
文摘While the significant role of technological innovation in promoting renewable energy has been extensively explored in the literature,limited attention has been paid to the impact of energy patents,particularly clean energy patents and fossil fuel patents.This study pioneers an investigation into the effects of energy patents and energy prices on renewable energy consumption.The study utilizes data from 2000Q1 to 2023Q4 and,due to the nonlinear nature of the series,applies wavelet quantile-based methods.Specifically,it introduces the wavelet quantile cointegration approach to evaluate cointegration across different quantiles and time horizons,along with the wavelet quantile-on-quantile regression method.The results confirm cointegration across different periods and quantiles,highlighting the significant relationships between energy patents,economic factors,and renewable energy consumption.Furthermore,we found that fossil energy patents negatively affect renewable energy consumption,while clean energy patents have a similar but weaker effect,especially in the short term.In addition,higher energy prices promote renewable energy adoption while economic growth positively influences renewable energy consumption,particularly in the short term.The study formulates specific policies based on these findings.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.72264036,in part by the West Light Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.2020-XBQNXZ-020Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics Postgraduate Innovation Project XJUFE2024K036.
文摘Purpose:Currently,different research conclusions exist about the relationship between relational capital and corporate innovation.The research aims to(1)reveal the actual relationship between executive alumni relations and firm innovation performance,(2)examine the moderating role of executive academic backgrounds,(3)analyze the paths for firms to leverage knowledge spillovers from regional universities to promote firm innovation by their geographic location.Design/methodology/approach:A social network approach is used to construct alumni relationship networks of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen,China.A two-way fixed effects model is used to assess the impact of firms’structural position in executive alumni networks on firms’innovation performance.In addition,the research also delves into the interactions between knowledge spillovers from geographic locations and executives’alumni networks,aiming to elucidate their combined effects on firms’innovation performance.Findings:This paper explores the curvilinear relationship between executive alumni networks’centrality and firm innovation within the Chinese context.It also finds that in the positive effect interval on the right side of the“U-shaped,”the industry with the highest number of occurrences is the high-tech industry.Moreover,it elucidates the moderating influence of executives’academic experience on the alumni networks-innovation nexus,offering a nuanced understanding of these dynamics.Lastly,we provide novel insights into optimizing resource allocation to leverage geographic knowledge spillovers for innovation.Research limitations:The study may not fully represent the broader population of firms,particularly small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)or unlisted companies.Future research could expand the sample to include a more diverse range of firms to enhance the generalizability of the findings.Practical implications:Firstly,companies can give due consideration to the alumni resources of executives in their personnel decisions,but they should pay attention to the rational use of resources.Secondly,universities should actively work with companies to promote knowledge transfer and collaboration.Originality/value:The findings help clarify the influence mechanism of firms’innovation performance,providing theoretical support and empirical evidence for firms to drive innovation at the executive alumni relationship network level.
文摘A"verdict"on the economic value of the patent system by the US economist Fritz Machlup published in 1958 still has an important impact on assessing the effects of the patent system on economic development by intellec-tual property scholars worldwide.This contribution analyses Machlup's study as is and in the light of subsequent US and global legal and economic developments.Machlup's assessment was examined based on empirical data generated by the US Bayh-Dole type legislation as regards the translation of basic research into innovative products and pro-cesses.Moreover,it analyses the impact of the new world economic order instituted in the framework of the World Trade Organization(WTO)mandatorily requiring effective patent protection in all WTO Member States on the eco-nomic development of developing and emerging economies.The case of China,which adopted its first Patent Law in 1984,is addressed in the context of Machlup's verdict and in light of the subsequent economic,scientific and techno-logical development of that country.Concluding thoughts consider today's value of Machlup's"verdict".
基金Ministry of Justice of China Funding 22SFB5044:Research on the optimization and governance strategies of intellectual property ecosystem empowered by blockchain technology。
文摘Embodied intelligence represents a new paradigm for the cross-integration development of artificial intelli⁃gence.By endowing AI with a"physical body",it enables interaction with the real world,allowing AI to move beyond digital environments into the physical realm and demonstrate intelligence that simulates or even surpasses human capa⁃bilities.Although embodied artificial intelligence demonstrates substantial potential in the realm of invention and cre⁃ation,there remain challenges in obtaining patent authorization for its generated technical solutions,specifically con⁃cerning subject,object,and market aspects.To address these issues,the feasibility of the subject should be demon⁃strated from the perspective of embodied cognition theory,while the object should be justified from a techno-centric standpoint.Subsequently,a regulatory framework for the patentability of technical solutions generated by embodied in⁃telligence should be proposed.First,a more inclusive subject framework should be established,recognizing embodied artificial intelligence as an inventor alongside humans,thereby affirming a coexistent"inventor"identity.Second,pat⁃ent rights should be assigned to developers of embodied artificial intelligence,referencing the rights distribution para⁃digm under employment relationships.Third,the criteria for patent eligibility and the"three-aspect"examination stan⁃dards should be refined.Finally,mechanisms for optimizing the implementation of rights and risk prevention should be developed.
文摘Rapid and accurate identification of high-quality patents can accelerate the transformation process of scientific and technological achievements, optimize the management of intellectual property rights and enhance the vitality of innovation. Aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional high-value patent assessment method, which is relatively simple and seldom considers the influence of patentees, this paper proposes a high-quality patent method HMFM (High-Value Patent Multi-Feature Fusion Method) that fuses multi-dimensional features. A weighted node importance assessment method in complex network called GLE (Glob-Local-struEntropy) based on improved structural entropy is designed to calculate the influence of the patentee to form the patentee’s features, and the patent text features are extracted by BERT-DPCNN deep learning model, which is supplemented to the basic patent indicator system. Finally a machine learning algorithm is used to assess the value of patents. Experiment results show that our method can identify high-value patents more effectively and accurately.
基金by Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023AFD154)Wuhan Municipal Health Scientific Research Fund(WZ24Z22).
文摘Rhizoma Atractylodis has a long history of medicinal use,a broad spectrum of applications,and diverse clinical utility.This review provides a comprehensive overview of Rhizoma Atractylodis,focusing on its processing,chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and product development.Processing methods include stir-frying with bran,stir-frying until cooked,and rinsing with rice-washed water.The chemical composition includes terpenes,alkynes,sugars and their glycosides,organic acids and their esters,coumarins,and other compounds.Its pharmacological effects include the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases,arthritis,liver diseases,lung diseases,cancer,cardiovascular conditions,etc.Finally,product development prospects include decoction-ready products,Chinese patent medicines,health products and daily necessities,epidemic prevention,and veterinary medicine.Notably,this review simultaneously discusses,analyzes,and explores the quality control and industrial development of Rhizoma Atractylodis,offering guidance for advancing related industries,enhancing production quality control,and exploring innovative strategies for the clinical application and development of new Rhizoma Atractylodis-based products.
文摘Objective To explore the current state of biopharmaceutical innovation in Africa by analyzing patent data related to biopharmaceutical products in African countries.Methods Based on patent data,simple descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the trend of patent applications,the geographical distribution of patents,and the distribution of applicants in the pharmaceutical field in Africa.Besides,Excel software was used to draw charts to visualize statistical information.Results and Conclusion According to the result,a large number of patents has been granted in these countries and the number is steadily rising each year.From the figure below,we can see that the largest number of patents was granted to Morocco in 2014 with a total number of 613 patents followed by Tunisia with 315 patents,the African Intellectual Property Organization(OAPI)with 124 patents,South Africa with 106 and Mozambique with 1 patent based on data availability(IncoPat Global Patent Search Database).It was observed that,as patents were granted,the number of applications filed on this continent increased.The largest number of patents has been recorded by Morocco,Tunisia and South Africa.Patent applications in Morocco increased fast with an average annual growth of 7.3%.The increase in patent applications is due to improved research infrastructure and enhanced research activities,which shows the importance of biopharmaceutical innovation in the continent.
文摘The pitch bearing is a component in wind turbine units used to adjust the angle of the fan blades to adapt to the wind direction,so as to maximize the utilization of wind energy.Due to the different working mode of the pitch bearing itself compared with ordinary small bearings and the harsh working environment,the pitch bearing is prone to faults such as cracking and deformation.In severe cases,it will lead to overall damage to the pitch bearing,causing the blade to fall from a high altitude and even injuring personnel.Therefore,this paper conducts a patent analysis and technical decomposition of the deformation monitoring device for pitch bearings,analyzes and summarizes the development process of existing deformation monitoring devices for pitch bearings.Combined with the TRIZ evolution theory and based on the S-curve,it is concluded that the current deformation monitoring device for pitch bearings is in the transitional stage between the infant period and the growth period,and discusses the possible subsequent evolution directions.Through reviewing relevant literature,it is found that inner ring cracks first appear near the upper and lower surfaces of the bolt holes in the inner ring of the pitch bearing.To this end,a new type of deformation monitoring device for pitch bearings is designed.The fiber optic displacement sensor is used for qualitative monitoring of initial cracks near the surface of the bolt holes in the inner ring of the pitch bearing.After cracks are detected,the eddy current sensor is used for quantitative monitoring of whether there are extended cracks between the cracked bolt holes and adjacent bolt holes.Finally,the work done in this paper is summarized and prospected.
基金funded by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant number 9232010)Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research(grant number 2022-2-4079).
文摘Background:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide.This study aims to explore the impact of national volume-based procurement(NVBP)on Chinese patent medicines and provide evidence for improving policies and promoting rational drug use.Methods:The study was based on data from the China National Health Insurance Agency that spanned January 2019 to December 2020.Descriptive analysis was conducted using volume and expenditure as variables.Interrupted time series analysis was applied to further analyze Chinese patent medicines.Results:The unit prices of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin decreased by 25%-96%,whereas the prices of Zhibitai and Xuezhikang fluctuated slightly.The affordability is measured as the monthly expenditure on treatment divided by the daily wage.After policy implementation,the affordability of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin improved from 0.242 to 0.014 and from 0.247 to 0.019,respectively.The defined daily doses(DDDs)for atorvastatin and rosuvastatin also increased,whereas total expenditures decreased in hospitals of all levels.Both at the national level and at all levels of hospital,the policy had no significant impact on expenditures for Zhibitai and Xuezhikang and their defined daily doses.Conclusions:The NVBP saved costs in the short term by incorporating high-quality,widely used lipid-lowering drugs.Notably,the policy impacted lipid-lowering chemical drugs,whereas Chinese patent medicines remained largely unaffected.Doctors'use of Chinese patent medicines did not decline,highlighting the clinical specificity of these medicines.
基金Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Fuwai Hospital High Level Hospital clinical research fund(2022-GSPGG-18).
文摘Compared with traditional nickel-titanium alloy patent foramen ovale occluders,which are widely used in clinical practice,biodegradable patent foramen ovale occluders have obvious differences in material characteristics,interventional operation mode and postoperative management strategy.This article gives expert consensus on the selection of clinical indications and standardized operating procedures,so as to standardize the clinical application of biodegradable patent foramen ovale occluders.
基金Special Emergency research and development of Social Benefiting Technology Program,Qingdao,Grant/Award Number:23-7-8-smjk-3-nshProject for Development of TCM Science and Technology of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:M-2022145+1 种基金Major Basic Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:ZR2021ZD17Jinan City Funding for University Innovation Teams,Grant/Award Number:2021GXRC028。
文摘Background:Qi pi pill(QPP),which contains Renshen,Baizhu,Fuling,Gancao,Chenpi,Shanyao,Lianzi,Shanzha,Liushenqu,Maiya,and Zexie,was recommended for preventing and treating COVID-19 in Shandong Province(China).However,the mechanism by which QPP treats infectious diseases remains unclear.This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of QPP in vitro and on acute influenza infection in mice,exploring its mechanism of action against influenza A virus(IAV).Methods:The in vitro activity of QPP was assessed using dose–response curve analysis and titer reduction assay,and its antiviral mechanism was identified in vitro by realtime polymerase chain reaction(PCR),time-of-addition,and enzymatic assays.The antiviral efficacy of QPP was further evaluated in vivo using BALB/c mice infected with IAV.At the same time,each single Chinese herbal medicine in QPP was evaluated to preliminarily identify those with antiviral effects.Results:In vitro results showed that QPP exhibited a higher potency antiviral effect against both influenza A and B viruses,inhibiting viral RNA replication and release by targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and neuraminidase.Additionally,QPP significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells.In vivo study revealed that QPP significantly reduced the lung index and viral load in lung tissue of mice infected with IAV.Renshen,Gancao,Zexie,and Lianzi were the Chinese herbal medicines from QPP that showed anti-IAV activity.Conclusion:The antiviral activity of QPP targets IAV replication and release,cytokine modulation in host cells,and provides protection in mice with acute influenza infection.
文摘Nucleic acid drugs represent the third wave of innovation in drug research and development,succeeding small-molecule and antibody drugs.These drugs,particularly RNA interference(RNAi)therapies,have become a pivotal focus in the pharmaceutical industry.RNAi drugs are extensively utilized in the treatment of chronic and rare diseases due to their exceptional gene-silencing efficiency,manageable side effects,and straightforward synthesis process.This study undertook a thorough analysis of the global landscape of RNAi drug patents,highlighting the latest technological advancements and trends.We meticulously identified and cataloged the key technologies that dominated this patent landscape.The goal was to provide valuable insights and references for researchers involved in the development of RNAi drugs within the domestic pharmaceutical sector.
