<strong>Background:</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Many factors influence the expressions of pain in pr...<strong>Background:</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Many factors influence the expressions of pain in primiparous women aside from contractions of the uterus. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study aimed to describe the level labor pain, level of labor pain behaviors based on cultural pain behaviors at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation or the beginning of the active phase of labor among primiparous Muslim women in Indonesia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a study with 42 primiparous Muslim women who gave birth in the labor room at Bhinneka Bhakti Husada Hospital and Community Health Center Pamulang, Indonesia from June until January 2017. The women were asked to describe on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale the intensity of level of labor pain in their abdomen during the last contractions at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation, and Pain Behaviors Observation Scale to observe pain behaviors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The findings showed that the mean score of level of labor pain at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation was 86.38 (SD = 4.47) and most participants experienced high level of labor pain (97.6%). The expression of cultural labor pain behaviors including saying praises to Allah, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Asma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aul husna</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, reciting the Qur’an, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sholawat</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span></span>展开更多
In this review article, we describe a social-signaling perspective of human pain and pain empathizing behaviors which is based on the premise that pain percepts evolved to serve both intrapersonal as well as interpers...In this review article, we describe a social-signaling perspective of human pain and pain empathizing behaviors which is based on the premise that pain percepts evolved to serve both intrapersonal as well as interpersonal, communicative functions. This perspective offers a generative framework for understanding the natural origin and proximate expression of felt pain and pain empathizing behaviors. The basic thesis is that humans evolved sensory-behavioral heuristics for perceiving and inhibiting exogenous and endogenous pain sensations as part of more general expressive styles characterized by the demonstration of vulnerability gestures(i.e., trustworthiness cues) versus empowerment gestures(i.e., capacity cues), and these styles ultimately facilitate broader selfprotection and social novelty-seeking life-history behavior strategies, respectively. We review the extant literature on how social contextual factors(e.g., audience characteristics) and how structural and functional components of individual's social network appear to influence the expression of pain behaviors in ways that support basic predictions from the social-signaling perspective. We also show how the perspective can be used to interpret conventional findings of sex differences in pain percepts and pain empathizing behaviors and for predicting how the situational context and individual's peer networks modulate these differences in vitro and in vitro. We conclude the article by describing how pain researchers may better understand how varying levels and divergent directions of changes in affect tend to co-occur with systematic changes in internal vs external pain sensitivities, and thus why, from an evolutionary perspective, pain may occur in the presence and absence of physical tissue damage.展开更多
Objective:To observe the differences in pain behavioral indicators,myelin regeneration,and neurological functional recovery in neuropathic pain(NP)rats treated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS)at ...Objective:To observe the differences in pain behavioral indicators,myelin regeneration,and neurological functional recovery in neuropathic pain(NP)rats treated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS)at different frequencies.Methods:A total of 25 adult SD rats were randomly divided into a control group,model group,low-frequency group,medium-frequency group,and high-frequency group,with 5 rats in each group.The control group underwent a sham surgery with L5 spinal nerve ligation only,while the other groups were subjected to the L5 spinal nerve ligation and transection method to establish NP rat models.The low-frequency group received 20 Hz TENS therapy,the medium-frequency group received 75 Hz TENS therapy,and the high-frequency group received 100 Hz TENS therapy,once daily for 14 d.Spontaneous pain behavior scores,modified neurological severity scores(mNSS),and morphological changes in nerve myelin were recorded for all groups.Results:NP animal models were successfully established.Compared with the control group,the model group exhibited significantly higher spontaneous pain behavior scores,mNSS scores,and myelin basic protein(MBP)levels at all observation time points.The low-frequency group showed improvement in all indicators at 7 d,but mNSS scores and MBP levels increased again at 14 d.The medium-frequency group demonstrated continuous declines in mNSS scores post-treatment,with significant improvement compared to the model group,and lower mNSS scores and MBP levels than both the low-frequency and model groups at 14 d.The high-frequency group showed sustained decreases in mNSS scores at 7 and 14 d,reaching the lowest scores at 14 d,with the most significant improvement in all indicators compared to the model group,exhibiting statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion:TENS interventions at different frequencies improved neuropathic pain behaviors and neurological recovery in NP rat models.However,100 Hz TENS therapy promoted faster myelin regeneration and exerted more positive effects on reducing abnormal pain behaviors and repairing neural damage.展开更多
<strong><em>Background. </em></strong>The active ingredient curcumin of traditional Chinese medicine was selected as the research object to investigate the possible mechanism of breast cancer m...<strong><em>Background. </em></strong>The active ingredient curcumin of traditional Chinese medicine was selected as the research object to investigate the possible mechanism of breast cancer metastatic bone pain in mouse walker 256 cells and the effect of curcumin on the NF-κB/TNF-α pathway in order to provide a new idea for clinical treatment of breast cancer metastatic bone pain. <strong><em>Methods.</em></strong> By establishing an animal model of breast cancer bone metastasis in walker 256 cells, the biological behavior of nude mice was observed on the 8th day after successful modeling. Meanwhile, the low dose group, middle dose group and high dose group of mice were given 15 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg of curcumin solution intraperitoneally in 21 days, and the right cavity bone and spinal cord distended in mice (L4-L6) tissues were used to detect related factors, Immunohistochemical method was used to detect c-fos in spinal cord. Expression levels of RANK, NF-κB and TNF-α were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Meanwhile, serum levels of Cox2, il-6, leukotriene and PGE2 were detected.<strong><em> Results. </em></strong>Observing the biological behavior index of nude mice, we found that the mechanical pain and thermal pain threshold decreased (p < 0.05), and the cold pain and spontaneous pain scores increased significantly (p < 0.05). After group study, the expression of c-fos in the cancer pain model group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (p < 0.05), and with the increase of curcumin dose, the expression of c-fos in the high dose group was significantly lower than that in the solvent model group (p < 0.05). The expression of RANK, NF-κB, TNF-α was higher than that of the normal control group and decreased gradually with the increase of curcumin dose, among which the expression of high dose group was significantly lower than that of solvent group (p < 0.05). RANK, NF-κB, TNF-α protein expression was higher than that of normal control group and gradually decreased with the increase of curcumin dose. The levels of Cox2, IL-6, leukotriene and PGE2 in serum decreased with the increase of curcumin dose, and the high dose group decreased significantly (p < 0.05). <em><strong>Conclusions. </strong></em>On the 8th day after the success of the animal model of breast cancer bone metastasis in Walker 256 cells, abnormal biological behaviors such as heat pain, cold pain sensation and spontaneous hyperalgesia were observed. Further studies have found that the increased expression of rank on osteoclasts induced up-regulated expression of NF-κB and c-fos, induced expression of TNF-α gene, and could induce synthesis and release of leukotriene, PGE2 through direct activation of cyclooxygenase, inflammatory media IL-6 cascade reaction, resulting in pathological pain and hypersensitivity. Traditional Chinese medicine active ingredient curcumin could reduce RANK expression of osteoclast, inhibit cell NF-κB and spinal cord c-fos activity, reduce TNF-α expression, inhibit Cox2 activity, and reduce the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors leukotriene and PGE2, thus exerting its analgesic effect, which provides new ideas and methods for clinical treatment of metastatic bone pain in breast cancer.展开更多
AIM To investigate the effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion(HPM) on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MEK)1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)1/2 and c AMP response...AIM To investigate the effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion(HPM) on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MEK)1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)1/2 and c AMP response element binding protein(CREB) in spinal cord of rats with chronic inflammatory visceral pain(CIVP), and to explore the central mechanism of HPM in treating CIVP.METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal, model, HPM, sham-HPM, MEK-inhibitor and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) groups. The CIVP model was established using an enema mixture of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and ethanol. HPM was applied at bilateral Tianshu(ST25) and Qihai(CV6) acupoints in the HPM group, while in the sham-HPM group, moxa cones and herb cakes were only placed on the same points but not ignited. The MEK-inhibitor and DMSO groups received L5-L6 intrathecal injection of U0126 and 30% DMSO, respectively. Abdominal withdrawal reflex(AWR), mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency(TWL) were applied for the assessment of pain behavior. The colonic tissue was observed under an optical microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of phosphor(p)MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB in rat spinal cord was detected using Western blotting. The levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with the normal group, the AWR scores were increased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.05) in the model, sham-HPM and DMSO groups. Compared with the model group, the AWR scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were increased significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.05). Compared with the sham-HPM and DMSO groups, the AWR scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were increased significantly(P < 0.05) in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups. Compared with the normal group, the expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were increased significantly in the model, sham-HPM and DMSO groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were reduced significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Compared with the sham-HPM and DMSO groups, expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were reduced significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). CONCLUSION HPM down-regulates protein phosphorylation of MEK1, ERK1/2 and CREB, and m RNA expression of MEK, ERK and CREB, inhibiting activation of the MEK/ERK/CREB signaling pathway in the spinal cord of CIVP rats, which is possibly a critical central mechanism of the analgesic effect of HPM.展开更多
One hundred infants were divided into the following 3 gestational age (GA) groups: (Ⅰ) premature infants ( n =30) with the gestational age between 29 and 32 weeks; (Ⅱ) premature infants ( n =30) with the gestati...One hundred infants were divided into the following 3 gestational age (GA) groups: (Ⅰ) premature infants ( n =30) with the gestational age between 29 and 32 weeks; (Ⅱ) premature infants ( n =30) with the gestational age between 33 and 36 weeks; (Ⅲ) full term infants ( n =40). The recorded responses of all infants to pain included the behavioral responses to painful stimuli (cry, facial activity and limbs movement) and the variety of heart rate. The results indicated that the infants of 3 groups had different degree response to various painful stimuli. Pain expression in full term infants was more significant than premature infants to same stimuli. 33 weeks GA infants were differential from 29 weeks GA infants. Full term infants showed more vertical mouth stretch and more taut tongue and more hand to mouth than premature infants, but more horizontal mouth stretch in premature infants.展开更多
Epidemiological surveys have recently revealed a high prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain in Japan;however, 30% of the patients in the survey were not satisfied with their pain treatment. This indicates that st...Epidemiological surveys have recently revealed a high prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain in Japan;however, 30% of the patients in the survey were not satisfied with their pain treatment. This indicates that standard strategies in the management of chronic pain are poorly shared among physicians in Japan. Herein we report a case of a patient with intractable chronic pain who is a skilled orthopaedic physician. A 43-year-old man who was a skilled orthopaedic surgeon presented at our center complaining of severe buttock pain especially around the right hip region for more than three years. At begging of pain onset, he was diagnosed with femoacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI) with labral tear. Despite biophysical interventions including twice surgeries and alternative conservative treatment, his pain persisted, and he occasionally had to take a day off work due to the severe pain. Therefore we had to evaluate his pathological condition using a multidimensional approach based on a biopsychosocial model. We had provided him with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach, and simultaneously suggestion for short leaving from work. Three months after the start of CBT training, his disabilities had begun to improve. About six months later, he could continue to do his work. Finally, 19 months have passed since we started implementing the CBT approach;he has regained both his previous work-life balance and his health, although the pain has not completely subsided. In conclusion, we think it is important for physicians treating chronic pain to learn the management strategies for chronic pain and to re-consider their management policy when conventional biomedical interventions were not succeeded, even in cases where medication and surgical intervention are warranted.展开更多
A literature search of articles from 2002-2019 was performed using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, IBECS, CRD, and Epistemonikos databases, to analyze the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatm...A literature search of articles from 2002-2019 was performed using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, IBECS, CRD, and Epistemonikos databases, to analyze the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Twenty-seven articles were selected in which CBT was performed exclusively by specialist physicians, associated or not with conventional pharmacological treatment and/or physical exercise. In most articles, CBT worked with self-knowledge and cognitive restructuring, attempting to reduce pain perception, and it showed a general improvement in daily activities by decreasing patient’s limitations, such as morning stiffness. The literature showed significant correlations of CBT in pain processing over time. When CBT was compared to conventional pharmacological therapy, a certain superiority of CBT could be observed concerning the quality of life, catastrophizing, and acceptance of pain. However, when they were simultaneously applied, this improvement in quality of life was not observed.展开更多
Introduction: Provoked vestibulodynia affects 12% of the general female population and more specifically, 21% of women aged less than 30 years. Primary and secondary vestibulodynia are hypothesized to represent the en...Introduction: Provoked vestibulodynia affects 12% of the general female population and more specifically, 21% of women aged less than 30 years. Primary and secondary vestibulodynia are hypothesized to represent the endpoints of different etiologic pathways, although there is still little research addressing potential distinctions between these two groups, particularly with regard to sexuality. Aims: To compare sexual activity and behavior of women with provoked primary vestibulodynia (PVD1) and secondary vestibulodynia (PVD2) against age-matched controls. Methods: Fifty-seven participants (N = 57), mean age 25.72 (18-41) recruited from a gynecology clinic underwent a gynaecological examination and completed a self-report questionnaire: 20 (N = 20) were diagnosed with primary provoked vestibulodynia (PVD1), 19 (N = 19) with secondary provoked vestibulodynia (PVD2), and 18 (N = 18) were medically confirmed as no-pain controls. Main outcome: To verify any differences in the sexual behavior between primary, secondary vestibulodynias and controls. Results: Mean pain duration differed significantly in participants with PVD1 at 73.8 months against those with PVD2 at 37.4 months (p = 0.003). Frequency of sexual activity also differed significantly between the three groups (p = 0.012): the controls were at 27.8% against 0% in primary and secondary vestibulodynias for once or more a day. No significant difference was observed for the sexual arousal time and masturbation frequency. Vaginal penetration was overrepresented in controls (p 0.001) contrary to fellatio frequency (p = 0.016). Pain digital test was significantly different between the three groups in one finger (3.85 vs 0.08), two fingers (4.39 vs 0.06) or three fingers (5.39 vs 0.56) (PVD1 against controls), lubricated inserted fingers for pain verification (p 0.001). Conclusions: Provoked vestibulodynia generates problems in the sexual response and coital activity, this syndrome reflecting absence of pre-existing sexual problems, notably in the masturbatory activity and oral receptive female sex.展开更多
文摘<strong>Background:</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Many factors influence the expressions of pain in primiparous women aside from contractions of the uterus. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study aimed to describe the level labor pain, level of labor pain behaviors based on cultural pain behaviors at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation or the beginning of the active phase of labor among primiparous Muslim women in Indonesia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a study with 42 primiparous Muslim women who gave birth in the labor room at Bhinneka Bhakti Husada Hospital and Community Health Center Pamulang, Indonesia from June until January 2017. The women were asked to describe on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale the intensity of level of labor pain in their abdomen during the last contractions at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation, and Pain Behaviors Observation Scale to observe pain behaviors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The findings showed that the mean score of level of labor pain at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation was 86.38 (SD = 4.47) and most participants experienced high level of labor pain (97.6%). The expression of cultural labor pain behaviors including saying praises to Allah, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Asma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">aul husna</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, reciting the Qur’an, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sholawat</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span></span>
文摘In this review article, we describe a social-signaling perspective of human pain and pain empathizing behaviors which is based on the premise that pain percepts evolved to serve both intrapersonal as well as interpersonal, communicative functions. This perspective offers a generative framework for understanding the natural origin and proximate expression of felt pain and pain empathizing behaviors. The basic thesis is that humans evolved sensory-behavioral heuristics for perceiving and inhibiting exogenous and endogenous pain sensations as part of more general expressive styles characterized by the demonstration of vulnerability gestures(i.e., trustworthiness cues) versus empowerment gestures(i.e., capacity cues), and these styles ultimately facilitate broader selfprotection and social novelty-seeking life-history behavior strategies, respectively. We review the extant literature on how social contextual factors(e.g., audience characteristics) and how structural and functional components of individual's social network appear to influence the expression of pain behaviors in ways that support basic predictions from the social-signaling perspective. We also show how the perspective can be used to interpret conventional findings of sex differences in pain percepts and pain empathizing behaviors and for predicting how the situational context and individual's peer networks modulate these differences in vitro and in vitro. We conclude the article by describing how pain researchers may better understand how varying levels and divergent directions of changes in affect tend to co-occur with systematic changes in internal vs external pain sensitivities, and thus why, from an evolutionary perspective, pain may occur in the presence and absence of physical tissue damage.
文摘Objective:To observe the differences in pain behavioral indicators,myelin regeneration,and neurological functional recovery in neuropathic pain(NP)rats treated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS)at different frequencies.Methods:A total of 25 adult SD rats were randomly divided into a control group,model group,low-frequency group,medium-frequency group,and high-frequency group,with 5 rats in each group.The control group underwent a sham surgery with L5 spinal nerve ligation only,while the other groups were subjected to the L5 spinal nerve ligation and transection method to establish NP rat models.The low-frequency group received 20 Hz TENS therapy,the medium-frequency group received 75 Hz TENS therapy,and the high-frequency group received 100 Hz TENS therapy,once daily for 14 d.Spontaneous pain behavior scores,modified neurological severity scores(mNSS),and morphological changes in nerve myelin were recorded for all groups.Results:NP animal models were successfully established.Compared with the control group,the model group exhibited significantly higher spontaneous pain behavior scores,mNSS scores,and myelin basic protein(MBP)levels at all observation time points.The low-frequency group showed improvement in all indicators at 7 d,but mNSS scores and MBP levels increased again at 14 d.The medium-frequency group demonstrated continuous declines in mNSS scores post-treatment,with significant improvement compared to the model group,and lower mNSS scores and MBP levels than both the low-frequency and model groups at 14 d.The high-frequency group showed sustained decreases in mNSS scores at 7 and 14 d,reaching the lowest scores at 14 d,with the most significant improvement in all indicators compared to the model group,exhibiting statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion:TENS interventions at different frequencies improved neuropathic pain behaviors and neurological recovery in NP rat models.However,100 Hz TENS therapy promoted faster myelin regeneration and exerted more positive effects on reducing abnormal pain behaviors and repairing neural damage.
文摘<strong><em>Background. </em></strong>The active ingredient curcumin of traditional Chinese medicine was selected as the research object to investigate the possible mechanism of breast cancer metastatic bone pain in mouse walker 256 cells and the effect of curcumin on the NF-κB/TNF-α pathway in order to provide a new idea for clinical treatment of breast cancer metastatic bone pain. <strong><em>Methods.</em></strong> By establishing an animal model of breast cancer bone metastasis in walker 256 cells, the biological behavior of nude mice was observed on the 8th day after successful modeling. Meanwhile, the low dose group, middle dose group and high dose group of mice were given 15 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg of curcumin solution intraperitoneally in 21 days, and the right cavity bone and spinal cord distended in mice (L4-L6) tissues were used to detect related factors, Immunohistochemical method was used to detect c-fos in spinal cord. Expression levels of RANK, NF-κB and TNF-α were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Meanwhile, serum levels of Cox2, il-6, leukotriene and PGE2 were detected.<strong><em> Results. </em></strong>Observing the biological behavior index of nude mice, we found that the mechanical pain and thermal pain threshold decreased (p < 0.05), and the cold pain and spontaneous pain scores increased significantly (p < 0.05). After group study, the expression of c-fos in the cancer pain model group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (p < 0.05), and with the increase of curcumin dose, the expression of c-fos in the high dose group was significantly lower than that in the solvent model group (p < 0.05). The expression of RANK, NF-κB, TNF-α was higher than that of the normal control group and decreased gradually with the increase of curcumin dose, among which the expression of high dose group was significantly lower than that of solvent group (p < 0.05). RANK, NF-κB, TNF-α protein expression was higher than that of normal control group and gradually decreased with the increase of curcumin dose. The levels of Cox2, IL-6, leukotriene and PGE2 in serum decreased with the increase of curcumin dose, and the high dose group decreased significantly (p < 0.05). <em><strong>Conclusions. </strong></em>On the 8th day after the success of the animal model of breast cancer bone metastasis in Walker 256 cells, abnormal biological behaviors such as heat pain, cold pain sensation and spontaneous hyperalgesia were observed. Further studies have found that the increased expression of rank on osteoclasts induced up-regulated expression of NF-κB and c-fos, induced expression of TNF-α gene, and could induce synthesis and release of leukotriene, PGE2 through direct activation of cyclooxygenase, inflammatory media IL-6 cascade reaction, resulting in pathological pain and hypersensitivity. Traditional Chinese medicine active ingredient curcumin could reduce RANK expression of osteoclast, inhibit cell NF-κB and spinal cord c-fos activity, reduce TNF-α expression, inhibit Cox2 activity, and reduce the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors leukotriene and PGE2, thus exerting its analgesic effect, which provides new ideas and methods for clinical treatment of metastatic bone pain in breast cancer.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81273843 and No.81674073National Key Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)+1 种基金No.2015CB554501Project of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning,No.20144Y0153 and No.2017BR047
文摘AIM To investigate the effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion(HPM) on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MEK)1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)1/2 and c AMP response element binding protein(CREB) in spinal cord of rats with chronic inflammatory visceral pain(CIVP), and to explore the central mechanism of HPM in treating CIVP.METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal, model, HPM, sham-HPM, MEK-inhibitor and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) groups. The CIVP model was established using an enema mixture of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and ethanol. HPM was applied at bilateral Tianshu(ST25) and Qihai(CV6) acupoints in the HPM group, while in the sham-HPM group, moxa cones and herb cakes were only placed on the same points but not ignited. The MEK-inhibitor and DMSO groups received L5-L6 intrathecal injection of U0126 and 30% DMSO, respectively. Abdominal withdrawal reflex(AWR), mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency(TWL) were applied for the assessment of pain behavior. The colonic tissue was observed under an optical microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of phosphor(p)MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB in rat spinal cord was detected using Western blotting. The levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with the normal group, the AWR scores were increased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.05) in the model, sham-HPM and DMSO groups. Compared with the model group, the AWR scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were increased significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.05). Compared with the sham-HPM and DMSO groups, the AWR scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were increased significantly(P < 0.05) in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups. Compared with the normal group, the expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were increased significantly in the model, sham-HPM and DMSO groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were reduced significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Compared with the sham-HPM and DMSO groups, expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were reduced significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). CONCLUSION HPM down-regulates protein phosphorylation of MEK1, ERK1/2 and CREB, and m RNA expression of MEK, ERK and CREB, inhibiting activation of the MEK/ERK/CREB signaling pathway in the spinal cord of CIVP rats, which is possibly a critical central mechanism of the analgesic effect of HPM.
基金This project was supported by a grantfrom Hubei Provin-cial Natural Sciences Foundation (No.2 0 0 2 P16 0 2 )
文摘One hundred infants were divided into the following 3 gestational age (GA) groups: (Ⅰ) premature infants ( n =30) with the gestational age between 29 and 32 weeks; (Ⅱ) premature infants ( n =30) with the gestational age between 33 and 36 weeks; (Ⅲ) full term infants ( n =40). The recorded responses of all infants to pain included the behavioral responses to painful stimuli (cry, facial activity and limbs movement) and the variety of heart rate. The results indicated that the infants of 3 groups had different degree response to various painful stimuli. Pain expression in full term infants was more significant than premature infants to same stimuli. 33 weeks GA infants were differential from 29 weeks GA infants. Full term infants showed more vertical mouth stretch and more taut tongue and more hand to mouth than premature infants, but more horizontal mouth stretch in premature infants.
文摘Epidemiological surveys have recently revealed a high prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain in Japan;however, 30% of the patients in the survey were not satisfied with their pain treatment. This indicates that standard strategies in the management of chronic pain are poorly shared among physicians in Japan. Herein we report a case of a patient with intractable chronic pain who is a skilled orthopaedic physician. A 43-year-old man who was a skilled orthopaedic surgeon presented at our center complaining of severe buttock pain especially around the right hip region for more than three years. At begging of pain onset, he was diagnosed with femoacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI) with labral tear. Despite biophysical interventions including twice surgeries and alternative conservative treatment, his pain persisted, and he occasionally had to take a day off work due to the severe pain. Therefore we had to evaluate his pathological condition using a multidimensional approach based on a biopsychosocial model. We had provided him with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach, and simultaneously suggestion for short leaving from work. Three months after the start of CBT training, his disabilities had begun to improve. About six months later, he could continue to do his work. Finally, 19 months have passed since we started implementing the CBT approach;he has regained both his previous work-life balance and his health, although the pain has not completely subsided. In conclusion, we think it is important for physicians treating chronic pain to learn the management strategies for chronic pain and to re-consider their management policy when conventional biomedical interventions were not succeeded, even in cases where medication and surgical intervention are warranted.
文摘A literature search of articles from 2002-2019 was performed using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, IBECS, CRD, and Epistemonikos databases, to analyze the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Twenty-seven articles were selected in which CBT was performed exclusively by specialist physicians, associated or not with conventional pharmacological treatment and/or physical exercise. In most articles, CBT worked with self-knowledge and cognitive restructuring, attempting to reduce pain perception, and it showed a general improvement in daily activities by decreasing patient’s limitations, such as morning stiffness. The literature showed significant correlations of CBT in pain processing over time. When CBT was compared to conventional pharmacological therapy, a certain superiority of CBT could be observed concerning the quality of life, catastrophizing, and acceptance of pain. However, when they were simultaneously applied, this improvement in quality of life was not observed.
文摘Introduction: Provoked vestibulodynia affects 12% of the general female population and more specifically, 21% of women aged less than 30 years. Primary and secondary vestibulodynia are hypothesized to represent the endpoints of different etiologic pathways, although there is still little research addressing potential distinctions between these two groups, particularly with regard to sexuality. Aims: To compare sexual activity and behavior of women with provoked primary vestibulodynia (PVD1) and secondary vestibulodynia (PVD2) against age-matched controls. Methods: Fifty-seven participants (N = 57), mean age 25.72 (18-41) recruited from a gynecology clinic underwent a gynaecological examination and completed a self-report questionnaire: 20 (N = 20) were diagnosed with primary provoked vestibulodynia (PVD1), 19 (N = 19) with secondary provoked vestibulodynia (PVD2), and 18 (N = 18) were medically confirmed as no-pain controls. Main outcome: To verify any differences in the sexual behavior between primary, secondary vestibulodynias and controls. Results: Mean pain duration differed significantly in participants with PVD1 at 73.8 months against those with PVD2 at 37.4 months (p = 0.003). Frequency of sexual activity also differed significantly between the three groups (p = 0.012): the controls were at 27.8% against 0% in primary and secondary vestibulodynias for once or more a day. No significant difference was observed for the sexual arousal time and masturbation frequency. Vaginal penetration was overrepresented in controls (p 0.001) contrary to fellatio frequency (p = 0.016). Pain digital test was significantly different between the three groups in one finger (3.85 vs 0.08), two fingers (4.39 vs 0.06) or three fingers (5.39 vs 0.56) (PVD1 against controls), lubricated inserted fingers for pain verification (p 0.001). Conclusions: Provoked vestibulodynia generates problems in the sexual response and coital activity, this syndrome reflecting absence of pre-existing sexual problems, notably in the masturbatory activity and oral receptive female sex.
