In this study,films were successfully developed with gelatin(GT,30 mg/mL)and serum plasma(SM)at different proportions(0%,3%,6%,9%,and 12%in w/w).The resulting GT-SM films’physical and chemical properties,morphologica...In this study,films were successfully developed with gelatin(GT,30 mg/mL)and serum plasma(SM)at different proportions(0%,3%,6%,9%,and 12%in w/w).The resulting GT-SM films’physical and chemical properties,morphological traits,molecular features,and bioactivities were characterized.The thermal stability,tensile strength,and,elongation-at-break of the GT/SM-based films were improved.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)images of the films revealed a uniformly smooth surface.SM reduced the water vapor permeability and improved the films’antioxidant and antibacterial activities.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)revealed significant interactions among organic fillers and biopolymers through hydrogen bonding.The GT-based film with 6%SM was more outstanding based on its tensile strength(61.84 MPa)and elongation at break(57.57%)values.The film was applied in packaging fresh pork,and it showed effectiveness in prolonging the shelf life of the pork meat.Hence,GT and SM could be explored as potential packaging alternatives for preserving pork meat.展开更多
Poly(glycolic acid)(PGA)is derived from glycolide obtained by fermenting pineapples or sugarcane,which has excellent gas barrier properties and a small carbon footprint.PGA is a potential substitute for the current al...Poly(glycolic acid)(PGA)is derived from glycolide obtained by fermenting pineapples or sugarcane,which has excellent gas barrier properties and a small carbon footprint.PGA is a potential substitute for the current aluminum-plastic composite films used in high barrier packaging applications.However,its poor ductility and narrow processing window limit its application in food packaging.Herein,poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate)(PBSA)was used to fabricate PGA/PBSA blend films through an in situ fibrillation technique and blown film extrusion.Under the elongational flow field used during the extrusion process,a unique hierarchical structure based on the PBSA nanofibrils and interfacially oriented PGA crystals was obtained.This structure enhances the strength,ductility and gas barrier properties of the PGA/PBSA blend film.In addition,an epoxy chain extender(ADR4468)was used as a compatibilizer to further enhance the interfacial adhesion between PGA and PBSA.70PGA/0.7ADR exhibited a very low oxygen permeability(2.34×10^(-4)Barrer)with significantly high elongating at break(604.4%),tensile strength(47.4 MPa),and transparency,which were superior to those of petroleum-based polymers.Thus,the 70PGA/0.7ADR blown films could satisfy the requirements for most instant foods such as coffee,peanuts,and fresh meat.展开更多
This research delved into examining the impact of hydrolysis and incorporation of Myrtle essential oil(MEO)on the film-forming and antimicrobial characteristics of ethyl cellulose polymer(EC).Three plasticizers(glycer...This research delved into examining the impact of hydrolysis and incorporation of Myrtle essential oil(MEO)on the film-forming and antimicrobial characteristics of ethyl cellulose polymer(EC).Three plasticizers(glycerol,mono ethylene glycol,and oleic acid)were evaluated for film-forming ability.The composite biofilms’structure was assessed through SEM,XRD,FT-IR,and DSC.Eventually,the combination of hydrolyzed EC with oleic acid yielded a flexible film with optimal thickness.Utilizing GC-MS analysis,α-pinene was identified as the predominant compound within MEO,conferring both antioxidant and antibacterial attributes.FTIR spectroscopy confirmed MEO’s participation in the film-forming matrix through hydrogen bonding.By incorporating the MEO into the matrix,the WVP decreased significantly to 6.15*10^(-12) gmm/hmm^(2)Pa considering that the hydrophobic feature of MEO can block the diffusion of water and decrease the WVP.The melting point and enthalpy of the polymer matrix containing MEO decreased that could be attributable to the EOs plasticizing impact,which increases the polymer chain mobility,and thereby hinders the strong interactions between polymer molecules.From the morphological finding,even at higher concentrations,MEO did not form agglomerations in the film matrix,highlighting its excellent compatibility with the microstructure of the resulting films.The film containing MEO showed the acceptable antioxidant activity.Furthermore,films containing MEO substantially decreased S.aureus biofilm development at 24 and 48 h,compared to P.aeruginosa and E.coli.These findings suggest potential applications of the developed film in packaging and preservation.展开更多
Cellulose nanocrystals isolated from water hyacinth fiber(WHF)have been studied as a reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-gelatin nanocomposite.Central composite design was used to study and optimize effects of th...Cellulose nanocrystals isolated from water hyacinth fiber(WHF)have been studied as a reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-gelatin nanocomposite.Central composite design was used to study and optimize effects of the PVA,gelatin and cellulose nanocrystal(CNC)concentration on tensile strength and elongation of formed films.The results of this study showed that WHF CNC had a diameter range of 20-50 nm produced films reaching 13.8 MPa tensile strength.Thermal stability of the films was improved from 380℃ to 385℃ in addition of CNCs and maximum storage modulus of 3 GPa were observed when 5 wt%CNC was incorporated.However,water absorption,water vapour permeability(WVP)and moisture uptake of the films decreased in addition of CNC to the PVA-gelatin blends.Moisture uptake decreased from 22.50%to 19.05%while the least WVP when 10 wt%CNC added was 1.64×10^(-6)g/(m·h·Pa).These results show possibility for industrial application of WHF CNC and PVA-gelatin blends in biodegradable films for on-the-go food wrappers.展开更多
Growing environmental awareness has driven a heightened focus on natural bioactive food packaging materials.In this study,a chitosan/mung bean starch(CS/MBS)composite film incorporated with tarragon polyphenols(TGP)wa...Growing environmental awareness has driven a heightened focus on natural bioactive food packaging materials.In this study,a chitosan/mung bean starch(CS/MBS)composite film incorporated with tarragon polyphenols(TGP)was developed,and the effects of TGP concentration on the film’s structural and functional properties were systematically investigated.The films were further evaluated for their ability to preserve the postharvest quality of blueberries.The results showed that the incorporation of TGP increased film thickness(0.082-0.089 mm),opacity(1.32-1.88 mm^(-1))and swelling degree(377.02-414.28%)while significantly enhancing barrier and mechanical performance.At 5%TGP content,the film exhibited the highest oxygen permeability,water resistance,and tensile strength,with oxygen permeability(0.54×10^(3) g mm·m^(-2)·d^(-1)·kPa^(-1))decreased by 86.5% and tensile strength(1.69×10^(3) Pa)increased by 33.63% relative to the control.Furthermore,the incor-poration of TGP markedly enhanced the films’antioxidant and antibacterial properties.Structural and thermal analyses confirmed that hydrogen bonding between TGP and the polysaccharide promoted uniform dispersion and increased structural compactness.On day 8,the blueberry preservation experiments demonstrated that CS/MBS-TGP films effectively inhibited microbial growth(3.4-4.01 log CFU/g)and decay,reduced weight loss by 18.8-24.9%,and alleviated softening.Additionally,the films maintained titratable acidity(0.61-0.69%)and total soluble solids(13.68-13.76%),while enhancing the antioxidant defense capacity of blueberries by 1.88-4.12 times.Overall,the CS/MBS-TGP composite film,derived from renewable tarragon waste and natural polysaccharides,exhibited excellent bioactivity and represents an economical and sustainable strategy for extending the shelf life of perishable foods.展开更多
In this study,an active packaging film was developed using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)incorporated with Bajakah Tampala(BT)extract,which acts as an antimicrobial agent and UV-protective additive.The solution casting method...In this study,an active packaging film was developed using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)incorporated with Bajakah Tampala(BT)extract,which acts as an antimicrobial agent and UV-protective additive.The solution casting method was employed,with BT extract concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 wt%.The BT extract exhibited strong antimicrobial properties and significant UV-protection,with a total phenolic content and IC_(50) values of 242.88±0.34 mg GAE/g and 7.83±0.03μg/mL,respectively.Incorporating 2 wt%BT extract into the PVA matrix resulted in substantial UV-light protection and enhanced tensile strength by 55.1%,tensile modulus by 167.2%,elongation at break by 53.1%,toughness by 84.3%,and crystallinity index by 21.8%.Additionally,the composite film retained moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.These findings demonstrate PVAbased active packaging enriched with BT extract offers promising properties for food packaging applications,including enhanced mechanical strength,UV resistance,barrier performance,and antimicrobial protection.展开更多
Development of novel packaging is one of the research hotspots in food industry. In this study, a biodegradablefilm substrate was constructed with sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (GEL), rose polyphenol extract (RPE) ...Development of novel packaging is one of the research hotspots in food industry. In this study, a biodegradablefilm substrate was constructed with sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (GEL), rose polyphenol extract (RPE) wasinvolved in which to prepare active packaging film, and its application in edible oil packaging was evaluated. Asthe volume ratio of SA to GEL was 7:3 (SA7-GEL3), an optimal tensile strength and elongation at break of the filmwere obtained, which were 51.47 MPa and 27.05%, respectively. When incorporating RPE into the film, itsmechanical properties reduced while opacity and antioxidative activity increased significantly as compared tothe SA7-GEL3 films. The release of RPE in 50%, 95% ethanol solution were lower than that in water after 240 h,indicated its feasibility for packaging high-fat food. As applied the 0.3RPE film in packaging edible oils, itsapplication form in bag packaging had significantly higher antioxidative properties than top-covering. Comparedto plastic ziplock bag packaging, the shelf life of sunflower oil and lard packaged in 0.3RPE film bags extended by110 days and 71 days, respectively. This work suggested a promising alternative food packaging material withbiodegradable substrate and RPE. It could provide a new idea for packaging edible oils that rich in unsaturatedfatty acids and novel strategy of using by-products of edible rose processing.展开更多
Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)were manufactured using the green method mediated by enoki mushroom water extract,and starch/agar functional films were fabricated.The developed AgNPs were small(~10 nm)and spherical and sho...Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)were manufactured using the green method mediated by enoki mushroom water extract,and starch/agar functional films were fabricated.The developed AgNPs were small(~10 nm)and spherical and showed strong antibacterial activity towards foodborne pathogenic bacteria,L.monocytogenes,and E.coli.AgNPs were unvaryingly dispersed in the starch/agar matrix,and the inclusion of AgNPs pointedly enhanced the water vapor barrier and hydrophobicity of the starch/agar-based films.However,adding AgNPs did not affect the films’mechanical strength and thermal stability.Also,the AgNPs-added starch/agar film displayed potent antibacterial activity towards E.coli and L.monocytogenes.Starch/agar films with better physical(mechanical strength,water vapor barrier)and functional properties(antibacterial activity)are expected to be applied in active food packaging.展开更多
In response to the growing environmental threat posed by plastic waste,this study developed hydrophobic biopolymer films from red seaweed(Kappaphycus alvarezii)as a sustainable alternative for packaging.The films were...In response to the growing environmental threat posed by plastic waste,this study developed hydrophobic biopolymer films from red seaweed(Kappaphycus alvarezii)as a sustainable alternative for packaging.The films were fabricated using a solvent-casting method,followed by surface treatment with triethoxymethylsilane to increase their hydrophobicity.Key metrics,including water solubility(reduced by 37.4%),moisture absorption capacity(decreased by 108.6%),and water vapor permeability(decreased by 65.4%),demonstrated significant improvements over untreated films.Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy confirmed successful silane integration,whereas mechanical testing revealed increased tensile strength(up to 24.44 MPa)and Young’s modulus(183.41 MPa),with a moderate reduction in elongation at break.These findings indicate that silane-modified seaweed biopolymer films have strong potential as eco-friendly packaging solutions to mitigate plastic waste.展开更多
Food safety and shelf life are critical factors for human health and are greatly impacted by microbial spoilage.Despite the widespread use of synthetic preservatives,interest in natural alternatives has grown due to t...Food safety and shelf life are critical factors for human health and are greatly impacted by microbial spoilage.Despite the widespread use of synthetic preservatives,interest in natural alternatives has grown due to their possible health risks.The plant bioactives as natural alternatives are being explored for extending shelf life of food either via direct addition or in terms of edible coating and packaging films.The Ficus spp.,having a great ethnobotanical importance,have been used for a long time in traditional medicine.Its rich phytochemical profile exhibits a strong antimicrobial and antifungal property to combat various food-spoilage microorganisms,such as Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas spp.,Candida albicans,Aspergillus flavus,and Penicillium expansum.The latex based edible coatings from Ficus spp.have shown real-food utility by extending the shelf life and enhancing the quality of dried fruits.The packaging film incorporated with Ficus carica leaves extract preserved the quality of apple slices.The addition of its aqueous leaf extract into the milk extends shelf life of pasteurized buffalo milk from 5 to 16 days without altering its properties.Despite the potential antimicrobial effects many of the Ficus plants such as Ficus virens,Ficus palmata,Ficus auriculata,and Ficus benghalensis still have not explored in food packaging or food preservation.These challenges can be addressed via various interdisci-plinary approaches such as metabolomics,pharmacology,nanotechnology,and computational biology.Additionally,compound stability,standardization,and widespread utilization are some of the research gaps that need to be discussed.展开更多
This study developed an active and intelligent collagen-based packaging film with high strength for visually monitoring the freshness of fish.The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy sho...This study developed an active and intelligent collagen-based packaging film with high strength for visually monitoring the freshness of fish.The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the film based on cross-linked collagen/delphinidin catalyzed by laccase exhibited a denser layer structure and a rougher surface.The dry and wet tensile strengths of the laccase-catalyzed collagen/delphinidin film(Col/Dp-LA film)increased by 41.74 MPa and 13.13 MPa in comparison with that of the pure collagen film,respectively.Moreover,the Col/Dp-LA film presented good antioxidant and barrier properties demonstrated by the results of free radical scavenging rate,light transmission rate,and water vapor permeability.The intelligent collagen-based film was obtained by incorporating Vaccinium oxycoccus pigment into the Col/Dp-LA film,which could change color under different pH values.When applied to the preservation offish fillets,the film could release Dp to minimize oxidative rancidity and prolong the shelf life of the fish for 2 days.Meanwhile,the film showed visual color changes from purplish-red to greyish-blue after the fish spoilage.These results indicated that the collagen film treated with delphinidin,laccase,and Vaccinium oxycoccus pigment has potential application value in the field of active and intelligent food packaging.展开更多
This study aimed to develop a novel edible packaging film for the postharvest preservation of banana based on chitosan(CS)and persimmon peel extract(PPE).Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that PPE was evenl...This study aimed to develop a novel edible packaging film for the postharvest preservation of banana based on chitosan(CS)and persimmon peel extract(PPE).Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that PPE was evenly distributed in the CS matrix and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that CS and PPE interacted to form hydrogen bonds,demonstrating good compatibility.Simultaneously,the addition of PPE also significantly improved the physical properties and antioxidant activity of the CS film.Among them,the CS film containing 10%PPE(CS-PPE 10)showed the optimal mechanical properties,water vapor barrier properties and oxygen barrier properties.The CS film containing 15%PPE(CS-PPE 15)exhibited the best thermal stability,UV-Vis barrier properties and antioxidant activity.In the experiment on banana preservation,CS-PPE 10 film obtained optimal performance on decreasing senescence spots,weight loss,fruit softening,and cell wall degradation,inhibiting the activities of polyphenol oxidase and cell wall-degrading enzymes and maintaining the content of total soluble sugar and ascorbic acid during the storage period.Consequently,CS-PPE 10 film was expected to be a novel edible packaging material to maintain banana quality and prolong shelf life.展开更多
Traditional food packaging films made of plastic have caused serious damage to the environment.Chitosan film is a potential substitute but it is weak in antioxidant activity.In this study,the extract and chitosan from...Traditional food packaging films made of plastic have caused serious damage to the environment.Chitosan film is a potential substitute but it is weak in antioxidant activity.In this study,the extract and chitosan from American cockroach were combined to produce a new environment-friendly chitosan film for food packaging.The chitosan film was easily degraded by water,avoiding accumulation in the environment.The addition of American cockroach extract improved the antioxidant activity of the chitosan film(up to 50 times higher than that of pure chitosan film when considering reducing capacity)and did not weaken its efficient antibacterial activity.In practical application,the packaged food was protected by the chitosan film from fast decay and oxidation for 15 days and 48 h,respectively.These results suggested that the new chitosan film possessed the potential for food packaging and improved the value of American cockroach.展开更多
Bioactive packaging materials are developed responding to the considerable environmental and human health risks caused by plastic packaging.In this study,a new generation of ternary composite films based on aluminum c...Bioactive packaging materials are developed responding to the considerable environmental and human health risks caused by plastic packaging.In this study,a new generation of ternary composite films based on aluminum chloride(AlCl_(3))/chitosan(CS)/cellulose(Cel)was fabricated for use as bioactive packaging.FTIR,XRD,SEM and TGA results confirmed AlCl_(3)/CS incorporation with Cel and homogeneous distribution in the composites.UV-Vis spectrometry of the ternary composite films showed a lack of light transmission in the UVA and UVB regions,indicating the highest protective efficiency of the composite film.The AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel composite films manifested higher water uptake in comparison with CS/Cel film,thus AlCl_(3) improved the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel composite films.Moreover,the AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel composite exhibited better antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria than the pristine film.These results suggested that the bioactive AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel film utilized in this study might be a promising material in food packaging to prolong the shelf life and improve food safety.展开更多
Alternaria alternata(A.alternata)is a significant pathogen responsible for postharvest black spot disease,adversely affecting fruit quality,necessitating effective and safe control measures.This study aimed to investi...Alternaria alternata(A.alternata)is a significant pathogen responsible for postharvest black spot disease,adversely affecting fruit quality,necessitating effective and safe control measures.This study aimed to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of osmanthus polyphenols and their monomeric compounds on A.alternata,along with the associated mechanisms,and to develop a food packaging film incorporating these polyphenols.The results demonstrated that polyphenols derived from Osmanthus fragrans and their monomeric compounds inhibited both mycelial growth and spore germination of A.alternata in a dose-dependent manner.At a concentration of 4 mg/mL,all treatment groups exhibited severe damage to the spore structure of A.alternata,significantly inhibiting spore germination.Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that A.alternata treated with polyphenols exhibited markedly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and evident mitochondrial depolarization,which may represent the primary mechanism underlying the inhibition of A.alternata by osmanthus polyphenols.Furthermore,the addition of polyphenols did not significantly impact the light transmittance and sensory properties of starch/PVA films,while significantly enhancing their antimicrobial capacity and mechanical properties.These findings suggest that osmanthus polyphenols can effectively inhibit A.alternata activity and hold potential for application in food packaging materials.展开更多
To improve long-term stability and low-toxicity active packaging systems,three visible-light-driven antibacterial packaging films from chitosan(CS),silk fibroin(SF),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and 3,3,4,4-benzophenone tetra...To improve long-term stability and low-toxicity active packaging systems,three visible-light-driven antibacterial packaging films from chitosan(CS),silk fibroin(SF),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and 3,3,4,4-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid(BPTCA)were fabricated in this study.First,CS/PVA,SF/PVA and CS/SF/PVA films by solution casting method,and enhance their water solubility by glutaraldehyde(GA)cross-linking to obtain CS/PVA-G,SF/PVA-G and CS/SF/PVA-G.Then,BPTCA was covalently immobilized onto CS/PVA-G,SF/PVA-G and CS/SF/PVA-G through the esterification to obtain CS/PVA-B,SF/PVA-B and CS/SF/PVA-B,respectively.The chemical structure,photophysical properties,and antibacterial capacities are characterized.The FTIR revealed that BPTCA is covalently grafted with the polymer matrix via ester bond.Furthermore,grafting of BPTCA enhanced the film’s UV-blocking,decreased water contact angle,water vapor permeability,and possessed moderate mechanical properties.Meanwhile,CS/SF/PVA-B has the best reactive oxygen species generation ability and antibacterial activity(against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonella enteritidis),and can recycle four times,overall migration value of BPTCA was within the limits of 10 mg/dm2.We apply CS/SF/PVAB films combined with palletized packaging to different chilled-meat preservation applications,and measure physicochemical changes and microbial counts.Shelf lives of chilled mutton are extended by 3 d and chicken by 6 d,compared with controls without CS/SF/PVA-B film.A covalent immobilized visible-light-driven antibacterial packaging may improve the long-term quality of chilled meats.展开更多
Incorporating natural antimicrobial agents,such as plant extracts obtained using organic solvents,may pose some toxicity risks in packaging films.Therefore,Betel leaves(Piper betle)hydrolysates(BH)were obtained throug...Incorporating natural antimicrobial agents,such as plant extracts obtained using organic solvents,may pose some toxicity risks in packaging films.Therefore,Betel leaves(Piper betle)hydrolysates(BH)were obtained through subcritical water treatment at temperatures ranging from 150℃ to 210℃ and 3 MPa for 20 min.The total phenolic compounds(TPC),and total flavonoid compounds(TFC)ranged from 120.10±1.96 to 184.99±3.55 mg GAE/g powder and 32.10±4.96 to 56.50±0.72 mg RE/g powder,respectively.BH also showed excellent inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria(Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus)and Gramnegative bacteria(Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli).Packaging films were then fabricated using chitosan with varying concentrations of freeze-dried BH(5 wt%-20 wt%).The tensile strength decreased with increasing BH levels,while surface hydrophobicity and thermal properties increased.Although the films maintained a good microstructure and high tensile strength with up to 10%BH incorporation,15%BH-enriched films appear to be the ideal concentration for food safety and packaging applications,given their superior antioxidant activity and tensile strength.Films with BH demonstrated extended shelf life for yellow corvina fish,as evidenced by total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N)and total plate count(TPC)measurements.The preservation capacity of the chitosan-based films is attributed to their effective antimicrobial properties,ability to retard lipid oxidation,and inhibition of spoilage bacteria growth.These films,incorporating betel leaf phenolic extract,hold potential for commercial use as active packaging for seafood preservation.展开更多
It is imperative to carry out research on residual plastic film collection technology to solve the serious problem of farmland pollution.The residual plastic film baler was designed as a package for film strip collect...It is imperative to carry out research on residual plastic film collection technology to solve the serious problem of farmland pollution.The residual plastic film baler was designed as a package for film strip collection,cleaning and baling.The collection device is a core component of the baler.Response surface analysis was used in this study to optimize the structure and working parameters for improving the collection efficiency of residual film and the impurity of film package.The results show that the factors affecting the collection rate of residual film and the impurity of the film package are the speed ratio(k)between the trash removal roller and eccentric collection mechanism,the number(z)and the mounting angle(θ)of spring teeth in the same revolution plane.For the collection rate,the importance of the three factors are in the order,k>z>θ.Meanwhile,for the impurity,the importance of three factors are in the order,z>k>θ.When the speed ratio,the mounting angle and the number of spring teeth was set at 1.6°,45°,and 8°,respectively,the collection rate of residual film was 88.9%and the impurity of residual film package was 14.2%for the baler.展开更多
Phycoerythrin(PE)extract from red algae Laver(Pyropia dentata)was used in the fabrication of a smart pack-aging film.The PE showed pH sensitivity,implying unique color shifts at different pH.The film colors altered fr...Phycoerythrin(PE)extract from red algae Laver(Pyropia dentata)was used in the fabrication of a smart pack-aging film.The PE showed pH sensitivity,implying unique color shifts at different pH.The film colors altered from red through purple-brown to colorless with increasing pH.The smart packaging films were prepared by casting method composed of gelatin(GE),sodium alginate(SA),and cellulose nanofibrils(CNF).The films were coded as GE/SA(control),GE/SA/PE,and GE/SA/CNF/PE.The thickness of the films ranged from 0.24±0.02 mm to 0.33±0.01 mm.The mechanical properties tensile strength(TS)(12.24±0.30 MPa to 17.65±0.33 MPa)and elongation at break(EAB)(79.34%±1.02%-93.36%±0.69%)significantly increased after addition of CNF.The synthesized films showed water contact angle ranged from 84.55±2.12 to 69.41±1.21,suggesting that films were hydrophobic.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis demonstrated strong interaction among PE,CNF,and biopolymers.The film with GE/SA/CNF/PE exhibited higher thermal stability compared with control film.Then,the films were applied for checking real time application for the freshness of salmon fish.The significant color change of the film occurred and the number of bacterial colony and TVB-N were increased from 3.81 Log CFU/g to 6.94 Log CFU/g and from 4.78 mg/100 g to 32.27 mg/100 g after incubation for 48 h.Therefore,the film with PE and CNF was intended as an excellent candidate for smart packaging film.展开更多
文摘In this study,films were successfully developed with gelatin(GT,30 mg/mL)and serum plasma(SM)at different proportions(0%,3%,6%,9%,and 12%in w/w).The resulting GT-SM films’physical and chemical properties,morphological traits,molecular features,and bioactivities were characterized.The thermal stability,tensile strength,and,elongation-at-break of the GT/SM-based films were improved.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)images of the films revealed a uniformly smooth surface.SM reduced the water vapor permeability and improved the films’antioxidant and antibacterial activities.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)revealed significant interactions among organic fillers and biopolymers through hydrogen bonding.The GT-based film with 6%SM was more outstanding based on its tensile strength(61.84 MPa)and elongation at break(57.57%)values.The film was applied in packaging fresh pork,and it showed effectiveness in prolonging the shelf life of the pork meat.Hence,GT and SM could be explored as potential packaging alternatives for preserving pork meat.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3704900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52073004)China National Tobacco Corporation Guizhou Company(No.2023XM24)。
文摘Poly(glycolic acid)(PGA)is derived from glycolide obtained by fermenting pineapples or sugarcane,which has excellent gas barrier properties and a small carbon footprint.PGA is a potential substitute for the current aluminum-plastic composite films used in high barrier packaging applications.However,its poor ductility and narrow processing window limit its application in food packaging.Herein,poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate)(PBSA)was used to fabricate PGA/PBSA blend films through an in situ fibrillation technique and blown film extrusion.Under the elongational flow field used during the extrusion process,a unique hierarchical structure based on the PBSA nanofibrils and interfacially oriented PGA crystals was obtained.This structure enhances the strength,ductility and gas barrier properties of the PGA/PBSA blend film.In addition,an epoxy chain extender(ADR4468)was used as a compatibilizer to further enhance the interfacial adhesion between PGA and PBSA.70PGA/0.7ADR exhibited a very low oxygen permeability(2.34×10^(-4)Barrer)with significantly high elongating at break(604.4%),tensile strength(47.4 MPa),and transparency,which were superior to those of petroleum-based polymers.Thus,the 70PGA/0.7ADR blown films could satisfy the requirements for most instant foods such as coffee,peanuts,and fresh meat.
基金supported by GAIN(Axencia Galega de Innovación)(Grant No.IN607A2023/01)approved&Supported by Student Research Committee,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences(Grant No.67789).
文摘This research delved into examining the impact of hydrolysis and incorporation of Myrtle essential oil(MEO)on the film-forming and antimicrobial characteristics of ethyl cellulose polymer(EC).Three plasticizers(glycerol,mono ethylene glycol,and oleic acid)were evaluated for film-forming ability.The composite biofilms’structure was assessed through SEM,XRD,FT-IR,and DSC.Eventually,the combination of hydrolyzed EC with oleic acid yielded a flexible film with optimal thickness.Utilizing GC-MS analysis,α-pinene was identified as the predominant compound within MEO,conferring both antioxidant and antibacterial attributes.FTIR spectroscopy confirmed MEO’s participation in the film-forming matrix through hydrogen bonding.By incorporating the MEO into the matrix,the WVP decreased significantly to 6.15*10^(-12) gmm/hmm^(2)Pa considering that the hydrophobic feature of MEO can block the diffusion of water and decrease the WVP.The melting point and enthalpy of the polymer matrix containing MEO decreased that could be attributable to the EOs plasticizing impact,which increases the polymer chain mobility,and thereby hinders the strong interactions between polymer molecules.From the morphological finding,even at higher concentrations,MEO did not form agglomerations in the film matrix,highlighting its excellent compatibility with the microstructure of the resulting films.The film containing MEO showed the acceptable antioxidant activity.Furthermore,films containing MEO substantially decreased S.aureus biofilm development at 24 and 48 h,compared to P.aeruginosa and E.coli.These findings suggest potential applications of the developed film in packaging and preservation.
文摘Cellulose nanocrystals isolated from water hyacinth fiber(WHF)have been studied as a reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-gelatin nanocomposite.Central composite design was used to study and optimize effects of the PVA,gelatin and cellulose nanocrystal(CNC)concentration on tensile strength and elongation of formed films.The results of this study showed that WHF CNC had a diameter range of 20-50 nm produced films reaching 13.8 MPa tensile strength.Thermal stability of the films was improved from 380℃ to 385℃ in addition of CNCs and maximum storage modulus of 3 GPa were observed when 5 wt%CNC was incorporated.However,water absorption,water vapour permeability(WVP)and moisture uptake of the films decreased in addition of CNC to the PVA-gelatin blends.Moisture uptake decreased from 22.50%to 19.05%while the least WVP when 10 wt%CNC added was 1.64×10^(-6)g/(m·h·Pa).These results show possibility for industrial application of WHF CNC and PVA-gelatin blends in biodegradable films for on-the-go food wrappers.
基金the financial support from the Hot spring county mountain wild vegetable series deep processing product technology development(No.TG20220933).
文摘Growing environmental awareness has driven a heightened focus on natural bioactive food packaging materials.In this study,a chitosan/mung bean starch(CS/MBS)composite film incorporated with tarragon polyphenols(TGP)was developed,and the effects of TGP concentration on the film’s structural and functional properties were systematically investigated.The films were further evaluated for their ability to preserve the postharvest quality of blueberries.The results showed that the incorporation of TGP increased film thickness(0.082-0.089 mm),opacity(1.32-1.88 mm^(-1))and swelling degree(377.02-414.28%)while significantly enhancing barrier and mechanical performance.At 5%TGP content,the film exhibited the highest oxygen permeability,water resistance,and tensile strength,with oxygen permeability(0.54×10^(3) g mm·m^(-2)·d^(-1)·kPa^(-1))decreased by 86.5% and tensile strength(1.69×10^(3) Pa)increased by 33.63% relative to the control.Furthermore,the incor-poration of TGP markedly enhanced the films’antioxidant and antibacterial properties.Structural and thermal analyses confirmed that hydrogen bonding between TGP and the polysaccharide promoted uniform dispersion and increased structural compactness.On day 8,the blueberry preservation experiments demonstrated that CS/MBS-TGP films effectively inhibited microbial growth(3.4-4.01 log CFU/g)and decay,reduced weight loss by 18.8-24.9%,and alleviated softening.Additionally,the films maintained titratable acidity(0.61-0.69%)and total soluble solids(13.68-13.76%),while enhancing the antioxidant defense capacity of blueberries by 1.88-4.12 times.Overall,the CS/MBS-TGP composite film,derived from renewable tarragon waste and natural polysaccharides,exhibited excellent bioactivity and represents an economical and sustainable strategy for extending the shelf life of perishable foods.
基金funded by Universitas Andalas under the project“Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia(Skema A)”,number 3/UN16.19/PT.01.03/PRK-RKI Skema A(Host)/2023。
文摘In this study,an active packaging film was developed using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)incorporated with Bajakah Tampala(BT)extract,which acts as an antimicrobial agent and UV-protective additive.The solution casting method was employed,with BT extract concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 wt%.The BT extract exhibited strong antimicrobial properties and significant UV-protection,with a total phenolic content and IC_(50) values of 242.88±0.34 mg GAE/g and 7.83±0.03μg/mL,respectively.Incorporating 2 wt%BT extract into the PVA matrix resulted in substantial UV-light protection and enhanced tensile strength by 55.1%,tensile modulus by 167.2%,elongation at break by 53.1%,toughness by 84.3%,and crystallinity index by 21.8%.Additionally,the composite film retained moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.These findings demonstrate PVAbased active packaging enriched with BT extract offers promising properties for food packaging applications,including enhanced mechanical strength,UV resistance,barrier performance,and antimicrobial protection.
基金supported by the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Jiangsu Province(202410295126Y).
文摘Development of novel packaging is one of the research hotspots in food industry. In this study, a biodegradablefilm substrate was constructed with sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (GEL), rose polyphenol extract (RPE) wasinvolved in which to prepare active packaging film, and its application in edible oil packaging was evaluated. Asthe volume ratio of SA to GEL was 7:3 (SA7-GEL3), an optimal tensile strength and elongation at break of the filmwere obtained, which were 51.47 MPa and 27.05%, respectively. When incorporating RPE into the film, itsmechanical properties reduced while opacity and antioxidative activity increased significantly as compared tothe SA7-GEL3 films. The release of RPE in 50%, 95% ethanol solution were lower than that in water after 240 h,indicated its feasibility for packaging high-fat food. As applied the 0.3RPE film in packaging edible oils, itsapplication form in bag packaging had significantly higher antioxidative properties than top-covering. Comparedto plastic ziplock bag packaging, the shelf life of sunflower oil and lard packaged in 0.3RPE film bags extended by110 days and 71 days, respectively. This work suggested a promising alternative food packaging material withbiodegradable substrate and RPE. It could provide a new idea for packaging edible oils that rich in unsaturatedfatty acids and novel strategy of using by-products of edible rose processing.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2022R1A2B02001422).
文摘Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)were manufactured using the green method mediated by enoki mushroom water extract,and starch/agar functional films were fabricated.The developed AgNPs were small(~10 nm)and spherical and showed strong antibacterial activity towards foodborne pathogenic bacteria,L.monocytogenes,and E.coli.AgNPs were unvaryingly dispersed in the starch/agar matrix,and the inclusion of AgNPs pointedly enhanced the water vapor barrier and hydrophobicity of the starch/agar-based films.However,adding AgNPs did not affect the films’mechanical strength and thermal stability.Also,the AgNPs-added starch/agar film displayed potent antibacterial activity towards E.coli and L.monocytogenes.Starch/agar films with better physical(mechanical strength,water vapor barrier)and functional properties(antibacterial activity)are expected to be applied in active food packaging.
文摘In response to the growing environmental threat posed by plastic waste,this study developed hydrophobic biopolymer films from red seaweed(Kappaphycus alvarezii)as a sustainable alternative for packaging.The films were fabricated using a solvent-casting method,followed by surface treatment with triethoxymethylsilane to increase their hydrophobicity.Key metrics,including water solubility(reduced by 37.4%),moisture absorption capacity(decreased by 108.6%),and water vapor permeability(decreased by 65.4%),demonstrated significant improvements over untreated films.Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy confirmed successful silane integration,whereas mechanical testing revealed increased tensile strength(up to 24.44 MPa)and Young’s modulus(183.41 MPa),with a moderate reduction in elongation at break.These findings indicate that silane-modified seaweed biopolymer films have strong potential as eco-friendly packaging solutions to mitigate plastic waste.
文摘Food safety and shelf life are critical factors for human health and are greatly impacted by microbial spoilage.Despite the widespread use of synthetic preservatives,interest in natural alternatives has grown due to their possible health risks.The plant bioactives as natural alternatives are being explored for extending shelf life of food either via direct addition or in terms of edible coating and packaging films.The Ficus spp.,having a great ethnobotanical importance,have been used for a long time in traditional medicine.Its rich phytochemical profile exhibits a strong antimicrobial and antifungal property to combat various food-spoilage microorganisms,such as Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas spp.,Candida albicans,Aspergillus flavus,and Penicillium expansum.The latex based edible coatings from Ficus spp.have shown real-food utility by extending the shelf life and enhancing the quality of dried fruits.The packaging film incorporated with Ficus carica leaves extract preserved the quality of apple slices.The addition of its aqueous leaf extract into the milk extends shelf life of pasteurized buffalo milk from 5 to 16 days without altering its properties.Despite the potential antimicrobial effects many of the Ficus plants such as Ficus virens,Ficus palmata,Ficus auriculata,and Ficus benghalensis still have not explored in food packaging or food preservation.These challenges can be addressed via various interdisci-plinary approaches such as metabolomics,pharmacology,nanotechnology,and computational biology.Additionally,compound stability,standardization,and widespread utilization are some of the research gaps that need to be discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22078206).
文摘This study developed an active and intelligent collagen-based packaging film with high strength for visually monitoring the freshness of fish.The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the film based on cross-linked collagen/delphinidin catalyzed by laccase exhibited a denser layer structure and a rougher surface.The dry and wet tensile strengths of the laccase-catalyzed collagen/delphinidin film(Col/Dp-LA film)increased by 41.74 MPa and 13.13 MPa in comparison with that of the pure collagen film,respectively.Moreover,the Col/Dp-LA film presented good antioxidant and barrier properties demonstrated by the results of free radical scavenging rate,light transmission rate,and water vapor permeability.The intelligent collagen-based film was obtained by incorporating Vaccinium oxycoccus pigment into the Col/Dp-LA film,which could change color under different pH values.When applied to the preservation offish fillets,the film could release Dp to minimize oxidative rancidity and prolong the shelf life of the fish for 2 days.Meanwhile,the film showed visual color changes from purplish-red to greyish-blue after the fish spoilage.These results indicated that the collagen film treated with delphinidin,laccase,and Vaccinium oxycoccus pigment has potential application value in the field of active and intelligent food packaging.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51979133,51769010).
文摘This study aimed to develop a novel edible packaging film for the postharvest preservation of banana based on chitosan(CS)and persimmon peel extract(PPE).Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that PPE was evenly distributed in the CS matrix and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that CS and PPE interacted to form hydrogen bonds,demonstrating good compatibility.Simultaneously,the addition of PPE also significantly improved the physical properties and antioxidant activity of the CS film.Among them,the CS film containing 10%PPE(CS-PPE 10)showed the optimal mechanical properties,water vapor barrier properties and oxygen barrier properties.The CS film containing 15%PPE(CS-PPE 15)exhibited the best thermal stability,UV-Vis barrier properties and antioxidant activity.In the experiment on banana preservation,CS-PPE 10 film obtained optimal performance on decreasing senescence spots,weight loss,fruit softening,and cell wall degradation,inhibiting the activities of polyphenol oxidase and cell wall-degrading enzymes and maintaining the content of total soluble sugar and ascorbic acid during the storage period.Consequently,CS-PPE 10 film was expected to be a novel edible packaging material to maintain banana quality and prolong shelf life.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31830084,32070466&31970440)“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”,Nankai University(Nos.96172158,96173250&91822294).
文摘Traditional food packaging films made of plastic have caused serious damage to the environment.Chitosan film is a potential substitute but it is weak in antioxidant activity.In this study,the extract and chitosan from American cockroach were combined to produce a new environment-friendly chitosan film for food packaging.The chitosan film was easily degraded by water,avoiding accumulation in the environment.The addition of American cockroach extract improved the antioxidant activity of the chitosan film(up to 50 times higher than that of pure chitosan film when considering reducing capacity)and did not weaken its efficient antibacterial activity.In practical application,the packaged food was protected by the chitosan film from fast decay and oxidation for 15 days and 48 h,respectively.These results suggested that the new chitosan film possessed the potential for food packaging and improved the value of American cockroach.
文摘Bioactive packaging materials are developed responding to the considerable environmental and human health risks caused by plastic packaging.In this study,a new generation of ternary composite films based on aluminum chloride(AlCl_(3))/chitosan(CS)/cellulose(Cel)was fabricated for use as bioactive packaging.FTIR,XRD,SEM and TGA results confirmed AlCl_(3)/CS incorporation with Cel and homogeneous distribution in the composites.UV-Vis spectrometry of the ternary composite films showed a lack of light transmission in the UVA and UVB regions,indicating the highest protective efficiency of the composite film.The AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel composite films manifested higher water uptake in comparison with CS/Cel film,thus AlCl_(3) improved the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel composite films.Moreover,the AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel composite exhibited better antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria than the pristine film.These results suggested that the bioactive AlCl_(3)/CS/Cel film utilized in this study might be a promising material in food packaging to prolong the shelf life and improve food safety.
基金funded by Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX24_0402).
文摘Alternaria alternata(A.alternata)is a significant pathogen responsible for postharvest black spot disease,adversely affecting fruit quality,necessitating effective and safe control measures.This study aimed to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of osmanthus polyphenols and their monomeric compounds on A.alternata,along with the associated mechanisms,and to develop a food packaging film incorporating these polyphenols.The results demonstrated that polyphenols derived from Osmanthus fragrans and their monomeric compounds inhibited both mycelial growth and spore germination of A.alternata in a dose-dependent manner.At a concentration of 4 mg/mL,all treatment groups exhibited severe damage to the spore structure of A.alternata,significantly inhibiting spore germination.Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that A.alternata treated with polyphenols exhibited markedly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and evident mitochondrial depolarization,which may represent the primary mechanism underlying the inhibition of A.alternata by osmanthus polyphenols.Furthermore,the addition of polyphenols did not significantly impact the light transmittance and sensory properties of starch/PVA films,while significantly enhancing their antimicrobial capacity and mechanical properties.These findings suggest that osmanthus polyphenols can effectively inhibit A.alternata activity and hold potential for application in food packaging materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360607).
文摘To improve long-term stability and low-toxicity active packaging systems,three visible-light-driven antibacterial packaging films from chitosan(CS),silk fibroin(SF),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and 3,3,4,4-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid(BPTCA)were fabricated in this study.First,CS/PVA,SF/PVA and CS/SF/PVA films by solution casting method,and enhance their water solubility by glutaraldehyde(GA)cross-linking to obtain CS/PVA-G,SF/PVA-G and CS/SF/PVA-G.Then,BPTCA was covalently immobilized onto CS/PVA-G,SF/PVA-G and CS/SF/PVA-G through the esterification to obtain CS/PVA-B,SF/PVA-B and CS/SF/PVA-B,respectively.The chemical structure,photophysical properties,and antibacterial capacities are characterized.The FTIR revealed that BPTCA is covalently grafted with the polymer matrix via ester bond.Furthermore,grafting of BPTCA enhanced the film’s UV-blocking,decreased water contact angle,water vapor permeability,and possessed moderate mechanical properties.Meanwhile,CS/SF/PVA-B has the best reactive oxygen species generation ability and antibacterial activity(against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonella enteritidis),and can recycle four times,overall migration value of BPTCA was within the limits of 10 mg/dm2.We apply CS/SF/PVAB films combined with palletized packaging to different chilled-meat preservation applications,and measure physicochemical changes and microbial counts.Shelf lives of chilled mutton are extended by 3 d and chicken by 6 d,compared with controls without CS/SF/PVA-B film.A covalent immobilized visible-light-driven antibacterial packaging may improve the long-term quality of chilled meats.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(2023R1A2C1005569).
文摘Incorporating natural antimicrobial agents,such as plant extracts obtained using organic solvents,may pose some toxicity risks in packaging films.Therefore,Betel leaves(Piper betle)hydrolysates(BH)were obtained through subcritical water treatment at temperatures ranging from 150℃ to 210℃ and 3 MPa for 20 min.The total phenolic compounds(TPC),and total flavonoid compounds(TFC)ranged from 120.10±1.96 to 184.99±3.55 mg GAE/g powder and 32.10±4.96 to 56.50±0.72 mg RE/g powder,respectively.BH also showed excellent inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria(Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus)and Gramnegative bacteria(Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli).Packaging films were then fabricated using chitosan with varying concentrations of freeze-dried BH(5 wt%-20 wt%).The tensile strength decreased with increasing BH levels,while surface hydrophobicity and thermal properties increased.Although the films maintained a good microstructure and high tensile strength with up to 10%BH incorporation,15%BH-enriched films appear to be the ideal concentration for food safety and packaging applications,given their superior antioxidant activity and tensile strength.Films with BH demonstrated extended shelf life for yellow corvina fish,as evidenced by total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N)and total plate count(TPC)measurements.The preservation capacity of the chitosan-based films is attributed to their effective antimicrobial properties,ability to retard lipid oxidation,and inhibition of spoilage bacteria growth.These films,incorporating betel leaf phenolic extract,hold potential for commercial use as active packaging for seafood preservation.
基金This work was supported by Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2014AA002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560336)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation founded project(2015M572666XB).
文摘It is imperative to carry out research on residual plastic film collection technology to solve the serious problem of farmland pollution.The residual plastic film baler was designed as a package for film strip collection,cleaning and baling.The collection device is a core component of the baler.Response surface analysis was used in this study to optimize the structure and working parameters for improving the collection efficiency of residual film and the impurity of film package.The results show that the factors affecting the collection rate of residual film and the impurity of the film package are the speed ratio(k)between the trash removal roller and eccentric collection mechanism,the number(z)and the mounting angle(θ)of spring teeth in the same revolution plane.For the collection rate,the importance of the three factors are in the order,k>z>θ.Meanwhile,for the impurity,the importance of three factors are in the order,z>k>θ.When the speed ratio,the mounting angle and the number of spring teeth was set at 1.6°,45°,and 8°,respectively,the collection rate of residual film was 88.9%and the impurity of residual film package was 14.2%for the baler.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(2023R1A2C1005569).
文摘Phycoerythrin(PE)extract from red algae Laver(Pyropia dentata)was used in the fabrication of a smart pack-aging film.The PE showed pH sensitivity,implying unique color shifts at different pH.The film colors altered from red through purple-brown to colorless with increasing pH.The smart packaging films were prepared by casting method composed of gelatin(GE),sodium alginate(SA),and cellulose nanofibrils(CNF).The films were coded as GE/SA(control),GE/SA/PE,and GE/SA/CNF/PE.The thickness of the films ranged from 0.24±0.02 mm to 0.33±0.01 mm.The mechanical properties tensile strength(TS)(12.24±0.30 MPa to 17.65±0.33 MPa)and elongation at break(EAB)(79.34%±1.02%-93.36%±0.69%)significantly increased after addition of CNF.The synthesized films showed water contact angle ranged from 84.55±2.12 to 69.41±1.21,suggesting that films were hydrophobic.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis demonstrated strong interaction among PE,CNF,and biopolymers.The film with GE/SA/CNF/PE exhibited higher thermal stability compared with control film.Then,the films were applied for checking real time application for the freshness of salmon fish.The significant color change of the film occurred and the number of bacterial colony and TVB-N were increased from 3.81 Log CFU/g to 6.94 Log CFU/g and from 4.78 mg/100 g to 32.27 mg/100 g after incubation for 48 h.Therefore,the film with PE and CNF was intended as an excellent candidate for smart packaging film.
