This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to fac...This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to facilitate the digital registration and identification of a wide range of particle information.Its design ensures easy integration with different event generators and digital simulations commonly used in high-energy experiments.Moreover,this innovative framework can be easily expanded to encode complex multi-quark states comprising up to nine valence quarks and accommodating an angular momentum of up to 99/2.This versatility and scalability make it a valuable tool.展开更多
In this theory, “mass is equivalent to length of imaginary straight line segment” and “direction to imaginary line segment is intrinsic property of that particle which is Equivalent to its intrinsic spin”. With th...In this theory, “mass is equivalent to length of imaginary straight line segment” and “direction to imaginary line segment is intrinsic property of that particle which is Equivalent to its intrinsic spin”. With this concept, all fundamental particles, fermions and bosons are described as quanta imaginary string particles with a definite direction. For e.g. unidirectional imaginary straight line with fixed length are massive spin 1/2 fermions;while unidirectional imaginary quanta curved lines are massless spin 1 bosons. Thus, it gives co-relation between massless (curved imaginary line) and spin = 1 properties of boson as proved in QED theory. All fundamental particles of standard model and beyond standard model are arranged in one simple diagram in 3 folds (bottom fold, middle upper and lower folds and top fold) and are projected in 4<sup>th</sup> Imaginary Dimension in order of decreased in Mass from TeV to approx. 0 eV. This theory is beyond standard model because it predicts new fundamental particles viz. dark matter (spin = 0 massive boson) along with gravitons (spin = 2, massless bosons);4<sup>th</sup> pair of neutrinos, vertical massless boson (VMB) particles and tri-axis massive boson (spin = 0) particle. The discovery of these new particles will act as solid proof to this theory. With this 3F4D representation of the universe at an atomic and sub-atomic level, it solves lots of current problems of SM of particle physics like matter-antimatter asymmetry, origin of mass of hadrons like protons, origin of mass and L.H. nature for neutrinos, wave-particle duality of particles, etc. giving true insight of fundamental particles. With proving that, dark matter is not a quanta particle, rather it is a single entity and spreads/expands throughout the universe in the form of “web of spider”, it shows space-time is not empty, but it is filled with Continuous lines of Dark Matter and we, materialistic massive objects are floating/sailing w.r.t. current of this vast ocean. Correlation of its continuity with time gives new a definition to time: “Time is neither Illusion nor 4th Dimension, but, it represents Continuous Flow of Single Entity, Dark Matter”. Space-time is not Empty and is filled with massive dark matter, hence, we have to add more terms to newtonian gravitational equation to account for gravitational strength of mass of surrounding dark matter which represents curvature of space-time in terms of Increase in its mass-density w.r.t. to mass-density of flat universe. Finally, using an empirical formula (h = k*c*Q;k = boltzmann’s constant = mass in TeV range) and inverse relation of mass-density of DM with age of the universe (H<sup>2</sup> = Constant<span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span>G<span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span>Mass-Density of DM);Unification of Gravity at TeV is achieved without consideration of “Gravitational Constant, G”, hence, Planck’s Scale is not required.展开更多
One of</span><span style="color:red;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Newton’s mathematical solutions to a hypothetical orbital problem, recently verified by an ...One of</span><span style="color:red;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Newton’s mathematical solutions to a hypothetical orbital problem, recently verified by an independent physics model, is applied to the fluid particle motion in shallow water surface gravity waves. What is the functional form of the central force, with origin at the ellipse’s center, which will keep a body in the orbit? Newton found out it is the spring force, which is linear. All fluid particles in shallow water waves move in ellipses. By a superposition of solutions in a linear problem, the application of Newton’s result to shallow water waves is combined with a feature not noticed by Newton: the orbital period is independent of the semi-major and semi-minor axes. Two conclusions reached are that the wave period of shoaling waves should be constant and that there is no friction in these waves.展开更多
A well-known problem in particle physics and cosmology is the observed matter–antimatter asymmetry in the Universe.According to the Big Bang theory,equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been produced in ...A well-known problem in particle physics and cosmology is the observed matter–antimatter asymmetry in the Universe.According to the Big Bang theory,equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been produced in the early universe.However,astrophysical observations show that the visible universe today is overwhelmingly dominated by matter.展开更多
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the ...The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on： Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews （and errata） are also available on the Particle Data Group website： http ：//pdg. lbl. gov.展开更多
1. IntroductionThe collection of online information resources in particle physics and related areas presented in this chapter is of necessity incomplete. An expanded and regularly updated online version can be found at：
In this paper we consider that the momentum of a free particle motion withhigh-level speed presenting nonlinear effects may be expanded by using Laurent seriesand then obtain the complete expression of nonlinear and u...In this paper we consider that the momentum of a free particle motion withhigh-level speed presenting nonlinear effects may be expanded by using Laurent seriesand then obtain the complete expression of nonlinear and unsteady momentum. These nonlinear and unsieady phenoniena of high-level speed may further expand to the theory of kinematics and it may be determined by Fredholm's integral equation of the first kind. In addition, according to the nonlinear and unsteady momentum obtained the relations of the nonlinear mechanics equations .work and energy, mass and energymay be derived.Finaly .this paper also calculates those experimental results which done in particle physics for mu-mesons u±and fast neutrons n, these results are in agreement with data perfectly.展开更多
A cosmological model for the very early universe is proposed which may modify the present point of view of physicists and astrophysicists, concerning the very early universe at a miniscule fraction of a second, approx...A cosmological model for the very early universe is proposed which may modify the present point of view of physicists and astrophysicists, concerning the very early universe at a miniscule fraction of a second, approximately 10<sup>-60</sup> seconds after the Big Bang. The model proposes the presence of a primordial s-particle that, following the Big Bang, was violently ejected in all spatial directions together with extremely high-frequency radiation that dominates this era. The proposed s-particles underwent two geometrical phase transitions in space-time that led to the formation of the known fundamental particles (i.e., dark matter, quarks, electrons, neutrinos, etc.). Furthermore, in the model, the four fundamental forces may be accommodated within one structural framework. It shows that the electronic charge is not a fundamental quantity (intrinsic property of the particle), but rather that it can be derived from the tangential velocity of the s-particle. Moreover, it appears that the masses of the fundamental particles are proportional to the curvature of the path of the s-particle.展开更多
The existence of several TeV superheavy particles (SHPs) is predicted by theories beyond the Standard Model. Particles with a mass exceeding the energy in the center of mass in the collision of protons with protons ca...The existence of several TeV superheavy particles (SHPs) is predicted by theories beyond the Standard Model. Particles with a mass exceeding the energy in the center of mass in the collision of protons with protons can be produced in subthreshold heavy ion collisions at the LHC. The purpose of the performed research was to estimate the rate of a rare process of SHPs production. It was shown that the data on the subthreshold production of antiprotons can be explained by the phenomenological parton model. The obtained parton distribution function was used to determine the number of SHPs produced in subthreshold heavy ion collisions at the LHC. In one month of collision of lead with lead, the yield of 16 TeVparticles is about 70 per year. To study the kinematically forbidden phenomena in proton-proton interactions in collisions of heavy nuclei at the LHC, an experiment on the production of antiprotons is proposed in the ALICE fixed target project.展开更多
Physical simulation is used to study the movement of nonmetallic particles in Al melt in electro- magnetic field. It is found that the terminal velocity of particles in different Reynolds number range has different fu...Physical simulation is used to study the movement of nonmetallic particles in Al melt in electro- magnetic field. It is found that the terminal velocity of particles in different Reynolds number range has different functions. By confirming drag force coefficient of nonmetallic particles with Reynolds number in the range of 0.2-10 and 10-25 respectively, two functions of terminal ve- locity for spherical nonmetallic particles have been got accordingly, which provide a theoretical basis for separating nonmetallic inclusions from Al melt in electromagnetic field.展开更多
This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychologi...This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychological (animals), biological (vegetation), physical (matter), and cosmological (energies) levels, whereas in the conventional approach, the physical and cosmological levels are grouped into the same category. This paper explains the evolution and structure of elementary physical particles (EPPs) based on the evolution and structure of elementary biological particles (cells). The second part of the paper explains the structure and ingredients of the PPE, which are responsible for the creation of the following four fields, as suggested by the author: visibility, forcibility (magnetism), the fullness field, and the hollowness field. All these fields comprise different unknown cosmological substances. These cosmological fields are present in all physical entities and are responsible for all kinds of physical activations. Finally, the paper explains the evolution of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitation, and repulsion (repulsive gravitation). The theory is consistent with all previously conducted experiments and systematically unfolds several mysteries, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed theory.展开更多
It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when sender...It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.展开更多
In 1956,disciplines including nuclear technology and research on nuclear and elementary particles were added to the P.R.China’s national program for science and technology development.Mao Zedong explicitly supported ...In 1956,disciplines including nuclear technology and research on nuclear and elementary particles were added to the P.R.China’s national program for science and technology development.Mao Zedong explicitly supported Shoichi Sakata,a Japanese physicist,in applying materialistic dialectics to physics research,which influenced Chinese scientists in their study of particle physics.Starting in the early 1960s,physicists from the Institute of Atomic Energy,CAS,the Institute of Mathematics,CAS,Peking University,and University of Science and Technology of China put effort into the theoretical research of elementary particles and gradually formed a collaborative research group.From 1965 to 1966,they analyzed the experimental results and existing theories available to them,made a connection between their work and Mao Zedong’s belief that matter can be infinitely divided,and put forward the straton model,a structure model of hadrons.In July 1966,the straton model was presented at the Summer Physics Colloquium of the Peking Symposium.Unfortunately,scientific research in China soon came to a halt due to the Cultural Revolution(1966-1976);the academic exchange between Chinese scientists and their foreign peers became even more difficult than before.The calculation results of the hadron model failed to be formally published in English as Chinese scientists had wanted.As a result,the model did not have the kind of influence upon the development of particle physics at the international level that these scientists had expected.展开更多
In recent years, cooling technology for liquid xenon(LXe) detectors has advanced driven by the development of dark matter(DM) detectors with target mass in the 100–1000 kg range. The next generation of DM detectors b...In recent years, cooling technology for liquid xenon(LXe) detectors has advanced driven by the development of dark matter(DM) detectors with target mass in the 100–1000 kg range. The next generation of DM detectors based on LXe will be in the 50,000 kg(50 t)range requiring more than 1 k W of cooling power. Most of the prior cooling methods become impractical at this level.For cooling a 50 t scale LXe detector, a method is proposed in which liquid nitrogen(LN2) in a small local reservoir cools the xenon gas via a cold finger. The cold finger incorporates a heating unit to provide temperature regulation. The proposed cooling method is simple, reliable, and suitable for the required long-term operation for a rare event search. The device can be easily integrated into present cooling systems, for example the ‘‘Cooling Bus’ ’employed for the Panda X I and II experiments. It is still possible to cool indirectly with no part of the cooling or temperature control system getting in direct contact with the clean xenon in the detector. Also, the cooling device can be mounted at a large distance, i.e., the detector is cooled remotely from a distance of 5–10 m. The method was tested in a laboratory setup at Columbia University to carry out different measurements with a small LXe detector and behaved exactly as predicted.展开更多
Based on analyzing the induced signals from the double-grids of an ionization chamber, the electron-drift time between the two grids is determined and the electron-drift velocity is derived. A waveform digitizer is em...Based on analyzing the induced signals from the double-grids of an ionization chamber, the electron-drift time between the two grids is determined and the electron-drift velocity is derived. A waveform digitizer is employed to record pulses from the two grids of the ionization chamber. The electron-drift velocity is measured as a function of the reduced electric field E/p for eight different ratios of Ar＋CH4 mixtures. By analyzing the experimental data of this study, self-consistency of experimental data is achieved, and formulae for calculating electron-drift velocity in any ratio of Ar＋CH4 mixtures are obtained.展开更多
We present Monte Carlo studies on the singly tagged D mesons, which are crucial in the absolute measurements of D meson decays, based on a full Monte Carlo simulation for the BES-III detector, with the BES-III Offline...We present Monte Carlo studies on the singly tagged D mesons, which are crucial in the absolute measurements of D meson decays, based on a full Monte Carlo simulation for the BES-III detector, with the BES-III Offline Software System. The expected detection efficiencies and mass resolutions of the tagged D mesons are well estimated.展开更多
Our third spatial dimension (3-D) is currently in the process of building the fourth spatial dimension. Dark Energy is being used to create higher dimensions of space from the first to the nth, and it is also responsi...Our third spatial dimension (3-D) is currently in the process of building the fourth spatial dimension. Dark Energy is being used to create higher dimensions of space from the first to the nth, and it is also responsible for the formation and the rotation of the fourth dimension from the point singularities of the vacuum space of the third dimension. To start the creation up to the nth dimension, <i>n</i>! zero dimensional singularities arise simultaneously from the <i>n</i> = 0 level of the void. Once the creation of an n dimensional ellipsoidal matter Universe has been completed, the outward Dark Energy force ends, and then the inward force of gravity takes over to crush the n dimensional Universe into the center of the nth dimensional singularity of the void. The system is now in a non-equilibrium state because the entropy of the system has attained its lowest possible value. To bring the system back to equilibrium there will arise out of the nth dimensional void an antimatter Universe which will reverse the process to deposit all the Dark Energy back into the original levels of the void so that the net change in entropy of the system becomes zero. Dark Matter is the matter that exists in the fourth spatial dimension as 4-D matter spewed there through the Black Hole singularities of our third dimension. Ellipsoidal matter and antimatter Multiverses rotating in opposite directions are a natural byproduct of this new theory of Physics which also solves certain particle Physics problems of the Standard Model.展开更多
Using the low-energy effective Hamiltonian of the ABC-stacked multilayer graphene, the pseudo-spin coupling to real orbital angular momentum of electrons in multilayer graphene is investigated. We show that the electr...Using the low-energy effective Hamiltonian of the ABC-stacked multilayer graphene, the pseudo-spin coupling to real orbital angular momentum of electrons in multilayer graphene is investigated. We show that the electron wave function in N-layer graphene mimics the behavior of a particle with a spin of N × （n/2）, where N = {1,2,3,...}. It is said that for N 〉 1 the low-energy effective Hamiltonian for ABC-stacked graphene cannot be used to describe pseudo-spin-1/2 particles. The wave function of electrons in multilayer graphene may behave like fermionic （or bosonic） particle for N being odd （or even）. In this paper, we propose a theory of graphene serving as a host material of electrons with arbitrary pseudo-spins tunable by changing the number of graphene layers.展开更多
Geodesic acoustic modes（GAM） are oscillating zonal structures unique to toroidal plasmas,and have been extensively studied in the past decades due to their potential capabilities of regulating microscopic turbulence...Geodesic acoustic modes（GAM） are oscillating zonal structures unique to toroidal plasmas,and have been extensively studied in the past decades due to their potential capabilities of regulating microscopic turbulences and associated anomalous transport.This article reviews linear and nonlinear theories of GAM;with emphases on kinetic treatment,system nonuniformity and realistic magnetic geometry,in order to reflect the realistic experimental conditions.Specifically,in the linear physics,the resonant wave-particle interactions are discussed,with the application to resonant excitation by energetic particles（EPs）.The theory of EP-induced GAM（EGAM） is applied to realistic devices for the interpretation of experimental observations,and global effects due to coupling to GAM continuum are also discussed.Meanwhile,in the nonlinear physics,the spontaneous GAM excitation by microscale turbulences is reviewed,including the effects of various system nonuniformities.A unified theoretical framework of GAM/EGAM is then constructed based on our present understandings.The first-principle-based GAM/EGAM theories reviewed here,thus,provide the tools needed for the understanding and interpretation of experimental/numerical results.展开更多
基金the Department of Education of Hunan Province,China(No.21A0541)the U.S.Department of Energy(No.DE-FG03-93ER40773)H.Z.acknowledges the financial support from Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics in Central China Normal University(No.QLPL2024P01)。
文摘This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to facilitate the digital registration and identification of a wide range of particle information.Its design ensures easy integration with different event generators and digital simulations commonly used in high-energy experiments.Moreover,this innovative framework can be easily expanded to encode complex multi-quark states comprising up to nine valence quarks and accommodating an angular momentum of up to 99/2.This versatility and scalability make it a valuable tool.
文摘In this theory, “mass is equivalent to length of imaginary straight line segment” and “direction to imaginary line segment is intrinsic property of that particle which is Equivalent to its intrinsic spin”. With this concept, all fundamental particles, fermions and bosons are described as quanta imaginary string particles with a definite direction. For e.g. unidirectional imaginary straight line with fixed length are massive spin 1/2 fermions;while unidirectional imaginary quanta curved lines are massless spin 1 bosons. Thus, it gives co-relation between massless (curved imaginary line) and spin = 1 properties of boson as proved in QED theory. All fundamental particles of standard model and beyond standard model are arranged in one simple diagram in 3 folds (bottom fold, middle upper and lower folds and top fold) and are projected in 4<sup>th</sup> Imaginary Dimension in order of decreased in Mass from TeV to approx. 0 eV. This theory is beyond standard model because it predicts new fundamental particles viz. dark matter (spin = 0 massive boson) along with gravitons (spin = 2, massless bosons);4<sup>th</sup> pair of neutrinos, vertical massless boson (VMB) particles and tri-axis massive boson (spin = 0) particle. The discovery of these new particles will act as solid proof to this theory. With this 3F4D representation of the universe at an atomic and sub-atomic level, it solves lots of current problems of SM of particle physics like matter-antimatter asymmetry, origin of mass of hadrons like protons, origin of mass and L.H. nature for neutrinos, wave-particle duality of particles, etc. giving true insight of fundamental particles. With proving that, dark matter is not a quanta particle, rather it is a single entity and spreads/expands throughout the universe in the form of “web of spider”, it shows space-time is not empty, but it is filled with Continuous lines of Dark Matter and we, materialistic massive objects are floating/sailing w.r.t. current of this vast ocean. Correlation of its continuity with time gives new a definition to time: “Time is neither Illusion nor 4th Dimension, but, it represents Continuous Flow of Single Entity, Dark Matter”. Space-time is not Empty and is filled with massive dark matter, hence, we have to add more terms to newtonian gravitational equation to account for gravitational strength of mass of surrounding dark matter which represents curvature of space-time in terms of Increase in its mass-density w.r.t. to mass-density of flat universe. Finally, using an empirical formula (h = k*c*Q;k = boltzmann’s constant = mass in TeV range) and inverse relation of mass-density of DM with age of the universe (H<sup>2</sup> = Constant<span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span>G<span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span>Mass-Density of DM);Unification of Gravity at TeV is achieved without consideration of “Gravitational Constant, G”, hence, Planck’s Scale is not required.
文摘One of</span><span style="color:red;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Newton’s mathematical solutions to a hypothetical orbital problem, recently verified by an independent physics model, is applied to the fluid particle motion in shallow water surface gravity waves. What is the functional form of the central force, with origin at the ellipse’s center, which will keep a body in the orbit? Newton found out it is the spring force, which is linear. All fluid particles in shallow water waves move in ellipses. By a superposition of solutions in a linear problem, the application of Newton’s result to shallow water waves is combined with a feature not noticed by Newton: the orbital period is independent of the semi-major and semi-minor axes. Two conclusions reached are that the wave period of shoaling waves should be constant and that there is no friction in these waves.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFA1606000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12275277,12335003,and 12435004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2023-stlt01 and lzujbky-2024-oy02).
文摘A well-known problem in particle physics and cosmology is the observed matter–antimatter asymmetry in the Universe.According to the Big Bang theory,equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been produced in the early universe.However,astrophysical observations show that the visible universe today is overwhelmingly dominated by matter.
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+3 种基金the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology)and the United States(DOE)on cooperative research and developmentthe Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)B.C.F.was supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation Grant PHY-1214082
文摘The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on： Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews （and errata） are also available on the Particle Data Group website： http ：//pdg. lbl. gov.
文摘1. IntroductionThe collection of online information resources in particle physics and related areas presented in this chapter is of necessity incomplete. An expanded and regularly updated online version can be found at：
文摘In this paper we consider that the momentum of a free particle motion withhigh-level speed presenting nonlinear effects may be expanded by using Laurent seriesand then obtain the complete expression of nonlinear and unsteady momentum. These nonlinear and unsieady phenoniena of high-level speed may further expand to the theory of kinematics and it may be determined by Fredholm's integral equation of the first kind. In addition, according to the nonlinear and unsteady momentum obtained the relations of the nonlinear mechanics equations .work and energy, mass and energymay be derived.Finaly .this paper also calculates those experimental results which done in particle physics for mu-mesons u±and fast neutrons n, these results are in agreement with data perfectly.
文摘A cosmological model for the very early universe is proposed which may modify the present point of view of physicists and astrophysicists, concerning the very early universe at a miniscule fraction of a second, approximately 10<sup>-60</sup> seconds after the Big Bang. The model proposes the presence of a primordial s-particle that, following the Big Bang, was violently ejected in all spatial directions together with extremely high-frequency radiation that dominates this era. The proposed s-particles underwent two geometrical phase transitions in space-time that led to the formation of the known fundamental particles (i.e., dark matter, quarks, electrons, neutrinos, etc.). Furthermore, in the model, the four fundamental forces may be accommodated within one structural framework. It shows that the electronic charge is not a fundamental quantity (intrinsic property of the particle), but rather that it can be derived from the tangential velocity of the s-particle. Moreover, it appears that the masses of the fundamental particles are proportional to the curvature of the path of the s-particle.
文摘The existence of several TeV superheavy particles (SHPs) is predicted by theories beyond the Standard Model. Particles with a mass exceeding the energy in the center of mass in the collision of protons with protons can be produced in subthreshold heavy ion collisions at the LHC. The purpose of the performed research was to estimate the rate of a rare process of SHPs production. It was shown that the data on the subthreshold production of antiprotons can be explained by the phenomenological parton model. The obtained parton distribution function was used to determine the number of SHPs produced in subthreshold heavy ion collisions at the LHC. In one month of collision of lead with lead, the yield of 16 TeVparticles is about 70 per year. To study the kinematically forbidden phenomena in proton-proton interactions in collisions of heavy nuclei at the LHC, an experiment on the production of antiprotons is proposed in the ALICE fixed target project.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.59871029)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.
文摘Physical simulation is used to study the movement of nonmetallic particles in Al melt in electro- magnetic field. It is found that the terminal velocity of particles in different Reynolds number range has different functions. By confirming drag force coefficient of nonmetallic particles with Reynolds number in the range of 0.2-10 and 10-25 respectively, two functions of terminal ve- locity for spherical nonmetallic particles have been got accordingly, which provide a theoretical basis for separating nonmetallic inclusions from Al melt in electromagnetic field.
文摘This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychological (animals), biological (vegetation), physical (matter), and cosmological (energies) levels, whereas in the conventional approach, the physical and cosmological levels are grouped into the same category. This paper explains the evolution and structure of elementary physical particles (EPPs) based on the evolution and structure of elementary biological particles (cells). The second part of the paper explains the structure and ingredients of the PPE, which are responsible for the creation of the following four fields, as suggested by the author: visibility, forcibility (magnetism), the fullness field, and the hollowness field. All these fields comprise different unknown cosmological substances. These cosmological fields are present in all physical entities and are responsible for all kinds of physical activations. Finally, the paper explains the evolution of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitation, and repulsion (repulsive gravitation). The theory is consistent with all previously conducted experiments and systematically unfolds several mysteries, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed theory.
文摘It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.
文摘In 1956,disciplines including nuclear technology and research on nuclear and elementary particles were added to the P.R.China’s national program for science and technology development.Mao Zedong explicitly supported Shoichi Sakata,a Japanese physicist,in applying materialistic dialectics to physics research,which influenced Chinese scientists in their study of particle physics.Starting in the early 1960s,physicists from the Institute of Atomic Energy,CAS,the Institute of Mathematics,CAS,Peking University,and University of Science and Technology of China put effort into the theoretical research of elementary particles and gradually formed a collaborative research group.From 1965 to 1966,they analyzed the experimental results and existing theories available to them,made a connection between their work and Mao Zedong’s belief that matter can be infinitely divided,and put forward the straton model,a structure model of hadrons.In July 1966,the straton model was presented at the Summer Physics Colloquium of the Peking Symposium.Unfortunately,scientific research in China soon came to a halt due to the Cultural Revolution(1966-1976);the academic exchange between Chinese scientists and their foreign peers became even more difficult than before.The calculation results of the hadron model failed to be formally published in English as Chinese scientists had wanted.As a result,the model did not have the kind of influence upon the development of particle physics at the international level that these scientists had expected.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFA0400301)the grants for the XENON Dark Matter Project。
文摘In recent years, cooling technology for liquid xenon(LXe) detectors has advanced driven by the development of dark matter(DM) detectors with target mass in the 100–1000 kg range. The next generation of DM detectors based on LXe will be in the 50,000 kg(50 t)range requiring more than 1 k W of cooling power. Most of the prior cooling methods become impractical at this level.For cooling a 50 t scale LXe detector, a method is proposed in which liquid nitrogen(LN2) in a small local reservoir cools the xenon gas via a cold finger. The cold finger incorporates a heating unit to provide temperature regulation. The proposed cooling method is simple, reliable, and suitable for the required long-term operation for a rare event search. The device can be easily integrated into present cooling systems, for example the ‘‘Cooling Bus’ ’employed for the Panda X I and II experiments. It is still possible to cool indirectly with no part of the cooling or temperature control system getting in direct contact with the clean xenon in the detector. Also, the cooling device can be mounted at a large distance, i.e., the detector is cooled remotely from a distance of 5–10 m. The method was tested in a laboratory setup at Columbia University to carry out different measurements with a small LXe detector and behaved exactly as predicted.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10875006 and 10811120014, and China Nuclear Data Center.
文摘Based on analyzing the induced signals from the double-grids of an ionization chamber, the electron-drift time between the two grids is determined and the electron-drift velocity is derived. A waveform digitizer is employed to record pulses from the two grids of the ionization chamber. The electron-drift velocity is measured as a function of the reduced electric field E/p for eight different ratios of Ar＋CH4 mixtures. By analyzing the experimental data of this study, self-consistency of experimental data is achieved, and formulae for calculating electron-drift velocity in any ratio of Ar＋CH4 mixtures are obtained.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contracts Nos 10775075 and 10835001.
文摘We present Monte Carlo studies on the singly tagged D mesons, which are crucial in the absolute measurements of D meson decays, based on a full Monte Carlo simulation for the BES-III detector, with the BES-III Offline Software System. The expected detection efficiencies and mass resolutions of the tagged D mesons are well estimated.
文摘Our third spatial dimension (3-D) is currently in the process of building the fourth spatial dimension. Dark Energy is being used to create higher dimensions of space from the first to the nth, and it is also responsible for the formation and the rotation of the fourth dimension from the point singularities of the vacuum space of the third dimension. To start the creation up to the nth dimension, <i>n</i>! zero dimensional singularities arise simultaneously from the <i>n</i> = 0 level of the void. Once the creation of an n dimensional ellipsoidal matter Universe has been completed, the outward Dark Energy force ends, and then the inward force of gravity takes over to crush the n dimensional Universe into the center of the nth dimensional singularity of the void. The system is now in a non-equilibrium state because the entropy of the system has attained its lowest possible value. To bring the system back to equilibrium there will arise out of the nth dimensional void an antimatter Universe which will reverse the process to deposit all the Dark Energy back into the original levels of the void so that the net change in entropy of the system becomes zero. Dark Matter is the matter that exists in the fourth spatial dimension as 4-D matter spewed there through the Black Hole singularities of our third dimension. Ellipsoidal matter and antimatter Multiverses rotating in opposite directions are a natural byproduct of this new theory of Physics which also solves certain particle Physics problems of the Standard Model.
基金Project supported by the Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute(KURDI)and Thailand Research Fund(TRF)(Grant No.TRG5780274)
文摘Using the low-energy effective Hamiltonian of the ABC-stacked multilayer graphene, the pseudo-spin coupling to real orbital angular momentum of electrons in multilayer graphene is investigated. We show that the electron wave function in N-layer graphene mimics the behavior of a particle with a spin of N × （n/2）, where N = {1,2,3,...}. It is said that for N 〉 1 the low-energy effective Hamiltonian for ABC-stacked graphene cannot be used to describe pseudo-spin-1/2 particles. The wave function of electrons in multilayer graphene may behave like fermionic （or bosonic） particle for N being odd （or even）. In this paper, we propose a theory of graphene serving as a host material of electrons with arbitrary pseudo-spins tunable by changing the number of graphene layers.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.11575157 and 11235009the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Program under Grants Nos.2013GB104004 and 2013GB111004+2 种基金Fundamental Research Fund for Chinese Central Universities under Grant No.2017FZA3004EUROfusion Consortium under grant agreement No.633053US DoE Grants
文摘Geodesic acoustic modes（GAM） are oscillating zonal structures unique to toroidal plasmas,and have been extensively studied in the past decades due to their potential capabilities of regulating microscopic turbulences and associated anomalous transport.This article reviews linear and nonlinear theories of GAM;with emphases on kinetic treatment,system nonuniformity and realistic magnetic geometry,in order to reflect the realistic experimental conditions.Specifically,in the linear physics,the resonant wave-particle interactions are discussed,with the application to resonant excitation by energetic particles（EPs）.The theory of EP-induced GAM（EGAM） is applied to realistic devices for the interpretation of experimental observations,and global effects due to coupling to GAM continuum are also discussed.Meanwhile,in the nonlinear physics,the spontaneous GAM excitation by microscale turbulences is reviewed,including the effects of various system nonuniformities.A unified theoretical framework of GAM/EGAM is then constructed based on our present understandings.The first-principle-based GAM/EGAM theories reviewed here,thus,provide the tools needed for the understanding and interpretation of experimental/numerical results.
