We study the event horizon of a rotating Bardeen black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter and the black hole as a particle accelerator.The black hole is represented by four parameters:mass M,rotation paramet...We study the event horizon of a rotating Bardeen black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter and the black hole as a particle accelerator.The black hole is represented by four parameters:mass M,rotation parameter a,dark matter parameterαand magnetic charge g.It is interesting that when we determine the values of magnetic charge g and dark matter parametersαwe can get a critical rotation parameter aEand then we get a contour plane withΔ=0 taking three parameters as coordinates.We also derive the effective potential of the particle and the center-of-mass(CM)energy of the two particles outside the black hole by using the motion equations of the particle in the equatorial plane of the black hole.We find that the CM energy depends not only on the rotation parameter a,but also on the parameters g andα.We discuss the CM energy for two particles colliding at the black hole horizon in the extreme and non-extreme cases,respectively.It is found that the CM energy can become arbitrarily high when the angular momentum of one of the two particles is the critical angular momentum under the background of extreme black holes and there is no such result for non-extreme black holes,because the particles do not reach the black hole horizon when the angular momentum of the particles is critical angular momentum.Therefore,we prove that the rotating Bardeen black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter can be used as a particle accelerator.展开更多
Particle accelerators are indispensable tools in both science and industry.However,the size and cost of conventional RF accelerators limits the utility and scope of this technology.Recent research has shown that a die...Particle accelerators are indispensable tools in both science and industry.However,the size and cost of conventional RF accelerators limits the utility and scope of this technology.Recent research has shown that a dielectric laser accelerator(DLA)made of dielectric structures and driven at optical frequencies can generate particle beams with energies ranging from MeV to GeV at the tabletop level.To design DLA structures with a high acceleration gradient,we demonstrate topology optimization,which is a method used to optimize the material distribution in a specific area based on given load conditions,constraints,and performance indicators.To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach,we propose two schemes and design several acceleration structures based on them.The optimization results demonstrate that the proposed method can be applied to structure optimization for on-chip integrated laser accelerators,producing manufacturable structures with significantly improved performance compared with previous size or shape optimization methods.These results provide new physical approaches to explore ultrafast dynamics in matter,with important implications for future laser particle accelerators based on photonic chips.展开更多
Particle accelerators play a critical role in modern scientific research.However,existing manual beam control methods heavily rely on experienced operators,leading to significant time consumption and potential challen...Particle accelerators play a critical role in modern scientific research.However,existing manual beam control methods heavily rely on experienced operators,leading to significant time consumption and potential challenges in managing next-generation accelerators characterized by higher beam current and stronger nonlinear properties.In this paper,we establish a dynamical foundation for designing the online adaptive controller of accelerators using machine learning.This provides a guarantee for dynamic controllability for a class of scientific instruments whose dynamics are described by spatial-temporal equations of motion but only part variables along the instruments under steady states are available.The necessity of using historical time series of beam diagnostic data is emphasised.Key strategies involve also employing a well-established virtual beamline of accelerators,by which various beam calibration scenarios that actual accelerators may encounter are produced.Then the reinforcement learning algorithm is adopted to train the controller with the interaction to the virtual beamline.Finally,the controller is seamlessly transitioned to real ion accelerators,enabling efficient online adaptive control and maintenance.Notably,the controller demonstrates significant robustness,effectively managing beams with diverse charge mass ratios without requiring retraining.Such a controller allows us to achieve the global control within the entire superconducting section of the China Accelerator Facility for Superheavy Elements.展开更多
Recent vacuum system development with an XHV condition for the particle accelerators is briefly described. The progress of selecting and treatment of the materials used in XHV systems is introduced,and the choice of t...Recent vacuum system development with an XHV condition for the particle accelerators is briefly described. The progress of selecting and treatment of the materials used in XHV systems is introduced,and the choice of the main pump for an XHV system and some new pumping method are presented.Some leak detection experiences both for the superconducting and warm vacuum systems are recommended and the status of XHV measurement and the gauge calibration are introduced.展开更多
Prompt radiation emitted during accelerator operation poses a significant health risk,necessitating a thorough search and securing of hazardous areas prior to initiation.Currently,manual sweep methods are employed.How...Prompt radiation emitted during accelerator operation poses a significant health risk,necessitating a thorough search and securing of hazardous areas prior to initiation.Currently,manual sweep methods are employed.However,the limitations of manual sweeps have become increasingly evident with the implementation of large-scale accelerators.By leveraging advancements in machine vision technology,the automatic identification of stranded personnel in controlled areas through camera imagery presents a viable solution for efficient search and security.Given the criticality of personal safety for stranded individuals,search and security processes must be sufficiently reliable.To ensure comprehensive coverage,180°camera groups were strategically positioned on both sides of the accelerator tunnel to eliminate blind spots within the monitoring range.The YOLOV8 network model was modified to enable the detection of small targets,such as hands and feet,as well as larger targets formed by individuals near the cameras.Furthermore,the system incorporates a pedestrian recognition model that detects human body parts,and an information fusion strategy is used to integrate the detected head,hands,and feet with the identified pedestrians as a cohesive unit.This strategy enhanced the capability of the model to identify pedestrians obstructed by equipment,resulting in a notable improvement in the recall rate.Specifically,recall rates of 0.915 and 0.82were obtained for Datasets 1 and 2,respectively.Although there was a slight decrease in accuracy,it aligned with the intended purpose of the search-and-secure software design.Experimental tests conducted within an accelerator tunnel demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach in achieving reliable recognition outcomes.展开更多
Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embe...Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embedded sensors working as the primary nodes,termed Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),in which numerous sensors are connected to at least one Base Station(BS).These sensors gather information from the environment and transmit it to a BS or gathering location.WSNs have several challenges,including throughput,energy usage,and network lifetime concerns.Different strategies have been applied to get over these restrictions.Clustering may,therefore,be thought of as the best way to solve such issues.Consequently,it is crucial to analyze effective Cluster Head(CH)selection to maximize efficiency throughput,extend the network lifetime,and minimize energy consumption.This paper proposed an Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization(APSO)algorithm based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH),Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(NBEER),Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER),and Cooperative Relay Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(CR-NBEER)techniques.With the help of APSO in the implementation of the WSN,the main methodology of this article has taken place.The simulation findings in this study demonstrated that the suggested approach uses less energy,with respective energy consumption ranges of 0.1441 to 0.013 for 5 CH,1.003 to 0.0521 for 10 CH,and 0.1734 to 0.0911 for 15 CH.The sending packets ratio was also raised for all three CH selection scenarios,increasing from 659 to 1730.The number of dead nodes likewise dropped for the given combination,falling between 71 and 66.The network lifetime was deemed to have risen based on the results found.A hybrid with a few valuable parameters can further improve the suggested APSO-based protocol.Similar to underwater,WSN can make use of the proposed protocol.The overall results have been evaluated and compared with the existing approaches of sensor networks.展开更多
Superconducting radio-frequency(SRF)cavities are the core components of SRF linear accelerators,making their stable operation considerably important.However,the operational experience from different accelerator labora...Superconducting radio-frequency(SRF)cavities are the core components of SRF linear accelerators,making their stable operation considerably important.However,the operational experience from different accelerator laboratories has revealed that SRF faults are the leading cause of short machine downtime trips.When a cavity fault occurs,system experts analyze the time-series data recorded by low-level RF systems and identify the fault type.However,this requires expertise and intuition,posing a major challenge for control-room operators.Here,we propose an expert feature-based machine learning model for automating SRF cavity fault recognition.The main challenge in converting the"expert reasoning"process for SRF faults into a"model inference"process lies in feature extraction,which is attributed to the associated multidimensional and complex time-series waveforms.Existing autoregression-based feature-extraction methods require the signal to be stable and autocorrelated,resulting in difficulty in capturing the abrupt features that exist in several SRF failure patterns.To address these issues,we introduce expertise into the classification model through reasonable feature engineering.We demonstrate the feasibility of this method using the SRF cavity of the China accelerator facility for superheavy elements(CAFE2).Although specific faults in SRF cavities may vary across different accelerators,similarities exist in the RF signals.Therefore,this study provides valuable guidance for fault analysis of the entire SRF community.展开更多
The European XFEL, which has been constructed at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, is an X-ray-Free Electron Laser, which provides X-ray light of unprecedented properties for different experiments in physics, chemistry, biolo...The European XFEL, which has been constructed at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, is an X-ray-Free Electron Laser, which provides X-ray light of unprecedented properties for different experiments in physics, chemistry, biology and technology [1]. The XFEL is based on superconducting cavity technology, which is required to accelerate an electron beam up to 17.5 GeV. The facility is installed about 20 m underground in a 3.4 km long tunnel of 5.2 m diameter. High power RF systems are required to accelerate the beam to the required energy. Each RF station provides RF power to 4 accelerator modules with 8 superconducting cavities by a waveguide RF distribution system [2, 3]. Besides electrical and RF properties, mechanical properties are of high importance, since the waveguide distribution system and its components have to be manufactured, assembled and aligned with high precision. In order to test 100 superconducting accelerator modules within two years three test benches have been created in the AMTF （accelerator module test facility） to achieve the rate of one superconducting module per week. Each RF station of the test facility consists ofa 5 MW RF station at 1.3 GHz, 1.37 ms pulse width and 10 Hz repetition rate, with a waveguide distribution system. Each waveguide distribution supplies RF power to eight cavities, four times a pair of cavities. The distribution allows for a maximum power of 1 MW per cavity when the distribution is switched to a mode supplying power to only four cavities. A new type of 1 MW isolator and a new compact 5 MW power divider have been developed to achieve that goal. We present the waveguide distribution for this test stand and describe the performance of the different elements.展开更多
Based on cosmic ray data obtained by neutron monitors at the Earth＇s surface, and data on near-relativistic electrons measured by the WIND satellite, as well as on solar X-ray and radio burst data, the solar energeti...Based on cosmic ray data obtained by neutron monitors at the Earth＇s surface, and data on near-relativistic electrons measured by the WIND satellite, as well as on solar X-ray and radio burst data, the solar energetic particle （SEP） event of 2005 January 20 is studied. The results show that this event is a mixed event where the flare is dominant in the acceleration of the SEPs, the interplanetary shock accelerates mainly solar protons with energies below 130 MeV, while the relativistic protons are only accelerated by the solar flare. The interplanetary shock had an obvious acceleration effect on relativistic electrons with energies greater than 2 MeV. It was found that the solar release time for the relativistic protons was about 06：41 UT, while that for the near-relativistic electrons was about 06：39 UT. The latter turned Out to be about 2 rain later than the onset time of the interplanetary type HI burst.展开更多
The relativistic interaction of charged particle beams with a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating along a uniform guiding magnetic field in the tunneling of a dielectric medium is analyzed. The accel...The relativistic interaction of charged particle beams with a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating along a uniform guiding magnetic field in the tunneling of a dielectric medium is analyzed. The acceleration mechanism and a self-consistent nonlinear theory are presented for the interaction of relativistic charged particle beams with electromagnetic waves. Numerical results show that the beam particle can be efficiently accelerated in the interaction process.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a novel stacked laser dielectric acceleration structure.This structure is based on the inverse Cherenkov effect and represented by a parametric design formulation.Compared to existing dielectr...In this paper,we propose a novel stacked laser dielectric acceleration structure.This structure is based on the inverse Cherenkov effect and represented by a parametric design formulation.Compared to existing dielectric laser accelerators relying on the inverse Smith–Purcell effect,the proposed structure provides an extended-duration synchronous acceleration field without requiring the pulse front tilting technique.This advantage significantly reduces the required pulse duration.In addition,the easy to integrate layered structure facilitates cascade acceleration,and simulations have shown that low-energy electron beams can be cascaded through high gradients over extended distances.These practical advantages demonstrate the potential of this new structure for future chip accelerators.展开更多
In this paper, we address one of the issues in the frequency assignment problem for cellular mobile networks in which we intend to minimize the interference levels when assigning frequencies from a limited frequency s...In this paper, we address one of the issues in the frequency assignment problem for cellular mobile networks in which we intend to minimize the interference levels when assigning frequencies from a limited frequency spectrum. In order to satisfy the increasing demand in such cellular mobile networks, we use a hybrid approach consisting of a Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) combined with a Tabu Search(TS) algorithm. This approach takes both advantages of PSO efficiency in global optimization and TS in avoiding the premature convergence that would lead PSO to stagnate in a local minimum. Moreover, we propose a new efficient, simple, and inexpensive model for storing and evaluating solution's assignment. The purpose of this model reduces the solution's storage volume as well as the computations required to evaluate thesesolutions in comparison with the classical model. Our simulation results on the most known benchmarking instances prove the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in comparison with previous related works in terms of convergence rate, the number of iterations, the solution storage volume and the running time required to converge to the optimal solution.展开更多
We suggest a scheme of electron acceleration by use of two tightly focused ultra-short intense laser pulses at a IOOTW level. Electroas obtain a preliminary acceleration with a small angular spread by the longitudinal...We suggest a scheme of electron acceleration by use of two tightly focused ultra-short intense laser pulses at a IOOTW level. Electroas obtain a preliminary acceleration with a small angular spread by the longitudinal ponderomotive force of the first pulse. They are then injected and further accelerated to hundreds of MeV by the second laser pulse.展开更多
A force with an acceleration that is equal to multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time is exerted on a cloud of charged particles. The particles are resultantly accelerated to within an infinitesimal fr...A force with an acceleration that is equal to multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time is exerted on a cloud of charged particles. The particles are resultantly accelerated to within an infinitesimal fraction of the speed of light. As the force or acceleration increases, the particles’ velocity asymptotically approaches but never achieves the speed of light obeying relativity. The asymptotic increase in the particles’ velocity toward the speed of light as acceleration increasingly surpasses the speed of light per unit time does not compensate for the momentum value produced on the particles at sub-light velocities. Hence, the particles’ inertial mass value must increase as acceleration increases. This increase in the particles’ inertial mass as the particles are accelerated produce a gravitational field which is believed to occur in the oscillation of quarks achieving velocities close to the speed of light. The increased inertial mass of the density of accelerated charged particles becomes the source mass (or Big “M”) in Newton’s equation for gravitational force. This implies that a space-time curve is generated by the accelerated particles. Thus, it is shown that the acceleration number (or multiple of the speed of light greater than 1 per unit of time) and the number of charged particles in the cloud density are surjectively mapped to points on a differential manifold or space-time curved surface. Two aspects of Einstein’s field equations are used to describe the correspondence between the gravitational field produced by the accelerated particles and the resultant space-time curve. The two aspects are the Schwarzchild metric and the stress energy tensor. Lastly, the possibility of producing a sufficient acceleration or electromagnetic force on the charged particles to produce a gravitational field is shown through the Lorentz force equation. Moreover, it is shown that a sufficient voltage can be generated to produce an acceleration/force on the particles that is multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time thereby generating gravity.展开更多
The solution of Poisson’s Equation plays an important role in many areas, including modeling high-intensity and high-brightness beams in particle accelerators. For the computational domain with a large aspect ratio, ...The solution of Poisson’s Equation plays an important role in many areas, including modeling high-intensity and high-brightness beams in particle accelerators. For the computational domain with a large aspect ratio, the integrated Green’s function method has been adopted to solve the 3D Poisson equation subject to open boundary conditions. In this paper, we report on the efficient implementation of this method, which can save more than a factor of 50 computing time compared with the direct brute force implementation and its improvement under certain extreme conditions.展开更多
One of the most critical issues in relativistic astrophysics is explaining the origin mechanisms of(ultra)high-energy charged particle components of cosmic rays.Black holes(BHs),which are vast reservoirs of(gravitatio...One of the most critical issues in relativistic astrophysics is explaining the origin mechanisms of(ultra)high-energy charged particle components of cosmic rays.Black holes(BHs),which are vast reservoirs of(gravitational)energy,are candidates for such energetic cosmic ray sources.The main idea of this study is to investigate the effects of scalar-tensor-vector gravity(STVG)and so-called modified gravity(MOG)on charged particle acceleration by examining their dynamics and acceleration through the magnetic Penrose process(MPP)near magnetized Kerr BHs in MOG(Kerr-MOG BHs).First,we briefly study the horizon structure of the Kerr-MOG BH.Then,we derive the effective potential for the circular motion of charged particles by considering electromagnetic and MOG field interactions on the particles to gain insight into the stability of circular orbits.Our results show that the magnetic field can extend the region of stable circular orbits,whereas the STVG parameter reduces the instability of the circular orbit.Thus,from the examination of particle trajectories,we observe that,at fixed values of other parameters,the Schwarzschild BH captures the test particle;in the case of the Kerr BH,the test particle escapes to infinity or is captured by the BH,while in the Kerr-MOG BH,the test particle is trapped in some region around the BH and starts orbiting it at a smaller value of the MOG field parameter.By investigating the MPP,we found that,in stronger magnetic fields,the behavior of orbits becomes more chaotic.As a result,the particle escapes to infinity with high energies.展开更多
Increased attention has been given to ground-borne vibrations induced by railway vehicles and to the effects of these vibrations as they propagate through the ground into nearby buildings.Various studies,mainly based ...Increased attention has been given to ground-borne vibrations induced by railway vehicles and to the effects of these vibrations as they propagate through the ground into nearby buildings.Various studies,mainly based on numerical methods as well as physical modelling,have been carried out to investigate this problem.To study the dynamic response of tunnels and the surrounding soil due to train-induced vibration loads,a centrifuge test was conducted with a small-scale model in 1 g and 50 g stress field environments.An aluminum tube was embedded in sand to model the underground tunnel.A small parallel pre-stressed actuator(PPA)was employed to apply vibration loads on the tunnel invert.The model responses were measured using accelerometers.Both time and frequency domain analyzes were performed.The test results demonstrated that electronic noise had a clear impact on the test results and should be eliminated.It also found that the dynamic response of both the tunnel and soil were affected by the stress field.Therefore,it is important to account for the stress field effects when assessing the ground-borne vibration from tunnels.展开更多
33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such appl...33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.展开更多
The issue of the influence of coronal holes （CHs） on coronal mass ejections （CMEs） in causing solar energetic particle （SEP） events is revisited. It is a continuation and extension of our previous work, in which...The issue of the influence of coronal holes （CHs） on coronal mass ejections （CMEs） in causing solar energetic particle （SEP） events is revisited. It is a continuation and extension of our previous work, in which no evident effects of CHs on CMEs in generating SEPs were found by statistically investigating 56 CME events. This result is consistent with the conclusion obtained by Kahler in 2004. We extrapolate the coronal magnetic field, define CHs as the regions consisting of only open magnetic field lines and perform a similar analysis on this issue for 76 events in total by extending the study interval to the end of 2008. Three key parameters, CH proximity, CH area and CH relative position, are involved in the analysis. The new result confirms the previous conclusion that CHs did not show any evident effect on CMEs in causing SEP events.展开更多
Anomalous resistivity is critical for triggering fast magnetic reconnection in the nearly collisionless coronal plasma. Its nonlinear dependence on bulk drift velocity is usually assumed in MHD simulations. However, t...Anomalous resistivity is critical for triggering fast magnetic reconnection in the nearly collisionless coronal plasma. Its nonlinear dependence on bulk drift velocity is usually assumed in MHD simulations. However, the mechanism for the production of anomalous resistivity and its evolution is still an open question. We numerically solved the one dimension Vlasov equation with the typical solar coronal parameters and realistic mass ratios to infer the relationship between anomalous resistivity and bulk drift velocity of electrons in the reconnecting current sheets as well as its non- linear characteristics. Our principal findings are summarized as follows： 1） the relationship between the anomalous resistivity and bulk drift velocity of electrons relative to ions may be described as ηmax=0.03724（vd/ve）^5.702Ωm for vd/ve in the range of 1.4-2.0 and ηmax=0.8746（vd/ve）^1.284Ωm for vd/ve in the range of 2.5-4.5;2）if drift velocity is just slightly larger than the threshold of ion-acoustic instability, the anomalous resistivity due to the wave-particle interactions is enhanced by about five orders as compared with classic resistivity due to Coulomb collisions, With the increase of drift velocity from 1.4ve to 4.5Ve, the anomalous resistivity continues to increase 100 times; 3） in the rise phase of unstable waves, the anomalous resistivity has the same order as the one estimated from quasi-linear theory; after saturation of unstable waves, the anomalous resistivity decreases at least about one order as com- pared with its peak value; 4） considering that the final velocity of electrons ejected out of the reconnecting current sheet （RCS） decreases with the distance from the neutral point in the neutral plane, the anomalous resistivity decreases with the distance from the neutral point, which is favorable for the Petschek-like reconnection to take place.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12065012)Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(Grant No.202301AS070029)Yunnan High-level Talent Training Support Plan Young and Elite Talents Project(Grant No.YNWR-QNBJ-2018-360)。
文摘We study the event horizon of a rotating Bardeen black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter and the black hole as a particle accelerator.The black hole is represented by four parameters:mass M,rotation parameter a,dark matter parameterαand magnetic charge g.It is interesting that when we determine the values of magnetic charge g and dark matter parametersαwe can get a critical rotation parameter aEand then we get a contour plane withΔ=0 taking three parameters as coordinates.We also derive the effective potential of the particle and the center-of-mass(CM)energy of the two particles outside the black hole by using the motion equations of the particle in the equatorial plane of the black hole.We find that the CM energy depends not only on the rotation parameter a,but also on the parameters g andα.We discuss the CM energy for two particles colliding at the black hole horizon in the extreme and non-extreme cases,respectively.It is found that the CM energy can become arbitrarily high when the angular momentum of one of the two particles is the critical angular momentum under the background of extreme black holes and there is no such result for non-extreme black holes,because the particles do not reach the black hole horizon when the angular momentum of the particles is critical angular momentum.Therefore,we prove that the rotating Bardeen black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter can be used as a particle accelerator.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12004353,11975214,11991071,11905202,12174350)Key Laboratory Foundation of The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory(No.6142A04200103)Independent scientific research(No.JCKYS2021212011).
文摘Particle accelerators are indispensable tools in both science and industry.However,the size and cost of conventional RF accelerators limits the utility and scope of this technology.Recent research has shown that a dielectric laser accelerator(DLA)made of dielectric structures and driven at optical frequencies can generate particle beams with energies ranging from MeV to GeV at the tabletop level.To design DLA structures with a high acceleration gradient,we demonstrate topology optimization,which is a method used to optimize the material distribution in a specific area based on given load conditions,constraints,and performance indicators.To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach,we propose two schemes and design several acceleration structures based on them.The optimization results demonstrate that the proposed method can be applied to structure optimization for on-chip integrated laser accelerators,producing manufacturable structures with significantly improved performance compared with previous size or shape optimization methods.These results provide new physical approaches to explore ultrafast dynamics in matter,with important implications for future laser particle accelerators based on photonic chips.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12405189,12475161,11525523,and U1730122)the Large Research Infrastructures China Initiative Accelerator Driven System(Grant No.2017-000052-75-01-000590)。
文摘Particle accelerators play a critical role in modern scientific research.However,existing manual beam control methods heavily rely on experienced operators,leading to significant time consumption and potential challenges in managing next-generation accelerators characterized by higher beam current and stronger nonlinear properties.In this paper,we establish a dynamical foundation for designing the online adaptive controller of accelerators using machine learning.This provides a guarantee for dynamic controllability for a class of scientific instruments whose dynamics are described by spatial-temporal equations of motion but only part variables along the instruments under steady states are available.The necessity of using historical time series of beam diagnostic data is emphasised.Key strategies involve also employing a well-established virtual beamline of accelerators,by which various beam calibration scenarios that actual accelerators may encounter are produced.Then the reinforcement learning algorithm is adopted to train the controller with the interaction to the virtual beamline.Finally,the controller is seamlessly transitioned to real ion accelerators,enabling efficient online adaptive control and maintenance.Notably,the controller demonstrates significant robustness,effectively managing beams with diverse charge mass ratios without requiring retraining.Such a controller allows us to achieve the global control within the entire superconducting section of the China Accelerator Facility for Superheavy Elements.
文摘Recent vacuum system development with an XHV condition for the particle accelerators is briefly described. The progress of selecting and treatment of the materials used in XHV systems is introduced,and the choice of the main pump for an XHV system and some new pumping method are presented.Some leak detection experiences both for the superconducting and warm vacuum systems are recommended and the status of XHV measurement and the gauge calibration are introduced.
文摘Prompt radiation emitted during accelerator operation poses a significant health risk,necessitating a thorough search and securing of hazardous areas prior to initiation.Currently,manual sweep methods are employed.However,the limitations of manual sweeps have become increasingly evident with the implementation of large-scale accelerators.By leveraging advancements in machine vision technology,the automatic identification of stranded personnel in controlled areas through camera imagery presents a viable solution for efficient search and security.Given the criticality of personal safety for stranded individuals,search and security processes must be sufficiently reliable.To ensure comprehensive coverage,180°camera groups were strategically positioned on both sides of the accelerator tunnel to eliminate blind spots within the monitoring range.The YOLOV8 network model was modified to enable the detection of small targets,such as hands and feet,as well as larger targets formed by individuals near the cameras.Furthermore,the system incorporates a pedestrian recognition model that detects human body parts,and an information fusion strategy is used to integrate the detected head,hands,and feet with the identified pedestrians as a cohesive unit.This strategy enhanced the capability of the model to identify pedestrians obstructed by equipment,resulting in a notable improvement in the recall rate.Specifically,recall rates of 0.915 and 0.82were obtained for Datasets 1 and 2,respectively.Although there was a slight decrease in accuracy,it aligned with the intended purpose of the search-and-secure software design.Experimental tests conducted within an accelerator tunnel demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach in achieving reliable recognition outcomes.
文摘Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embedded sensors working as the primary nodes,termed Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),in which numerous sensors are connected to at least one Base Station(BS).These sensors gather information from the environment and transmit it to a BS or gathering location.WSNs have several challenges,including throughput,energy usage,and network lifetime concerns.Different strategies have been applied to get over these restrictions.Clustering may,therefore,be thought of as the best way to solve such issues.Consequently,it is crucial to analyze effective Cluster Head(CH)selection to maximize efficiency throughput,extend the network lifetime,and minimize energy consumption.This paper proposed an Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization(APSO)algorithm based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH),Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(NBEER),Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER),and Cooperative Relay Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(CR-NBEER)techniques.With the help of APSO in the implementation of the WSN,the main methodology of this article has taken place.The simulation findings in this study demonstrated that the suggested approach uses less energy,with respective energy consumption ranges of 0.1441 to 0.013 for 5 CH,1.003 to 0.0521 for 10 CH,and 0.1734 to 0.0911 for 15 CH.The sending packets ratio was also raised for all three CH selection scenarios,increasing from 659 to 1730.The number of dead nodes likewise dropped for the given combination,falling between 71 and 66.The network lifetime was deemed to have risen based on the results found.A hybrid with a few valuable parameters can further improve the suggested APSO-based protocol.Similar to underwater,WSN can make use of the proposed protocol.The overall results have been evaluated and compared with the existing approaches of sensor networks.
基金supported by the studies of intelligent LLRF control algorithms for superconducting RF cavities(No.E129851YR0)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20261)Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Stability Study of Superconducting Linear Accelerators(No.E429851YR0)。
文摘Superconducting radio-frequency(SRF)cavities are the core components of SRF linear accelerators,making their stable operation considerably important.However,the operational experience from different accelerator laboratories has revealed that SRF faults are the leading cause of short machine downtime trips.When a cavity fault occurs,system experts analyze the time-series data recorded by low-level RF systems and identify the fault type.However,this requires expertise and intuition,posing a major challenge for control-room operators.Here,we propose an expert feature-based machine learning model for automating SRF cavity fault recognition.The main challenge in converting the"expert reasoning"process for SRF faults into a"model inference"process lies in feature extraction,which is attributed to the associated multidimensional and complex time-series waveforms.Existing autoregression-based feature-extraction methods require the signal to be stable and autocorrelated,resulting in difficulty in capturing the abrupt features that exist in several SRF failure patterns.To address these issues,we introduce expertise into the classification model through reasonable feature engineering.We demonstrate the feasibility of this method using the SRF cavity of the China accelerator facility for superheavy elements(CAFE2).Although specific faults in SRF cavities may vary across different accelerators,similarities exist in the RF signals.Therefore,this study provides valuable guidance for fault analysis of the entire SRF community.
文摘The European XFEL, which has been constructed at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, is an X-ray-Free Electron Laser, which provides X-ray light of unprecedented properties for different experiments in physics, chemistry, biology and technology [1]. The XFEL is based on superconducting cavity technology, which is required to accelerate an electron beam up to 17.5 GeV. The facility is installed about 20 m underground in a 3.4 km long tunnel of 5.2 m diameter. High power RF systems are required to accelerate the beam to the required energy. Each RF station provides RF power to 4 accelerator modules with 8 superconducting cavities by a waveguide RF distribution system [2, 3]. Besides electrical and RF properties, mechanical properties are of high importance, since the waveguide distribution system and its components have to be manufactured, assembled and aligned with high precision. In order to test 100 superconducting accelerator modules within two years three test benches have been created in the AMTF （accelerator module test facility） to achieve the rate of one superconducting module per week. Each RF station of the test facility consists ofa 5 MW RF station at 1.3 GHz, 1.37 ms pulse width and 10 Hz repetition rate, with a waveguide distribution system. Each waveguide distribution supplies RF power to eight cavities, four times a pair of cavities. The distribution allows for a maximum power of 1 MW per cavity when the distribution is switched to a mode supplying power to only four cavities. A new type of 1 MW isolator and a new compact 5 MW power divider have been developed to achieve that goal. We present the waveguide distribution for this test stand and describe the performance of the different elements.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Based on cosmic ray data obtained by neutron monitors at the Earth＇s surface, and data on near-relativistic electrons measured by the WIND satellite, as well as on solar X-ray and radio burst data, the solar energetic particle （SEP） event of 2005 January 20 is studied. The results show that this event is a mixed event where the flare is dominant in the acceleration of the SEPs, the interplanetary shock accelerates mainly solar protons with energies below 130 MeV, while the relativistic protons are only accelerated by the solar flare. The interplanetary shock had an obvious acceleration effect on relativistic electrons with energies greater than 2 MeV. It was found that the solar release time for the relativistic protons was about 06：41 UT, while that for the near-relativistic electrons was about 06：39 UT. The latter turned Out to be about 2 rain later than the onset time of the interplanetary type HI burst.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51275029,51102007 and 11275007)
文摘The relativistic interaction of charged particle beams with a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating along a uniform guiding magnetic field in the tunneling of a dielectric medium is analyzed. The acceleration mechanism and a self-consistent nonlinear theory are presented for the interaction of relativistic charged particle beams with electromagnetic waves. Numerical results show that the beam particle can be efficiently accelerated in the interaction process.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12004353,11975214,11991071,11905202,and 12174350)Key Laboratory Foundation of the Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory(No.6142A04200103)Independent Scientific Research(No.JCKYS2021212011).
文摘In this paper,we propose a novel stacked laser dielectric acceleration structure.This structure is based on the inverse Cherenkov effect and represented by a parametric design formulation.Compared to existing dielectric laser accelerators relying on the inverse Smith–Purcell effect,the proposed structure provides an extended-duration synchronous acceleration field without requiring the pulse front tilting technique.This advantage significantly reduces the required pulse duration.In addition,the easy to integrate layered structure facilitates cascade acceleration,and simulations have shown that low-energy electron beams can be cascaded through high gradients over extended distances.These practical advantages demonstrate the potential of this new structure for future chip accelerators.
文摘In this paper, we address one of the issues in the frequency assignment problem for cellular mobile networks in which we intend to minimize the interference levels when assigning frequencies from a limited frequency spectrum. In order to satisfy the increasing demand in such cellular mobile networks, we use a hybrid approach consisting of a Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) combined with a Tabu Search(TS) algorithm. This approach takes both advantages of PSO efficiency in global optimization and TS in avoiding the premature convergence that would lead PSO to stagnate in a local minimum. Moreover, we propose a new efficient, simple, and inexpensive model for storing and evaluating solution's assignment. The purpose of this model reduces the solution's storage volume as well as the computations required to evaluate thesesolutions in comparison with the classical model. Our simulation results on the most known benchmarking instances prove the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in comparison with previous related works in terms of convergence rate, the number of iterations, the solution storage volume and the running time required to converge to the optimal solution.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 10335020, 10105014 and 10390160）, the National High Technology Inertial Confinement Fusion Foundation of China, and the National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China （Grant No G1999075200）.
文摘We suggest a scheme of electron acceleration by use of two tightly focused ultra-short intense laser pulses at a IOOTW level. Electroas obtain a preliminary acceleration with a small angular spread by the longitudinal ponderomotive force of the first pulse. They are then injected and further accelerated to hundreds of MeV by the second laser pulse.
文摘A force with an acceleration that is equal to multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time is exerted on a cloud of charged particles. The particles are resultantly accelerated to within an infinitesimal fraction of the speed of light. As the force or acceleration increases, the particles’ velocity asymptotically approaches but never achieves the speed of light obeying relativity. The asymptotic increase in the particles’ velocity toward the speed of light as acceleration increasingly surpasses the speed of light per unit time does not compensate for the momentum value produced on the particles at sub-light velocities. Hence, the particles’ inertial mass value must increase as acceleration increases. This increase in the particles’ inertial mass as the particles are accelerated produce a gravitational field which is believed to occur in the oscillation of quarks achieving velocities close to the speed of light. The increased inertial mass of the density of accelerated charged particles becomes the source mass (or Big “M”) in Newton’s equation for gravitational force. This implies that a space-time curve is generated by the accelerated particles. Thus, it is shown that the acceleration number (or multiple of the speed of light greater than 1 per unit of time) and the number of charged particles in the cloud density are surjectively mapped to points on a differential manifold or space-time curved surface. Two aspects of Einstein’s field equations are used to describe the correspondence between the gravitational field produced by the accelerated particles and the resultant space-time curve. The two aspects are the Schwarzchild metric and the stress energy tensor. Lastly, the possibility of producing a sufficient acceleration or electromagnetic force on the charged particles to produce a gravitational field is shown through the Lorentz force equation. Moreover, it is shown that a sufficient voltage can be generated to produce an acceleration/force on the particles that is multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time thereby generating gravity.
文摘The solution of Poisson’s Equation plays an important role in many areas, including modeling high-intensity and high-brightness beams in particle accelerators. For the computational domain with a large aspect ratio, the integrated Green’s function method has been adopted to solve the 3D Poisson equation subject to open boundary conditions. In this paper, we report on the efficient implementation of this method, which can save more than a factor of 50 computing time compared with the direct brute force implementation and its improvement under certain extreme conditions.
基金support of the Shenzhen Natural Science Fund of China(Stable Support Plan Program No.20220805175116001)。
文摘One of the most critical issues in relativistic astrophysics is explaining the origin mechanisms of(ultra)high-energy charged particle components of cosmic rays.Black holes(BHs),which are vast reservoirs of(gravitational)energy,are candidates for such energetic cosmic ray sources.The main idea of this study is to investigate the effects of scalar-tensor-vector gravity(STVG)and so-called modified gravity(MOG)on charged particle acceleration by examining their dynamics and acceleration through the magnetic Penrose process(MPP)near magnetized Kerr BHs in MOG(Kerr-MOG BHs).First,we briefly study the horizon structure of the Kerr-MOG BH.Then,we derive the effective potential for the circular motion of charged particles by considering electromagnetic and MOG field interactions on the particles to gain insight into the stability of circular orbits.Our results show that the magnetic field can extend the region of stable circular orbits,whereas the STVG parameter reduces the instability of the circular orbit.Thus,from the examination of particle trajectories,we observe that,at fixed values of other parameters,the Schwarzschild BH captures the test particle;in the case of the Kerr BH,the test particle escapes to infinity or is captured by the BH,while in the Kerr-MOG BH,the test particle is trapped in some region around the BH and starts orbiting it at a smaller value of the MOG field parameter.By investigating the MPP,we found that,in stronger magnetic fields,the behavior of orbits becomes more chaotic.As a result,the particle escapes to infinity with high energies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51678499。
文摘Increased attention has been given to ground-borne vibrations induced by railway vehicles and to the effects of these vibrations as they propagate through the ground into nearby buildings.Various studies,mainly based on numerical methods as well as physical modelling,have been carried out to investigate this problem.To study the dynamic response of tunnels and the surrounding soil due to train-induced vibration loads,a centrifuge test was conducted with a small-scale model in 1 g and 50 g stress field environments.An aluminum tube was embedded in sand to model the underground tunnel.A small parallel pre-stressed actuator(PPA)was employed to apply vibration loads on the tunnel invert.The model responses were measured using accelerometers.Both time and frequency domain analyzes were performed.The test results demonstrated that electronic noise had a clear impact on the test results and should be eliminated.It also found that the dynamic response of both the tunnel and soil were affected by the stress field.Therefore,it is important to account for the stress field effects when assessing the ground-borne vibration from tunnels.
文摘33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40904046,40874075 and 40525014)the 973 National Basic Research Program(2006CB806304)+2 种基金the Ministry of Education of China(200530)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-08-0524)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-QN511, KJCX2-YW-N28 and the startup fund)
文摘The issue of the influence of coronal holes （CHs） on coronal mass ejections （CMEs） in causing solar energetic particle （SEP） events is revisited. It is a continuation and extension of our previous work, in which no evident effects of CHs on CMEs in generating SEPs were found by statistically investigating 56 CME events. This result is consistent with the conclusion obtained by Kahler in 2004. We extrapolate the coronal magnetic field, define CHs as the regions consisting of only open magnetic field lines and perform a similar analysis on this issue for 76 events in total by extending the study interval to the end of 2008. Three key parameters, CH proximity, CH area and CH relative position, are involved in the analysis. The new result confirms the previous conclusion that CHs did not show any evident effect on CMEs in causing SEP events.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10773032,10833007 and 11073006)the "973" program(No.2006CB806302)
文摘Anomalous resistivity is critical for triggering fast magnetic reconnection in the nearly collisionless coronal plasma. Its nonlinear dependence on bulk drift velocity is usually assumed in MHD simulations. However, the mechanism for the production of anomalous resistivity and its evolution is still an open question. We numerically solved the one dimension Vlasov equation with the typical solar coronal parameters and realistic mass ratios to infer the relationship between anomalous resistivity and bulk drift velocity of electrons in the reconnecting current sheets as well as its non- linear characteristics. Our principal findings are summarized as follows： 1） the relationship between the anomalous resistivity and bulk drift velocity of electrons relative to ions may be described as ηmax=0.03724（vd/ve）^5.702Ωm for vd/ve in the range of 1.4-2.0 and ηmax=0.8746（vd/ve）^1.284Ωm for vd/ve in the range of 2.5-4.5;2）if drift velocity is just slightly larger than the threshold of ion-acoustic instability, the anomalous resistivity due to the wave-particle interactions is enhanced by about five orders as compared with classic resistivity due to Coulomb collisions, With the increase of drift velocity from 1.4ve to 4.5Ve, the anomalous resistivity continues to increase 100 times; 3） in the rise phase of unstable waves, the anomalous resistivity has the same order as the one estimated from quasi-linear theory; after saturation of unstable waves, the anomalous resistivity decreases at least about one order as com- pared with its peak value; 4） considering that the final velocity of electrons ejected out of the reconnecting current sheet （RCS） decreases with the distance from the neutral point in the neutral plane, the anomalous resistivity decreases with the distance from the neutral point, which is favorable for the Petschek-like reconnection to take place.
