Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein mal...Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group.Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest(P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin(Ig) A and Ig M concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group(P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and Ig G in the BTM group(P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher(P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more(P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores(IHS) were higher(P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower(P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased(P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4(TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions: Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.展开更多
Objective:To determine the presence and levels of microbes in unexpired pasteurized milk from randomly selected supermarkets in Kingston,Jamaica.Methods:The quantitative study used a stratified random sampling techniq...Objective:To determine the presence and levels of microbes in unexpired pasteurized milk from randomly selected supermarkets in Kingston,Jamaica.Methods:The quantitative study used a stratified random sampling technique in the selection of the 20 representative milk samples from six(6) supermarkets.Microbiological tests such as methylene blue reduction,standard plate count(SPC),coliform plate count(CPC),purity plate culture,gram staining and biochemical tests were performed to examine the microbes in purchased unexpired pasteurized milk.Results:One sample(BCr016) had a pH of 4.0.a rancid odour and curdled appearance.It decolourized within one hour during the methylene blue reduction test and was classified as class 4 milk.Seven of the samples were sterile with no microbe growth on the plate count agar and violet red bile salt agar(VRBA).The milk samples that appeared to be safe for consumption were all 10,11,12 and 13 days before expiration.The VRBA sample BCr016,had a colony count of 13 400 CFU/ mL.There was the presence of Escherichia coli in sample LCr021 which had a standard plate count of 1 580 SPC/mL and a coliform count of 500 CFU/mL.Enterobacter sp.was present in colonies from BCr016 and all the other milk samples.Conclusions:Unacceptable levels of Entembacter spp.and Escherichia coli were found in most of the samples.Effective measures to ensure safe milk for human consumption such as the phosphatase test and methylene blue reduction test should be routinely performed on each batch of milk processed by dairy plants.展开更多
Differentiating pasteurized milk and reconsti-tuted milk by scientific approach was necessary to defend consumer from economic fraud of wrong labeling. In this paper 2DGE (2 Dimen-sional Gel Electrophoresis)-coomassie...Differentiating pasteurized milk and reconsti-tuted milk by scientific approach was necessary to defend consumer from economic fraud of wrong labeling. In this paper 2DGE (2 Dimen-sional Gel Electrophoresis)-coomassie brilliant blue staining method was employed and sig-nificant color intensity changing was observed among raw milk, pasteurized milk, UHT milk and reconstituted milk. For example, the intensity of 10 protein spots including casein and lac-toglobulin reduced more than two folds from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. However, DIGE (Differential Gel Electrophoresis) assay showed that the majority protein remained simi-lar level from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. Therefore the color fading of coomassie brilliant blue stained 2D gels may be due to other biochemical reaction, such as Maillard reaction, instead of protein degradation. Stability of 2DGE pattern was confirmed by running six gels of the same sample in parallel and software analysis showed that all proteins were at similar level. Two commercialized pasteurized milk samples and one reconstituted milk sample were tested by 2DGE-coomassie blue staining method and re-constituted milk could be easily identified.展开更多
Pasteurized milk contains complex microbial communities affected by sterilization and storage conditions.This complex microflora may be the possible reason that pasteurized dairy products are highly prone to spoilage....Pasteurized milk contains complex microbial communities affected by sterilization and storage conditions.This complex microflora may be the possible reason that pasteurized dairy products are highly prone to spoilage.In this study,packaged pasteurized milk products collected from dairy processing factories in China were stored at 0,4,10,15,and 25℃ for 0−15 days and subjected to microbial identification using high-throughput sequencing.Accordingly,6 phyla and 44 genera were identified as the dominant microbiota.Moreover,the changes in nutritional composition of the pasteurized milk,including in 16 free amino acids,7 taste values,and 8 chemical constituents,were analyzed using principal component and multi-factor analyses.The Pearson correlation analysis identified Pseudomonas,Aeromonas,Paenibacillus,and Serratia genera as the core functional microbiota that significantly affects the nutritional composition of pasteurized milk.Hence,the results provide a comprehensive understanding of the safety and shelf-life of stored pasteurized milk.展开更多
Shelf life of pasteurized milk is relatively short, mainly due to cold chain conditions. This study investigated the effects of different storage temperatures （8, 10 and 12 ℃） on acidity, microorganism index, physi...Shelf life of pasteurized milk is relatively short, mainly due to cold chain conditions. This study investigated the effects of different storage temperatures （8, 10 and 12 ℃） on acidity, microorganism index, physical and chemical indicators and sensory quality of pasteurized milk packaged in glass bottle to determine the main factor affecting the quality of pasteurized milk during shelf life under different tem- peratures. The results showed that within the first five days, the protein, fat, lactose and non-fat milk solids contents in the milk samples did not change under different storage temperatures; the acidity was almost unchanged at 8 and 10 ℃, and in- creased slightly at 12 ℃; the sensory quality of milk samples did not change at 8 and 10 ℃, and began to decline from the 4th d at 12 ℃; the aerobic plate count in the milk samples accorded with the requirement of national standard at 8 and 10℃, and exceeded the national standard on the 5th day at 12℃. No coliform bac- teria were detected in the milk samples within the storage time at 8 ℃. When the milk samples were stored at 10 ℃, the coliform group count exceeded the national standard on the 5th day. When the milk samples were stored at 12 ℃, coliform bacteria began to be found in the milk samples from the 2rd day, and the coliform group count exceeded the national standard from the 3rd day. It indicated that stor- age time had a great impact on the quality of glass bottled pasteurized milk. Low storage temperature and relatively short storage time were conducive to the reten- tion of high quality of pasteurized milk. Coliform group count was one of the impor- tant factors affecting the quality of glass bottled pasteurized milk during shelf life.展开更多
Thermal alkaline hydrolysis is a common pretreatment method for the utilization of excess activated sludge(EAS).Owing to strict environment laws and need for better energy utilization,new methods were developed in thi...Thermal alkaline hydrolysis is a common pretreatment method for the utilization of excess activated sludge(EAS).Owing to strict environment laws and need for better energy utilization,new methods were developed in this study to improve the efficiency of pretreatment method.Direct thermal hydrolysis(TH),pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH),and alkaline pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH+CaO and PTH+NaOH)methods were used to treat EAS.Each method was compared and analyzed in terms of dissolution in ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)and soluble COD(SCOD)in EAS.Furthermore,the removal of tetracycline resistance genes(TRGs)and class 1 transposon gene intI1 from EAS was investigated.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations in EAS treated by PTH were 1.24 and 2.58 times higher than those of TH.However,the removal efficiency of total TRGs and intI1 between the groups was comparable.The SCOD concentration of the PTH+NaOH group was 4.37 times higher than that of the PTH group,and the removal efficiency of total TRGs was increased by 9.52%compared with that by PTH.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations of the PTH+CaO group could reach 85.04%and 92.14%of the PTH+NaOH group,but the removal efficiency of total TRGs by PTH+CaO was 19.78%lower than that by PTH+NaOH.Thus,to reduce the financial cost in actual operation,lime(CaO)can be used instead of a strong alkali(NaOH),and pasteurized steam at 70℃ instead of conventional high-temperature heating to treat EAS.This study provides a reference for the development of alkaline hydrolysis under moderate temperatures along with the removal of TRGs in EAS.展开更多
The aim of this study was to examine whether pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila(pAkk)could protect mice from chemotherapy-induced mucositis(CIM)in tumor-bearing mice.Mice were pretreated with pAkk and then treated wi...The aim of this study was to examine whether pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila(pAkk)could protect mice from chemotherapy-induced mucositis(CIM)in tumor-bearing mice.Mice were pretreated with pAkk and then treated with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU).pAkk mitigates symptoms of 5-FU-induced CIM,including slowing the rate of weight loss(14.2%)and increasing the villus height to crypt depth ratio(1.54%)in the ileum,while not impacting the antitumor efficacy of 5-FU.Furthermore,pAkk diminished the levels of proteins associated with apoptosis,including Bax,caspase-3,and Bcl-2,both in vivo and in vitro,and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells.pAkk further alleviated the disruption of cell barrier function and inflammation induced by 5-FU in a Caco-2/RAW264.7 co-culture model.Further exploration revealed that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays a crucial role in improving CIM by pAkk,with the expression of its related proteins being reversed upon pAkk treatment.The protective effect of pAkk was partially nullified after using a STING activator,further confirming that pAkk exerts its function at least partly through cGAS-STING signaling pathway.These findings provide support for developing Akkermansia muciniphila-based strategies to mitigate chemotherapy-related in-testinal toxicity for patients with cancer.展开更多
Objective:To monitor antibiotic residues in pasteurized milk in West Azerbatjan province,North West of Iran.Methods:In this study,848 pasteurized milk samples were collected from factories and tested for the presence ...Objective:To monitor antibiotic residues in pasteurized milk in West Azerbatjan province,North West of Iran.Methods:In this study,848 pasteurized milk samples were collected from factories and tested for the presence of antibiotic residues using the Copan test kit based on the manufacturer's instructions.Results:Results indicated that 30.14%of samples were contaminated with a variety of antibiotics based on the detection of associated residues and 3.19%of these samples were suspected.Given the current rise of antimicrobial resistance among microbial pathogens,these findings amplify the need to ensure continuous monitoring of pasteurized milk that intended for human consumption.Conclusions:Continuous monitoring of pasteurized milk may improve human health but also limit the development and transmission of antibiotic resistant strains in the environment.展开更多
Recent researches have reported that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila,as a paraprobiotic,still plays an active role in various metabolic diseases.However,its role in alcoholic liver disease(ALD)remains unexplored.T...Recent researches have reported that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila,as a paraprobiotic,still plays an active role in various metabolic diseases.However,its role in alcoholic liver disease(ALD)remains unexplored.This study aims to evaluate the impact and mechanisms of pasteurized A.muciniphila on ALD.Its effects on ALD were assessed by phenotypic,biochemical parameters,and histological features in a mouse model.Further investigations into underlying mechanisms were conducted through gut microbiome,metabolomics analyses and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)technology.Heterologously expressed outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 was utilized to explore the molecular action mechanism.Our research demonstrated that pasteurized A.muciniphila can indeed alleviate alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of gut microbiota and host metabolism.It suppressed the proliferation of pathogenic microbes and fostered the growth of probiotics.Additionally,it rectified alcohol-induced abnormalities in serum metabolic patterns,particularly in lipid metabolism.Specifically,pasteurized A.muciniphila elevated serum levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid,palmitoleic acid,acetylcarnitine,DHA,and arachidonic acid in alcohol-fed mice.qRT-PCR results showed that it reversed the alcohol-induced upregulation of mRNA expression of hepatic fatty acid synthesis genes and decreased mRNA expression of fatty acid oxidation and transport genes.Importantly,we identified that Amuc_1100 could partially recapitulate the protective effects of pasteurized A.muciniphila on ALD,especially regarding hepatic lipid metabolism.This study enhances our comprehension of the function of pasteurized A.muciniphila and underscores its potential therapeutic application,along with Amuc_1100,in the treatment of ALD.展开更多
This study explored how pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila mitigates the immunosuppressive and toxic effects of the chemotherapy drug 5-FU in mice.Pasteurized A.muciniphila raised the index of immune organs,helped re...This study explored how pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila mitigates the immunosuppressive and toxic effects of the chemotherapy drug 5-FU in mice.Pasteurized A.muciniphila raised the index of immune organs,helped restore hematopoietic functions,and greatly increased the ability of both T and B lymphocytes to multiply.This process also resulted in an increase in the percentages of CD3^(+)T lymphocytes as well as in the ratios of CD4^(+)to CD8^(+)T cells.Pasteurized A.muciniphila enhances serum immunoglobulin secretion.Additionally,it increased the liver’s antioxidant capacity,decreased ALT and AST levels,and mitigated chemotherapy-related liver damage.Pasteurized A.muciniphila regulates intestinal mucosal immunity by influencing the gut microbiota structure.It restored small intestinal villi and crypt structures,increased intestinal sIgA levels,and increased the number of CD3^(+)and CD4^(+)T lymphocytes,thus effectively rectifying intestinal mucosal immune dysfunctions.In conclusion,pasteurized A.muciniphila significantly improved the immunosuppressive and other toxic effects induced by 5-FU in mice.These findings indicate that pasteurized A.muciniphila has the potential to be developed as a dietary strategy to reduce chemotherapy-induced toxicity.展开更多
At present,most liquid milk products use high-temperature short-time heat treatment(HTST).However,HTST treatment cannot completely inactivate the bacteria in milk,which seriously affects the quality,safety,and shelf l...At present,most liquid milk products use high-temperature short-time heat treatment(HTST).However,HTST treatment cannot completely inactivate the bacteria in milk,which seriously affects the quality,safety,and shelf life of the product.Therefore,exploring the combined use of HTST and other technologies is of great importance to the production of high-quality pasteurized milk.In this study,we compared thermosonication(TS),ε-Polylysine(ε-PL),ε-PL combined with TS(ε-PL-TS),and HTST to inactivate B.cereus in pasteurized milk.Based on this comparison,we further discussed the inactivation ability and potential mechanism ofε-PL-TS treatment on B.cereus.The experimental result indicated thatε-PL-TS treatment had an obvious inactivation impact on B.cereus.The cell architecture was damaged byε-PL-TS treatment,causing the leakage of proteins and DNA from the cell.ε-PL-TS treatment caused metabolic disorders by reducing the activities of key enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)(72.5%),malate dehydrogenase(MDH)(70.5%),and ATPase(80.3%).Meanwhile,the activity of CAT and POD decreased by 42.5%and 48.7%,respectively,suggesting that oxidative stress may be involved in the bactericidal mechanism.In addition,the combined treatment effectively inhibits microbial proliferation of pasteurized milk during storage at 4℃.Therefore,ε-PL-TS treatment can be used as a potential new inactivated microorganism technology that is helpful to obtain high-quality pasteurized milk with a long shelf life.展开更多
This study was conducted to analyze obtained data by consumer survey about packaged milk as long-life (UHT, ultra-high temperature) and pasteurized fluid milk (PFM). To achieve a 2.83% sampling tolerance, 1222 consume...This study was conducted to analyze obtained data by consumer survey about packaged milk as long-life (UHT, ultra-high temperature) and pasteurized fluid milk (PFM). To achieve a 2.83% sampling tolerance, 1222 consumers were interviewed in person, and the data were collected. Although 76.4% of urban consumers (UCs) preferred UHT and PFM, the potential customer rate was 51.1% to 56.9%. In addition, the consumers who identify PFM with negative expression were identified as a high level of 68.4%. The definitions used for UHT can be considered as more neutral. 52.6% of consumers consider that there is a change in the composition of UHT and PFM during the production. The consumer groups (51.3%) thinking that this change is due to the addition of additives stand out. It is possible to assert that the main motivation factor for the negative attitudes of consumers towards UHT and PFM is the distrust of the technology in use.展开更多
Background: It is generally accepted that there is a spectrum ranging from Osteofibrous Dysplasia (OFD) to Osteofibrous dysplasia-like Adamantinoma (OFD-AD) to “classic” Adamantinoma (AD). However, it is controversi...Background: It is generally accepted that there is a spectrum ranging from Osteofibrous Dysplasia (OFD) to Osteofibrous dysplasia-like Adamantinoma (OFD-AD) to “classic” Adamantinoma (AD). However, it is controversial whether OFD may progress into OFD-AD and AD or these pathologic changes reflect sampling issues. We herein report the fifth case of late development of AD from OFD-AD to underline the importance of long-term follow-up. Case: At 6 years bone biopsy of the tibia revealed the diagnosis of OFD-AD, confirmed by repeat biopsies until the age of 18 years. At age 45 years a progressive focal osteolysis was biopsied and showed histologically a classic AD. The affected tibial diaphysis was resected and pasteurized. Reconstruction was performed adapting the “Capanna technique” of inserting the ipsilateral mobilized fibula into the replanted autologous, pasteurized tibial segment as biologic stabilizer. At 1.5 years follow-up, the reconstruction has healed allowing full weight bearing.展开更多
The diabetes mellitus is a public health problem in C?te d’Ivoire. The Glycemic index (GI) and the Glycemic load (GL) determination of commonly consumed foods such as juice fruits is an alternative to prevent metabol...The diabetes mellitus is a public health problem in C?te d’Ivoire. The Glycemic index (GI) and the Glycemic load (GL) determination of commonly consumed foods such as juice fruits is an alternative to prevent metabolic diseases. This study carried out three wild fruits locally named Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tomi (Tamarindus indica) and Néré (Parkia biglobosa) collected at maturity stage. The juices from the pulp of fruits have been elaborated, pasteurized, submitted to microbiological and physicochemical analysis before GIs/GLs determination. Ten healthy subjects with body mass index and age average respectively 21.57 ± 1.06 and 28 ± 2 years old tested the three juices and glucose (50 g) as reference food. Blood samples have been collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after foods consumption. The GIs/GLs has been determined according to ISO/FDI 26642:2010 protocol. Data showed that pasteurized juices has a weak microbiologic load (1.0102 - 2.4102 of Mesophylls Aerobic Germs) and not contain pathogen germs. The GI and GL of Néré juice are high with respective values of 89.54 ± 1.63 and 29.22 ± 4.09 whereas those of Baobab and Tomi juice are moderate with respective GI/GL values of 66.48 ± 2.12/13.24 ± 1.99 and 60.41 ± 2.63/12.87 ± 1.67. The juice of Néré should be consumed occasionally when those of Baobab and Tomi should be consumed with moderation. It would be suitable to know more about the GI and GL of all the juice fruits produced locally so as to prevent efficiently diabetes mellitus in the country.展开更多
文摘Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group.Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest(P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin(Ig) A and Ig M concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group(P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and Ig G in the BTM group(P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher(P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more(P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores(IHS) were higher(P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower(P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased(P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4(TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions: Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.
文摘Objective:To determine the presence and levels of microbes in unexpired pasteurized milk from randomly selected supermarkets in Kingston,Jamaica.Methods:The quantitative study used a stratified random sampling technique in the selection of the 20 representative milk samples from six(6) supermarkets.Microbiological tests such as methylene blue reduction,standard plate count(SPC),coliform plate count(CPC),purity plate culture,gram staining and biochemical tests were performed to examine the microbes in purchased unexpired pasteurized milk.Results:One sample(BCr016) had a pH of 4.0.a rancid odour and curdled appearance.It decolourized within one hour during the methylene blue reduction test and was classified as class 4 milk.Seven of the samples were sterile with no microbe growth on the plate count agar and violet red bile salt agar(VRBA).The milk samples that appeared to be safe for consumption were all 10,11,12 and 13 days before expiration.The VRBA sample BCr016,had a colony count of 13 400 CFU/ mL.There was the presence of Escherichia coli in sample LCr021 which had a standard plate count of 1 580 SPC/mL and a coliform count of 500 CFU/mL.Enterobacter sp.was present in colonies from BCr016 and all the other milk samples.Conclusions:Unacceptable levels of Entembacter spp.and Escherichia coli were found in most of the samples.Effective measures to ensure safe milk for human consumption such as the phosphatase test and methylene blue reduction test should be routinely performed on each batch of milk processed by dairy plants.
文摘Differentiating pasteurized milk and reconsti-tuted milk by scientific approach was necessary to defend consumer from economic fraud of wrong labeling. In this paper 2DGE (2 Dimen-sional Gel Electrophoresis)-coomassie brilliant blue staining method was employed and sig-nificant color intensity changing was observed among raw milk, pasteurized milk, UHT milk and reconstituted milk. For example, the intensity of 10 protein spots including casein and lac-toglobulin reduced more than two folds from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. However, DIGE (Differential Gel Electrophoresis) assay showed that the majority protein remained simi-lar level from pasteurized milk to reconstituted milk. Therefore the color fading of coomassie brilliant blue stained 2D gels may be due to other biochemical reaction, such as Maillard reaction, instead of protein degradation. Stability of 2DGE pattern was confirmed by running six gels of the same sample in parallel and software analysis showed that all proteins were at similar level. Two commercialized pasteurized milk samples and one reconstituted milk sample were tested by 2DGE-coomassie blue staining method and re-constituted milk could be easily identified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871831,32172279)Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation regional Joint Fund project(2020-MZLH-34)+1 种基金Shenyang City Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project(RC200495)Shenyang Science and technology innovation platform project(21-103-0-14,21-104-0-28).
文摘Pasteurized milk contains complex microbial communities affected by sterilization and storage conditions.This complex microflora may be the possible reason that pasteurized dairy products are highly prone to spoilage.In this study,packaged pasteurized milk products collected from dairy processing factories in China were stored at 0,4,10,15,and 25℃ for 0−15 days and subjected to microbial identification using high-throughput sequencing.Accordingly,6 phyla and 44 genera were identified as the dominant microbiota.Moreover,the changes in nutritional composition of the pasteurized milk,including in 16 free amino acids,7 taste values,and 8 chemical constituents,were analyzed using principal component and multi-factor analyses.The Pearson correlation analysis identified Pseudomonas,Aeromonas,Paenibacillus,and Serratia genera as the core functional microbiota that significantly affects the nutritional composition of pasteurized milk.Hence,the results provide a comprehensive understanding of the safety and shelf-life of stored pasteurized milk.
文摘Shelf life of pasteurized milk is relatively short, mainly due to cold chain conditions. This study investigated the effects of different storage temperatures （8, 10 and 12 ℃） on acidity, microorganism index, physical and chemical indicators and sensory quality of pasteurized milk packaged in glass bottle to determine the main factor affecting the quality of pasteurized milk during shelf life under different tem- peratures. The results showed that within the first five days, the protein, fat, lactose and non-fat milk solids contents in the milk samples did not change under different storage temperatures; the acidity was almost unchanged at 8 and 10 ℃, and in- creased slightly at 12 ℃; the sensory quality of milk samples did not change at 8 and 10 ℃, and began to decline from the 4th d at 12 ℃; the aerobic plate count in the milk samples accorded with the requirement of national standard at 8 and 10℃, and exceeded the national standard on the 5th day at 12℃. No coliform bac- teria were detected in the milk samples within the storage time at 8 ℃. When the milk samples were stored at 10 ℃, the coliform group count exceeded the national standard on the 5th day. When the milk samples were stored at 12 ℃, coliform bacteria began to be found in the milk samples from the 2rd day, and the coliform group count exceeded the national standard from the 3rd day. It indicated that stor- age time had a great impact on the quality of glass bottled pasteurized milk. Low storage temperature and relatively short storage time were conducive to the reten- tion of high quality of pasteurized milk. Coliform group count was one of the impor- tant factors affecting the quality of glass bottled pasteurized milk during shelf life.
基金supported by the Key R&D Projects of the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology in 2022 (No.2022YFS0457)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students (No.202210649050).
文摘Thermal alkaline hydrolysis is a common pretreatment method for the utilization of excess activated sludge(EAS).Owing to strict environment laws and need for better energy utilization,new methods were developed in this study to improve the efficiency of pretreatment method.Direct thermal hydrolysis(TH),pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH),and alkaline pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH+CaO and PTH+NaOH)methods were used to treat EAS.Each method was compared and analyzed in terms of dissolution in ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)and soluble COD(SCOD)in EAS.Furthermore,the removal of tetracycline resistance genes(TRGs)and class 1 transposon gene intI1 from EAS was investigated.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations in EAS treated by PTH were 1.24 and 2.58 times higher than those of TH.However,the removal efficiency of total TRGs and intI1 between the groups was comparable.The SCOD concentration of the PTH+NaOH group was 4.37 times higher than that of the PTH group,and the removal efficiency of total TRGs was increased by 9.52%compared with that by PTH.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations of the PTH+CaO group could reach 85.04%and 92.14%of the PTH+NaOH group,but the removal efficiency of total TRGs by PTH+CaO was 19.78%lower than that by PTH+NaOH.Thus,to reduce the financial cost in actual operation,lime(CaO)can be used instead of a strong alkali(NaOH),and pasteurized steam at 70℃ instead of conventional high-temperature heating to treat EAS.This study provides a reference for the development of alkaline hydrolysis under moderate temperatures along with the removal of TRGs in EAS.
基金supported in part by Dalian Jinshiwan Laboratory Project(Dljswgj202403)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2100104).
文摘The aim of this study was to examine whether pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila(pAkk)could protect mice from chemotherapy-induced mucositis(CIM)in tumor-bearing mice.Mice were pretreated with pAkk and then treated with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU).pAkk mitigates symptoms of 5-FU-induced CIM,including slowing the rate of weight loss(14.2%)and increasing the villus height to crypt depth ratio(1.54%)in the ileum,while not impacting the antitumor efficacy of 5-FU.Furthermore,pAkk diminished the levels of proteins associated with apoptosis,including Bax,caspase-3,and Bcl-2,both in vivo and in vitro,and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells.pAkk further alleviated the disruption of cell barrier function and inflammation induced by 5-FU in a Caco-2/RAW264.7 co-culture model.Further exploration revealed that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays a crucial role in improving CIM by pAkk,with the expression of its related proteins being reversed upon pAkk treatment.The protective effect of pAkk was partially nullified after using a STING activator,further confirming that pAkk exerts its function at least partly through cGAS-STING signaling pathway.These findings provide support for developing Akkermansia muciniphila-based strategies to mitigate chemotherapy-related in-testinal toxicity for patients with cancer.
基金Supported by Food and Drug,Urmia University of Medical Sciences,Urmia,Iran(Grant number of this work research is 324-6543-92).
文摘Objective:To monitor antibiotic residues in pasteurized milk in West Azerbatjan province,North West of Iran.Methods:In this study,848 pasteurized milk samples were collected from factories and tested for the presence of antibiotic residues using the Copan test kit based on the manufacturer's instructions.Results:Results indicated that 30.14%of samples were contaminated with a variety of antibiotics based on the detection of associated residues and 3.19%of these samples were suspected.Given the current rise of antimicrobial resistance among microbial pathogens,these findings amplify the need to ensure continuous monitoring of pasteurized milk that intended for human consumption.Conclusions:Continuous monitoring of pasteurized milk may improve human health but also limit the development and transmission of antibiotic resistant strains in the environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22108095)he Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Jiangnan University(Grant No.JUSRP123041)Figdraw(www.figdraw.com)the for its technical support(ID:PROYW47448).
文摘Recent researches have reported that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila,as a paraprobiotic,still plays an active role in various metabolic diseases.However,its role in alcoholic liver disease(ALD)remains unexplored.This study aims to evaluate the impact and mechanisms of pasteurized A.muciniphila on ALD.Its effects on ALD were assessed by phenotypic,biochemical parameters,and histological features in a mouse model.Further investigations into underlying mechanisms were conducted through gut microbiome,metabolomics analyses and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)technology.Heterologously expressed outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 was utilized to explore the molecular action mechanism.Our research demonstrated that pasteurized A.muciniphila can indeed alleviate alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of gut microbiota and host metabolism.It suppressed the proliferation of pathogenic microbes and fostered the growth of probiotics.Additionally,it rectified alcohol-induced abnormalities in serum metabolic patterns,particularly in lipid metabolism.Specifically,pasteurized A.muciniphila elevated serum levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid,palmitoleic acid,acetylcarnitine,DHA,and arachidonic acid in alcohol-fed mice.qRT-PCR results showed that it reversed the alcohol-induced upregulation of mRNA expression of hepatic fatty acid synthesis genes and decreased mRNA expression of fatty acid oxidation and transport genes.Importantly,we identified that Amuc_1100 could partially recapitulate the protective effects of pasteurized A.muciniphila on ALD,especially regarding hepatic lipid metabolism.This study enhances our comprehension of the function of pasteurized A.muciniphila and underscores its potential therapeutic application,along with Amuc_1100,in the treatment of ALD.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2100104)the Science and Technology Research Program of Liaoning Department of Education(J2020044).
文摘This study explored how pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila mitigates the immunosuppressive and toxic effects of the chemotherapy drug 5-FU in mice.Pasteurized A.muciniphila raised the index of immune organs,helped restore hematopoietic functions,and greatly increased the ability of both T and B lymphocytes to multiply.This process also resulted in an increase in the percentages of CD3^(+)T lymphocytes as well as in the ratios of CD4^(+)to CD8^(+)T cells.Pasteurized A.muciniphila enhances serum immunoglobulin secretion.Additionally,it increased the liver’s antioxidant capacity,decreased ALT and AST levels,and mitigated chemotherapy-related liver damage.Pasteurized A.muciniphila regulates intestinal mucosal immunity by influencing the gut microbiota structure.It restored small intestinal villi and crypt structures,increased intestinal sIgA levels,and increased the number of CD3^(+)and CD4^(+)T lymphocytes,thus effectively rectifying intestinal mucosal immune dysfunctions.In conclusion,pasteurized A.muciniphila significantly improved the immunosuppressive and other toxic effects induced by 5-FU in mice.These findings indicate that pasteurized A.muciniphila has the potential to be developed as a dietary strategy to reduce chemotherapy-induced toxicity.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172279,31871831)Shenyang Science and technology innovation platform project(21-103-0-14,21-104-0-28).
文摘At present,most liquid milk products use high-temperature short-time heat treatment(HTST).However,HTST treatment cannot completely inactivate the bacteria in milk,which seriously affects the quality,safety,and shelf life of the product.Therefore,exploring the combined use of HTST and other technologies is of great importance to the production of high-quality pasteurized milk.In this study,we compared thermosonication(TS),ε-Polylysine(ε-PL),ε-PL combined with TS(ε-PL-TS),and HTST to inactivate B.cereus in pasteurized milk.Based on this comparison,we further discussed the inactivation ability and potential mechanism ofε-PL-TS treatment on B.cereus.The experimental result indicated thatε-PL-TS treatment had an obvious inactivation impact on B.cereus.The cell architecture was damaged byε-PL-TS treatment,causing the leakage of proteins and DNA from the cell.ε-PL-TS treatment caused metabolic disorders by reducing the activities of key enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)(72.5%),malate dehydrogenase(MDH)(70.5%),and ATPase(80.3%).Meanwhile,the activity of CAT and POD decreased by 42.5%and 48.7%,respectively,suggesting that oxidative stress may be involved in the bactericidal mechanism.In addition,the combined treatment effectively inhibits microbial proliferation of pasteurized milk during storage at 4℃.Therefore,ε-PL-TS treatment can be used as a potential new inactivated microorganism technology that is helpful to obtain high-quality pasteurized milk with a long shelf life.
文摘This study was conducted to analyze obtained data by consumer survey about packaged milk as long-life (UHT, ultra-high temperature) and pasteurized fluid milk (PFM). To achieve a 2.83% sampling tolerance, 1222 consumers were interviewed in person, and the data were collected. Although 76.4% of urban consumers (UCs) preferred UHT and PFM, the potential customer rate was 51.1% to 56.9%. In addition, the consumers who identify PFM with negative expression were identified as a high level of 68.4%. The definitions used for UHT can be considered as more neutral. 52.6% of consumers consider that there is a change in the composition of UHT and PFM during the production. The consumer groups (51.3%) thinking that this change is due to the addition of additives stand out. It is possible to assert that the main motivation factor for the negative attitudes of consumers towards UHT and PFM is the distrust of the technology in use.
文摘Background: It is generally accepted that there is a spectrum ranging from Osteofibrous Dysplasia (OFD) to Osteofibrous dysplasia-like Adamantinoma (OFD-AD) to “classic” Adamantinoma (AD). However, it is controversial whether OFD may progress into OFD-AD and AD or these pathologic changes reflect sampling issues. We herein report the fifth case of late development of AD from OFD-AD to underline the importance of long-term follow-up. Case: At 6 years bone biopsy of the tibia revealed the diagnosis of OFD-AD, confirmed by repeat biopsies until the age of 18 years. At age 45 years a progressive focal osteolysis was biopsied and showed histologically a classic AD. The affected tibial diaphysis was resected and pasteurized. Reconstruction was performed adapting the “Capanna technique” of inserting the ipsilateral mobilized fibula into the replanted autologous, pasteurized tibial segment as biologic stabilizer. At 1.5 years follow-up, the reconstruction has healed allowing full weight bearing.
文摘The diabetes mellitus is a public health problem in C?te d’Ivoire. The Glycemic index (GI) and the Glycemic load (GL) determination of commonly consumed foods such as juice fruits is an alternative to prevent metabolic diseases. This study carried out three wild fruits locally named Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tomi (Tamarindus indica) and Néré (Parkia biglobosa) collected at maturity stage. The juices from the pulp of fruits have been elaborated, pasteurized, submitted to microbiological and physicochemical analysis before GIs/GLs determination. Ten healthy subjects with body mass index and age average respectively 21.57 ± 1.06 and 28 ± 2 years old tested the three juices and glucose (50 g) as reference food. Blood samples have been collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after foods consumption. The GIs/GLs has been determined according to ISO/FDI 26642:2010 protocol. Data showed that pasteurized juices has a weak microbiologic load (1.0102 - 2.4102 of Mesophylls Aerobic Germs) and not contain pathogen germs. The GI and GL of Néré juice are high with respective values of 89.54 ± 1.63 and 29.22 ± 4.09 whereas those of Baobab and Tomi juice are moderate with respective GI/GL values of 66.48 ± 2.12/13.24 ± 1.99 and 60.41 ± 2.63/12.87 ± 1.67. The juice of Néré should be consumed occasionally when those of Baobab and Tomi should be consumed with moderation. It would be suitable to know more about the GI and GL of all the juice fruits produced locally so as to prevent efficiently diabetes mellitus in the country.
