This paper documents that the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation experienced a prominent interdecadal shift around 1992/1993 in terms of spatial pattern and major driving factors. During 1979-19...This paper documents that the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation experienced a prominent interdecadal shift around 1992/1993 in terms of spatial pattern and major driving factors. During 1979-1992 （Period 1, P1）, Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation anomalies mainly display a meridional dipole pattern from north to south, whereas in the period 1993-2016 （Period 2, P2）, it shows a meridional tripole pattern instead. The summer precipitation in P1 is primarily associated with a combination of the developing phase （central-eastern Pacific type） and decaying phase （eastern Pacific type） of El Nino-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）; while in P2, it is mainly associated with the decaying phase of central-eastern-Pacific-type ENSO.展开更多
This Paper focuses on the formation of Pan-Asian trunk railway netWork. Pan-Asian trunk railways will be composed of two railway systems; one is the railway system linking up railways of 19 countries in Middle East, S...This Paper focuses on the formation of Pan-Asian trunk railway netWork. Pan-Asian trunk railways will be composed of two railway systems; one is the railway system linking up railways of 19 countries in Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia; the other is the cooperative railways system between countries. To realize Chinese railway network connecting with the railway networks of Eurasian countries is the prerequisite and guarantee for developing socialist market economy. The present transport capacity and the overall network level are too low to connect with Pan-Asian railway network, for example, the density of railway networks is low, the structure of airway networks is backward, the distribution of railway networks is unbalanced, etc. In order to match Pan-Asian trunk railway network, China must speed up railway construction, open some new ports, construct railway thoroughfare passing through China and neighboring展开更多
Here we propose a new concept,the Pan-Asian monsoon,and use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and linear regression approach to define it and to analyze the monsoon-related rainfall variability.The Pan-Asia...Here we propose a new concept,the Pan-Asian monsoon,and use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and linear regression approach to define it and to analyze the monsoon-related rainfall variability.The Pan-Asian monsoon is referred to as the monsoon occurred over the great region (60°E-140°E,10°S-35°N),consisting of the Indian monsoon,Southeast Asian monsoon,East Asian monsoon,and Western North Pacific monsoon.The Pan-Asian monsoon region is the principal region of the summer rainfall over the Asian-Pacific monsoon region and is also water vapor channel connecting several Asian-Pacific sub-monsoon systems.The first EOF mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon precipitation (PAMP_F) shows a meridional tripole pattern with more (less) rainfall zonal belt over the Bay of Bengal (BOB),the Indo-China Peninsula,South China,the South China Sea (SCS),Philippines and the Philippine Sea,and less (more) rainfall on both sides.The first rainfall mode is associated with the weakened Somali cross-equatorial flows,enhanced southerly over the eastern coast of Australia,and strengthened westerly over the tropical Pacific.The first EOF rainfall mode shows a close relationship with the simultaneous El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific South America (PSA).The preceding spring and simultaneous summer Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) in the western Hemisphere (AAO in Pacific) has a connection with the first summer rainfall mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon.Because the main influence factors are over the Pacific,the first rainfall mode is named as the Pacific mode.The second mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon precipitation (PAMP_S) shows a dipole pattern from northeast to southwest,which is associated with the weakened Somali cross-equatorial flows,enhanced easterlies over the Maritime Continent,and weak easterly over the tropical Pacific.The second rainfall model has a close relationship with the atmospheric convection activity and the sea surface temperature variability over the Maritime Continent and South Indian Ocean.Because the influence factors are mainly over the eastern Hemisphere,the second rainfall mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon is named as the Indian Ocean mode.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41505070]the Development Program of China[grant number 2016YFA0600703]the Chinese Academy of Sciences-Peking University Joint Research Program
文摘This paper documents that the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation experienced a prominent interdecadal shift around 1992/1993 in terms of spatial pattern and major driving factors. During 1979-1992 （Period 1, P1）, Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation anomalies mainly display a meridional dipole pattern from north to south, whereas in the period 1993-2016 （Period 2, P2）, it shows a meridional tripole pattern instead. The summer precipitation in P1 is primarily associated with a combination of the developing phase （central-eastern Pacific type） and decaying phase （eastern Pacific type） of El Nino-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）; while in P2, it is mainly associated with the decaying phase of central-eastern-Pacific-type ENSO.
文摘This Paper focuses on the formation of Pan-Asian trunk railway netWork. Pan-Asian trunk railways will be composed of two railway systems; one is the railway system linking up railways of 19 countries in Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia; the other is the cooperative railways system between countries. To realize Chinese railway network connecting with the railway networks of Eurasian countries is the prerequisite and guarantee for developing socialist market economy. The present transport capacity and the overall network level are too low to connect with Pan-Asian railway network, for example, the density of railway networks is low, the structure of airway networks is backward, the distribution of railway networks is unbalanced, etc. In order to match Pan-Asian trunk railway network, China must speed up railway construction, open some new ports, construct railway thoroughfare passing through China and neighboring
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB421406)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40905041)+1 种基金Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-QN202)National Key Scientific Research Project of Global Changes Research of China (Grant No. 2010CB950304)
文摘Here we propose a new concept,the Pan-Asian monsoon,and use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and linear regression approach to define it and to analyze the monsoon-related rainfall variability.The Pan-Asian monsoon is referred to as the monsoon occurred over the great region (60°E-140°E,10°S-35°N),consisting of the Indian monsoon,Southeast Asian monsoon,East Asian monsoon,and Western North Pacific monsoon.The Pan-Asian monsoon region is the principal region of the summer rainfall over the Asian-Pacific monsoon region and is also water vapor channel connecting several Asian-Pacific sub-monsoon systems.The first EOF mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon precipitation (PAMP_F) shows a meridional tripole pattern with more (less) rainfall zonal belt over the Bay of Bengal (BOB),the Indo-China Peninsula,South China,the South China Sea (SCS),Philippines and the Philippine Sea,and less (more) rainfall on both sides.The first rainfall mode is associated with the weakened Somali cross-equatorial flows,enhanced southerly over the eastern coast of Australia,and strengthened westerly over the tropical Pacific.The first EOF rainfall mode shows a close relationship with the simultaneous El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific South America (PSA).The preceding spring and simultaneous summer Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) in the western Hemisphere (AAO in Pacific) has a connection with the first summer rainfall mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon.Because the main influence factors are over the Pacific,the first rainfall mode is named as the Pacific mode.The second mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon precipitation (PAMP_S) shows a dipole pattern from northeast to southwest,which is associated with the weakened Somali cross-equatorial flows,enhanced easterlies over the Maritime Continent,and weak easterly over the tropical Pacific.The second rainfall model has a close relationship with the atmospheric convection activity and the sea surface temperature variability over the Maritime Continent and South Indian Ocean.Because the influence factors are mainly over the eastern Hemisphere,the second rainfall mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon is named as the Indian Ocean mode.
