The instantaneous degradation of erosion surface of ethylene propylene diene monomer(EPDM)insulation subjected to the particle-laden flow in two operating conditions was measured by using a real-time X-ray radiography...The instantaneous degradation of erosion surface of ethylene propylene diene monomer(EPDM)insulation subjected to the particle-laden flow in two operating conditions was measured by using a real-time X-ray radiography system.The images of its erosion state and dynamic ablation rate were obtained.And the charring-layer was analyzed by using SEM and energy spectrum.The experimental results indicate that the erosion rate of EPDM insulation layer impacted by low speed and low concentration particle flow is relatively small in the 1st second since the motor starting,but increases rapidly in 1 to 2.5 s,while the erosion rate of EPDM insulation layer impacted by high speed and high concentration particle flow increases rapidly in the 1st second;the ablation rate at the section eroded intensively by particle flow increases at first,then decreases,and goes to stabilization after 4.5 s;the higher speed and concentration particle flow are,the deeper particles get into charring layer,which lead to more thermal increment and thinner charring layer.展开更多
The parabolized stability equation (PSE) was derived to study the linear stability of particle-laden flow in growing Blasius boundary layer. The stability characteristics for various Stokes numbers and particle concen...The parabolized stability equation (PSE) was derived to study the linear stability of particle-laden flow in growing Blasius boundary layer. The stability characteristics for various Stokes numbers and particle concentrations were analyzed after solving the equation numerically using the perturbation method and finite difference. The inclusion of the nonparallel terms produces a reduction in the values of the critical Reynolds number compared with the parallel flow. There is a critical value for the effect of Stokes number, and the critical Stokes number being about unit, and the most efficient instability suppression takes place when Stokes number is of order 10. But the presence of the nonparallel terms does not affect the role of the particles in gas. That is, the addition of fine particles (Stokes number is much smaller than 1) reduces the critical Reynolds number while the addition of coarse particles (Stokes number is much larger than 1) enhances it. Qualitatively the effect of nonparallel mean flow is the same as that for the case of plane parallel flows.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a novel incompressible finite-difference lattice Boltzmann Equation （FDLBE）. Because source terms that reflect the interaction between phases can be accurately described, the new model is s...In this paper, we propose a novel incompressible finite-difference lattice Boltzmann Equation （FDLBE）. Because source terms that reflect the interaction between phases can be accurately described, the new model is suitable for simulating two-way coupling incompressible multiphase flow The 2-D particle-laden flow over a backward-facing step is chosen as a test case to validate the present method. Favorable results are obtained and the present scheme is shown to have good prospects in practical applications.展开更多
Dispersion of Particle-laden Jet in Supersonic Crossflow(PJSC)is an essential process in many applications,experimental study on which,however,has rarely been reported.In order to gain physical insights into PJSC,a sp...Dispersion of Particle-laden Jet in Supersonic Crossflow(PJSC)is an essential process in many applications,experimental study on which,however,has rarely been reported.In order to gain physical insights into PJSC,a specialized experimental setup capable of producing a supersonic crossflow at Mach 2.6 and a particle-laden jet with particle mass loading up to 60%is developed.Visualization of the particles motion is achieved with the help of high-speed planar laser scattering technology.The dispersion characteristics of PJSC within a supersonic channel structured by cavity are systematically analyzed through six experimental cases.The results indicate that the vortices have a significant influence on particle dispersion,leading to preferential concentration of particles.i.e.particle clusters.The particle dispersion is summarized as the"scale dispersion"pattern.The primary pathways for particles entering the cavity are identified as the shear layer above the cavity and collisions at the cavity rear edge.Among the studied factors,the momentum flux ratio exerts the most substantial influence on the dispersion process.Importantly,a reduction in the injection distance is correlated with less particles entering the cavity.The insights gained from this research provide essential references for furthering understanding particle dispersion mechanisms in supersonic flows and developing highly accurate numerical models.展开更多
Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and...Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and gas extraction.Central to this phenomenon is the transport of proppants,tiny solid particles injected into the fractures to prevent them from closing once the injection is stopped.However,effective transport and deposition of proppant is critical in keeping fracture pathways open,especially in lowpermeability reservoirs.This review explores,then quantifies,the important role of fluid inertia and turbulent flows in governing proppant transport.While traditional models predominantly assume and then characterise flow as laminar,this may not accurately capture the complexities inherent in realworld hydraulic fracturing and proppant emplacement.Recent investigations highlight the paramount importance of fluid inertia,especially at the high Reynolds numbers typically associated with fracturing operations.Fluid inertia,often overlooked,introduces crucial forces that influence particle settling velocities,particle-particle interactions,and the eventual deposition of proppants within fractures.With their inherent eddies and transient and chaotic nature,turbulent flows introduce additional complexities to proppant transport,crucially altering proppant settling velocities and dispersion patterns.The following comprehensive survey of experimental,numerical,and analytical studies elucidates controls on the intricate dynamics of proppant transport under fluid inertia and turbulence-towards providing a holistic understanding of the current state-of-the-art,guiding future research directions,and optimising hydraulic fracturing practices.展开更多
This paper aims to numerically explore the characteristics of unsteady cavitating flow around a NACA0015 hydrofoil,with a focus on vorticity attributes.The simulation utilizes a homogeneous mixture model coupled with ...This paper aims to numerically explore the characteristics of unsteady cavitating flow around a NACA0015 hydrofoil,with a focus on vorticity attributes.The simulation utilizes a homogeneous mixture model coupled with a filter-based density correction turbulence model and a modified Zwart cavitation model.The study investigates the dynamic cavitation features of the thermal fluid around the hydrofoil at various incoming flow velocities.It systematically elucidates the evolution of cavitation and vortex dynamics corresponding to each velocity condition.The results indicate that with increasing incoming flow velocity,distinct cavitation processes take place in the flow field.展开更多
Large size titanium alloy parts are widely used in aerospace.However,they are difficult to manufacture using mechanical cutting technology because of severe tool wear.Electrochemical jet machining is a promising techn...Large size titanium alloy parts are widely used in aerospace.However,they are difficult to manufacture using mechanical cutting technology because of severe tool wear.Electrochemical jet machining is a promising technology to achieve high efficiency,because it has high machining flexibility and no machining tool wear.However,reports on the macro electrochemical jet machining of large size titanium alloy parts are very scarce,because it is difficult to achieve effective constraint of the flow field in macro electrochemical jet machining.In addition,titanium alloy is very sensitive to fluctuation of the flow field,and a turbulent flow field would lead to serious stray corrosion.This paper reports a series of investigations of the electrochemical jet machining of titanium alloy parts.Based on the flow analysis and experiments,the machining flow field was effectively constrained.TB6 titanium alloy part with a perimeter of one meter was machined.The machined surface was smooth with no obvious machining defects.The machining process was particularly stable with no obvious spark discharge.The research provides a reference for the application of electrochemical jet machining technology to achieve large allowance material removal in the machining of large titanium alloy parts.展开更多
A hydrodynamic model is used to study Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instability of the interface between two particle-laden inviscid fluids moving with two different uniform mean velocities.Explicit eigen-equation is derived to...A hydrodynamic model is used to study Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instability of the interface between two particle-laden inviscid fluids moving with two different uniform mean velocities.Explicit eigen-equation is derived to study the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate of KH instability.For dusty gases with negligible volume fraction of heavy particles and small particle-to-fluid mass ratio,the real and imaginary parts of leading-order asymptotic expression derived by the present model for the growth rate are shown to be identical to the earlier results derived by the classical Saffman model established for dusty gases.Beyond the known results,explicit leading-order asymptotic expressions for the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate are derived for several typical cases of basic interest.It is shown that the suspended particles can decrease or increase the growth rate of KH instability depending on the Stokes numbers of the particles and whether the particles are heavier or lighter than the clean fluid.Compared to the mass density of the clean fluid,our results based on leading-order asymptotic solutions show that heavier particles and lighter particles have opposite effects on the growth rate of KH instability,while the effect of neutrally buoyant particles on the growth rate of KH instability is negligible.展开更多
The influence of the squeeze film between the tube and the support structure on flow-induced vibrations is a critical factor in tube bundles subjected to two-phase cross-flow.This aspect can significantly alter the th...The influence of the squeeze film between the tube and the support structure on flow-induced vibrations is a critical factor in tube bundles subjected to two-phase cross-flow.This aspect can significantly alter the threshold for fluidelastic instability and affect heat transfer efficiency.This paper presents a mathematical model incorporating the squeeze film force between the tube and the support structure.We aim to clarify the mechanisms underlying fluidelastic instability in tube bundle systems exposed to two-phase flow.Using a self-developed computer program,we performed numerical calculations to examine the influence of the squeeze film on the threshold of fluidelastic instability in the tube bundle system.Furthermore,we analyzed how the thickness and length of the squeeze film affect both the underlying mechanisms and the critical velocity of fluidelastic instability.展开更多
All-vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies.Conducting an operando quantitative analysis of the polarizations in VFBs under different conditions is essential ...All-vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies.Conducting an operando quantitative analysis of the polarizations in VFBs under different conditions is essential for developing high power density batteries.Here,we employ an operando decoupling method to quantitatively analyze the polarizations in each electrochemical and chemical reaction of VFBs under different catalytic conditions.Results show that the reduction reaction of V^(3+)presents the largest activation polarization,while the reduction reaction of VO_(2)^(+)primarily contributes to concentration polarizations due to the formation of the intermediate product V_(2)O_(3)^(3+).Additionally,it is found that the widely used electrode catalytic methods,incorporating oxygen functional groups and electrodepositing Bi,not only enhance the reaction kinetics but also exacerbate concentration polarizations simultaneously,especially during the discharge process.Specifically,in the battery with the high oxygen-containing electrodes,the negative side still accounts for the majority of activation loss(75.3%)at 200 mA cm^(-2),but it comes down to 36,9% after catalyzing the negative reactions with bismuth.This work provides an effective way to probe the limiting steps in flow batteries under various working conditions and offers insights for effectively enhancing battery performance for future developments.展开更多
The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and...The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and dynamic processes.Nevertheless,classical plate cooling models exhibit disparities when predicting observed heat flow and seafloor depth for extremely young and old lithospheres.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis of global heat flow predictions and regional ocean heat flow or bathymetry data with physical models has been lacking.In this study,we employed power-law models derived from the singularity theory of fractal density to meticulously fit the latest ocean heat flow and bathymetry.Notably,power-law models offer distinct advantages over traditional plate cooling models,showcasing robust self-similarity,scale invariance,or scaling properties,and providing a better fit to observed data.The outcomes of our singularity analysis concerning heat flow and bathymetry across diverse oceanic regions exhibit a degree of consistency with the global ocean spreading rate model.In addition,we applied the similarity method to predict a higher resolution(0.1°×0.1°)global heat flow map based on the most recent heat flow data and geological/geophysical observables refined through linear correlation analysis.Regions displaying significant disparities between predicted and observed heat flow are closely linked to hydrothermal vent fields and active structures.Finally,combining the actual bathymetry and predicted heat flow with the power-law models allows for the quantitative and comprehensive detection of anomalous regions of ocean subsidence and heat flow,which deviate from traditional plate cooling models.The anomalous regions of subsidence and heat flow show different degrees of anisotropy,providing new ideas and clues for further analysis of ocean topography or hydrothermal circulation of mid-ocean ridges.展开更多
基金Sponsored by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(50976095)
文摘The instantaneous degradation of erosion surface of ethylene propylene diene monomer(EPDM)insulation subjected to the particle-laden flow in two operating conditions was measured by using a real-time X-ray radiography system.The images of its erosion state and dynamic ablation rate were obtained.And the charring-layer was analyzed by using SEM and energy spectrum.The experimental results indicate that the erosion rate of EPDM insulation layer impacted by low speed and low concentration particle flow is relatively small in the 1st second since the motor starting,but increases rapidly in 1 to 2.5 s,while the erosion rate of EPDM insulation layer impacted by high speed and high concentration particle flow increases rapidly in the 1st second;the ablation rate at the section eroded intensively by particle flow increases at first,then decreases,and goes to stabilization after 4.5 s;the higher speed and concentration particle flow are,the deeper particles get into charring layer,which lead to more thermal increment and thinner charring layer.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (No. 10372090) and the Doctoral Program of Higher Educationof China (No. 20030335001)
文摘The parabolized stability equation (PSE) was derived to study the linear stability of particle-laden flow in growing Blasius boundary layer. The stability characteristics for various Stokes numbers and particle concentrations were analyzed after solving the equation numerically using the perturbation method and finite difference. The inclusion of the nonparallel terms produces a reduction in the values of the critical Reynolds number compared with the parallel flow. There is a critical value for the effect of Stokes number, and the critical Stokes number being about unit, and the most efficient instability suppression takes place when Stokes number is of order 10. But the presence of the nonparallel terms does not affect the role of the particles in gas. That is, the addition of fine particles (Stokes number is much smaller than 1) reduces the critical Reynolds number while the addition of coarse particles (Stokes number is much larger than 1) enhances it. Qualitatively the effect of nonparallel mean flow is the same as that for the case of plane parallel flows.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60073044)the State Key Development Programme for Basic Research of China(G1990022207).
文摘In this paper, we propose a novel incompressible finite-difference lattice Boltzmann Equation （FDLBE）. Because source terms that reflect the interaction between phases can be accurately described, the new model is suitable for simulating two-way coupling incompressible multiphase flow The 2-D particle-laden flow over a backward-facing step is chosen as a test case to validate the present method. Favorable results are obtained and the present scheme is shown to have good prospects in practical applications.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12272409)the Scientific Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Province, China (Nos. CX20230058, kq2107001, 2022RC1233 and QL20230015)
文摘Dispersion of Particle-laden Jet in Supersonic Crossflow(PJSC)is an essential process in many applications,experimental study on which,however,has rarely been reported.In order to gain physical insights into PJSC,a specialized experimental setup capable of producing a supersonic crossflow at Mach 2.6 and a particle-laden jet with particle mass loading up to 60%is developed.Visualization of the particles motion is achieved with the help of high-speed planar laser scattering technology.The dispersion characteristics of PJSC within a supersonic channel structured by cavity are systematically analyzed through six experimental cases.The results indicate that the vortices have a significant influence on particle dispersion,leading to preferential concentration of particles.i.e.particle clusters.The particle dispersion is summarized as the"scale dispersion"pattern.The primary pathways for particles entering the cavity are identified as the shear layer above the cavity and collisions at the cavity rear edge.Among the studied factors,the momentum flux ratio exerts the most substantial influence on the dispersion process.Importantly,a reduction in the injection distance is correlated with less particles entering the cavity.The insights gained from this research provide essential references for furthering understanding particle dispersion mechanisms in supersonic flows and developing highly accurate numerical models.
文摘目的基于4D Flow MRI技术探究急性心肌梗死患者左心室(left ventricular,LV)腔内局部血流动能(kinetic energy,KE)改变。方法纳入30名急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者和20名对照者。应用4D Flow MRI技术定量评价左心室腔内血流动能,包括左心室平均动能、最小动能、收缩期动能、舒张期动能以及平面内动能(in-plane kinetic energy,In-plane KE)百分比。比较心肌梗死组和对照组之间以及梗死节段与非梗死节段之间血流动能参数的差异。结果与对照组相比,急性心肌梗死组左心室整体平均动能(10.7μJ/mL±3.3 vs 14.7μJ/mL±3.6,P<0.001)、收缩期动能(14.6μJ/mL±5.1 vs 18.9μJ/mL±3.9,P=0.003)及舒张期动能(7.9μJ/mL±2.5 vs 10.6μJ/mL±3.8,P=0.018)均显著降低,其中梗死节段较非梗死节段邻近心腔血流的平均动能降低而收缩期平面内动能百分比增加(49.5μJ/mL±18.7 vs 126.3μJ/mL±50.7,P<0.001;61.8%±11.5 vs 42.9%±14.4,P=0.001)。结论4D Flow MRI技术可定量评价左心室腔内局部血流动能参数。急性心肌梗死后整体心腔血流动能减低,而梗死节段邻近心腔局部血流平面内动能百分比增加。
基金the Australian Research Council Discovery Project(ARC DP 220100851)scheme and would acknowledge that.
文摘Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and gas extraction.Central to this phenomenon is the transport of proppants,tiny solid particles injected into the fractures to prevent them from closing once the injection is stopped.However,effective transport and deposition of proppant is critical in keeping fracture pathways open,especially in lowpermeability reservoirs.This review explores,then quantifies,the important role of fluid inertia and turbulent flows in governing proppant transport.While traditional models predominantly assume and then characterise flow as laminar,this may not accurately capture the complexities inherent in realworld hydraulic fracturing and proppant emplacement.Recent investigations highlight the paramount importance of fluid inertia,especially at the high Reynolds numbers typically associated with fracturing operations.Fluid inertia,often overlooked,introduces crucial forces that influence particle settling velocities,particle-particle interactions,and the eventual deposition of proppants within fractures.With their inherent eddies and transient and chaotic nature,turbulent flows introduce additional complexities to proppant transport,crucially altering proppant settling velocities and dispersion patterns.The following comprehensive survey of experimental,numerical,and analytical studies elucidates controls on the intricate dynamics of proppant transport under fluid inertia and turbulence-towards providing a holistic understanding of the current state-of-the-art,guiding future research directions,and optimising hydraulic fracturing practices.
文摘This paper aims to numerically explore the characteristics of unsteady cavitating flow around a NACA0015 hydrofoil,with a focus on vorticity attributes.The simulation utilizes a homogeneous mixture model coupled with a filter-based density correction turbulence model and a modified Zwart cavitation model.The study investigates the dynamic cavitation features of the thermal fluid around the hydrofoil at various incoming flow velocities.It systematically elucidates the evolution of cavitation and vortex dynamics corresponding to each velocity condition.The results indicate that with increasing incoming flow velocity,distinct cavitation processes take place in the flow field.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52205468)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M710061 and No.2023T160277)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210755)。
文摘Large size titanium alloy parts are widely used in aerospace.However,they are difficult to manufacture using mechanical cutting technology because of severe tool wear.Electrochemical jet machining is a promising technology to achieve high efficiency,because it has high machining flexibility and no machining tool wear.However,reports on the macro electrochemical jet machining of large size titanium alloy parts are very scarce,because it is difficult to achieve effective constraint of the flow field in macro electrochemical jet machining.In addition,titanium alloy is very sensitive to fluctuation of the flow field,and a turbulent flow field would lead to serious stray corrosion.This paper reports a series of investigations of the electrochemical jet machining of titanium alloy parts.Based on the flow analysis and experiments,the machining flow field was effectively constrained.TB6 titanium alloy part with a perimeter of one meter was machined.The machined surface was smooth with no obvious machining defects.The machining process was particularly stable with no obvious spark discharge.The research provides a reference for the application of electrochemical jet machining technology to achieve large allowance material removal in the machining of large titanium alloy parts.
文摘A hydrodynamic model is used to study Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instability of the interface between two particle-laden inviscid fluids moving with two different uniform mean velocities.Explicit eigen-equation is derived to study the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate of KH instability.For dusty gases with negligible volume fraction of heavy particles and small particle-to-fluid mass ratio,the real and imaginary parts of leading-order asymptotic expression derived by the present model for the growth rate are shown to be identical to the earlier results derived by the classical Saffman model established for dusty gases.Beyond the known results,explicit leading-order asymptotic expressions for the effect of suspended particles on the growth rate are derived for several typical cases of basic interest.It is shown that the suspended particles can decrease or increase the growth rate of KH instability depending on the Stokes numbers of the particles and whether the particles are heavier or lighter than the clean fluid.Compared to the mass density of the clean fluid,our results based on leading-order asymptotic solutions show that heavier particles and lighter particles have opposite effects on the growth rate of KH instability,while the effect of neutrally buoyant particles on the growth rate of KH instability is negligible.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12072336).
文摘The influence of the squeeze film between the tube and the support structure on flow-induced vibrations is a critical factor in tube bundles subjected to two-phase cross-flow.This aspect can significantly alter the threshold for fluidelastic instability and affect heat transfer efficiency.This paper presents a mathematical model incorporating the squeeze film force between the tube and the support structure.We aim to clarify the mechanisms underlying fluidelastic instability in tube bundle systems exposed to two-phase flow.Using a self-developed computer program,we performed numerical calculations to examine the influence of the squeeze film on the threshold of fluidelastic instability in the tube bundle system.Furthermore,we analyzed how the thickness and length of the squeeze film affect both the underlying mechanisms and the critical velocity of fluidelastic instability.
基金supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2023B0303000002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52206089)+3 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515010288,2023B1515120005)the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen(JCYJ20230807093315033)the Shenzhen Engineering Research Center,Southern University of Science and Technology(No.XMHT20230208003)high level of special funds(G03034K001)。
文摘All-vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies.Conducting an operando quantitative analysis of the polarizations in VFBs under different conditions is essential for developing high power density batteries.Here,we employ an operando decoupling method to quantitatively analyze the polarizations in each electrochemical and chemical reaction of VFBs under different catalytic conditions.Results show that the reduction reaction of V^(3+)presents the largest activation polarization,while the reduction reaction of VO_(2)^(+)primarily contributes to concentration polarizations due to the formation of the intermediate product V_(2)O_(3)^(3+).Additionally,it is found that the widely used electrode catalytic methods,incorporating oxygen functional groups and electrodepositing Bi,not only enhance the reaction kinetics but also exacerbate concentration polarizations simultaneously,especially during the discharge process.Specifically,in the battery with the high oxygen-containing electrodes,the negative side still accounts for the majority of activation loss(75.3%)at 200 mA cm^(-2),but it comes down to 36,9% after catalyzing the negative reactions with bismuth.This work provides an effective way to probe the limiting steps in flow batteries under various working conditions and offers insights for effectively enhancing battery performance for future developments.
基金supported by the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Big Data-Mathematical Earth Sciences and Extreme Geological Events Team(grant number 2021ZT09H399)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 42430111,42050103).
文摘The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and dynamic processes.Nevertheless,classical plate cooling models exhibit disparities when predicting observed heat flow and seafloor depth for extremely young and old lithospheres.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis of global heat flow predictions and regional ocean heat flow or bathymetry data with physical models has been lacking.In this study,we employed power-law models derived from the singularity theory of fractal density to meticulously fit the latest ocean heat flow and bathymetry.Notably,power-law models offer distinct advantages over traditional plate cooling models,showcasing robust self-similarity,scale invariance,or scaling properties,and providing a better fit to observed data.The outcomes of our singularity analysis concerning heat flow and bathymetry across diverse oceanic regions exhibit a degree of consistency with the global ocean spreading rate model.In addition,we applied the similarity method to predict a higher resolution(0.1°×0.1°)global heat flow map based on the most recent heat flow data and geological/geophysical observables refined through linear correlation analysis.Regions displaying significant disparities between predicted and observed heat flow are closely linked to hydrothermal vent fields and active structures.Finally,combining the actual bathymetry and predicted heat flow with the power-law models allows for the quantitative and comprehensive detection of anomalous regions of ocean subsidence and heat flow,which deviate from traditional plate cooling models.The anomalous regions of subsidence and heat flow show different degrees of anisotropy,providing new ideas and clues for further analysis of ocean topography or hydrothermal circulation of mid-ocean ridges.
