Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria...Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria identification was done based on type of media used, Gram stain reactions, colony morphology and biochemical tests. Vaginal biopsy tissues were processed using paraffin wax method, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy to determine the effect of the product on vaginal tissues. The effect of UniPron on sperm was examined by mixing the product with electroejaculated spermatozoa in vitro at different concentrations. For efficacy studies, male baboons of proven fertility were mated with UniPron treated or untreated females of proven fertility during the fertile stages. Results All the five females （100%） that were treated with UniPron did not conceive and they regained total fertility when the treatment was stopped while all the controls conceived. At a concentration of 40%, UniPron completely immobilized spermatozoa in an in-vitro system. UniPron mechanism of action was by lowering the vaginal pH and on application in baboon, the pH was lowered for at least 3 h after which it went back to normal.Conclusions As we plan for a study to test UniPron as a microbicide to prevent STIs including HIV, our current study has established that this novel product is effective in contraception and harmless to vaginal tissues and vaginal microbial flora in a baboon model （Papio anubis）.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The numb...The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The number of plots/ha, stripped trees/ plot and stripped trees/ha was recorded during the pre-rainy, rainy and post-rainy seasons from August 2006 to May 2007. During data collection, altitude, aspect, season and other site predictor variables （e. g., roads and fire traces, water points, indigenous vegetation conservation areas, crop felds, human settlements, wattle scrubs, rocky areas, open grasslands, earlier stripped sites and roost sites） were recorded for each plot in association with selected predictor variables within plantation estates. Data on the number of stripped plots/ha, stripped trees/plot and stripped trees/ha were analysed as dependent variables using the Generalised Linear Model （GLM） through SPSS version 15 （2006） to determine which predictor variables were significantly related to bark stripping. Differences between means were tested using Bonferroni tests with a 5 % level of significance. Our findings show that bark stripping of pine trees by baboons occurred at all altitudes and aspects. Overall, the number of bark stripped trees/ha did not significandy vary by season. The number of bark stripped plots/ha was lower during the pre-rainy season than the rainy season, whereas the number of bark stripped trees/plot was higher during the pre-rainy than the rainy season. Bark stripping of pines occurred more often in the vicinities of areas with abundant food and water展开更多
AIM: To determine whether one genotype (A or non-A genotypes of HBV) predominated over the other during the course of HBV infection.METHODS: Four baboons were inoculated with HBV. DNA was extracted from serum obtained...AIM: To determine whether one genotype (A or non-A genotypes of HBV) predominated over the other during the course of HBV infection.METHODS: Four baboons were inoculated with HBV. DNA was extracted from serum obtained at monthly intervals postinoculation for 52 weeks and HBV DNA was amplified using primers specific for the core region containing an insert characteristic of genotype A (nt 2 354-2 359, numbering from the EcoRI site). The amplicons were cloned into PCRScriptTM and a minimum of 15 clones per time point were sequenced in both directions.RESULTS: Both genotypes persisted for the entire followup period of 52 weeks. Genotype non-A predominated in two baboons and genotype A in one baboon. Neither genotype predominated in the fourth baboon, as shown at a 5 % level of testing.CONCLUSION: No conclusions concerning the dominance of either genotype or the natural progression or replication rates of HBV could be drawn because the pattern of the genotypes found may have been caused by sampling fluctuations at the time of DNA extraction and cloning as a result of the very low viral loads in the baboon sera.展开更多
The extant papionin monkeys are represented today by several genera including Papio （baboons） and Theropithecus （ geladas ） in Africa, and Macaca （macaques） in North Africa and Asia. However, During the Pliocene...The extant papionin monkeys are represented today by several genera including Papio （baboons） and Theropithecus （ geladas ） in Africa, and Macaca （macaques） in North Africa and Asia. However, During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, while geladas occupied African and India （e.g., Delson, 1984; Prasad, 1996; Fleagle, 1999; Frost ＆ Delson, 2002; El-Zaatari et al, 2005）, Papio inhabited only sub-Saharan Africa. In both cases, diversity was considerably greater in the past than today. African papionins were also sympatric with hominins, both groups being found together in major fossil hominin localities throughout East and southern Africa. Papionins are important chronological （faunal） markers for hominin sites as well as providing insights into ecology. In 2001, in Zhongdian County, Yunnan Province, China, a fossil primate was unearthed from a locality along the Jingsha River that strongly morphologically resembles Papio （see Fig. 1 ）. This fossil comprises most of a well-preserved mandible with some teeth. The specimen is dated using faunal correlation to the Lower Pleistocene. The presence of a Papio-like lineage in China is important because： 1） it indicates much wider geographic distribution for this previously Afriean-only lineage, offering new information about primate evolution and biogeography; 2） it stems from a time when hominins first occupied East Asia; 3） it was discovered in a region likely to have been a major corridor for settlement of East Asia by hominins and other primates;展开更多
Objective To assess the safety of Smugel compared with KY Jelly vaginal lubricating gel in baboon （Papio anubis） vagina. Methods Ten sexually mature olive female baboons were used in this study. Vaginal pH, blood ch...Objective To assess the safety of Smugel compared with KY Jelly vaginal lubricating gel in baboon （Papio anubis） vagina. Methods Ten sexually mature olive female baboons were used in this study. Vaginal pH, blood chemistry, vaginal flora, vaginal and cervical histology were evaluated at baseline and after administration of15 ml of either Smugel or KY Jelly gel twice a week for 5 weeks to each randomized treatment group. Results Basal vaginal pH was 5.8± 0. 8. There was no significant difference in the vaginal pH of Smugel compared with KY Jelly treated animals or baseline data （P〉0. 05）. Similarly, analysis of blood chemistry parameters revealed no significant differences. The most frequently isolated microorganisms both at baseline and during treatment included Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, C. renale group, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Leuconostoc lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, S. xyloxus, S. hyicus, Aerococus viridians, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. No detectable histological changes were observed in the vaginal or cervical sections examined. Conclusion Smugel, compared with KY Jelly did not induce any adverse event that may facilitate transmission of sexual transmitted infection （STI） pathogens including HIV.展开更多
Non-human primates(NHPs)serve as necessary reservoir hosts of parasites that create diseases to human.A close interaction between human and NHP can make a pathway for transmission of zoonotic diseases.To prevent zoono...Non-human primates(NHPs)serve as necessary reservoir hosts of parasites that create diseases to human.A close interaction between human and NHP can make a pathway for transmission of zoonotic diseases.To prevent zoonotic infection of zoo keepers,park visitors as well as keeping the captive NHPs in healthy state,it is necessary to carry out regular parasitological examination and treatment.A total of 72 fecal samples of Olive Baboon(n=39)and Common Langur(n=33)irrespective of their age and sex were collected from two zoological gardens of Bangladesh.Eggs and oocysts of seven gastrointestinal(GI)parasites were observed and identified in samples of both host species.The prevalence of GI parasites recorded was 100%.In case of Olive Baboon,the protozoan prevalence was higher(53.83%)than that of helminths,but opposite scenario was seen in case of Common Langur.Besides,higher intensity of coccidian oocysts in both hosts was recorded in the study.展开更多
基金This project was supported through a funded project at the Institute of Primate Research, by the Government of Kenya
文摘Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria identification was done based on type of media used, Gram stain reactions, colony morphology and biochemical tests. Vaginal biopsy tissues were processed using paraffin wax method, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy to determine the effect of the product on vaginal tissues. The effect of UniPron on sperm was examined by mixing the product with electroejaculated spermatozoa in vitro at different concentrations. For efficacy studies, male baboons of proven fertility were mated with UniPron treated or untreated females of proven fertility during the fertile stages. Results All the five females （100%） that were treated with UniPron did not conceive and they regained total fertility when the treatment was stopped while all the controls conceived. At a concentration of 40%, UniPron completely immobilized spermatozoa in an in-vitro system. UniPron mechanism of action was by lowering the vaginal pH and on application in baboon, the pH was lowered for at least 3 h after which it went back to normal.Conclusions As we plan for a study to test UniPron as a microbicide to prevent STIs including HIV, our current study has established that this novel product is effective in contraception and harmless to vaginal tissues and vaginal microbial flora in a baboon model （Papio anubis）.
基金funded by the African Forest Research network (AFORNET) Grant number 17/01/2005
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The number of plots/ha, stripped trees/ plot and stripped trees/ha was recorded during the pre-rainy, rainy and post-rainy seasons from August 2006 to May 2007. During data collection, altitude, aspect, season and other site predictor variables （e. g., roads and fire traces, water points, indigenous vegetation conservation areas, crop felds, human settlements, wattle scrubs, rocky areas, open grasslands, earlier stripped sites and roost sites） were recorded for each plot in association with selected predictor variables within plantation estates. Data on the number of stripped plots/ha, stripped trees/plot and stripped trees/ha were analysed as dependent variables using the Generalised Linear Model （GLM） through SPSS version 15 （2006） to determine which predictor variables were significantly related to bark stripping. Differences between means were tested using Bonferroni tests with a 5 % level of significance. Our findings show that bark stripping of pine trees by baboons occurred at all altitudes and aspects. Overall, the number of bark stripped trees/ha did not significandy vary by season. The number of bark stripped plots/ha was lower during the pre-rainy season than the rainy season, whereas the number of bark stripped trees/plot was higher during the pre-rainy than the rainy season. Bark stripping of pines occurred more often in the vicinities of areas with abundant food and water
文摘AIM: To determine whether one genotype (A or non-A genotypes of HBV) predominated over the other during the course of HBV infection.METHODS: Four baboons were inoculated with HBV. DNA was extracted from serum obtained at monthly intervals postinoculation for 52 weeks and HBV DNA was amplified using primers specific for the core region containing an insert characteristic of genotype A (nt 2 354-2 359, numbering from the EcoRI site). The amplicons were cloned into PCRScriptTM and a minimum of 15 clones per time point were sequenced in both directions.RESULTS: Both genotypes persisted for the entire followup period of 52 weeks. Genotype non-A predominated in two baboons and genotype A in one baboon. Neither genotype predominated in the fourth baboon, as shown at a 5 % level of testing.CONCLUSION: No conclusions concerning the dominance of either genotype or the natural progression or replication rates of HBV could be drawn because the pattern of the genotypes found may have been caused by sampling fluctuations at the time of DNA extraction and cloning as a result of the very low viral loads in the baboon sera.
文摘The extant papionin monkeys are represented today by several genera including Papio （baboons） and Theropithecus （ geladas ） in Africa, and Macaca （macaques） in North Africa and Asia. However, During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, while geladas occupied African and India （e.g., Delson, 1984; Prasad, 1996; Fleagle, 1999; Frost ＆ Delson, 2002; El-Zaatari et al, 2005）, Papio inhabited only sub-Saharan Africa. In both cases, diversity was considerably greater in the past than today. African papionins were also sympatric with hominins, both groups being found together in major fossil hominin localities throughout East and southern Africa. Papionins are important chronological （faunal） markers for hominin sites as well as providing insights into ecology. In 2001, in Zhongdian County, Yunnan Province, China, a fossil primate was unearthed from a locality along the Jingsha River that strongly morphologically resembles Papio （see Fig. 1 ）. This fossil comprises most of a well-preserved mandible with some teeth. The specimen is dated using faunal correlation to the Lower Pleistocene. The presence of a Papio-like lineage in China is important because： 1） it indicates much wider geographic distribution for this previously Afriean-only lineage, offering new information about primate evolution and biogeography; 2） it stems from a time when hominins first occupied East Asia; 3） it was discovered in a region likely to have been a major corridor for settlement of East Asia by hominins and other primates;
文摘Objective To assess the safety of Smugel compared with KY Jelly vaginal lubricating gel in baboon （Papio anubis） vagina. Methods Ten sexually mature olive female baboons were used in this study. Vaginal pH, blood chemistry, vaginal flora, vaginal and cervical histology were evaluated at baseline and after administration of15 ml of either Smugel or KY Jelly gel twice a week for 5 weeks to each randomized treatment group. Results Basal vaginal pH was 5.8± 0. 8. There was no significant difference in the vaginal pH of Smugel compared with KY Jelly treated animals or baseline data （P〉0. 05）. Similarly, analysis of blood chemistry parameters revealed no significant differences. The most frequently isolated microorganisms both at baseline and during treatment included Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, C. renale group, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Leuconostoc lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, S. xyloxus, S. hyicus, Aerococus viridians, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. No detectable histological changes were observed in the vaginal or cervical sections examined. Conclusion Smugel, compared with KY Jelly did not induce any adverse event that may facilitate transmission of sexual transmitted infection （STI） pathogens including HIV.
基金Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
文摘Non-human primates(NHPs)serve as necessary reservoir hosts of parasites that create diseases to human.A close interaction between human and NHP can make a pathway for transmission of zoonotic diseases.To prevent zoonotic infection of zoo keepers,park visitors as well as keeping the captive NHPs in healthy state,it is necessary to carry out regular parasitological examination and treatment.A total of 72 fecal samples of Olive Baboon(n=39)and Common Langur(n=33)irrespective of their age and sex were collected from two zoological gardens of Bangladesh.Eggs and oocysts of seven gastrointestinal(GI)parasites were observed and identified in samples of both host species.The prevalence of GI parasites recorded was 100%.In case of Olive Baboon,the protozoan prevalence was higher(53.83%)than that of helminths,but opposite scenario was seen in case of Common Langur.Besides,higher intensity of coccidian oocysts in both hosts was recorded in the study.
