Active inflammation in“inactive”progressive multiple sclerosis:Traditionally,the distinction between relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and progressive multiple sclerosis(PMS)has been framed as an inflammatory v...Active inflammation in“inactive”progressive multiple sclerosis:Traditionally,the distinction between relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and progressive multiple sclerosis(PMS)has been framed as an inflammatory versus degenerative dichotomy.This was based on a broad misconception regarding essentially all neurodegenerative conditions,depicting the degenerative process as passive and immune-independent occurring as a late byproduct of active inflammation in the central nervous system(CNS),which is(solely)systemically driven.展开更多
The integration of artificial intelligence(AI)is fundamentally reshaping the scientific research,giving rise to a new era of discovery and innovation.This paper explores this transformative shift,introducing an innova...The integration of artificial intelligence(AI)is fundamentally reshaping the scientific research,giving rise to a new era of discovery and innovation.This paper explores this transformative shift,introducing an innovative concept of the“AI-Driven Research Ecosystem”,a dynamic and collaborative research environment.Within this ecosystem,we focus on the unification of human-AI collaboration models and the emerging new research thinking paradigms.We analyze the multifaceted roles of AI within the research lifecycle,spanning from a passive tool to an active assistant and autonomous participants,and categorize these interactions into distinct human-AI collaboration models.Furthermore,we examine how the pervasive involvement of AI necessitates an evolution in human research thinking,emphasizing the significant roles of critical,creative,and computational thinking.Through a review of existing literature and illustrative case studies,this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the AI-driven research ecosystem,highlighting its potential for transforming scientific research.Our findings advance the current understanding of AI’s multiple roles in research and underscore its capacity to revolutionize both knowledge discovery and collaborative innovation,paving the way for a more integrated and impactful research paradigm.展开更多
Traditional digital processing approaches are based on semiconductor transistors, which suffer from high power consumption, aggravating with technology node scaling. To solve definitively this problem, a number of eme...Traditional digital processing approaches are based on semiconductor transistors, which suffer from high power consumption, aggravating with technology node scaling. To solve definitively this problem, a number of emerging non-volatile nanodevices are under intense investigations. Meanwhile, novel computing circuits are invented to dig the full potential of the nanodevices. The combination of non-volatile nanodevices with suitable computing paradigms have many merits compared with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor （CMOS） technology based structures, such as zero standby power, ultra-high density, non-volatility, and acceptable access speed. In this paper, we overview and compare the computing paradigms based on the emerging nanodevices towards ultra-low dissipation.展开更多
Data warehouses (DW) must integrate information from the different areas and sources of an organization in order to extract knowledge relevant to decision-making. The DW development is not an easy task, which is why v...Data warehouses (DW) must integrate information from the different areas and sources of an organization in order to extract knowledge relevant to decision-making. The DW development is not an easy task, which is why various design approaches have been put forward. These approaches can be classified in three different paradigms according to the origin of the information requirements: supply-driven, demand-driven, and hybrids of these. This article compares the methodologies for the multidimensional design of DW through a systematic mapping as research methodology. The study is presented for each paradigm, the main characteristics of the methodologies, their notations and problem areas exhibited in each one of them. The results indicate that there is no follow-up to the complete process of implementing a DW in either an academic or industrial environment;however, there is also no evidence that the attempt is made to address the design and development of a DW by applying and comparing different methodologies existing in the field.展开更多
In the 16th and 17th century,Britain was constantly strained by sporadic plagues,famines,fires and political conflicts.As a response in literature,Shakespeare has constructed an annular locomotion paradigm in Fletcher...In the 16th and 17th century,Britain was constantly strained by sporadic plagues,famines,fires and political conflicts.As a response in literature,Shakespeare has constructed an annular locomotion paradigm in Fletcher and his collaboration work Cardenio.Be more specific,the locomotion routes can be exemplified in Möbius strip,a rhizome system,a reciprocating juxtaposition between the foreground and the background,either of which finally runs to an annular schema.The annular in narration corresponds with The Globe theater and the round world.Shakespeare may express his expectation and prospect for the uprising bourgeoise and the newly found world by the resurrection theme in literature.展开更多
The main content of microeconomics is research and study of economic theory, which is an important branch of Western economics. After 200 years of development, microeconomics has become a＂ Queen＂ of the social scien...The main content of microeconomics is research and study of economic theory, which is an important branch of Western economics. After 200 years of development, microeconomics has become a＂ Queen＂ of the social sciences that have complete system, logical, and many branches. It studies the behavior of individual economic and its interacting theory in the market economy, in order to explain the market mechanism how to configure resources and its need of government intervention in microeconomic activities. Speaking from the specific content, it can be divided into supply and demand, theory of consumer utility, theory of production and costs on producers, factors on the factor market, market competition and theory of non- competitive market, general equilibrium and welfare economics, market failure.展开更多
This article discusses the importance of theory and paradigm to a researcher. It starts from introducing and analyzing thedefinition of the two terms, by using the theories in the field of intercultural communication ...This article discusses the importance of theory and paradigm to a researcher. It starts from introducing and analyzing thedefinition of the two terms, by using the theories in the field of intercultural communication as examples. To a good researcher, heneeds not only clarifying the paradigm his research is positioned, but also integrating the theories in his paradigm.展开更多
Determining how to structure vehicular network environments can be done in various ways.Here,we highlight vehicle networks’evolution from vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANET)to the internet of vehicles(Io Vs),listing the...Determining how to structure vehicular network environments can be done in various ways.Here,we highlight vehicle networks’evolution from vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANET)to the internet of vehicles(Io Vs),listing their benefits and limitations.We also highlight the reasons in adopting wireless technologies,in particular,IEEE 802.11 p and 5 G vehicle-toeverything,as well as the use of paradigms able to store and analyze a vast amount of data to produce intelligence and their applications in vehicular environments.We also correlate the use of each of these paradigms with the desire to meet existing intelligent transportation systems’requirements.The presentation of each paradigm is given from a historical and logical standpoint.In particular,vehicular fog computing improves on the deficiences of vehicular cloud computing,so both are not exclusive from the application point of view.We also emphasize some security issues that are linked to the characteristics of these paradigms and vehicular networks,showing that they complement each other and share problems and limitations.As these networks still have many opportunities to grow in both concept and application,we finally discuss concepts and technologies that we believe are beneficial.Throughout this work,we emphasize the crucial role of these concepts for the well-being of humanity.展开更多
China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and wate...China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and water conservation(SWC),for which eight regions and 41 subregions have been developed to improve the environment and increase land productivity.To obtain information from the regional planning and strategies for SWC and to explore whether SWC practices simultaneously contribute to soil conservation,ecosystem functioning,and the livelihoods of local farmers,and to summarize the successful experiences of various SWC paradigms with distinct characteristics and mechanisms of soil erosion,this paper systematically presents seven SWC regions(excluding the Tibetan Plateau region)and 14 typical SWC paradigms,focusing on erosion mechanisms and the key challenges or issues in the seven regions as well as on the core problems,main objectives,key technologies,and the performance of the 14 typical paradigms.In summary,the 14 typical SWC paradigms successfully prevent and control local soil erosion,and have largely enhanced,or at least do not harm,the livelihoods of local farmers.However,there remain many challenges and issues on SWC and socioeconomic development that need to be addressed in the seven SWC regions.China,thus,still has a long way to go in successfully gaining the win-win objective of SWC and human aspects of development.展开更多
Assembling paradigms programming are based on the reuses in any programming language (PL) with the passport data of their settings in WSDL. The method of assembling is formal and secures co-operation of the different ...Assembling paradigms programming are based on the reuses in any programming language (PL) with the passport data of their settings in WSDL. The method of assembling is formal and secures co-operation of the different reuses (module, object, component, service and so on) being developed. A formal means of these paradigms creation with help of interfaces is presented. Interface IDL (Stub, Skeleton) is containing data and operations for transmission data to other standard elements linked and describes in the standard language IDL. Assembling will be realized by integration of reuses elements in these paradigms on the instrumental-technological complex (ITC).展开更多
Contemporary Chinese political research usually adopts three basic methods of field investigation,theoretical creation and practical participation,which respectively correspond to the life logic,theoretical logic and ...Contemporary Chinese political research usually adopts three basic methods of field investigation,theoretical creation and practical participation,which respectively correspond to the life logic,theoretical logic and practical logic in political functioning.Field investigation has become an important approach to"understanding Chinese politics"and promoting the localization of contemporary Chinese political research.Meanwhile,the new perspective of theoretical field besides empirical field marks the self-awareness and transition of the methodology in Chinese political research.To study Chinese experience itself,we should not only consciously focus upon China,but also continuously promote experience based on field research,as well as perfect and improve the research through the interaction between experience,theory and practice.The popular paradigms at home and abroad,including"authoritarianism"and"a developmental country",fail to explain Chinese experience and Chinese political development,so we still need a theoretical paradigm more appropriate to Chinese experience and practice.展开更多
Through the analyses of several typical paradigms of informatization in the countryside,the status of informatization in the countryside and some unresolved issues were studied. A new way was proposed to develop rural...Through the analyses of several typical paradigms of informatization in the countryside,the status of informatization in the countryside and some unresolved issues were studied. A new way was proposed to develop rural information with embedded mobile phone terminal,and to explore an inexpensive and efficient information services paradigm for the future development in the countryside.展开更多
The goal of this paper focuses on the development of dew computing, including its origins, research status, development status,and its impact on the transition history of Internet computing paradigms. By gathering and...The goal of this paper focuses on the development of dew computing, including its origins, research status, development status,and its impact on the transition history of Internet computing paradigms. By gathering and studying all the research papers related to dew computing that we are aware of, we found that these papers can be classified into three groups: dew computing early explorations, dew computing feature research, and dew computing application research. Commercial development in the dew computing area also has progressed fast recently; many dew computing products were developed and put into the market. To distinguish dew computing from other Internet computing paradigms and to reveal its essential features, we analyze the transition history of the Internet computing paradigms from information location and distribution aspects. Online impact and redundancy rate are two indices introduced to perform the analysis. The analysis reveals that dew computing is significantly different from other Internet computing paradigms.展开更多
This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses the performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structur...This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses the performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which would allow causal-knowledge organization and decoupling better than standard solutions based upon current paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Paradigm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions due to the concept of high-level programming. However, they are considered slower in execution and lesser flexible in development. Anyway, both paradigms present similar drawbacks such as redundant causal-evaluation and strongly coupled entities, which decrease software performance and processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to a monolithic inference mechanism based on sequential evaluation searching on passive computational entities. NOP proposes another way to structure software and make its inferences, which is based on small, collaborative, and decoupled computational entities whose interaction happens through precise notifications. This paper presents a quantitative comparison between two equivalent implementations of a sale system, one developed according to the principles of Object-Oriented Paradigm (OOP/IP) in C++ and other developed according to the principles of NOP based on a NOP framework in C++. The results showed that NOP implementation obtained quite equivalent results with respect to OOP implementation. This happened because the NOP framework uses considerable expensive data-structures over C++. Thus, it is necessary a new compiler to NOP in order to actually use its potentiality.展开更多
Northern Scotland's advanced dry-stone Iron-Age brochs,also known as broch towers,exhibit a relatively advanced technological culture.However,the uncertainty prevails because there is no consensus on a standard br...Northern Scotland's advanced dry-stone Iron-Age brochs,also known as broch towers,exhibit a relatively advanced technological culture.However,the uncertainty prevails because there is no consensus on a standard broch scheme,and additional archaeological research is required.A typological analysis of the plans and sections of brochs can uncover potential hidden architectural connections among features such as staircases,entrances,and central areas.Examining the architecture of Scottish brochs illustrates the decision-making process for each element,which a standard broch model influences.This study found that brochs are not merely replicas of ordinary buildings but rather constructions that adhere to a specific concept,a set design,a method of organizing living spaces,and a blend of practical construction techniques.From the critical conservation viewpoint,this paper argues that conserving brochs should involve both archaeological and architectural values,treating the monuments as typological collections that should differ from conserving a single site.Thus,the conservation practice should aim at the readable integrity of these architectural features in the context of continuous fabric modifications,where typological methods have been used to initiate a discussion on how architects engage in preserving brochs with archaeologists.展开更多
Understanding the tire‒road friction system is fundamental for evaluating the skid resistance of asphalt pavements.Literature analysis reveals that the trajectory of tire–road friction research aligns with the evolut...Understanding the tire‒road friction system is fundamental for evaluating the skid resistance of asphalt pavements.Literature analysis reveals that the trajectory of tire–road friction research aligns with the evolution of scientific research paradigms:experimental science,theoretical science,computational science,and data science.Research in this field can be categorized into three scales:the rubber‒pavement scale,the tire‒road scale,and the vehicle scale.Experimental observations have yielded numerous patterns and empirical models,which serve as the foundation of this research field.Although numerical measurement devices have been used for decades,the reproducibility and comparability of the results require further improvement.Tire‒road friction theory and simulations have been well developed across these three scales,but these scales remain largely independent and unconnected.With the advancement of sensing technology,texture features have been widely exploited and used as inputs for various machine learning models to estimate pavement skid resistance.However,these models are limited in their ability to integrate friction mechanisms,resulting in relatively low interpretability.In summary,the synergistic development of the four research paradigms can promote and advance the understanding and application of tire‒road friction mechanisms.This review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and future trends,drawing implications for further research in this field.展开更多
The 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference(WAIC)and High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance was held in Shanghai from July 26-29,2025.During this conference,many new artificial intelligence(AI)ideas were sha...The 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference(WAIC)and High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance was held in Shanghai from July 26-29,2025.During this conference,many new artificial intelligence(AI)ideas were shared by leading AI pioneers,such as Geoffrey Hinton,Yoshua Bengio,and Andrew Chi-Chih Yao.More than 40 new AI models were released,and more than 60 robots were demonstrated.展开更多
Behavior research often involves disciplines of management,psychology,economics,and many others,with a focus on the aspects of agent,social context,and economic condition that shape behavioral patterns.Spatial behavio...Behavior research often involves disciplines of management,psychology,economics,and many others,with a focus on the aspects of agent,social context,and economic condition that shape behavioral patterns.Spatial behavior research,grounded in geography,urban-rural planning,and architecture,focuses more on behaviors related to space utilization for diverse objectives,providing a new perspective to elaborate the formation of urban spaces.From the angle of urban-rural planning,this paper summarizes different perspectives and technical paradigms in spatial behavior research and outlines potential development directions in this field.By categorizing the subjects of spatial behavior research into the four dimensions of behavioral ontology,behavioral agent,behavioral space,and behavioral time,it elaborates the summary of two research perspectives,i.e.,static versus dynamic behaviors and active versus passive spaces,and three technical paradigms that are deepening on each other yet distinct from each other,i.e.,behavioral description,behavioral analysis,and behavioral simulation.Given the ever-changing nature of behavior and space,the paper finally proposes that spatial behavior research should advance in tandem with contemporary challenges.展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI)is profoundly reshaping the practical logic and theoretical boundaries of bel canto education.This study takes“technical path-aesthetic challenge-paradigm reconstruction”as the analytical ...Artificial intelligence(AI)is profoundly reshaping the practical logic and theoretical boundaries of bel canto education.This study takes“technical path-aesthetic challenge-paradigm reconstruction”as the analytical framework to systematically explore the innovative mechanism and practical path of AI-empowered vocal education.At the technical level,an acoustic parameter modeling system is constructed based on deep learning.Through MEL spectrum analysis,forresonance tracking and breath dynamics modeling,the traditional singing assessment that relies on auditory experience is transformed into quantifiable and interpretable acoustic indicators(such as harmonic energy ratio,vowel resonance stability,etc.),achieving precise diagnosis and real-time intervention of vocal defects.Experimental data shows that this system reduces the learners’pitch error rate by 42%and increases their breath control efficiency by 35%.In the dimension of personalized training,an adaptive teaching engine based on reinforcement learning was developed to dynamically generate a three-dimensional matching scheme of“voice features-track difficulty-training intensity”,significantly reducing the time for beginners to master core vocal techniques(by an average of 28%).However,the conflict between AI quantitative indicators and the traditional aesthetic standards of vocal music has become prominent:the algorithm’s preference for standardized formuster distribution may suppress the singer’s unique timbre personality and artistic expression tension.To this end,a“dual-track evaluation model”is proposed:taking acoustic parameters as the technical benchmark and emotional expression and artistic appeal as the aesthetic benchmark,and achieving a dynamic balance between the two through expert annotation and group consensus algorithms.The research further reconstructs the teaching paradigm,advocating that AI tools be positioned as“aesthetic collaborators”rather than substitutes,and builds a new type of teacher-student relationship of“human-machine co-teaching-co-evaluation-co-creation”.This research provides a solution that is both technically feasible and aesthetically reasonable for the digital transformation of bel canto education,revealing the underlying logic of the deep integration of art and technology in the AI era.展开更多
文摘Active inflammation in“inactive”progressive multiple sclerosis:Traditionally,the distinction between relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and progressive multiple sclerosis(PMS)has been framed as an inflammatory versus degenerative dichotomy.This was based on a broad misconception regarding essentially all neurodegenerative conditions,depicting the degenerative process as passive and immune-independent occurring as a late byproduct of active inflammation in the central nervous system(CNS),which is(solely)systemically driven.
基金funded by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 62277022.
文摘The integration of artificial intelligence(AI)is fundamentally reshaping the scientific research,giving rise to a new era of discovery and innovation.This paper explores this transformative shift,introducing an innovative concept of the“AI-Driven Research Ecosystem”,a dynamic and collaborative research environment.Within this ecosystem,we focus on the unification of human-AI collaboration models and the emerging new research thinking paradigms.We analyze the multifaceted roles of AI within the research lifecycle,spanning from a passive tool to an active assistant and autonomous participants,and categorize these interactions into distinct human-AI collaboration models.Furthermore,we examine how the pervasive involvement of AI necessitates an evolution in human research thinking,emphasizing the significant roles of critical,creative,and computational thinking.Through a review of existing literature and illustrative case studies,this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the AI-driven research ecosystem,highlighting its potential for transforming scientific research.Our findings advance the current understanding of AI’s multiple roles in research and underscore its capacity to revolutionize both knowledge discovery and collaborative innovation,paving the way for a more integrated and impactful research paradigm.
文摘Traditional digital processing approaches are based on semiconductor transistors, which suffer from high power consumption, aggravating with technology node scaling. To solve definitively this problem, a number of emerging non-volatile nanodevices are under intense investigations. Meanwhile, novel computing circuits are invented to dig the full potential of the nanodevices. The combination of non-volatile nanodevices with suitable computing paradigms have many merits compared with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor （CMOS） technology based structures, such as zero standby power, ultra-high density, non-volatility, and acceptable access speed. In this paper, we overview and compare the computing paradigms based on the emerging nanodevices towards ultra-low dissipation.
文摘Data warehouses (DW) must integrate information from the different areas and sources of an organization in order to extract knowledge relevant to decision-making. The DW development is not an easy task, which is why various design approaches have been put forward. These approaches can be classified in three different paradigms according to the origin of the information requirements: supply-driven, demand-driven, and hybrids of these. This article compares the methodologies for the multidimensional design of DW through a systematic mapping as research methodology. The study is presented for each paradigm, the main characteristics of the methodologies, their notations and problem areas exhibited in each one of them. The results indicate that there is no follow-up to the complete process of implementing a DW in either an academic or industrial environment;however, there is also no evidence that the attempt is made to address the design and development of a DW by applying and comparing different methodologies existing in the field.
基金Chongqing Social Science Fund Project“The Ethical Topology of Shakespeare’s Histories”(2020WYZX07).
文摘In the 16th and 17th century,Britain was constantly strained by sporadic plagues,famines,fires and political conflicts.As a response in literature,Shakespeare has constructed an annular locomotion paradigm in Fletcher and his collaboration work Cardenio.Be more specific,the locomotion routes can be exemplified in Möbius strip,a rhizome system,a reciprocating juxtaposition between the foreground and the background,either of which finally runs to an annular schema.The annular in narration corresponds with The Globe theater and the round world.Shakespeare may express his expectation and prospect for the uprising bourgeoise and the newly found world by the resurrection theme in literature.
文摘The main content of microeconomics is research and study of economic theory, which is an important branch of Western economics. After 200 years of development, microeconomics has become a＂ Queen＂ of the social sciences that have complete system, logical, and many branches. It studies the behavior of individual economic and its interacting theory in the market economy, in order to explain the market mechanism how to configure resources and its need of government intervention in microeconomic activities. Speaking from the specific content, it can be divided into supply and demand, theory of consumer utility, theory of production and costs on producers, factors on the factor market, market competition and theory of non- competitive market, general equilibrium and welfare economics, market failure.
文摘This article discusses the importance of theory and paradigm to a researcher. It starts from introducing and analyzing thedefinition of the two terms, by using the theories in the field of intercultural communication as examples. To a good researcher, heneeds not only clarifying the paradigm his research is positioned, but also integrating the theories in his paradigm.
基金supported by FCT through the LASIGE Research Unit(UIDB/00408/2020UIDP/00408/2020)+1 种基金the Brazilian National Council for Research and Development(CNPq)(#304315/2017-6#430274/2018-1)。
文摘Determining how to structure vehicular network environments can be done in various ways.Here,we highlight vehicle networks’evolution from vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANET)to the internet of vehicles(Io Vs),listing their benefits and limitations.We also highlight the reasons in adopting wireless technologies,in particular,IEEE 802.11 p and 5 G vehicle-toeverything,as well as the use of paradigms able to store and analyze a vast amount of data to produce intelligence and their applications in vehicular environments.We also correlate the use of each of these paradigms with the desire to meet existing intelligent transportation systems’requirements.The presentation of each paradigm is given from a historical and logical standpoint.In particular,vehicular fog computing improves on the deficiences of vehicular cloud computing,so both are not exclusive from the application point of view.We also emphasize some security issues that are linked to the characteristics of these paradigms and vehicular networks,showing that they complement each other and share problems and limitations.As these networks still have many opportunities to grow in both concept and application,we finally discuss concepts and technologies that we believe are beneficial.Throughout this work,we emphasize the crucial role of these concepts for the well-being of humanity.
基金Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(No.XDA20040200)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFC0501707)。
文摘China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and water conservation(SWC),for which eight regions and 41 subregions have been developed to improve the environment and increase land productivity.To obtain information from the regional planning and strategies for SWC and to explore whether SWC practices simultaneously contribute to soil conservation,ecosystem functioning,and the livelihoods of local farmers,and to summarize the successful experiences of various SWC paradigms with distinct characteristics and mechanisms of soil erosion,this paper systematically presents seven SWC regions(excluding the Tibetan Plateau region)and 14 typical SWC paradigms,focusing on erosion mechanisms and the key challenges or issues in the seven regions as well as on the core problems,main objectives,key technologies,and the performance of the 14 typical paradigms.In summary,the 14 typical SWC paradigms successfully prevent and control local soil erosion,and have largely enhanced,or at least do not harm,the livelihoods of local farmers.However,there remain many challenges and issues on SWC and socioeconomic development that need to be addressed in the seven SWC regions.China,thus,still has a long way to go in successfully gaining the win-win objective of SWC and human aspects of development.
文摘Assembling paradigms programming are based on the reuses in any programming language (PL) with the passport data of their settings in WSDL. The method of assembling is formal and secures co-operation of the different reuses (module, object, component, service and so on) being developed. A formal means of these paradigms creation with help of interfaces is presented. Interface IDL (Stub, Skeleton) is containing data and operations for transmission data to other standard elements linked and describes in the standard language IDL. Assembling will be realized by integration of reuses elements in these paradigms on the instrumental-technological complex (ITC).
文摘Contemporary Chinese political research usually adopts three basic methods of field investigation,theoretical creation and practical participation,which respectively correspond to the life logic,theoretical logic and practical logic in political functioning.Field investigation has become an important approach to"understanding Chinese politics"and promoting the localization of contemporary Chinese political research.Meanwhile,the new perspective of theoretical field besides empirical field marks the self-awareness and transition of the methodology in Chinese political research.To study Chinese experience itself,we should not only consciously focus upon China,but also continuously promote experience based on field research,as well as perfect and improve the research through the interaction between experience,theory and practice.The popular paradigms at home and abroad,including"authoritarianism"and"a developmental country",fail to explain Chinese experience and Chinese political development,so we still need a theoretical paradigm more appropriate to Chinese experience and practice.
基金Supported by "Twelfth five-year-plan" Science and Technology Supporting System(2011BAD21B03)
文摘Through the analyses of several typical paradigms of informatization in the countryside,the status of informatization in the countryside and some unresolved issues were studied. A new way was proposed to develop rural information with embedded mobile phone terminal,and to explore an inexpensive and efficient information services paradigm for the future development in the countryside.
文摘The goal of this paper focuses on the development of dew computing, including its origins, research status, development status,and its impact on the transition history of Internet computing paradigms. By gathering and studying all the research papers related to dew computing that we are aware of, we found that these papers can be classified into three groups: dew computing early explorations, dew computing feature research, and dew computing application research. Commercial development in the dew computing area also has progressed fast recently; many dew computing products were developed and put into the market. To distinguish dew computing from other Internet computing paradigms and to reveal its essential features, we analyze the transition history of the Internet computing paradigms from information location and distribution aspects. Online impact and redundancy rate are two indices introduced to perform the analysis. The analysis reveals that dew computing is significantly different from other Internet computing paradigms.
基金R. F. Banaszewski’s M.Sc. thesis [10] was supported by CAPES Foundation (Brazil) as well as R. F. Banas- zewski’s Ph.D. thesis and A. F. Ronszcka’s M.Sc. thesis are under CAPES support
文摘This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses the performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which would allow causal-knowledge organization and decoupling better than standard solutions based upon current paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Paradigm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions due to the concept of high-level programming. However, they are considered slower in execution and lesser flexible in development. Anyway, both paradigms present similar drawbacks such as redundant causal-evaluation and strongly coupled entities, which decrease software performance and processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to a monolithic inference mechanism based on sequential evaluation searching on passive computational entities. NOP proposes another way to structure software and make its inferences, which is based on small, collaborative, and decoupled computational entities whose interaction happens through precise notifications. This paper presents a quantitative comparison between two equivalent implementations of a sale system, one developed according to the principles of Object-Oriented Paradigm (OOP/IP) in C++ and other developed according to the principles of NOP based on a NOP framework in C++. The results showed that NOP implementation obtained quite equivalent results with respect to OOP implementation. This happened because the NOP framework uses considerable expensive data-structures over C++. Thus, it is necessary a new compiler to NOP in order to actually use its potentiality.
基金funded by Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program(Grant No.2022547)the 14th Five Year Plan for National Key Research and Development,China(Grant No.2023YFC3805505)。
文摘Northern Scotland's advanced dry-stone Iron-Age brochs,also known as broch towers,exhibit a relatively advanced technological culture.However,the uncertainty prevails because there is no consensus on a standard broch scheme,and additional archaeological research is required.A typological analysis of the plans and sections of brochs can uncover potential hidden architectural connections among features such as staircases,entrances,and central areas.Examining the architecture of Scottish brochs illustrates the decision-making process for each element,which a standard broch model influences.This study found that brochs are not merely replicas of ordinary buildings but rather constructions that adhere to a specific concept,a set design,a method of organizing living spaces,and a blend of practical construction techniques.From the critical conservation viewpoint,this paper argues that conserving brochs should involve both archaeological and architectural values,treating the monuments as typological collections that should differ from conserving a single site.Thus,the conservation practice should aim at the readable integrity of these architectural features in the context of continuous fabric modifications,where typological methods have been used to initiate a discussion on how architects engage in preserving brochs with archaeologists.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52372305,52472327,and 52502395)the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.23QB1404900)the Carbon Neutrality Funding Scheme of PolyU(No.1-WZ7P).
文摘Understanding the tire‒road friction system is fundamental for evaluating the skid resistance of asphalt pavements.Literature analysis reveals that the trajectory of tire–road friction research aligns with the evolution of scientific research paradigms:experimental science,theoretical science,computational science,and data science.Research in this field can be categorized into three scales:the rubber‒pavement scale,the tire‒road scale,and the vehicle scale.Experimental observations have yielded numerous patterns and empirical models,which serve as the foundation of this research field.Although numerical measurement devices have been used for decades,the reproducibility and comparability of the results require further improvement.Tire‒road friction theory and simulations have been well developed across these three scales,but these scales remain largely independent and unconnected.With the advancement of sensing technology,texture features have been widely exploited and used as inputs for various machine learning models to estimate pavement skid resistance.However,these models are limited in their ability to integrate friction mechanisms,resulting in relatively low interpretability.In summary,the synergistic development of the four research paradigms can promote and advance the understanding and application of tire‒road friction mechanisms.This review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and future trends,drawing implications for further research in this field.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1203202)the Major Project of Guangzhou National Laboratory(GZNL2024A01003)。
文摘The 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference(WAIC)and High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance was held in Shanghai from July 26-29,2025.During this conference,many new artificial intelligence(AI)ideas were shared by leading AI pioneers,such as Geoffrey Hinton,Yoshua Bengio,and Andrew Chi-Chih Yao.More than 40 new AI models were released,and more than 60 robots were demonstrated.
基金Funded by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China entitled“Research on the Characteristics,Patterns,and Influencing Mechanisms of Urban Residents'Time-Use Behavior”(No.41971206)。
文摘Behavior research often involves disciplines of management,psychology,economics,and many others,with a focus on the aspects of agent,social context,and economic condition that shape behavioral patterns.Spatial behavior research,grounded in geography,urban-rural planning,and architecture,focuses more on behaviors related to space utilization for diverse objectives,providing a new perspective to elaborate the formation of urban spaces.From the angle of urban-rural planning,this paper summarizes different perspectives and technical paradigms in spatial behavior research and outlines potential development directions in this field.By categorizing the subjects of spatial behavior research into the four dimensions of behavioral ontology,behavioral agent,behavioral space,and behavioral time,it elaborates the summary of two research perspectives,i.e.,static versus dynamic behaviors and active versus passive spaces,and three technical paradigms that are deepening on each other yet distinct from each other,i.e.,behavioral description,behavioral analysis,and behavioral simulation.Given the ever-changing nature of behavior and space,the paper finally proposes that spatial behavior research should advance in tandem with contemporary challenges.
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)is profoundly reshaping the practical logic and theoretical boundaries of bel canto education.This study takes“technical path-aesthetic challenge-paradigm reconstruction”as the analytical framework to systematically explore the innovative mechanism and practical path of AI-empowered vocal education.At the technical level,an acoustic parameter modeling system is constructed based on deep learning.Through MEL spectrum analysis,forresonance tracking and breath dynamics modeling,the traditional singing assessment that relies on auditory experience is transformed into quantifiable and interpretable acoustic indicators(such as harmonic energy ratio,vowel resonance stability,etc.),achieving precise diagnosis and real-time intervention of vocal defects.Experimental data shows that this system reduces the learners’pitch error rate by 42%and increases their breath control efficiency by 35%.In the dimension of personalized training,an adaptive teaching engine based on reinforcement learning was developed to dynamically generate a three-dimensional matching scheme of“voice features-track difficulty-training intensity”,significantly reducing the time for beginners to master core vocal techniques(by an average of 28%).However,the conflict between AI quantitative indicators and the traditional aesthetic standards of vocal music has become prominent:the algorithm’s preference for standardized formuster distribution may suppress the singer’s unique timbre personality and artistic expression tension.To this end,a“dual-track evaluation model”is proposed:taking acoustic parameters as the technical benchmark and emotional expression and artistic appeal as the aesthetic benchmark,and achieving a dynamic balance between the two through expert annotation and group consensus algorithms.The research further reconstructs the teaching paradigm,advocating that AI tools be positioned as“aesthetic collaborators”rather than substitutes,and builds a new type of teacher-student relationship of“human-machine co-teaching-co-evaluation-co-creation”.This research provides a solution that is both technically feasible and aesthetically reasonable for the digital transformation of bel canto education,revealing the underlying logic of the deep integration of art and technology in the AI era.
