Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) as a rising star in the photovoltaic field have received rapidly increasing attention recently due to the boosting power conversion efficiencies(PCEs) from 3.8% to 25.7% in the last13 year...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) as a rising star in the photovoltaic field have received rapidly increasing attention recently due to the boosting power conversion efficiencies(PCEs) from 3.8% to 25.7% in the last13 years. Nevertheless, the conventional PSCs with three-dimensional(3D) halide perovskites as light absorbers suffer from inferior PCEs and poor durability under sunlight, high-temperature and humid conditions due to the high defect amount and structural instability of 3D perovskites, respectively. To tackle these crucial issues, lower-dimensional halide perovskites including zero-dimensional(0D), onedimensional(1D), and two-dimensional(2D) perovskites have been employed as efficient passivators to boost the PCEs and durability of 3D-PSCs due to the high structural stability and superior resistance against moisture, heat and sunlight. Therefore, in order to achieve better understanding about the advantages and superiorities of combining low-dimensional perovskites with their 3D counterparts in improving the PCEs and durability of 3D-PSCs, the recent advances in the development and fabrication of mixeddimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites as passivators are summarized and discussed in the review.The superiority of 1D/0D perovskites as passivators over 2D counterparts, the passivation mechanism and the methods of 1D/0D perovskites are also presented and discussed. Furthermore, the rules to choose1D/0D perovskites or relevant spacer cations are also emphasized. On this basis, several specific strategies to design and fabricate mixed-dimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites are presented and discussed.Finally, the crucial challenges and future research directions of mixed-dimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites as passivators are also proposed and discussed. This review will provide some useful insights for the future development of high-efficiency and durable mixed-dimensional PSCs.展开更多
The effects of 4 passivators, zeolite, lime, red mud and peanut shell biochar, on the fixation of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in acidic multi-metal contaminated soils were studied by passivator culture experiment in order to sc...The effects of 4 passivators, zeolite, lime, red mud and peanut shell biochar, on the fixation of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in acidic multi-metal contaminated soils were studied by passivator culture experiment in order to screen out the passivator with better fixation effects. The results showed that the soil pH values of zeolite, lime, red mud and peanut shell biochar increased significantly by 0.511.02, 0.821.29, 0.720.89 and 0.300.35 respectively. The effects of 4 passivators on the fixation of Cd and Zn in soil are lime>red mud>zeolite>peanut shell biochar. The order of effects on the fixation of Pb is red mud>lime>zeolite>peanut shell biochar. The order of the fixation effects of Cu is red mud>lime>peanut shell carbon>zeolite. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the extractable state of CaCl2 decreased with the increase in the dosage of 4 passivators. Lime and red mud showed good fixation effects on Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the extractable state of CaCl2 at the low dosage(2.5 g/kg) of lime and red mud decreased by 41%, 84%, 76% and 83% respectively. Soil pH value was negatively correlated with CaCl2-Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn(P<0.01). Lime and red mud had significant fixation effects on Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in acidic multi-metal contaminated soils at low application dosages.展开更多
With the continuous development of society,the development of agricultural economy is also accelerating.Meanwhile,a large amount of sludge and waste materials enter the farmland system,and the state of soil heavy meta...With the continuous development of society,the development of agricultural economy is also accelerating.Meanwhile,a large amount of sludge and waste materials enter the farmland system,and the state of soil heavy metal pollution is becoming more and more serious.In order to ensure food security and the health of people’s lives,a large number of experts and scholars have begun to look for remediation methods for heavy metal contaminated soil.At present,the use of mineral passivators in the remediation technology of heavy metal contaminated soil is a new and healthy recovery method,and has received extensive attention.展开更多
The introduction of two-dimensional(2D)perovskite layers on top of three-dimensional(3D)perovskite films enhances the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,the electronic effect of the spac...The introduction of two-dimensional(2D)perovskite layers on top of three-dimensional(3D)perovskite films enhances the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,the electronic effect of the spacer cation and the quality of the 2D capping layer are critical factors in achieving the required results.In this study,we compared two fluorinated salts:4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidine hydrochloride(4TF-BA·HCl)and 4-fluorobenzamidine hydrochloride(4F-BA·HCl)to engineer the 3D/2D perovskite films.Surprisingly,4F-BA formed a high-performance 3D/2D heterojunction,while4TF-BA produced an amorphous layer on the perovskite films.Our findings indicate that the balanced intramolecular charge polarization,which leads to effective hydrogen bonding,is more favorable in 4F-BA than in 4TF-BA,promoting the formation of a crystalline 2D perovskite.Nevertheless,4TF-BA managed to improve efficiency to 24%,surpassing the control device,primarily due to the natural passivation capabilities of benzamidine.Interestingly,the devices based on 4F-BA demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 25%with greater longevity under various storage conditions compared to 4TF-BA-based and the control devices.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bot...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
During electrochemical machining(ECM),the passivation film formed on the surface of titanium alloy can lead to uneven dissolution and pitting.Solid particle erosion can effectively remove this passivation film.In this...During electrochemical machining(ECM),the passivation film formed on the surface of titanium alloy can lead to uneven dissolution and pitting.Solid particle erosion can effectively remove this passivation film.In this paper,the electrochemical dissolution behavior of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V(TA15)titanium alloy at without particle impact,low(15°)and high(90°)angle particle impact was investigated,and the influence of Al_(2)O_(3)particles on ECM was systematically expounded.It was found that under the condition of no particle erosion,the surface of electrochemically processed titanium alloy had serious pitting corrosion due to the influence of the passivation film,and the surface roughness(Sa)of the local area reached 10.088μm.Under the condition of a high-impact angle(90°),due to the existence of strain hardening and particle embedding,only the edge of the surface is dissolved,while the central area is almost insoluble,with the surface roughness(S_(a))reaching 16.086μm.On the contrary,under the condition of a low-impact angle(15°),the machining efficiency and surface quality of the material were significantly improved due to the ploughing effect and galvanic corrosion,and the surface roughness(S_(a))reached 2.823μm.Based on these findings,the electrochemical dissolution model of TA15 titanium alloy under different particle erosion conditions was established.展开更多
Molten salt reactors,being the only reactor type among Generation Ⅳ advanced nuclear reactors that utilize liquid fuels,offer inherent safety,high-temperature,and low-pressure operation,as well as the capability for ...Molten salt reactors,being the only reactor type among Generation Ⅳ advanced nuclear reactors that utilize liquid fuels,offer inherent safety,high-temperature,and low-pressure operation,as well as the capability for online fuel reprocessing.However,the fuel-salt flow results in the decay of delayed neutron precursors(DNPs)outside the core,causing fluctuations in the effective delayed neutron fraction and consequently impacting the reactor reactivity.Particularly in accident scenarios—such as a combined pump shutdown and the inability to rapidly scram the reactor—the sole reliance on negative temperature feedback may cause a significant increase in core temperature,posing a threat to reactor safety.To address these problems,this paper introduces an innovative design for a passive fluid-driven suspended control rod(SCR)to dynamically compensate for reactivity fluctuations caused by DNPs flowing with the fuel.The control rod operates passively by leveraging the combined effects of gravity,buoyancy,and fluid dynamic forces,thereby eliminating the need for an external drive mechanism and enabling direct integration within the active region of the core.Using a 150 MWt thorium-based molten salt reactor as the reference design,we develop a mathematical model to systematically analyze the effects of key parameters—including the geometric dimensions and density of the SCR—on its performance.We examine its motion characteristics under different core flow conditions and assess its feasibility for the dynamic compensation of reactivity changes caused by fuel flow.The results of this study demonstrate that the SCR can effectively counteract reactivity fluctuations induced by fuel flow within molten salt reactors.A sensitivity analysis reveals that the SCR’s average density exerts a profound impact on its start-up flow threshold,channel flow rate,resistance to fuel density fluctuations,and response characteristics.This underscores the critical need to optimize this parameter.Moreover,by judiciously selecting the SCR’s length,number of deployed units,and the placement we can achieve the necessary reactivity control while maintaining a favorable balance between neutron economy and heat transfer performance.Ultimately,this paper provides an innovative solution for the passive reactivity control in molten salt reactors,offering significant potential for practical engineering applications.展开更多
The stacking of multiple defect-rich grain boundaries(GBs)along the long transportation path(~3μm)of charge carriers in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells(p-MPSCs)impedes their power conversion efficiency(PC...The stacking of multiple defect-rich grain boundaries(GBs)along the long transportation path(~3μm)of charge carriers in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells(p-MPSCs)impedes their power conversion efficiency(PCE).Organic Lewis bases are widely utilized for defect passivation at GBs,but how their passivation efficiency affects energy loss remains unclear.Here we employed triphenylphosphine(TPP)and triphenylphosphine oxide(TPPO)as the model passivators in p-MPSCs.TPPO has a more negatively charged center than TPP,which enables its stronger coordination with one of the most common and detrimental defects at the GBs—undercoordinated lead.When added into the perovskite with the same ratio,TPPO passivates defects more significantly and thus less TPPO remaining inactive compared with TPP.Inactive organic passivators accumulated at the GBs could impose barriers to charge carrier transportation.Indeed,TPPO improves the device performance more significantly with a champion PCE of 20.54%achieved.Besides,the TPPO devices demonstrate excellent stability with 95%of initial PCE remaining after 600 h of maximum power point tracking at(55±5)℃.展开更多
Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these...Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.展开更多
Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simul...Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simultaneously control the growth of perovskite crystals and passivate defects.Here,4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic anhydride(4-TBA)composed of benzene rings functionalized with carbonyl and trifluoromethyl groups was used as an example additive to study the characteristics of additives used for producing high-quality perovskites and controlling their surface properties.The interaction between4-TBA and perovskite precursor materials was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The electron-rich carbonyl group efficiently passivated the under-coordinated lead-ion defects.Additionally,hydrogen bonding between trifluoromethyl and organic cations prevents the generation of cation vacancies.Because of its intrinsic hydrophobicity,the trifluoromethyl group simultaneously improves the moisture and heat stability of the film.4-TBA serves as a universal modifier for various perovskite compositions.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on methylammonium(MA)with 4-TBA was improved from 16.15%to 19.28%.Similarly,the PCE of inverted PSCs based on a cesium formamidinium MA(CsFAMA)perovskite film increased from20.72%to 23.58%,upon addition of 4-TBA.Furthermore,the moisture and thermal stability of 4-TBAtreated films and devices was significantly enhanced,along with prolonged device performance.Our work provides guidance on selecting the structure and functional groups that are essential for surface defect passivation and the production of high-quality perovskites.展开更多
Silicon-air batteries(SABs),a new type of semiconductor air battery,have a high energy density.However,some side reactions in SABs cause Si anodes to be covered by a passivation layer to prevent continuous discharge,a...Silicon-air batteries(SABs),a new type of semiconductor air battery,have a high energy density.However,some side reactions in SABs cause Si anodes to be covered by a passivation layer to prevent continuous discharge,and the anode utilization rate is low.In this work,reduced graphene oxide(RGO)fabricated via high-temperature annealing or L-ascorbic acid(L.AA)reduction was first used to obtain Si nanowires/RGO-1000(Si NWs/RGO-1000)and Si nanowires/RGO-L.AA(Si NWs/RGO-L.AA)composite anodes for SABs.It was found that RGO suppressed the passivation and self-corrosion reactions and that SABs using Si NWs/RGO-L.AA as the anode can discharge for more than 700 h,breaking the previous performance of SABs,and that the specific capacity was increased by 90.8%compared to bare Si.This work provides a new solution for the design of high specific capacity SABs with nanostructures and anode protective layers.展开更多
This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and advances on the stress-corrosion cracking(SCC)of Ti alloys subject to harsh corrosive environments in the deep sea,and presents the knowledge gaps and future direc...This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and advances on the stress-corrosion cracking(SCC)of Ti alloys subject to harsh corrosive environments in the deep sea,and presents the knowledge gaps and future directions.A comprehensive review of classifications and applications of Ti alloys for deep-sea engineering indicates that the near-αandα+βTi alloys with high strength and great weldability are the primary selection for deep-sea equipment.The role of residual stress,microstructure types,alloying elements and corrosive environmental factors on SCC performance of Ti alloys are also summarised.It is revealed that the Ti alloys with Widmanstatten structure show the lowest SCC susceptibility,and alloying of Nb,Mo and Al elements plays a positive role in the boost corrosion resistance of passive film.Syn-ergistic effects of environmental deep-sea factors include high hydrostatic pressure,low dissolved oxy-gen content,low temperature and decreasing pH levels intensify the SCC of Ti alloys by inducing local dissolution of the passive film and facilitating hydrogen-induced cracking at crack tip.The study also highlights future research requirements in SCC of Ti alloys in deep sea:including the set-up of unified and suitable methods of in-situ and simulated experiments,modeling and predicting of SCC behaviour in real situations,and exploring practical protective strategies specifically.These findings provide a refer-ence for further SCC mechanisms research and promote the microstructure optimisation and performance improvement of the advanced Ti alloy-based material systems for deep-sea engineering.展开更多
The stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is adversely affected by nonradiative recombination resulting from buried interface defects.Herein,we synthesize a polyionic liquid,poly(p-vinylbenzyl trimethylam-monium he...The stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is adversely affected by nonradiative recombination resulting from buried interface defects.Herein,we synthesize a polyionic liquid,poly(p-vinylbenzyl trimethylam-monium hexafluorophosphate)(PTA),and introduce it into the buried interface of PSCs.The quaternary ammonium cation(N(-CH_(3))^(3+))in PTA can fill the vacancies of organic cations within the perovskite structure and reduce shallow energy level defects.Additionally,the hexafluorophosphate(PF6−)in PTA forms a Lewis acid-base interaction with Pb^(2+)in the perovskite layer,effectively passivating deep en-ergy level defects.Furthermore,hydrogen bonding can be established between organic cations and the PF6−anion,preventing the formation of shallow energy level defects.Through this synergistic mecha-nism,the deep and shallow energy level defects are effectively mitigated,resulting in improved device performance.As a result,the resulting treated inverted PSC exhibits an impressive power conversion ef-ficiency(PCE)of 24.72%.Notably,the PTA-treated PSCs exhibit remarkable stability,with 88.5%of the original PCE retained after undergoing heat aging at 85℃ for 1078 h,and 89.1%of the initial PCE main-tained following continuous exposure to light for 1100 h at the maximum power point.Synergistically suppressing multiple defects at the buried interface through the use of polyionic liquids is a promising way to improve the commercial viability of PSCs.展开更多
Passive acoustic monitoring(PAM)technology is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream methods for bird monitoring.However,detecting bird audio within complex natural acoustic environments using PAM devices remains...Passive acoustic monitoring(PAM)technology is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream methods for bird monitoring.However,detecting bird audio within complex natural acoustic environments using PAM devices remains a significant challenge.To enhance the accuracy(ACC)of bird audio detection(BAD)and reduce both false negatives and false positives,this study proposes a BAD method based on a Dual-Feature Enhancement Fusion Model(DFEFM).This method incorporates per-channel energy normalization(PCEN)to suppress noise in the input audio and utilizes mel-frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC)and frequency correlation matrices(FCM)as input features.It achieves deep feature-level fusion of MFCC and FCM on the channel dimension through two independent multi-layer convolutional network branches,and further integrates Spatial and Channel Synergistic Attention(SCSA)and Multi-Head Attention(MHA)modules to enhance the fusion effect of the aforementioned two deep features.Experimental results on the DCASE2018 BAD dataset show that our proposed method achieved an ACC of 91.4%and an AUC value of 0.963,with false negative and false positive rates of 11.36%and 7.40%,respectively,surpassing existing methods.The method also demonstrated detection ACC above 92%and AUC values above 0.987 on datasets from three sites of different natural scenes in Beijing.Testing on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano indicated that the method achieved an ACC of 89.48%when processing an average of 10 s of audio,with a response time of only 0.557 s,showing excellent processing efficiency.This study provides an effective method for filtering non-bird vocalization audio in bird vocalization monitoring devices,which helps to save edge storage and information transmission costs,and has significant application value for wild bird monitoring and ecological research.展开更多
A comprehensive understanding of the relevance between molecular structure and passivation ability to screen efficient modifiers is essential for enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,three si...A comprehensive understanding of the relevance between molecular structure and passivation ability to screen efficient modifiers is essential for enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,three similarπ-πstacking molecules namely benzophenone(BPN),diphenyl sulfone(DPS),and diphenyl sulfoxide(DPSO)are used as back-interface modifiers in carbon-based CsPbBr_(3)PSCs.After investigation,the results demonstrate the positive effect of the p-πconjugation characteristic inπ-πstacking molecules on maximizing their passivation ability.The p-πco njugation of DPSO enables a higher coordinative activity of oxygen atom in its S=O group than that in 0=S=O group of DPS and C=O group of BPN,which gives a superior passivation effect of DPSO on defects of perovskite films.The modification of DPSO also significantly improves the p-type behavior of perovskite films and the back-interfacial energetics matching,inducing an increase of hole extraction and a decrease of energy loss.Finally,the unencapsulated carbon-based CsPbBr_(3)PSCs with DPSO achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency of 10.60%and outstanding long-term stability in high-temperature,high-humidity(85℃,85%relative humidity)air environment.This work provides insights into the influence of the structure ofπ-πstacking molecules on their ability to improve the perovskite films quality and therefore the PSCs performance.展开更多
Gas quenching and vacuum quenching process are widely applied to accelerate solvent volatilization to induce nucleation of perovskites in blade-coating method.In this work,we found these two pre-crystallization proces...Gas quenching and vacuum quenching process are widely applied to accelerate solvent volatilization to induce nucleation of perovskites in blade-coating method.In this work,we found these two pre-crystallization processes lead to different order of crystallization dynamics within the perovskite thin film,resulting in the differences of additive distribution.We then tailor-designed an additive molecule named 1,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea to obtain films with fewer defects and holes at the buried interface,and prepared perovskite solar cells with a certified efficiency of 23.75%.Furthermore,this work also demonstrates an efficiency of 20.18%for the large-area perovskite solar module(PSM)with an aperture area of 60.84 cm^(2).The PSM possesses remarkable continuous operation stability for maximum power point tracking of T_(90)>1000 h in ambient air.展开更多
Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors c...Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors consume less power,but lack the capability to resolve static stimuli.Here,we address this issue by utilizing the unique polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers for the first time and propose a new type of bioinspired,passive,and bio-friendly tactile sensors for resolving both static and dynamic stimuli.Specifically,to emulate the polarization process of natural sensory cells,conjugated polymers(including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen e):poly(styrenesulfonate),polyaniline,or polypyrrole)are controllably polarized into two opposite states to create artificial potential differences.The controllable and reversible polarization process of the conjugated polymers is fully in situ characterized.Then,a micro-structured ionic electrolyte is employed to imitate the natural ion channels and to encode external touch stimulations into the variation in potential difference outputs.Compared with the currently existing tactile sensing devices,the developed tactile sensors feature distinct characteristics including fully organic composition,high sensitivity(up to 773 mV N^(−1)),ultralow power consumption(nW),as well as superior bio-friendliness.As demonstrations,both single point tactile perception(surface texture perception and material property perception)and two-dimensional tactile recognitions(shape or profile perception)with high accuracy are successfully realized using self-defined machine learning algorithms.This tactile sensing concept innovation based on the polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers opens up a new path to create robotic tactile sensors and prosthetic electronic skins.展开更多
Iron(Fe)nanoparticles and graphite(Gr)with different masses of bismuth trisulfide(Bi_(2)S_(3))were mixed by high-energy ball milling treatment to fabricate the corresponding composite iron anodes Bi_(2)S_(3)@Fe-Gr.The...Iron(Fe)nanoparticles and graphite(Gr)with different masses of bismuth trisulfide(Bi_(2)S_(3))were mixed by high-energy ball milling treatment to fabricate the corresponding composite iron anodes Bi_(2)S_(3)@Fe-Gr.The hydrogen evolution reaction and iron passivation process on these iron electrodes were investigated in alkaline and neutral solutions.The iron electrode Bi_(2)S_(3)-3@Fe-Gr(The additional amount of Bi_(2)S_(3)was 3 mg)revealed the strongest ability to inhibit hydrogen evolution among the iron electrodes of the present investigation,while the Bi_(2)S_(3)-6@Fe-Gr electrode(The additional amount of Bi_(2)S_(3)was 6 mg)delivered significant performance in inhibiting anodic passivation.This is because the high-energy ball milling process leads to the well-dispersion of Bi_(2)S_(3)and the changes in the surface of Fe nanoparticles,thereby slowing down the passivation of the iron electrode surface.展开更多
Bilinear structures are common in boost converters,and despite presenting interesting complexity,there are controls that have found general solutions under certain restrictions.Among these,the passive controls contain...Bilinear structures are common in boost converters,and despite presenting interesting complexity,there are controls that have found general solutions under certain restrictions.Among these,the passive controls containing the error dynamics of boost converters for a certain output structure are notable.While passive controls based on passivity demonstrate adequate performance,this work proposes a perturbation control based on the antisymmetric structure of boost converters to achieve better performance in terms of convergence speed and mean square error.Additionally,the perturbation control requires less error information for constructing the control signal,because it does not need information from all states or the entire passive output.Besides,the perturbation control uses the passivity of boost converters to ensure its stability.And finally,the perturbation control is compared with passive controls in a boost converter.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22279057)。
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) as a rising star in the photovoltaic field have received rapidly increasing attention recently due to the boosting power conversion efficiencies(PCEs) from 3.8% to 25.7% in the last13 years. Nevertheless, the conventional PSCs with three-dimensional(3D) halide perovskites as light absorbers suffer from inferior PCEs and poor durability under sunlight, high-temperature and humid conditions due to the high defect amount and structural instability of 3D perovskites, respectively. To tackle these crucial issues, lower-dimensional halide perovskites including zero-dimensional(0D), onedimensional(1D), and two-dimensional(2D) perovskites have been employed as efficient passivators to boost the PCEs and durability of 3D-PSCs due to the high structural stability and superior resistance against moisture, heat and sunlight. Therefore, in order to achieve better understanding about the advantages and superiorities of combining low-dimensional perovskites with their 3D counterparts in improving the PCEs and durability of 3D-PSCs, the recent advances in the development and fabrication of mixeddimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites as passivators are summarized and discussed in the review.The superiority of 1D/0D perovskites as passivators over 2D counterparts, the passivation mechanism and the methods of 1D/0D perovskites are also presented and discussed. Furthermore, the rules to choose1D/0D perovskites or relevant spacer cations are also emphasized. On this basis, several specific strategies to design and fabricate mixed-dimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites are presented and discussed.Finally, the crucial challenges and future research directions of mixed-dimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites as passivators are also proposed and discussed. This review will provide some useful insights for the future development of high-efficiency and durable mixed-dimensional PSCs.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Agriculture and Finance(Official Letter No.[2016]6 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Finance)National Science and Technology Support Program(2015BAD05B02)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(2015JJ2081)Postdoctoral Sustentation Fund(2014M562110)~~
文摘The effects of 4 passivators, zeolite, lime, red mud and peanut shell biochar, on the fixation of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in acidic multi-metal contaminated soils were studied by passivator culture experiment in order to screen out the passivator with better fixation effects. The results showed that the soil pH values of zeolite, lime, red mud and peanut shell biochar increased significantly by 0.511.02, 0.821.29, 0.720.89 and 0.300.35 respectively. The effects of 4 passivators on the fixation of Cd and Zn in soil are lime>red mud>zeolite>peanut shell biochar. The order of effects on the fixation of Pb is red mud>lime>zeolite>peanut shell biochar. The order of the fixation effects of Cu is red mud>lime>peanut shell carbon>zeolite. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the extractable state of CaCl2 decreased with the increase in the dosage of 4 passivators. Lime and red mud showed good fixation effects on Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the extractable state of CaCl2 at the low dosage(2.5 g/kg) of lime and red mud decreased by 41%, 84%, 76% and 83% respectively. Soil pH value was negatively correlated with CaCl2-Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn(P<0.01). Lime and red mud had significant fixation effects on Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in acidic multi-metal contaminated soils at low application dosages.
基金Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Internal Project(DJNY2019-21)。
文摘With the continuous development of society,the development of agricultural economy is also accelerating.Meanwhile,a large amount of sludge and waste materials enter the farmland system,and the state of soil heavy metal pollution is becoming more and more serious.In order to ensure food security and the health of people’s lives,a large number of experts and scholars have begun to look for remediation methods for heavy metal contaminated soil.At present,the use of mineral passivators in the remediation technology of heavy metal contaminated soil is a new and healthy recovery method,and has received extensive attention.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Programs-Intergovernmental International Cooperation in Science and Technology Innovation Project(Grant No.2022YFE0118400)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ50132)+1 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(Grants Nos.JCYJ20220818100211025,and KCXST20221021111616039)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.20231128110928003)。
文摘The introduction of two-dimensional(2D)perovskite layers on top of three-dimensional(3D)perovskite films enhances the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,the electronic effect of the spacer cation and the quality of the 2D capping layer are critical factors in achieving the required results.In this study,we compared two fluorinated salts:4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidine hydrochloride(4TF-BA·HCl)and 4-fluorobenzamidine hydrochloride(4F-BA·HCl)to engineer the 3D/2D perovskite films.Surprisingly,4F-BA formed a high-performance 3D/2D heterojunction,while4TF-BA produced an amorphous layer on the perovskite films.Our findings indicate that the balanced intramolecular charge polarization,which leads to effective hydrogen bonding,is more favorable in 4F-BA than in 4TF-BA,promoting the formation of a crystalline 2D perovskite.Nevertheless,4TF-BA managed to improve efficiency to 24%,surpassing the control device,primarily due to the natural passivation capabilities of benzamidine.Interestingly,the devices based on 4F-BA demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 25%with greater longevity under various storage conditions compared to 4TF-BA-based and the control devices.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62374029,22175029,62474033,and W2433038)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YESS20220550)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0250)the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Innovation Committee(JCYJ20210324135614040)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.ZYGX2022J032).
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52175414)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(No.BK20220134)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.NE2023002)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(No.KYCX24_0559)。
文摘During electrochemical machining(ECM),the passivation film formed on the surface of titanium alloy can lead to uneven dissolution and pitting.Solid particle erosion can effectively remove this passivation film.In this paper,the electrochemical dissolution behavior of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V(TA15)titanium alloy at without particle impact,low(15°)and high(90°)angle particle impact was investigated,and the influence of Al_(2)O_(3)particles on ECM was systematically expounded.It was found that under the condition of no particle erosion,the surface of electrochemically processed titanium alloy had serious pitting corrosion due to the influence of the passivation film,and the surface roughness(Sa)of the local area reached 10.088μm.Under the condition of a high-impact angle(90°),due to the existence of strain hardening and particle embedding,only the edge of the surface is dissolved,while the central area is almost insoluble,with the surface roughness(S_(a))reaching 16.086μm.On the contrary,under the condition of a low-impact angle(15°),the machining efficiency and surface quality of the material were significantly improved due to the ploughing effect and galvanic corrosion,and the surface roughness(S_(a))reached 2.823μm.Based on these findings,the electrochemical dissolution model of TA15 titanium alloy under different particle erosion conditions was established.
基金supported by Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020261)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA02010000)the Young Potential Program of Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.SINAP-YXJH-202412).
文摘Molten salt reactors,being the only reactor type among Generation Ⅳ advanced nuclear reactors that utilize liquid fuels,offer inherent safety,high-temperature,and low-pressure operation,as well as the capability for online fuel reprocessing.However,the fuel-salt flow results in the decay of delayed neutron precursors(DNPs)outside the core,causing fluctuations in the effective delayed neutron fraction and consequently impacting the reactor reactivity.Particularly in accident scenarios—such as a combined pump shutdown and the inability to rapidly scram the reactor—the sole reliance on negative temperature feedback may cause a significant increase in core temperature,posing a threat to reactor safety.To address these problems,this paper introduces an innovative design for a passive fluid-driven suspended control rod(SCR)to dynamically compensate for reactivity fluctuations caused by DNPs flowing with the fuel.The control rod operates passively by leveraging the combined effects of gravity,buoyancy,and fluid dynamic forces,thereby eliminating the need for an external drive mechanism and enabling direct integration within the active region of the core.Using a 150 MWt thorium-based molten salt reactor as the reference design,we develop a mathematical model to systematically analyze the effects of key parameters—including the geometric dimensions and density of the SCR—on its performance.We examine its motion characteristics under different core flow conditions and assess its feasibility for the dynamic compensation of reactivity changes caused by fuel flow.The results of this study demonstrate that the SCR can effectively counteract reactivity fluctuations induced by fuel flow within molten salt reactors.A sensitivity analysis reveals that the SCR’s average density exerts a profound impact on its start-up flow threshold,channel flow rate,resistance to fuel density fluctuations,and response characteristics.This underscores the critical need to optimize this parameter.Moreover,by judiciously selecting the SCR’s length,number of deployed units,and the placement we can achieve the necessary reactivity control while maintaining a favorable balance between neutron economy and heat transfer performance.Ultimately,this paper provides an innovative solution for the passive reactivity control in molten salt reactors,offering significant potential for practical engineering applications.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant numbers 22439001,52172198,51902117)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant number BX20240123)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant number HUST:2024JYCXJJ043)。
文摘The stacking of multiple defect-rich grain boundaries(GBs)along the long transportation path(~3μm)of charge carriers in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells(p-MPSCs)impedes their power conversion efficiency(PCE).Organic Lewis bases are widely utilized for defect passivation at GBs,but how their passivation efficiency affects energy loss remains unclear.Here we employed triphenylphosphine(TPP)and triphenylphosphine oxide(TPPO)as the model passivators in p-MPSCs.TPPO has a more negatively charged center than TPP,which enables its stronger coordination with one of the most common and detrimental defects at the GBs—undercoordinated lead.When added into the perovskite with the same ratio,TPPO passivates defects more significantly and thus less TPPO remaining inactive compared with TPP.Inactive organic passivators accumulated at the GBs could impose barriers to charge carrier transportation.Indeed,TPPO improves the device performance more significantly with a champion PCE of 20.54%achieved.Besides,the TPPO devices demonstrate excellent stability with 95%of initial PCE remaining after 600 h of maximum power point tracking at(55±5)℃.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institute,No.2020CZ-5(to WS and GS)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31970970(to JSR)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.YWF-23-YG-QB-010(to JSR)。
文摘Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.
基金supported by a Research Grant of Pukyong National University(2023)。
文摘Achieving high-quality perovskite films without surface defects is regarded as a crucial target for the development of durable high-performance perovskite solar cells.Additive engineering is commonly employed to simultaneously control the growth of perovskite crystals and passivate defects.Here,4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic anhydride(4-TBA)composed of benzene rings functionalized with carbonyl and trifluoromethyl groups was used as an example additive to study the characteristics of additives used for producing high-quality perovskites and controlling their surface properties.The interaction between4-TBA and perovskite precursor materials was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The electron-rich carbonyl group efficiently passivated the under-coordinated lead-ion defects.Additionally,hydrogen bonding between trifluoromethyl and organic cations prevents the generation of cation vacancies.Because of its intrinsic hydrophobicity,the trifluoromethyl group simultaneously improves the moisture and heat stability of the film.4-TBA serves as a universal modifier for various perovskite compositions.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on methylammonium(MA)with 4-TBA was improved from 16.15%to 19.28%.Similarly,the PCE of inverted PSCs based on a cesium formamidinium MA(CsFAMA)perovskite film increased from20.72%to 23.58%,upon addition of 4-TBA.Furthermore,the moisture and thermal stability of 4-TBAtreated films and devices was significantly enhanced,along with prolonged device performance.Our work provides guidance on selecting the structure and functional groups that are essential for surface defect passivation and the production of high-quality perovskites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61904073)Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents(No.K202005007)+4 种基金Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Yong Talents(No.XDYC-QNRC-20220482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects(No.202101BA070001-138)Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Education Department(No.2023Y0883)Frontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructures in Yunnan Higher Education。
文摘Silicon-air batteries(SABs),a new type of semiconductor air battery,have a high energy density.However,some side reactions in SABs cause Si anodes to be covered by a passivation layer to prevent continuous discharge,and the anode utilization rate is low.In this work,reduced graphene oxide(RGO)fabricated via high-temperature annealing or L-ascorbic acid(L.AA)reduction was first used to obtain Si nanowires/RGO-1000(Si NWs/RGO-1000)and Si nanowires/RGO-L.AA(Si NWs/RGO-L.AA)composite anodes for SABs.It was found that RGO suppressed the passivation and self-corrosion reactions and that SABs using Si NWs/RGO-L.AA as the anode can discharge for more than 700 h,breaking the previous performance of SABs,and that the specific capacity was increased by 90.8%compared to bare Si.This work provides a new solution for the design of high specific capacity SABs with nanostructures and anode protective layers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51931008 and 52201090).
文摘This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and advances on the stress-corrosion cracking(SCC)of Ti alloys subject to harsh corrosive environments in the deep sea,and presents the knowledge gaps and future directions.A comprehensive review of classifications and applications of Ti alloys for deep-sea engineering indicates that the near-αandα+βTi alloys with high strength and great weldability are the primary selection for deep-sea equipment.The role of residual stress,microstructure types,alloying elements and corrosive environmental factors on SCC performance of Ti alloys are also summarised.It is revealed that the Ti alloys with Widmanstatten structure show the lowest SCC susceptibility,and alloying of Nb,Mo and Al elements plays a positive role in the boost corrosion resistance of passive film.Syn-ergistic effects of environmental deep-sea factors include high hydrostatic pressure,low dissolved oxy-gen content,low temperature and decreasing pH levels intensify the SCC of Ti alloys by inducing local dissolution of the passive film and facilitating hydrogen-induced cracking at crack tip.The study also highlights future research requirements in SCC of Ti alloys in deep sea:including the set-up of unified and suitable methods of in-situ and simulated experiments,modeling and predicting of SCC behaviour in real situations,and exploring practical protective strategies specifically.These findings provide a refer-ence for further SCC mechanisms research and promote the microstructure optimisation and performance improvement of the advanced Ti alloy-based material systems for deep-sea engineering.
基金supported by the Science,Technology,and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(No.GJHZ20220913143204008)the Shccig-Qinling Program(No.SMYJY202300294C)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22261142666,52372225,52172237,22305191)the Shaanxi Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2022JC-21)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NPU)China(No.2021-QZ-02).
文摘The stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is adversely affected by nonradiative recombination resulting from buried interface defects.Herein,we synthesize a polyionic liquid,poly(p-vinylbenzyl trimethylam-monium hexafluorophosphate)(PTA),and introduce it into the buried interface of PSCs.The quaternary ammonium cation(N(-CH_(3))^(3+))in PTA can fill the vacancies of organic cations within the perovskite structure and reduce shallow energy level defects.Additionally,the hexafluorophosphate(PF6−)in PTA forms a Lewis acid-base interaction with Pb^(2+)in the perovskite layer,effectively passivating deep en-ergy level defects.Furthermore,hydrogen bonding can be established between organic cations and the PF6−anion,preventing the formation of shallow energy level defects.Through this synergistic mecha-nism,the deep and shallow energy level defects are effectively mitigated,resulting in improved device performance.As a result,the resulting treated inverted PSC exhibits an impressive power conversion ef-ficiency(PCE)of 24.72%.Notably,the PTA-treated PSCs exhibit remarkable stability,with 88.5%of the original PCE retained after undergoing heat aging at 85℃ for 1078 h,and 89.1%of the initial PCE main-tained following continuous exposure to light for 1100 h at the maximum power point.Synergistically suppressing multiple defects at the buried interface through the use of polyionic liquids is a promising way to improve the commercial viability of PSCs.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(5252014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62303063)。
文摘Passive acoustic monitoring(PAM)technology is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream methods for bird monitoring.However,detecting bird audio within complex natural acoustic environments using PAM devices remains a significant challenge.To enhance the accuracy(ACC)of bird audio detection(BAD)and reduce both false negatives and false positives,this study proposes a BAD method based on a Dual-Feature Enhancement Fusion Model(DFEFM).This method incorporates per-channel energy normalization(PCEN)to suppress noise in the input audio and utilizes mel-frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC)and frequency correlation matrices(FCM)as input features.It achieves deep feature-level fusion of MFCC and FCM on the channel dimension through two independent multi-layer convolutional network branches,and further integrates Spatial and Channel Synergistic Attention(SCSA)and Multi-Head Attention(MHA)modules to enhance the fusion effect of the aforementioned two deep features.Experimental results on the DCASE2018 BAD dataset show that our proposed method achieved an ACC of 91.4%and an AUC value of 0.963,with false negative and false positive rates of 11.36%and 7.40%,respectively,surpassing existing methods.The method also demonstrated detection ACC above 92%and AUC values above 0.987 on datasets from three sites of different natural scenes in Beijing.Testing on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano indicated that the method achieved an ACC of 89.48%when processing an average of 10 s of audio,with a response time of only 0.557 s,showing excellent processing efficiency.This study provides an effective method for filtering non-bird vocalization audio in bird vocalization monitoring devices,which helps to save edge storage and information transmission costs,and has significant application value for wild bird monitoring and ecological research.
基金financial supports from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021ME037)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472259,22179051 and 61604143)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFE0111000)the Special Fund of Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(tsqnz20221141)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Advanced Technique&Preparation for Renewable Energy Materials,Ministry of Education,Yunnan Normal University(OF2022-02)。
文摘A comprehensive understanding of the relevance between molecular structure and passivation ability to screen efficient modifiers is essential for enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,three similarπ-πstacking molecules namely benzophenone(BPN),diphenyl sulfone(DPS),and diphenyl sulfoxide(DPSO)are used as back-interface modifiers in carbon-based CsPbBr_(3)PSCs.After investigation,the results demonstrate the positive effect of the p-πconjugation characteristic inπ-πstacking molecules on maximizing their passivation ability.The p-πco njugation of DPSO enables a higher coordinative activity of oxygen atom in its S=O group than that in 0=S=O group of DPS and C=O group of BPN,which gives a superior passivation effect of DPSO on defects of perovskite films.The modification of DPSO also significantly improves the p-type behavior of perovskite films and the back-interfacial energetics matching,inducing an increase of hole extraction and a decrease of energy loss.Finally,the unencapsulated carbon-based CsPbBr_(3)PSCs with DPSO achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency of 10.60%and outstanding long-term stability in high-temperature,high-humidity(85℃,85%relative humidity)air environment.This work provides insights into the influence of the structure ofπ-πstacking molecules on their ability to improve the perovskite films quality and therefore the PSCs performance.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62104082)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515010746,2022A1515011228,and 2022B1515120006)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202201010458).
文摘Gas quenching and vacuum quenching process are widely applied to accelerate solvent volatilization to induce nucleation of perovskites in blade-coating method.In this work,we found these two pre-crystallization processes lead to different order of crystallization dynamics within the perovskite thin film,resulting in the differences of additive distribution.We then tailor-designed an additive molecule named 1,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea to obtain films with fewer defects and holes at the buried interface,and prepared perovskite solar cells with a certified efficiency of 23.75%.Furthermore,this work also demonstrates an efficiency of 20.18%for the large-area perovskite solar module(PSM)with an aperture area of 60.84 cm^(2).The PSM possesses remarkable continuous operation stability for maximum power point tracking of T_(90)>1000 h in ambient air.
基金financially supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022YFS0025 and 2024YFFK0133)supported by the“Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.”。
文摘Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors consume less power,but lack the capability to resolve static stimuli.Here,we address this issue by utilizing the unique polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers for the first time and propose a new type of bioinspired,passive,and bio-friendly tactile sensors for resolving both static and dynamic stimuli.Specifically,to emulate the polarization process of natural sensory cells,conjugated polymers(including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen e):poly(styrenesulfonate),polyaniline,or polypyrrole)are controllably polarized into two opposite states to create artificial potential differences.The controllable and reversible polarization process of the conjugated polymers is fully in situ characterized.Then,a micro-structured ionic electrolyte is employed to imitate the natural ion channels and to encode external touch stimulations into the variation in potential difference outputs.Compared with the currently existing tactile sensing devices,the developed tactile sensors feature distinct characteristics including fully organic composition,high sensitivity(up to 773 mV N^(−1)),ultralow power consumption(nW),as well as superior bio-friendliness.As demonstrations,both single point tactile perception(surface texture perception and material property perception)and two-dimensional tactile recognitions(shape or profile perception)with high accuracy are successfully realized using self-defined machine learning algorithms.This tactile sensing concept innovation based on the polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers opens up a new path to create robotic tactile sensors and prosthetic electronic skins.
文摘Iron(Fe)nanoparticles and graphite(Gr)with different masses of bismuth trisulfide(Bi_(2)S_(3))were mixed by high-energy ball milling treatment to fabricate the corresponding composite iron anodes Bi_(2)S_(3)@Fe-Gr.The hydrogen evolution reaction and iron passivation process on these iron electrodes were investigated in alkaline and neutral solutions.The iron electrode Bi_(2)S_(3)-3@Fe-Gr(The additional amount of Bi_(2)S_(3)was 3 mg)revealed the strongest ability to inhibit hydrogen evolution among the iron electrodes of the present investigation,while the Bi_(2)S_(3)-6@Fe-Gr electrode(The additional amount of Bi_(2)S_(3)was 6 mg)delivered significant performance in inhibiting anodic passivation.This is because the high-energy ball milling process leads to the well-dispersion of Bi_(2)S_(3)and the changes in the surface of Fe nanoparticles,thereby slowing down the passivation of the iron electrode surface.
基金supported by the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado(SIP),and the Comisión de Operacióny Fomento de Actividades Académicas(COFAA),both from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional(IPN)by the Secretaría de Ciencia,Humanidades,Tecnologíae Innovación(SECIHTI),México.
文摘Bilinear structures are common in boost converters,and despite presenting interesting complexity,there are controls that have found general solutions under certain restrictions.Among these,the passive controls containing the error dynamics of boost converters for a certain output structure are notable.While passive controls based on passivity demonstrate adequate performance,this work proposes a perturbation control based on the antisymmetric structure of boost converters to achieve better performance in terms of convergence speed and mean square error.Additionally,the perturbation control requires less error information for constructing the control signal,because it does not need information from all states or the entire passive output.Besides,the perturbation control uses the passivity of boost converters to ensure its stability.And finally,the perturbation control is compared with passive controls in a boost converter.
